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===Lab 5===
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Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: CAUSES
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic lung condition most prevalent among
premature infants requiring oxygen and mechanical ventilation. In most cases infants who develop BPD are greater than 10 weeks premature, weigh less than 1kg and often have severe breathing difficulties, often being born with serious respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The lungs of a premature infant are delicate and normally not fully developed and as a result can be acutely injured by such factors as mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy, which may cause irritation and inflammation of an infant’s lung. The acute damage may then result in the interference or inhibition of lung alveolar and vascular development. Certain factors can cause irritation or damage to premature infants lungs: (Alan H. Jobe 2001).
Ventilation support: Ventilator machines use pressure to force air into the airway and lungs of newborns with breathing problems or those who cannot breathe on their own. The pressure of the ventilators may however lead to irritation and harm to the babies’ lungs and is therefore only used when crucial.
Oxygen therapy: High levels of oxygen administered though a mask or breathing tube can inflame the lining of the lungs and injure the airways- may also lead to slow lung development in premature infants.
Infections: Infections may lead to inflammation of delicate lung tissue and subsequent narrowing of airways. Troublesome breathing often results which may also increase the need for ventilation and oxygen support measures.
Heredity: A number of studies demonstrate a possible link between genetics and the acquisition of BPD (NHLBI, 2014).
References:
What Causes Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia? - NHLBI, 2014. What Causes Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia? - NHLBI, NIH. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/bpd/causes.html. [Accessed 15 September 2014].
Alan H. Jobe and Eduardo Bancalari "Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia", American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 163, No. 7 (2001), pp. 1723-1729.

Revision as of 23:56, 15 September 2014

Welcome to the 2014 Embryology Course!

Links: Timetable | How to work online | One page Wiki Reference Card | Moodle
  • Each week the individual assessment questions will be displayed in the practical class pages and also added here.
  • Copy the assessment items to your own page and provide your answer.
  • Note - Some guest assessments may require completion of a worksheet that will be handed in in class with your student name and ID.
Individual Lab Assessment
  1. Lab 1 Assessment - Fertilization References
  2. Lab 2 Assessment - Uploading a Research Image
  3. Lab 3 Assessment - Researching your Project Sub-Heading
  4. Lab 4 Assessment - Cord Stem Cells
  5. Lab 5 Assessment - Abnormalities
  6. Lab 6 Assessment - Group Work (As announced in the lecture, No individual assessment item for this Lab, but I do expect you to have added content to your Group project by tomorrow's Lab.)
  7. Lab 7 Assessment - Endocrine+Teeth
  8. Lab 8 - Genital
  9. Lab 9 - Peer Assessment
  10. Lab 10 - Sensory Development
  11. Lab 11 - Stem Cells
  12. Lab 12 - Stem Cells Presentation (see preparation information)
Lab 12 - Stem Cell Presentation Assessment More Info
Group Comment Mark (10)
1/8
  • Lots of effort to place article in larger context
  • Slide lay out could be improved: lots of empty space, use larger images and talk through them
  • Results presentation a bit convoluted. Try to finish discussion of each experiment with a clear conclusion.
  • Repetition of information towards the end
  • One presenter had an unprofessional style of presentation
7
2
  • Good well-structured presentation
  • Good introduction
  • Methods discussed separately. Try to avoid this, and incorporate in discussion of experiments. Not sure if technology was understood very well.
7.5
3
  • Good well-structured presentation
  • Do not discuss methods as a separate section
  • Discussion of results not always very clear, comprehension?
7.5
4
  • Good well-structured presentation
  • Lots of text on slides, improve talking through images, blow up images
  • Good discussion
8.5
5
  • Good well-structured presentation, amount of text on slides relatively good.
  • Figures too small, discussion bit convoluted
  • Slightly over time
8.5
6
  • Good comprehension and well-structured presentation.
  • Too much text on slides
  • Experiments discussed in a lot of detail. Try to be more concise and discuss aim of experiment, approach, summarize results, conclude.
  • No talking through figures
8.5
7
  • Good well-structured presentation, great introduction, inclusion of images in presentation done relatively well.
  • Methods discussed separately. Incorporate methods in discussion of the experiments in the results section.
  • Try not to depend too much on text on your slides
  • Talking through results images was not very clear, comprehension?
7.5
More Useful Links
Student Projects
Group 1 Respiratory User:Z3330991 User:Z3332339 User:Z3333429 User:Z3372817
Group 2 Renal User:Z3463310 User:Z3465141 User:Z3465654 User:Z5030311
Group 3 Gastrointestinal User:Z3414515 User:Z3375627 User:Z3415141 User:Z3415242
Group 4 Genital User:Z3415716 User:Z3416697 User:Z3417458 User:Z3417753
Group 5 Integumentary User:Z3417796 User:Z3417843 User:Z3418340 User:Z3418488
Group 6 Endocrine User:Z3418702 User:Z3418837 User:Z3418698 User:Z3414648
Group 7 Neural User:Z3418981 User:Z3419587 User:Z3422484 User:Z3374116
Group 8 Musculoskeletal User:Z3418779 User:Z3418718 User:Z3418989
Student Projects Fetal Development of a specific System.
2014 Course: Week 2 Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lab 1 | Week 3 Lecture 3 Lecture 4 Lab 2 | Week 4 Lecture 5 Lecture 6 Lab 3 | Week 5 Lecture 7 Lecture 8 Lab 4 | Week 6 Lecture 9 Lecture 10 Lab 5 | Week 7 Lecture 11 Lecture 12 Lab 6 | Week 8 Lecture 13 Lecture 14 Lab 7 | Week 9 Lecture 15 Lecture 16 Lab 8 | Week 10 Lecture 17 Lecture 18 Lab 9 | Week 11 Lecture 19 Lecture 20 Lab 10 | Week 12 Lecture 21 Lecture 22 Lab 11 | Week 13 Lecture 23 Lecture 24 Lab 12
Student Projects - Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 | Group 6 | Group 7 | Group 8 | Moodle

