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===Lab 3 Assessment===
===Lab 3 Assessment===


==Task 1==
  Task 1


Gestational age refers to the period of time, generally 14 days before the last day of the females menstrual cycle. Where as post fertilization age is the period from the point of conception/ fertilization of egg by the sperm; this mainly occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle duration.  
Gestational age refers to the period of time, generally 14 days before the last day of the females menstrual cycle. Where as post fertilization age is the period from the point of conception/ fertilization of egg by the sperm; this mainly occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle duration.  

Revision as of 01:55, 15 August 2012

Lab Attendance

Lab 1--Z3330539 11:49, 25 July 2012 (EST)

Lab 2 Z3330539 10:52, 1 August 2012 (EST)

Lab 3 --Z3330539 10:04, 8 August 2012 (EST)--

Lab 1 Assessment

 ===Task 1===

Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 Nobel Prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page.

-In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) technology is the combining/fusion of the males sperm and females egg/s outside the body, then later implanting this fertilized oocyte into the female uterus. This technique involves the regulation of the female cycle and monitoring of ovulation. This in vitro technique/concept has been present and studied for many years, with earliest recordings of such scientific research/findings; such test tube babies; occurring as early as 1950’s. The scientist who won the Nobel Prize in 2010, for his efforts and involvement in the discovery implementation of IVF techniques was the physiologist Robert Edwards. This was an honor given in the current medicine. Edwards with a fellow associate were the first recorded successful pregnancy and birth of the first and second IVF babies to be delivered in the late 1970’s and the 1980’s. Following this successful implantation, development and implantation other countries including Australia began to use this technique, for situations and individuals with fertility problems. Recent developments in this field of medicine and physiology have been on hormones involved in oocyte maturation, ovarian cycles such as follicle stimulating hormone, as well as the way in which sperm is administered in order for fertilization to occur.

Links: [1] [2]

    ===Task 2===

Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilization and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs).

- “Molecular Origin of Female Meiotic Aneuploidies”

This article addresses the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying the abnormalities in pregnancy which occur as a result of aneuploidy. It discusses the disruption of the cohesion and separation of the homologues at the centromeres and the polar ends of the spindle, which can result in miscarriage and loss of pregnancy. Lack of separation of these homologues prevents the production of two separate daughter chromatids. These errors can occur either toward the end of meiosis one and also in meiosis two, and in some instances meiosis two errors can arise as a result of meiosis one errors that were not resolved. In this article, there is particular emphasis placed upon the process of female meiosis, as the major causes of errors that can lead to aneuploidy. Major errors which occur are reduced cohesion prior to separation in meiosis two, errors in trisomies, as well as premature segregation, resulting in errors of chromatid pairing and oocyte development in fertilization. Studies are being performed to examine the role, or lack of role which certain proteins play at these stages of female fertilization in order to reduce these abnormalities in conventional and IVF development, in particular in females who fall pregnant at later maternal ages. Examining the molecular mechanisms that occur when there is loss of expression of key proteins such as SMC1 alpha and beta, Scc1 and ReC8, which leads to decrease in cohesin and reduce achiasmate, ultimately leading to lack of separation of the homologues.

[3]

NB: Originally uploaded this into the discussion/my talk page, the night before, prior to moving it into my Page (z3330539).


Lab 2 Assessment

==Task 1==

Immunofluorescent FN1 and integrin on blastocytes.gif


==Task2==

A protein which is involved in the implantation process is Rac1, which is the RAS pathway related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1. This protein expression allows for embryonic trophoblasts to invade the stromal cell layer and when activated also allows for migration and motility of the cells of the stromal layer. All of these factors lead to the promotion of implantation.

[1]

Lab 3 Assessment

  Task 1

Gestational age refers to the period of time, generally 14 days before the last day of the females menstrual cycle. Where as post fertilization age is the period from the point of conception/ fertilization of egg by the sperm; this mainly occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle duration.

Gestational age is used as a clinical method of human development due to the fact that time/point of fertilization can be unknown or variable, women may have sporadic menses and ovulation, females may not be able to recall the last day of their menstrual cycle. The use of gestational age may be an approximation/generalization, however, it is more useful in reducing the variables that can occur, which are mentioned above, as last day of menstrual cycle is predominately able to be recalled by the female, and 14 days are added in order to establish room for possible variations.

References:

1. [2]

Task 2

Somites, which are present in pairs, are derived from the paraxial mesoderm and are involved in week 4 of embryonic development. Somites progressively differentiate into sclerotome, dermatome and myotome.

Sclerotome are the central cells of the somites are are located ventromedially in relation to orientation of the notochord. Sclerotome form vertebral and bone and connective of the vertebral column and are have chondrocytes present.

Dermatome are located dorsolaterally to the notochord and involved in the differentiation into dermis and epidermis.

Finally myotome are located more dorsomedially and are involved in differentiation to skeletal muscle. This involves myoblast cells. Depending on the type, these can either lie dorsomedially and then migrate to form epaxial or hypaxial muscle groups in development.

References:

1. [3] 2. [4]