User:Z3330991: Difference between revisions

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Lab 11--[[User:Z3330991|Z3330991]] ([[User talk:Z3330991|talk]]) 11:21, 22 October 2014 (EST)
Lab 11--[[User:Z3330991|Z3330991]] ([[User talk:Z3330991|talk]]) 11:21, 22 October 2014 (EST)


Lab 12 --[[User:Z3330991|Z3330991]] ([[User talk:Z3330991|talk]]) 11:09, 29 October 2014 (EST)
Lab 12 --[[User:Z3330991|Z3330991]] ([[User talk:Z3330991|talk]]) 11:10, 29 October 2014 (EST)





Revision as of 11:10, 29 October 2014

Welcome to the 2014 Embryology Course!

Links: Timetable | How to work online | One page Wiki Reference Card | Moodle
  • Each week the individual assessment questions will be displayed in the practical class pages and also added here.
  • Copy the assessment items to your own page and provide your answer.
  • Note - Some guest assessments may require completion of a worksheet that will be handed in in class with your student name and ID.
Individual Lab Assessment
  1. Lab 1 Assessment - Fertilization References
  2. Lab 2 Assessment - Uploading a Research Image
  3. Lab 3 Assessment - Researching your Project Sub-Heading
  4. Lab 4 Assessment - Cord Stem Cells
  5. Lab 5 Assessment - Abnormalities
  6. Lab 6 Assessment - Group Work (As announced in the lecture, No individual assessment item for this Lab, but I do expect you to have added content to your Group project by tomorrow's Lab.)
  7. Lab 7 Assessment - Endocrine+Teeth
  8. Lab 8 - Genital
  9. Lab 9 - Peer Assessment
  10. Lab 10 - Sensory Development
  11. Lab 11 - Stem Cells
  12. Lab 12 - Stem Cells Presentation (see preparation information)
Lab 12 - Stem Cell Presentation Assessment More Info
Group Comment Mark (10)
1/8
  • Lots of effort to place article in larger context
  • Slide lay out could be improved: lots of empty space, use larger images and talk through them
  • Results presentation a bit convoluted. Try to finish discussion of each experiment with a clear conclusion.
  • Repetition of information towards the end
  • One presenter had an unprofessional style of presentation
7
2
  • Good well-structured presentation
  • Good introduction
  • Methods discussed separately. Try to avoid this, and incorporate in discussion of experiments. Not sure if technology was understood very well.
7.5
3
  • Good well-structured presentation
  • Do not discuss methods as a separate section
  • Discussion of results not always very clear, comprehension?
7.5
4
  • Good well-structured presentation
  • Lots of text on slides, improve talking through images, blow up images
  • Good discussion
8.5
5
  • Good well-structured presentation, amount of text on slides relatively good.
  • Figures too small, discussion bit convoluted
  • Slightly over time
8.5
6
  • Good comprehension and well-structured presentation.
  • Too much text on slides
  • Experiments discussed in a lot of detail. Try to be more concise and discuss aim of experiment, approach, summarize results, conclude.
  • No talking through figures
8.5
7
  • Good well-structured presentation, great introduction, inclusion of images in presentation done relatively well.
  • Methods discussed separately. Incorporate methods in discussion of the experiments in the results section.
  • Try not to depend too much on text on your slides
  • Talking through results images was not very clear, comprehension?
7.5
More Useful Links
Student Projects
Group 1 Respiratory User:Z3330991 User:Z3332339 User:Z3333429 User:Z3372817
Group 2 Renal User:Z3463310 User:Z3465141 User:Z3465654 User:Z5030311
Group 3 Gastrointestinal User:Z3414515 User:Z3375627 User:Z3415141 User:Z3415242
Group 4 Genital User:Z3415716 User:Z3416697 User:Z3417458 User:Z3417753
Group 5 Integumentary User:Z3417796 User:Z3417843 User:Z3418340 User:Z3418488
Group 6 Endocrine User:Z3418702 User:Z3418837 User:Z3418698 User:Z3414648
Group 7 Neural User:Z3418981 User:Z3419587 User:Z3422484 User:Z3374116
Group 8 Musculoskeletal User:Z3418779 User:Z3418718 User:Z3418989
Student Projects Fetal Development of a specific System.
2014 Course: Week 2 Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lab 1 | Week 3 Lecture 3 Lecture 4 Lab 2 | Week 4 Lecture 5 Lecture 6 Lab 3 | Week 5 Lecture 7 Lecture 8 Lab 4 | Week 6 Lecture 9 Lecture 10 Lab 5 | Week 7 Lecture 11 Lecture 12 Lab 6 | Week 8 Lecture 13 Lecture 14 Lab 7 | Week 9 Lecture 15 Lecture 16 Lab 8 | Week 10 Lecture 17 Lecture 18 Lab 9 | Week 11 Lecture 19 Lecture 20 Lab 10 | Week 12 Lecture 21 Lecture 22 Lab 11 | Week 13 Lecture 23 Lecture 24 Lab 12
Student Projects - Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 | Group 6 | Group 7 | Group 8 | Moodle