Lab Attendance

Lab 1

Z3417796 (talk) 12:52, 6 August 2014 (EST)

Lab 2

--Z3417796 (talk) 11:54, 13 August 2014 (EST)

Lab 3

--Z3417796 (talk) 11:41, 20 August 2014 (EST)

Lab 5

--Z3417796 (talk) 12:54, 3 September 2014 (EST)

Lab 6

--Z3417796 (talk) 11:21, 10 September 2014 (EST)

Practice

Links

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed [2]

Reference

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25084016 [3] <pubmed>25084016</pubmed>

Belbin Model Team Roles

Although I feel as if aspects of my personality and demeanour may fall into more than one specific category, the Monitor Evaluator may be the role that best describes my contribution to group work tasks :)

Monitor Evaluator

Monitor Evaluators are fair and logical observers and judges of what is going on in the team. Since they are good at detaching themselves from bias, they are often the ones to see all available options with the greatest clarity and impartiality. They take a broad view when problem-solving, and by moving slowly and analytically, will almost always come to the right decision. However, they can become very critical, damping enthusiasm for anything without logical grounds, and they have a hard time inspiring themselves or others to be passionate about their work.

Individual Assessments

Lab 1: Fertilisation Reference

Reference 1

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23835722 [4] <pubmed>23835722</pubmed>

Purpose

The usefulness of low O2 concentrations in human IVF technology is an ongoing question with numerous laboratories still uncertain as to the actual influence and significance on clinical outcome. The purpose of this randomised clinical trial was to investigate the impact of atmospheric vs. low concentrations of oxygen (O2) during the complete process of human zygote and embryonic development. The study was performed utilising sibling oocytes with the differentiations between the two O2 culture levels measured from fertilisation, from embryo until blastocyst formation, through pregnancy and live birth.

Method

The participants of the study comprised of 258 women who underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment with a minimum of eight oocytes extracted. The recovered oocytes were cultured and randomly allocated into one of two-treatment groups- incubation in either 5% or 20% O2 conditions. The temperature in both incubators was 37 °C. Evaluation of embryonic development was made in terms of fertilisation, cleavage and the quality of both the embryo and blastocyst. Secondary factors assessed included implantation, maintenance of pregnancy and live births.

