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==Lab Attendance==
==My student page==


Lab 1 --[[User:Z3330991|Z3330991]] ([[User talk:Z3330991|talk]]) 12:46, 6 August 2014 (EST)
==Attendance==


Lab 2 --[[User:Z3330991|Z3330991]] ([[User talk:Z3330991|talk]]) 11:13, 13 August 2014 (EST)
[[User:Z3330991|Z3330991]] ([[User talk:Z3330991|talk]]) 11:53, 10 March 2016 (AEDT)


Lab 3 --[[User:Z3330991|Z3330991]] ([[User talk:Z3330991|talk]]) 11:05, 20 August 2014 (EST)
==Lab 1 Assessment==


Lab 4 --[[User:Z3330991|Z3330991]] ([[User talk:Z3330991|talk]]) 11:31, 27 August 2014 (EST)
===Search pubmed ===
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=prokaryotic+cytoskeleton prokaryote cyotskeleton]


Lab 7 --[[User:Z3330991|Z3330991]] ([[User talk:Z3330991|talk]]) 11:10, 17 September 2014 (EST)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=eukaryotic+cytoskeleton


Lab 8 --[[User:Z3330991|Z3330991]] ([[User talk:Z3330991|talk]]) 11:16, 24 September 2014 (EST)
PMID 26756351


Lab 9--[[User:Z3330991|Z3330991]] ([[User talk:Z3330991|talk]]) 11:21, 8 October 2014 (EST)
<pubmed>26756351</pubmed>


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed PubMed]
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4118885/ PubMed]
<pubmed>25084016</pubmed>


== Online Assessments==
===links===
===Week 1===


<pubmed>25101180</pubmed>
[[Carnegie stage table]]


The article above verifies that women who suffer from moderate to serve asthma with no treatment have a substantial impact on the time taken to get pregnant (TTP) and hence fertility. Some women who had allergies were also tested however women with asthma had more of an impact on the time taken to get pregnant.  
[https://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Biology_Introduction Lecture 1]
Asthmatics who were getting treated didn't have a long TTP than those who had no treatment.  


It is believed that the nature and extent of the inflammation which distinguishes asthma is important since nonatopic asthma, untreated asthma and moderate to critical asthma had the largest consequence on fertility that amplified the TTP. Further research is need to describe this issue in more detail however some assumptions were made in tho article that can direct these future projects.  
[http://www.smh.com.au/ SMH] [http://www.smh.com.au/ Sydney paper]


It was assumed that women with asthma may have the same inflammation and increased inflammatory cells in the uterus or fallopian tube. It is believed that asthma comprises the production of mucosal surface, other than the bronchi. An additional supposition made was that asthma in the lower airway of the lungs can concurrently originate inflammation in the mucosa in the uterus because of systemic reaction.  
[https://www.biomedcentral.com/ Bioimed Central]


Therefore asthma if not treated properly or treated at all can have a negative impact on fertility since the TTP is increased with asthmatic women.


===What I've learnt so far===


During this lab i have learnt how to create my student page. During this lab we learnt how to format some links including the Wiki internal and external links allowing me to have easy access and direct link access on my student page instead of searching these pages in the search bar. Additionally i learnt how to clearly carry out headings, subheading and the sub-subsection. additionally i have learnt how to make a reference.


<pubmed>25077107</pubmed>
===How to make an in-text citation===


The article above addressed the following issue; Vitamin D may play a role in human reproduction. It can be drawn from this experiment that vitamin D can indeed be a constituent in escalating the possibility of vitro fertilization (IVF) and in turn giving rise to clinical pregnancy.  
Bacterial division protein FtsZ.<ref><pubmed>26756351</pubmed></ref>


In Toronto April 2011, this experimentation on the impact of Vitamin D on vitro fertilization included 173 women undergoing IVF. These women had their vitamin D /serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (serum 25(OH)D “samples collected before the oocyte was retrieved”(pg; E78).
<refernces/>
It was from here two classifications were made “sufficient” vitamin D if they owned more than or equal to 75nmol/L or “insufficient” if they possessed less than 75nmol/L of vitamin D. The oocyte was reclaimed at about 36-38 hours trailing an injection of Gonadotrophin. Also “ultrasound guided fresh embryo transfer was performed on day 3-5 after fertilization.” (pg;E78)
 
The outcome was for a successful clinical pregnancy, which was determined by the intrauterine sac being visible on an ultrasound. In turn the results were consistent in that the women who had sufficient 25(OH)D levels were found to have higher clinical pregnancy rate per IVF, per embryo transfer and implantation rate than those with insufficient 25(OH)D.
Therefore the experiment proved that 25(OH)D does have an important role in  clinical pregnancy.
.
 