Lab Attendance

Lab 1 --Z3330991 (talk) 12:46, 6 August 2014 (EST)

Lab 2 --Z3330991 (talk) 11:13, 13 August 2014 (EST)

Lab 3 --Z3330991 (talk) 11:05, 20 August 2014 (EST)

Lab 4 --Z3330991 (talk) 11:31, 27 August 2014 (EST)

Lab 7 --Z3330991 (talk) 11:10, 17 September 2014 (EST)

Lab 8 --Z3330991 (talk) 11:16, 24 September 2014 (EST)

Lab 9--Z3330991 (talk) 11:37, 8 October 2014 (EST)

Lab 10--Z3330991 (talk) 11:29, 15 October 2014 (EST)

Lab 11--Z3330991 (talk) 11:21, 22 October 2014 (EST)

Lab 12 --Z3330991 (talk) 11:10, 29 October 2014 (EST)



http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed PubMed PubMed <pubmed>25084016</pubmed>

Online Assessments

Week 1

<pubmed>25101180</pubmed>

The article above verifies that women who suffer from moderate to serve asthma with no treatment have a substantial impact on the time taken to get pregnant (TTP) and hence fertility. Some women who had allergies were also tested however women with asthma had more of an impact on the time taken to get pregnant. Asthmatics who were getting treated didn't have a long TTP than those who had no treatment.

It is believed that the nature and extent of the inflammation which distinguishes asthma is important since nonatopic asthma, untreated asthma and moderate to critical asthma had the largest consequence on fertility that amplified the TTP. Further research is need to describe this issue in more detail however some assumptions were made in tho article that can direct these future projects.

It was assumed that women with asthma may have the same inflammation and increased inflammatory cells in the uterus or fallopian tube. It is believed that asthma comprises the production of mucosal surface, other than the bronchi. An additional supposition made was that asthma in the lower airway of the lungs can concurrently originate inflammation in the mucosa in the uterus because of systemic reaction.

Therefore asthma if not treated properly or treated at all can have a negative impact on fertility since the TTP is increased with asthmatic women.


<pubmed>25077107</pubmed>

The article above addressed the following issue; Vitamin D may play a role in human reproduction. It can be drawn from this experiment that vitamin D can indeed be a constituent in escalating the possibility of vitro fertilization (IVF) and in turn giving rise to clinical pregnancy.