Results

A sum of 3,638 matured (metaphase II phase) oocytes were extracted through the study, of which 1833 were incubated under 5% O2 conditions and 1805 sibling oocytes under the alternate 20% O2 treatment condition. Levels of fertilisation and rates of cleavage between the two treatment groups showed no significant differences. However, significant distinctions were seen with the 5% O2 group, which presented significantly more blastomeres (p<0.05), a greater quantity of high quality day 3 embryos (p<0.02) in addition to a significantly increased number of available embryos, per cycle, for transfer and freezing (31.6% vs. 23.1% for the 20% O2 group; P<0.0001). The lower oxygen concentration also seemed to suggest a better influence on clinical outcomes, with significantly higher rates of implantation, pregnancy and live births (22.1% vs. 10.3%, P<0.03; 38.2% vs.18.4%, P<0.05, 34.2% vs. 15.8%, P<0.05 respectively).

Reference 2

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25071849 [5] <pubmed>PMC4111889</pubmed>

Purpose

Developments in human embryo culturing and cryoconservation techniques in IVF technology have lead to a modification in embryo transfer procedures from early fresh or frozen-thawed cleavage embryo to fresh or frozen-thawed blastocyst stage transfer. The purpose of the clinical trial was to investigate the impact of fresh or frozen-thawed embryo and blastocyst stage transfer upon clinical outcome.

Method

The participants of the study comprised of 1150 women who underwent IVF treatment cycles or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment with a total number of 1891 oocytes extracted. The total number of recovered oocytes were experimentally divided into one of two transfer groups- fresh embryonic (n=1150) and frozen-thawed embryonic (n=741) transfers. The 1150 women of the fresh embryonic transfer group were further sub-composed of either cleavage stage (n=799, <35 years old and n=194, >35 years old) or blastocyst stage (n=131, <35 years old and n=26, > 35 years old). The 741 women of the frozen-thawed embryonic transfer group were further sub-composed of either cleavage stage (n=159, <35 years old and n=53, >35 years old) or cleavage stage extended blastocyst culture (n=111, <35 years old and n=26, >35 years old) or blastocyst stage transfer (n=276, <35 years old and n=52, >35 years old). Statistical analysis was then applied to all collected data.

Results

Data on the rates of clinical pregnancy in the fresh cleavage stage embryo and fresh blastocyst transfer in women <35 years were statistically significant (52.7% and 35.88%),(p<0.0001). A statistically significant difference was also noted for the same treatment groups in women >35 years of age (41.24% vs. 26.92%). Rates of clinical pregnancy in the frozen-thawed cleavage stage embryo and frozen-thawed blastocyst transfers were also significant (p<0.0001) in women <35 years (35.29% and 59.8%) and in women >35 years of age (11.32% and 55.8%). Rates of clinical pregnancy between the post thaw cleavage stage extended blastocyst and frozen-thawed blastocyst transfers were also significant (p<0.0001) in women <35 years (47.75% vs. 59.8%) and women >35 years (46.15% vs. 55.8%). The rates of clinical pregnancy differ considerably between the fresh cleavage stage embryo transfers and frozen-thawed cleavage stage embryo transfers in women <35 years of age (52.7% vs. 35.29%) and (41.24% vs. 11.32%) in women >35 years of age. No statistical significant difference was recorded for rates of multiple pregnancy, abortion and ectopic pregnancy between any of the treatment groups. Rates of clinical pregnancy in the frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer group showed the most pleasing clinical outcome among the fresh and frozen embryo transfers.

