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For gastroschisis, the defect in the abdominal wall is extra-umbilical. There is no membranous sac covering the eviscerated mass of intestines, and the umbilical cord is inserted normally into the abdominal wall and is not involved in the evisceration. The defect in the abdominal wall in gastroschisis is more common to occur on the right side of the umbilicus.  <ref><pubmed> 14248452</pubmed></ref>
For gastroschisis, the defect in the abdominal wall is extra-umbilical. There is no membranous sac covering the eviscerated mass of intestines, and the umbilical cord is inserted normally into the abdominal wall and is not involved in the evisceration. The defect in the abdominal wall in gastroschisis is more common to occur on the right side of the umbilicus.  <ref><pubmed> 14248452</pubmed></ref>
A congenital hernia into the base of the umbilical cord is known as an omphalocele. The defect of the muscles of the abdominal wall results in the intestines, liver, and occasionally other organs remain outside of the abdomen in a sac.<ref><pubmed> 13964781</pubmed></ref>


The characteristics which differentiate gastroschisis from omphalocele are the extra-umbilical location of the abdominal wall defect, the normal insertion of the umbilical cord and the absence of a covering sac or its ruptured remnants. <ref><pubmed> 4266281</pubmed></ref> The frequencies of the two diseases are different as well. Gastroschisis occurred twice as often as omphalocele and is increasing in frequency. <ref><pubmed> 6449913</pubmed></ref>
The characteristics which differentiate gastroschisis from omphalocele are the extra-umbilical location of the abdominal wall defect, the normal insertion of the umbilical cord and the absence of a covering sac or its ruptured remnants. <ref><pubmed> 4266281</pubmed></ref> The frequencies of the two diseases are different as well. Gastroschisis occurred twice as often as omphalocele and is increasing in frequency. <ref><pubmed> 6449913</pubmed></ref>
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====Findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs.====
====Findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs.====
PMID 26393762 '''Deviant development of pancreatic beta cells from embryonic exposure to PCB-126 in zebrafish.''' <ref><pubmed>26393762</pubmed></ref>
PMID 26393762 '''Deviant development of pancreatic beta cells from embryonic exposure to PCB-126 in zebrafish.''' <ref><pubmed>26393762</pubmed></ref>
It is believed that those who exposure to co-planar PCBs and dioxins may be predisposed to diseases such as diabetes. The authors tested the hypothesis that embryonic exposure to a model Ahr-ligand, PCB-126 would cause structural and/or functional alterations to the developing primary pancreatic islet in the zebra fish. The embryos 24-48 hours post fertilization were exposed to nominal concentrations of 2 or 5 nM PCB-126 or DMSO. Defects including hypomorphic islets, altered islet migration, islet fragmentation, and formation of ectopic β-cells were found. And then, the transcription factor Nrf2a was examined. The result showed that embryonic exposure to PCB-126 can result in deviant development of the pancreatic islet and Nrf2a plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis during development.
It is believed that those who exposure to co-planar PCBs and dioxins may be predisposed to diseases such as diabetes. The authors tested the hypothesis that embryonic exposure to a model Ahr-ligand, PCB-126 would cause structural and/or functional alterations to the developing primary pancreatic islet in the zebra fish. The embryos 24-48 hours post fertilization were exposed to nominal concentrations of 2 or 5 nM PCB-126 or DMSO. Defects including hypomorphic islets, altered islet migration, islet fragmentation, and formation of ectopic β-cells were found. And then, the transcription factor Nrf2a was examined. The result showed that embryonic exposure to PCB-126 can result in deviant development of the pancreatic islet and Nrf2a plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis during development.



Revision as of 02:19, 25 September 2015

Lab Attendance

--Mark Hill (talk) 10:47, 6 August 2015 (AEST) Thanks for setting up your page. We will be talking more about this in the Practical on Friday.

