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From Embryology
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Lab 4 Online Assessment

  1. The allantois, identified in the placental cord, is continuous with what anatomical structure?
  2. Identify the 3 vascular shunts, and their location, in the embryonic circulation.
  3. Identify the Group project sub-section that you will be researching. (Add to project page and your individual assessment page)



--Z3389343 12:56, 28 July 2011 (EST)


--Mark Hill 10:04, 3 August 2011 (EST) Where are your answers to first lab assessment? Need to be completed before Lab 2.

Lab 1 Assessment

1. Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique.

In Vitro Fertilization was developed by Robert Edwards, for which he won the Nobel Prize in 2010. He started research on the biology of fertilization in the 1950s, and soon realized fertilization outside the body was a possible treatment for infertility. This had previously been proven successful in rabbits, therefore Edwards tried to use the same process in humans. He identified the processes related to the maturation of human eggs and when they could be fertilized. He further identified how sperm is activated. With collaboration of gynecologist Patrick Steptoe, they developed IVF for medical practice. Source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html

2. Identify a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings.

Pandian, Z., Bhattacharya, S., Ozturk, O., Serour, G., & Templeton, A. (2009). Number of embryos for transfer following in-vitro fertilization or intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection. Chochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 15. IVF pregnancies often result in multiple pregnancies due to multiple embryo transfers, which in turn can cause maternal and perinatal morbidity. In order to reduce this, single embryo transfers are considered and their pregnancy success rates are compared to multiple embryo transfers (MET). The researchers found that for a single fresh IVF cycle, single embryo transfer is associated with lower life birth rates (LBR) than dual embryo transfer, however statistically, there is no significant difference. There were not enough data to compare single embryo transfers to three or four embryo transfer policies.

3. Identify 2 congenital anomalies.

Polydactyly is a dysmelia; a limb defect, caracterised by the presence of additional fingers or toes. The atrial septal defect is an example of a heart congenital anomaly in which the blood can flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum. This is usually closed, forming a barrier between the two atria.

--z3389343 12:53, 4 August 2011 (EST)


Lab 2 Assessment

1. Identify the ZP protein that spermatozoa binds and how is this changed (altered) after fertilisation.

In humans, there are three ZP proteins, ZP1, ZP3 and ZP4, that are known to bind to the capacitated spermatozoa and play a role in the induction of the acrosome reaction. (The ZP protein ZP2 has been found to only bind to acrosome-reacted spermatozoa.) After fertilisation, ZP protein ZP3 is known to undergo a conformational change, leading to the hardening of the zona pellucida, thus playing part in the prevention of polyspermy.


2. Journal Articles:

--z3389343 21:12, 9 August 2011 (EST)

--z3389343 12:34, 11 August 2011 (EST)


Differentially expressed RefSeq genes in human trisomy 21.jpg

Differentially expressed RefSeq genes in human trisomy 21.jpg

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3080369/

Figure 6 Differentially expressed RefSeq genes in human trisomy 21. (A) Standard MA-plot of the normalized global observed counts per each RefSeq gene. (B) shows the percentage of RefSeq genes classified as strong, good, acceptable evidence of DE with respect to those not showing any statistical evidence.

Copyright Costa et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


File:Frataxin mRNA levels and histone modifications on chromatin in the first intron of the frataxin gene in KIKI and WT mice.png
Frataxin mRNA levels and histone modifications on chromatin in the first intron of the frataxin gene in KIKI and WT mice