In Toronto April 2011, this experimentation on the impact of Vitamin D on vitro fertilization included 173 women undergoing IVF. These women had their vitamin D /serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (serum 25(OH)D “samples collected before the oocyte was retrieved”(pg; E78). It was from here two classifications were made “sufficient” vitamin D if they owned more than or equal to 75nmol/L or “insufficient” if they possessed less than 75nmol/L of vitamin D. The oocyte was reclaimed at about 36-38 hours trailing an injection of Gonadotrophin. Also “ultrasound guided fresh embryo transfer was performed on day 3-5 after fertilization.” (pg;E78)

The outcome was for a successful clinical pregnancy, which was determined by the intrauterine sac being visible on an ultrasound. In turn the results were consistent in that the women who had sufficient 25(OH)D levels were found to have higher clinical pregnancy rate per IVF, per embryo transfer and implantation rate than those with insufficient 25(OH)D. Therefore the experiment proved that 25(OH)D does have an important role in clinical pregnancy. .


--Mark Hill - Both these papers are recent and present interesting findings. Your summaries are correct and concise (5/5).

Week 2

Fetal white blood cell.jpeg

Incubated fetal white blood cells and the number of MCC41-cal varied inside the cell.

--Mark Hill The image description could have been better detailed, rather than just the figure legend, I have also deleted the other link you had added, it was unnecessary and incorrectly formatted, and formatted the Copyright subheading. These are all minor except for a better image description. (4/5)

<pubmed>22904619</pubmed>


Week 3

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00097.x/full Airway and blood vessel interaction during lung development.]

A retinoic acid–dependent network in the foregut controls formation of the mouse lung primordium.

Lung epithelial branching program antagonizes alveolar differentiation.


--Mark Hill These are related to your topic but are not linked correctly using the pubmed tags. (3/5)

Week 4

  1. 1

The role of neural precursor cells and self assembling peptides in nerve regeneration.

Central neural cells in the brain and support matrix can be lost due to injury of cranial nerves causing to functional impairment. Neural regeneration is possible owing to the therapeutically targeting cellular substituting and intensifying the structural support. This experiment examines the effects of both neural precursor cells and self assembling peptides on nerve regeneration. It is predicted that the combination of the SAPs and the NPCs treatment may lead to an enhancement in the recovery of the spinal cord injury with the characteristics that both SAPs and NPCs both possess. Bioengineered peptides called Self assembling peptides (SAPs) congregate into nanofibers in situ linking the damaged nerve segments. It is believed that these specific peptides intensify axonal regeneration and functional recovery in an injured spinal cord. Adult neural precursors cells (NPCs) attribute multipotency -meaning able to self-renew and differentiate into specialised cells with specific functions for the spinal cord in this case. The oligodendrocytes extracted from the NPC strengthen myelination of axons and improve functional recuperation.

22 female rats were used in this study. Both the control group and the SAP and the NPC treated group had 11 rats each. Both the SAP and the NPC were delivered rostral and caudal to the injured site. The nerve injury was induced by the compression of the clip of the rats spinal cord. The SAP and NPC treated group had SAP injection straight way and the NPC injection was given 2 weeks after. Analysis was done on the two different groups comparing behaviour. The cavitation volume was also measure by using specific staining LFB-H&E. Assessing of the nerve conduction was done by measuring the Motor evoked potentials and the survival rates were estimated.

The behavioural anaylsis taken out showed that the SAP and the NPC transplantation significantly enhanced locomotor by <0.03 and improved survival by 0.008 in comparison to the control. The nerve conduction velocity was positivly affected by 0.008 however the cavitational volume was no affected.

Since Central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) share great similarities in regards to the molecular and anatomic features, it is conjectured that the therapeutic plan engaged in this study would also be effective in peripheral nerves recovery.


  1. 2

Cardiac Physiology

There are three vascular shunts present in an embryo that close postnatally.

DUCTUS ARTERIOSIS- is located off the descending part of the aorta and travels to the left pulmonary artery. It is when the pulmonary oxygen increases there becomes less prostaglandins circulating and so the ductus closes off.

DUCTUS VENOSUS- is located from the umbilical vein and travels to the inferior vena cava in turn bypasses the liver. With time is closes and converts to a ligamentum venosus.