--Z3345331 (talk) 13:46, 7 August 2015 (AEST)

--Z3345331 (talk) 14:05, 14 August 2015 (AEST)

--Z3345331 (talk) 13:57, 21 August 2015 (AEST)

--Z3345331 (talk) 13:01, 28 August 2015 (AEST)

--Z3345331 (talk) 12:35, 4 September 2015 (AEST)

--Z3345331 (talk) 12:14, 11 September 2015 (AEST)

Online Assessment

Lab 1 Assessment

Article 1

PMID 26208448 Investigating the effect of ethnicity on IVF outcome. [1]

Summary

The study aimed to investigate the relationship between ethnicity and IVF outcome which is still inconclusive. It investigated a large population (13,473) over the period from 2008 to 2012. The result of the study was then compared with the results of meta-analysed data from 16 published studies.

Method

The participants included all women undergoing their first non-donor cycle of IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) at any Centres for Assisted Reproduction (CARE) clinic in the UK and Ireland between 2008 and 2012. Each participant was required to complete her demographic profile. A total of 17 individual ethnic groups were divided into seven main categories: White (White British, White Irish, any other White), South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, any other Asian background), Black (Black Caribbean, Black African, other Black), Chinese, mixed (White and Black Caribbean, White and Black African, White and Asian, any other mixed), any other and not stated. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the contribution of ethnicity to live birth rate. The data was then adjusted for age, body-mass index, cause of infertility, duration of infertility, previous live birth, previous spontaneous abortion and number of embryos transferred.

Results

Both of the cohort study and the meta-analysed results showed that Black and South Asian women have lower live birth rates after IVF treatment compared to White women. Further research needs to be conducted to explain the difference of live birth rates between different ethnic groups and thus improve IVF outcome for all women.

Article 2

PMID 26131230 Effect of hepatitis C virus infection on the outcomes of in vitro fertilization. [2]

Summary

The study aimed to investigate whether HCV infection is related to IVF outcomes. It analysed a relatively large population (1,424) compared to previous studies. The samples were grouped according to their sexes and the effect of HCV infection on IVF outcomes was evaluated.

Method

The samples including in this study were couples opting for IVF between 2008 and 2013 and were separated into three groups: Group A - 90 couples where the female was HCV positive; Group B - 78 couples where the male was HCV positive and Group C - 1256 control couples where both the male and female were HCV negative by seroanalysis and the presence of HCV RNA. The sperm concentration, progressive motility (PR) percentage, sperm volume, Normal Sperm Morphology (NSM) percentage and TZI (teratozoospermia index) were checked after the semen samples were obtained. HCV-Ab were detected by ELISA. After the IVF procedures, some calculation and statistical analysis were performed.

Results

The result showed that no differences were observed in IVF indications and ovarian stimulation when comparing the three groups. Moreover, semen parameters from male participants including concentration; PR differences; volume; NSM percentage and TZI were similar in both the group with seropositive men and the control group. The effect of HCV infection on pregnancy outcomes were finally investigated and no differences on pregnancy rates per cycle were found.


--Mark Hill (talk) 10:23, 17 September 2015 (AEST) These are reasonable summaries of these 2 articles. (5/5)

Lab 2 Assessment

Hatched Blastocyst.jpg

Hatched Blastocyst [3]

PMID 24970979

--Mark Hill (talk) 10:23, 17 September 2015 (AEST) Image uploaded with correct reference, copyright and student template. I would not have included the original figure legend in the summary box as it does little to explain what the actual image is showing. (5/5)

Lab 3 Assessment

1.PMID 26239841 The ethical challenges of the clinical introduction of mitochondrial replacement techniques. [4]

The first part of the paper evaluates the three concerns about the safety of mitochondrial replacement techniques including whether it is ethical; persons with three genetic contributors and the trust of society. And then, two recommendations are made.

2.PMID 21059727 Ethics of mitochondrial gene replacement: from bench to bedside. [5]

Both of the risks and benefits are accessed in this paper after the briefly introduction of mitochondrial replacement techniques. And then the question of when are enough safeguards made to justify introducing mitochondrial gene replacement into the clinic is discussed.