 
--[[User:Z8600021|Mark Hill]] - Both these papers are recent and present interesting findings. Your summaries are correct and concise (5/5).
 
===Week 2===
 
[[File:Fetal_white_blood_cell.jpeg|300px]]
 
Incubated fetal white blood cells and the number of MCC41-cal varied inside the cell.
 
--[[User:Z8600021|Mark Hill]]  The image description could have been better detailed, rather than just the figure legend, I have also deleted the other link you had added, it was unnecessary and incorrectly formatted, and formatted the Copyright subheading. These are all minor except for a better image description. (4/5)
 
<pubmed>22904619</pubmed>
 
 
===Week 3===
 
[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00097.x/full / Airway and blood vessel interaction during lung
development.]
 
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2877937/ A retinoic acid–dependent network in the foregut controls formation of the mouse lung primordium.]
 
[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=24058167  Lung epithelial branching program antagonizes alveolar differentiation.]
 
===Week 4===
 
#1
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3878249/ The role of neural precursor cells and self assembling peptides in nerve regeneration.]
 
Central neural cells in the brain and support matrix can be lost due to injury of cranial nerves causing to functional impairment. Neural regeneration is possible owing to the therapeutically targeting cellular substituting and intensifying the structural support. This experiment examines the effects of both neural precursor cells and self assembling peptides on nerve regeneration. It is predicted that the combination of the SAPs and the NPCs treatment may lead to an enhancement in the recovery of the spinal cord injury with the characteristics that both SAPs and NPCs both possess.
Bioengineered peptides called Self assembling peptides (SAPs) congregate into nanofibers in situ linking the damaged nerve segments. It is believed that these specific peptides intensify axonal regeneration and functional recovery in an injured spinal cord. Adult neural precursors cells (NPCs) attribute multipotency -meaning able to self-renew and differentiate into specialised cells with specific functions for the spinal cord in this case. The oligodendrocytes extracted from the NPC strengthen myelination of axons and improve functional recuperation.
 
22 female rats were used in this study. Both the control group and the SAP and the NPC treated group had 11 rats each. Both the SAP and the NPC were delivered rostral and caudal to the injured site. The nerve injury was induced by the compression of the clip of the rats spinal cord. The SAP and NPC treated group had SAP injection straight way and the NPC injection was given 2 weeks after. Analysis was done on the two different groups comparing behaviour. The cavitation volume was also measure by using specific staining LFB-H&E. Assessing of the nerve conduction was done by measuring the Motor evoked potentials and the survival rates were estimated.
 
The behavioural anaylsis taken out showed that the SAP and the NPC transplantation significantly enhanced locomotor by <0.03 and improved survival by 0.008 in comparison to the control. The nerve conduction velocity was positivly affected by 0.008 however the cavitational volume was no affected.
 
Since Central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) share great similarities in regards to the molecular and anatomic features, it is conjectured that the therapeutic plan engaged in this study would also be effective in peripheral nerves recovery.
 
 
 
#2
[http://learnpediatrics.com/body-systems/cardiology/normal-cardiac-physiology-transition-from-fetal-to-neonatal/ Cardiac Physiology]
 
There are three vascular shunts present in an embryo that close postnatally.
 
DUCTUS ARTERIOSIS- is located off the descending part of the aorta and travels to the left pulmonary artery. It is when the pulmonary oxygen increases there becomes less prostaglandins circulating and so the ductus closes off.
 
DUCTUS VENOSUS- is located from the umbilical vein and travels to the inferior vena cava in turn bypasses the liver. With time is closes and converts to a ligamentum venosus.
 
FORAMEN OVALE - located between the interatrial septal walls within the heart. It closes when pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right atrium after birth.
 
===Week 5===
 
Cleft of the palate and lip are caused by both environmental and genetic factors. The cleft of the lip is the separation or a narrow opening in the upper lip. Cleft palate is a split or opening in the roof of the mouth and can include both the hard and soft palate. #1
 
To understand the causes of these clefts we need to understand the formation of a head in the embryo stage. The palatal formation is derived by the cranial neural crest, which is characterised as the mesenchyme and the pharyngeal ectoderm. #2
There are 5 important tissue lobes that grow in the 6 to 8 weeks of the pregnancy, which form the head of the embryo. The first one is the Frontonasal prominence, which is the tissue growth from the top of the head to the upper limb of the embryo. Maxilla prominence includes two tissue lobes from the cheeks that join to the frontonasal prominence to then form the upper lip. Mandibular prominence also includes two lobes that grow from each side that form the chin and lower lip. #3
The formation of the palate is as follows; vertical growth is the first step of the palate formation when the palatal shelves growth downwards along the tongue. Elevation is the next stage and is when the palatal shelves elevate from the tongue to above. Adhesion leads to the palatal shelves adhering to each other in the midline. The last step is fusion when the midline epithelium seam completely degrades and fuses. #2
 