FORAMEN OVALE - located between the interatrial septal walls within the heart. It closes when pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right atrium after birth.

Week 5

Cleft of the palate and lip are caused by both environmental and genetic factors. The cleft of the lip is the separation or a narrow opening in the upper lip. Cleft palate is a split or opening in the roof of the mouth and can include both the hard and soft palate. #1

To understand the causes of these clefts we need to understand the formation of a head in the embryo stage. The palatal formation is derived by the cranial neural crest, which is characterised as the mesenchyme and the pharyngeal ectoderm. #2 There are 5 important tissue lobes that grow in the 6 to 8 weeks of the pregnancy, which form the head of the embryo. The first one is the Frontonasal prominence, which is the tissue growth from the top of the head to the upper limb of the embryo. Maxilla prominence includes two tissue lobes from the cheeks that join to the frontonasal prominence to then form the upper lip. Mandibular prominence also includes two lobes that grow from each side that form the chin and lower lip. #3 The formation of the palate is as follows; vertical growth is the first step of the palate formation when the palatal shelves growth downwards along the tongue. Elevation is the next stage and is when the palatal shelves elevate from the tongue to above. Adhesion leads to the palatal shelves adhering to each other in the midline. The last step is fusion when the midline epithelium seam completely degrades and fuses. #2

The causes of a cleft palate include a defective palatal shelve growth or delayed elevation and blocked fusion.The Medial edge cells located on the ends of the palatal shelves may dye off or migrate to other locations such as the oral and nasal epithelium. #2 Cleft lip and palate can be caused by some environmental factors such as the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy or tobacco and anticonvulsants can increase the risk of this abnormality.#1

Reference;

  1. 1 Cleft lip and cleft palate
  2. 2 Cleft lip and palate genetics and application in early embryological development
  3. 3 Cleft lip and palate

Week 7

Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.

Recurrent abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting are some systems patients have when they have congenital anomalies of pancreas and pancreatic duct. This article focuses on two imaging techniques known as the magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography (MRCP) and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). The MRCP and MDCT both discern ductal anatomic variants and congenital anomalies of the pancreas collocated to normal pancreatic embryology.The importance of these imaging techniques have not gone unnoticed.

The use of the MRCP is increasing dramatically as this is a noninvasive evaluation of the biliary tree and pancreatic duct. This specific technique portrays the drainage pattern of the pancreatic duct and can effectively diagnose the development of the anomalies of the pancreas. It is also recognised for the assessment of congenital pancreatic anomalies with no risk of acute pancreatitis. MDCT also allows scanning of the biliary tree and pancreas, however it produces high resolution images and with thin portion, giving optimum plane to identify the congenital anomalies of the pancreatic duct and pancreas for diagnosis.

<pubmed>24265565</pubmed>


Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.

Embryonic layers contributing to teeth development

Mesenchymal interactions; Ectoderm- provides the tooth enamel epithelium The Neural crest derived from the mesenchyme - contributes to dentin and pulp of the teeth Ectomesenchymal cells Odontoblast; Cells that originate from the neural cest, that is part of the outer surface (dental pulp) and dentiogenesis is it's function. Ameloblast; Is ectoderm in origin, function is to deposition of the tooth's enamel and these cells come from the oral epithelium.


<pubmed>18794902</pubmed>


Week 8

Provide a brief time course and overview of embryonic development of either the human testis or ovary

<pubmed>2225022</pubmed> <pubmed>25139092</pubmed>

In mammals the principal of sex determination is begins by the existence or absence of the Y chromosomes which controls the destiny of the gonadal primordium. This normally happens at week 5 -6 in the developing embryo. The germ cells migrate to the gonadal ridge formed at the mid gestation stage and gives rise to either a testis or an ovary. It is important to note that this stage is no different for male or female individuals.