3.PMID 25888328 Mitochondrial replacement to prevent the transmission of mitochondrial DNA disease. [6]

This paper discussed about the ethics and feasibility of mitochondrial replacement techniques. The possibility of preventing the transmission of mtDNA disease by MRT is first discussed. Moreover, the four big challenges mainly ethics are discussed.


--Mark Hill (talk) 10:23, 17 September 2015 (AEST) These papers relate to your project topic. I hope you have read them and that they are useful for the final submitted project. (5/5)

Lab 4 Assessment

Quiz for Week 1 and Week 2 Development

1 The characterization of the first week of human development is the formation of the:

embryoblast
blastocoel
blastocyst
trophoblast
all of the above

2 Implantation of human embryos typically occurs:

about 1 day after fertilization
about 6-7 days after fertilization
about 9 days after fertilization
about 12 days after fertilization
NONE of the above

3 The normal implantation site is:

ovary
external surface of uterus
uterine wall
uterine tube
all of the above


--Mark Hill (talk) 10:36, 17 September 2015 (AEST) Q1 is a little simplistic and does not require the student understand the topic, simply remember terms. Your explanation in the answer should provide more detailed information and perhaps links to other resources Week 1, Blastocyst etc. Q2 similarly asks the student to simply guess a date. I think you need to explain why this occurs then in relation to blastocyst development/hatching. Q3 is far too simplistic. I think you are beginning to understand how difficult it is to design questions that really test knowledge and understanding. As well you have not used the answer explanation to best help. (7/10)

Lab 5 Assignment

What is the difference between gastroschisis and omphalocele?

For gastroschisis, the defect in the abdominal wall is extra-umbilical. There is no membranous sac covering the eviscerated mass of intestines, and the umbilical cord is inserted normally into the abdominal wall and is not involved in the evisceration. The defect in the abdominal wall in gastroschisis is more common to occur on the right side of the umbilicus. [7]

A congenital hernia into the base of the umbilical cord is known as an omphalocele. The defect of the muscles of the abdominal wall results in the intestines, liver, and occasionally other organs remain outside of the abdomen in a sac.[8]

The characteristics which differentiate gastroschisis from omphalocele are the extra-umbilical location of the abdominal wall defect, the normal insertion of the umbilical cord and the absence of a covering sac or its ruptured remnants. [9] The frequencies of the two diseases are different as well. Gastroschisis occurred twice as often as omphalocele and is increasing in frequency. [10]

Lab 7 Assessment

Findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs.

PMID 26393762 Deviant development of pancreatic beta cells from embryonic exposure to PCB-126 in zebrafish. [11]

It is believed that those who exposure to co-planar PCBs and dioxins may be predisposed to diseases such as diabetes. The authors tested the hypothesis that embryonic exposure to a model Ahr-ligand, PCB-126 would cause structural and/or functional alterations to the developing primary pancreatic islet in the zebra fish. The embryos 24-48 hours post fertilization were exposed to nominal concentrations of 2 or 5 nM PCB-126 or DMSO. Defects including hypomorphic islets, altered islet migration, islet fragmentation, and formation of ectopic β-cells were found. And then, the transcription factor Nrf2a was examined. The result showed that embryonic exposure to PCB-126 can result in deviant development of the pancreatic islet and Nrf2a plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis during development.

Embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.

Ectoderm, mesoderm and neural crest ectomesenchyme contribute to the tooth formation. The neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells Odontoblasts differentiate under the influence of the enamel epithelium and form predentin. Ameloblasts produce enamal. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in bone socket.

References

  1. <pubmed>26208448</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>26131230</pubmed>
  3. <pubmed>24970979</pubmed>| [1]
  4. <pubmed>26239841</pubmed>
  5. <pubmed>21059727</pubmed>
  6. <pubmed>25888328</pubmed>
  7. <pubmed> 14248452</pubmed>
  8. <pubmed> 13964781</pubmed>
  9. <pubmed> 4266281</pubmed>
  10. <pubmed> 6449913</pubmed>
  11. <pubmed>26393762</pubmed>

Test Page 2015

Test student 2015

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