Lab 2: Uploading a Research Image

Normal Human 2-cell Embryo.jpeg

Image of a normal human 2-cell embryo with two equal blastomeres (B), a single polar body formation (PB) enclosed by an intact zona pellucida (ZP)[1]

  1. <pubmed>PMC2898034</pubmed>| [1]

Lab 3: Researching your Project Sub-Heading

Timeline

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

  1. <pubmed>12807866</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>12860885</pubmed>
  3. <pubmed>14506305</pubmed>
  4. <pubmed>20712587</pubmed>
  5. <pubmed>22679138</pubmed>
  6. <pubmed>21367775</pubmed>

Current Research

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

  1. <pubmed>25015802</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>24910745</pubmed>
  3. <pubmed>24520485</pubmed>
  4. <pubmed>24855117</pubmed>
  5. <pubmed> 23723064</pubmed>

Lab 4

1) Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesencyhmal stem cell transplantation for the treatment of spinal cord injury

The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesencyhmal stem cell (HUCB-MSC) transplantation in the functional repair of spinal cord injury (SCI). The study utilised 46 adult Wistar rats, which were randomly allocated into three treatment groups: Injury (n=15), control (n=15) and transplantation (n=16). Rats in the control group received a physiological saline injection into the site of injury whereas those in the transplantation group received HUCB-MSC suspension into the site of injury. Parameters examined after treatment were behaviour, using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale in weeks one, two and four and histological changes measured through immunohistochemistry (IHC) procedures performed on samples from the rats sacrificed four weeks after subsequent treatment. Analysis of results showed that two weeks following treatment the BBB assessment of the rats in the transplantation group were significantly greater than that of the injury and control groups (P<0.05). Even greater recovery was apparent four weeks following treatment in the transplantation group with the BBB assessment once again, showing statistically significant results (P<0.05) when compared with the other treatment groups. The rats in this group have the ability to stand on their hind limbs and demonstrated coordinated fore and hind limb movements. The expression of Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE) and Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in spinal cord tissue was detected via IHC measurements. No levels of these nerve repair factors were detected in the injury or control groups in week four, however a low level of NSE+ cells and a high- level of GFAP+ cells was measured in the transplantation group. The processes of the GFAP+ grew in length and a number of the cells were fibrous and dendritic-cell like, becoming entwined into a neural network within the spinal cord. Therefore the study has shown that following the transplantation of HUCB-MSC’s into the injury site of a rat spinal cord, these implanted cells were able to adapt and differentiate into functioning nerve cells, which was involved in the recovery and regeneration of the damaged spinal cord.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24940417 [6] <pubmed>24940417</pubmed>

2) Vascular shunts in the fetal circulation

During fetal development the liver and lungs are non-functional, thus a series of shunts exist in the fetal circulation so that these organs are by-passed.

- Shunt 1: Ductus Arteriosus= Connects the pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta to shunt most of the blood away from the lungs

- Shunt 2: Ductus Venosus= Shunts a portion of the left umbilical vein blood flow directly to the inferior vena cava

- Shunt 3: Foramen Ovale= Shunts highly oxygenated blood from right atrium to left atrium. Located in atrial septum.

Lab 5

1)

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: CAUSES Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic lung condition most prevalent among premature infants requiring oxygen and mechanical ventilation. In most cases infants who develop BPD are greater than 10 weeks premature, weigh less than 1kg and often have severe breathing difficulties, often being born with serious respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The lungs of a premature infant are delicate and normally not fully developed and as a result can be acutely injured by such factors as mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy, which may cause irritation and inflammation of an infant’s lung. The acute damage may then result in the interference or inhibition of lung alveolar and vascular development. Certain factors can cause irritation or damage to premature infants lungs: (Alan H. Jobe 2001).

Ventilation support: Ventilator machines use pressure to force air into the airway and lungs of newborns with breathing problems or those who cannot breathe on their own. The pressure of the ventilators may however lead to irritation and harm to the babies’ lungs and is therefore only used when crucial. Oxygen therapy: High levels of oxygen administered though a mask or breathing tube can inflame the lining of the lungs and injure the airways- may also lead to slow lung development in premature infants. Infections: Infections may lead to inflammation of delicate lung tissue and subsequent narrowing of airways. Troublesome breathing often results which may also increase the need for ventilation and oxygen support measures. Heredity: A number of studies demonstrate a possible link between genetics and the acquisition of BPD (NHLBI, 2014).

References:

What Causes Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia? - NHLBI, 2014. What Causes Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia? - NHLBI, NIH. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/bpd/causes.html. [Accessed 15 September 2014]. Alan H. Jobe and Eduardo Bancalari "Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia", American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 163, No. 7 (2001), pp. 1723-1729.