Gonadal determination is dependent on the sex chromosomes and it is here where the sex determination is determined. The differentiation of the somatic cells into sertoli cells in the testes or granulosa cells in the ovaries determines the sex of the individual and hence their germ cells. Resolutely this is dependent on the testis determining factor (TDF) which is the Sry protein on the Y chromosome. Sry regulates testicular differentiation and hence the male genital organs will develop.

The embryo also develops a pair genital organs. It is at week 7 the invagination of coelomic epithelium cord expands and ends at the urogenital sinus. The male gonad also known as the testes begins to produce Mullerian duct inhibitory factor (MDIF), which causes the suppression of paramesonephric duct. The testes will also begin to discharge testosterone, which maintains the mesonephric duct.

Include an image from the historic genital embryology section of the online notes in your description

<pubmed>2944891</pubmed>


Magnification ( 28,000×) image of a transverse section of Sperm Head inside a cyst t the base of a wild type testis using Transmission electron microscopy.jpeg

A transmission electron microscopy image that shows a transverse section of a mature sperm head inside a cyst.

Week 9

Group 2

The introduction delivers a conventional scope to the renal system, allowing the audience to understand the structure and function to the parts of this system. Maybe consider uploading a picture that would illustrate the overall information in the introduction.

The developmental timeline is a great idea that outlines the significant events and in turn helps put major events into perspective, making it more effective for students to study and understand. However maybe consider presenting this information in the table format or see if you can get a vertical/horizontal line to represent the timeline. I feel that there is not enough information in the 'Historic findings' and perhaps you could do some more research.

The "Current research" section is very detailed and shows a great amount of research of recent articles that are relevant. The images included in the current research and the abnormalities section is great as it makes reference to the topic spoken about, giving the student a further understanding of the topic. The images are referenced properly except for “Kidney ascent.jpg”, it's missing a reference.

Overall this page is coming along nicely however you need to work on your development timeline formatting it in order to present a systematic presentation as a means to make it more friendly.


Group 3

A good introduction to the Gastrointestinal system giving a broad overview of the system. The timeline is effective in giving a general perception of the gastrointestinal system development. However maybe this could be put into a table format or add pictures to refer to specific or significant development.

There is a great deal of information that is presented in a strong manner however there is a scarce amount of images. Images can help summaries what some of the paragraphs communicate, tables would also be beneficial to make the page more inviting. Otherwise the page appears to overwhelming with just written content and no visual content to reinforce concepts and information. I’d like to acknowledge the hand drawn diagram and the efforts taken to do that. Great job. There is an inconsistency in the amount of information throughout the page. Some sections lack information more than others, however this can be a room for improvement to insure further research is done in sections like “recent findings”. In regards to referencing, I found that it was not as bad, however more referencing in some areas would benefit. My biggest criticism is that the page wasn’t coherent and could flow a lot better with communication with each other and figure out a systematic pattern in each section of the GIT that it is broken down into.

Overall, you should look for a balance between information and pictures that complement the information you are trying to get across. Aim for a photo each section. Also focus on the coherence of your page as this will make it seem professional and makes understanding everything easier a the page flows. Great job!



Group 4

There is no introduction, not having an introduction would mean there is no overview of what this page would be about and what it will discuss in detail. If an introduction could be uploaded maybe consider an image that would be able to sum the introduction up. I appreciate the detail that went into the genital system development with dot points however there is a comment above stating that you are having formatting issues in trying to put the following information into a table. I hope this works out because it would be very effective.

On the down side there is no reference in the first two sections of the page. If you could include in text references, this would be more professional and also allows the audience to refer to the paper if interested. I like the youtube video you added on your page this is definitely a benefit for your page as it will reinforce the information you have been trying to get across, and it would be a break from reading information and some what relaxing -just watching the video while being informed of the genital system.

For the “Current research” section there isn’t much information here, maybe you haven’t had the chance to upload anything in this section. This is definitely a section that needs improvement. Also include some citations and pictures. 

Overall this page needs to focus on getting all of the information uploaded and pictures with correct references.


