User:Z3291324

From Embryology
Revision as of 11:20, 22 September 2011 by Z3291324 (talk | contribs)

Attendance

Lab 1 --Z3291324 12:56, 28 July 2011 (EST), Lab 2 --z3291324 11:47, 4 August 2011 (EST), Lab 3 --z3291324 12:53, 11 August 2011 (EST), Lab 4 --z3291324 12:35, 18 August 2011 (EST), Lab 6 --z3291324 12:53, 1 September 2011 (EST), Lab 7 --z3291324 12:24, 15 September 2011 (EST)



Lab 1

Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique.

The first pregnancy achieved through IVF occurred in 1973. However, the first successful IVF birth occurred in 1978 (Louise Brown.) Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe carried out this successful conception. Robert Edwards later received the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this development.

Identify a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings.

Halliday, J., Oke, K., Breheny, S., Algar, E., & D, J. A. (2004). Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and IVF: a case-control study. Am J Hum Genet, 75(3), 526-528.

This article provides evidence suggesting that children conceived through IVF are significantly more likely to develop imprinting disorders such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Angelman syndrome (9 times greater.) It is unknown why IVF causes this increase although suggestions include uniparental disomy of the chromosome and unidentified mutations.

Identify 2 congenital anomalies.

Anencephaly: caused by a failure of the rostral end of the neural tube to close resulting in a lack of brain development. Trisomy 21: caused by the presence of additional genetic material on chromosome 21, either in part or full.


--Mark Hill 09:58, 3 August 2011 (EST) Where are your Lab 1 assessment answers? Need to added before Lab 2.

Lab 2

Identify the ZP protein that spermatozoa binds and how is this changed (altered) after fertilisation

Spermatozoa bind to the zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 proteins, which are located on the surface of the zona pellucida. After the spermatozoa binds, it releases enzymes from its acrosome to dissolve the zona pellucida allowing it to fuse with the ovum. After fusion, the ovum exocytoses cortical granules. The cortical reaction alters the ZP3 protein preventing polyspermic fertilisation.

Identify a review and a research article related to your group topic

Goldmuntz, E., Geiger, E., & Benson, D. W. (2001). NKX2.5 mutations in patients with tetralogy of fallot. Circulation, 104(21), 2565-2568. - Research article which looks into some genetic causes of tetralogy of fallot.

Apitz, C., Webb, G. D., & Redington, A. N. (2009). Tetralogy of Fallot. Lancet, 374(9699), 1462-1471. - Review article which describes the condition, some symptoms, treatment options and complications.

Lab 3

What is the maternal dietary requirement for late neural development?

Iodine is required for late neural development. A deficiency in iodine may result in cretinism. The daily requirement for pregnant mothers is roughly 200ug.


Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia.jpg----

Lab 4 Online Assessment

  1. The allantois, identified in the placental cord, is continuous with what anatomical structure?
  2. Identify the 3 vascular shunts, and their location, in the embryonic circulation.
  3. Identify the Group project sub-section that you will be researching. (Add to project page and your individual assessment page)



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Alt
The pulmonary supply is through multiple systemic-to-pulmonary collateral arteries. The star shows the connection between one of the collateral arteries and the intrapericardial pulmonary arteries. All the other arteries join with the intrapericardial pulmonary arterial supply, or else supply segments of the lung directly. The task of the clinician is to display the supply of the various collateral arteries and their communications with the intrapericardial pulmonary arteries.

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Lab 4

The allantois, identified in the placental cord, is continuous with what anatomical structure?

The allantois is an out-pocketing of the yolk sac. It extends into the connecting stalk. The allantois becomes the urachus in the adult (the median umbilical ligament.)

Identify the 3 vascular shunts, and their location, in the embryonic circulation.

1. Ductus arteriosus (connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch). This allows blood entering the right ventricle to bypass the fluid filled lungs. 2. Foramen ovale (between the left and right atria). This allows blood from the right atrium to be shunted into the left atrium to avoid the fluid filled lungs. 3. Ductus venosus (shunts blood from the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava).

Identify the Group project sub-section that you will be researching.

I will be researching the four abnormalities of tetralogy of fallot (pathophysiology) and diagnostic methods.


Lab 5

Which side (L/R) is most common for diaphragmatic hernia and why?

Left sided diaphragmatic hernias are more common (in about 85-90% of cases). This is likely due to the earlier closure of the right pleuroperitoneal opening. Diaphragmatic hernias may be life threatening in new borns due to the incomplete development and inhalation of the lung. --z3291324 21:08, 31 August 2011 (EST)


Lab 6

What week of development do the palatal shelves fuse?

The two palatal shelves fuse in week 9.

What animal model helped elucidate the neural crest origin and migration of cells?

The chick (and later also the quail) helped the discovery of the neural crest origin and migration of cells.

What abnormality results from neural crest not migrating into the cardiac outflow tract?

Failure of the neural crest to migrate into the cardiac outflow tract could produce abnormalities including persistent truncus arteriosus (the truncus arteriosus fails to divide into a pulmonary artery and aorta). Other abnormalities include elongation or mispositioning of the outflow tract and cushion hypoplasia. --z3291324 21:05, 14 September 2011 (EST)


Lab 7

Are satellite cells (a) necessary for muscle hypertrophy and (b) generally involved in hypertrophy?

a) satellite cells ar enot necessary for muscle hypertrophy b) but they are a normal part of hypertrophy.


Why does chronic low frequency stimulation cause a fast to slow fibre type shift?

Chronic low frquency stimulation causes a fast to slow shift because the muscle fibre is continuously stimulated as if it were a slow fibre. The protein percentages of the muscle fibre gradually change until it more closely resembles a slow fibre. --z3291324 10:56, 21 September 2011 (EST)


Evaluation of trisomy 21

Introduction: The introduction does not contain enough information. A more general introduction to trisomy 21 is needed.

Links: There is a good use of links to other sites for further information.

Headings: Clear use of headings. However, perhaps epidemiology and prevalence would be better placed near the start of the page.

Symptoms: There could be a general section on symptoms before going into more detaila bout the heart and limb defects. The defects, especially the heart defects could be explained in much more detail.

Images: Images are used well however, there could be more detailed captions describing what the pictures mean, especially the graphs.

Referencing: The referencing is done well and shows that a wide variety of appropriate sources were used to produce the page.

Glossary: The glossary/terms list is a good idea however, it could be extended to include more words for example, complicated anatomical terms referring to the heart. There is evidence of significant research.

Learning objectives: The page is related well to learning objectives of embryology. For example, the information on genetic causes and chromosomes. --z3291324 11:14, 21 September 2011 (EST)