The causes of a cleft palate include a defective palatal shelve growth or delayed elevation and blocked fusion.The Medial edge cells located on the ends of the palatal shelves may dye off or migrate to other locations such as the oral and nasal epithelium. #2 Cleft lip and palate can be caused by some environmental factors such as the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy or tobacco and anticonvulsants can increase the risk of this abnormality.#1
 
Reference;
#1 [http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/guide/cleft-lip-cleft-palate Cleft lip and cleft palate]
#2 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825058/ Cleft lip and palate genetics and application in early embryological development]
#3 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_palate Cleft lip and palate]
 
===Week 7===
 
'''Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.
'''
 
Recurrent abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting are some systems patients have when they have congenital anomalies of pancreas and pancreatic duct. This article focuses on two imaging techniques known as the magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography (MRCP) and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). The MRCP and MDCT both discern ductal anatomic variants and congenital anomalies of the pancreas collocated to normal pancreatic embryology.The importance of these imaging techniques have not gone unnoticed.
 
The use of the MRCP is increasing dramatically as this is a noninvasive evaluation of the biliary tree and pancreatic duct. This specific technique portrays the drainage pattern of the pancreatic duct and can effectively diagnose the development of the anomalies of the pancreas. It is also recognised for the assessment of congenital pancreatic anomalies with no risk of acute pancreatitis. 
MDCT also allows scanning of the biliary tree and pancreas, however it produces high resolution images and with thin portion, giving optimum plane to identify the congenital anomalies of the pancreatic duct and pancreas for diagnosis.
 
<pubmed>24265565</pubmed>
 
 
 
'''Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.'''
 
Embryonic layers contributing to teeth development
 
Mesenchymal interactions;
Ectoderm- provides the tooth enamel epithelium
The Neural crest derived from the mesenchyme - contributes to dentin and pulp of the teeth
Ectomesenchymal cells
Odontoblast;
Cells that originate from the neural cest, that is part of the outer surface (dental pulp) and dentiogenesis is it's function.
Ameloblast;
Is ectoderm in origin, function is to deposition of the tooth's enamel and these cells come from the oral epithelium.
 
 
<pubmed>18794902</pubmed>
 
 
===Week 8===
'''Provide a brief time course and overview of embryonic development of either the human testis or ovary'''
 
<pubmed>2225022</pubmed>
<pubmed>25139092</pubmed>
 
In mammals the principal of sex determination is begins by the existence or absence of the Y chromosomes which controls the destiny of the gonadal primordium. This normally happens at week 5 -6 in the developing embryo. The germ cells migrate to the gonadal ridge formed at the mid gestation stage and gives rise to either a testis or an ovary. It is important to note that this stage is no different for male or female individuals.
 
Gonadal determination is dependent on the sex chromosomes and it is here where the sex determination is determined. The differentiation of the somatic cells into sertoli cells in the testes or granulosa cells in the ovaries determines the sex of the individual and hence their germ cells. Resolutely this is dependent on the testis determining factor (TDF) which is the Sry protein on the Y chromosome. Sry regulates testicular differentiation and hence  the male genital organs will develop.
 
The embryo also develops a pair genital organs. It is at week 7 the invagination of coelomic epithelium cord expands and ends at the urogenital sinus. The male gonad also known as the testes begins to produce Mullerian duct inhibitory factor (MDIF), which causes the suppression of paramesonephric duct. The testes will also begin to discharge testosterone, which maintains the mesonephric duct.
 
'''Include an image from the historic genital embryology section of the online notes in your description'''
 
<pubmed>2944891</pubmed>
 
[[File:Germ Cell.jpeg]]
 
Germ cell in chicken- cultural grown

Latest revision as of 12:37, 10 March 2016

My student page

Attendance

Z3330991 (talk) 11:53, 10 March 2016 (AEDT)

Lab 1 Assessment

Search pubmed

prokaryote cyotskeleton

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=eukaryotic+cytoskeleton

PMID 26756351

<pubmed>26756351</pubmed>


links

Carnegie stage table

Lecture 1

SMH Sydney paper

Bioimed Central


What I've learnt so far

During this lab i have learnt how to create my student page. During this lab we learnt how to format some links including the Wiki internal and external links allowing me to have easy access and direct link access on my student page instead of searching these pages in the search bar. Additionally i learnt how to clearly carry out headings, subheading and the sub-subsection. additionally i have learnt how to make a reference.

How to make an in-text citation

Bacterial division protein FtsZ.[1]

<refernces/>

  1. <pubmed>26756351</pubmed>