Group 5

This is one of the best pages so far. Introduction clear, concise, however maybe have a little more about the integumentary system in the introduction. Also maybe consider an image or video here, if you can not find a photo perhaps think of getting one of the group members to draw. For the development overview, your table is fantastic as it is informative, concise and also has relevant images to help visually learn and understand. Dot points for format is a great idea, making it less overwhelming for readers. The subheading for glands and hair is small however detailed, clear and effective in being informative. Also the image brightens up your page and is inviting. I could say the same for the section on teeth. Nail seems to be small section maybe consider an image here, and more content- maybe some more research.

Recent findings, very colourful at first glance. Again inviting , once you read very detailed and obvious research has been done. Images are referenced and have a detailed caption leading tot the knowledge behind the image.

Abnormailites has great references throughout the content that has been uploaded. However this is the only section that has done this and if the rest of the group would take note of this referencing format they would better this page. Great images related to the abnormality and content in information.

Overall great page, just need to work on more images in some sections and also referencing within the content of the sections. A fantastic job!



Group 6

I noticed that there is no introduction, however the page does have introduction heading, I’m assuming you didn’t get the chance to upload information there or you haven’t had the time. This is something you need to work on so that the audience has some note of what this page is about, instead of just going straight into the pineal gland. It would make your page more appealing and professional if you followed through with an introduction. There is great amount of reference at the end of each section however there is no in- text referencing. Having in-text referencing will allow the audience to know exactly where the information was read from and for the interest of the audience can read that specific paper in detail. There is a great amount of information in almost every section with great detail however, consider subheadings to make the section easier to read and allows the audience to navigate the page effortlessly. Also consider some images in each section, to make it more inviting and not overwhelming with just content. I do appreciate that each section is subdivided into “development, timeline”, maybe consider adding in the current research, historic research and abnormalities to ensure that you can get all the marks possible by addressing all the key concepts.

Overall this page is coming along nicely, I can appreciate the difficulty of this system in trying to make the page more coherent. However if you work on the subheading within each section and add some images as well as some in text referencing I think that should make a significant difference by making this page more inviting, easier to navigate and also appear greatly organised.


Group 7

I liked the introduction as it was very informative and it gave a great insight as to what the project is about. The choice of image used in the introduction “developmental timeline” is great, this gives a great overview of neural development. This project page is organised in a coherent manner and is coming along nicely. One thing you could work on is adding a little more images to each section but primarily in “current research” section.

I also noticed that there is no historic findings, this is an important key point that needs to be addressed. Present some online research, add some images ,some in text referencing and maybe a table or timeline, this should help shape the historic findings section. Another subheading that is either incomplete or missing is the "meninges development", this can to be done in the same manner as the historic findings. There is also little information on the “spinal development”, present additional research to help solve this problem. The tables displayed in the other sections are great as they simplify information and is an effective way for students to study. The use of dot points has it’s benefits however I feel that the use of them on this page is a little to extensive and there needs to be more structured paragraphs. However keep in mind this is meant to be informative and easy to comprehend, so try and find that balance.

Overall this is a great project page that is coming along nicely. However some sections need more work than others, adding more content with in text citations, more images, getting rid of some dot points.


Group 8

There is no introduction that allows the audience an insight to your project page. This is something that needs to be worked on and maybe add some images also. I’m not sure what I think about the “making gains” section, it’s funny however needs a bit of work. However I do see what you are trying to do here, trying to make it more inviting, interesting and alluring the audience and I appreciate that. The Muscle development timeline needs some work and progress. I don’t see a timeline, or dot points, maybe work on format here even if it’s in a table format for this section.

Most of the following sections have great amount of detail with a number of in text citations and this is great to see. However I do notice that there is no images what so ever, not sure if you are having trouble finding, or if you have left this until the last thing, try and draw images, or look at a youtube video that sums one section or maybe the entire system. This could help balance the amount of text you have, making the page more interesting, not overwhelming. Also work on making things more concise and simplifying paragraphs.

Third trimester, neonatal and mechanisms are all sections that need more content in there whether it be images or information there is not much attention given to these areas.

Overall this project page has room for improvement by giving certain sections of the page the attention they deserve. Images are imperative in allowing a balance between text and the image itself. It can sometimes be refreshing, and less overwhelming to see an image among paragraphs of content. Also try and look for a youtube video that can help summaries the content on your page. Try and work on time management, or set a group deadline that everyone has to meet so that all the information can be well up before the due date so your group can have time to edit and add images and play around with the page comfortably. Goodluck!

Week 10

<pubmed>25299669</pubmed>

The sense of taste is imperative for the discrimination of toxic and digestible substances in all organisms. In humans taste buds occur in groups of sensory cells that are located in different types of papillae in the oral cavity. There are different types of taste papillae that have taste buds develop in them; fungiform papillae (FUP) is mainly located on the anterior dorsum of the tongue, the circumvallate papillae (CVP) is distributed in the middle on the back of the tongue, and in foliate papillae (FOP) are located to the sides of the back of the tongue. Past investigations on the embryonic development of taste buds have been experimented on rodents and amphibia, concentration mostly on the FUPs of both mice and rats, as they contain taste pores that directly open into the oral cavity. During the 12.5 embryonic day the FUP development commences and includes the development of the a range of epithelial placodes in that anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The early patterning of FUP development is regulated by signalling processes and interactions between Wnt/β-catenin, Shh and Bmp pathways.

Method- Using mice, this article was able to pinpoint the transcription factor Pax9 as a great influence for the development of endoderm-of origin taste papillae, that develop in different destinations in the back of the oral cavity.

Findings- Pax9 regulates the expansion of the taste progenitor, retains the ability for these progenitors to cooperate with afferent nerve fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve, hence inhibits their differentiation towards epithelial cells. However it must be noted that, Pax9 is not required for the development of ectoderm-derived taste papillae and that they are distributed over the dorsum of the tongue. This study also indicated that the FUP on the dorsal tongue have originated from ectodermal cells. The results demonstrated that Pax9- deficiency doe not affect patterning or maintenance of FUP in mice. This reinforces that endoderm-specific developmental pathways regulate the formation of the gustatory system in the posterior region of the oral cavity.

Week 11

<pubmed>25332110</pubmed>

This article shows that parkin stabilizes microtubules to maintain the length and complexity of neuronal processes. The main importance of this is for survival and function of nigral dopaminergic (DA) neurons. It is seen that Parkin mutation leads to the reduction of both the length and complexity of neural processes in the iPSC- derived neurons. This study focused on the impact of parkin on the morphology of the midbrain (TH+ neurons and TH- neurons). The iPSC were derived from normal subjects and two patients who had had different parkin mutations. After an analysis it showed that the average total neurite length was dramatically shorter in TH- neurons than TH+ neurons, whether they derived from normal or patient with parkins mutation.

There was evidence of an overexpression of parkin rescues the morphological defects of parkin‐deficient neurons. There was an over expression in the wild-type parkin however not in the T240R mutant or GFP, which meant lead to a significantly increased total neurite length, also the number of branch point and complexities showed increases as well as the number of terminals.

Overexpression of parkin stabilizes microtubules in iPSC‐derived neurons. There was a significant increase by parkin due to the amount of polymerized tubulin in pellet fractions, however there was no increase in T240R mutant or GFP. Another significant finding was that parkin mutations reduced the microtubule stability in iPSC‐derived neurons. There was a mimicked effect of parkin mutation on neural morphology, due to the microtubule depolymerizing agent colchicine. Lastly this article found that microtubule depolymerization reduces neurite length and complexity in the control neurons and that microtubule stabilization leads to the increasing of the neurite length and the complexity in parkin deficient neurons.