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''1. Are satellite cells (a) necessary for muscle hypertrophy and (b) generally involved in hypertrophy? ''
''1. Are satellite cells (a) necessary for muscle hypertrophy and (b) generally involved in hypertrophy? ''


a) They are not necessary for muscle atrophy to occur, but b) they are generally involved in hypertrophy as their cell number counts increase significantly during hypertrophy.
a) They are not necessary for muscle hypertrophy to occur, but b) they are generally involved in hypertrophy as their cell number counts increase significantly during hypertrophy.


''2. Why does chronic low frequency stimulation cause a fast to slow fibre type shift?''
''2. Why does chronic low frequency stimulation cause a fast to slow fibre type shift?''

Revision as of 11:13, 22 September 2011


Lab 4 Online Assessment

  1. The allantois, identified in the placental cord, is continuous with what anatomical structure?
  2. Identify the 3 vascular shunts, and their location, in the embryonic circulation.
  3. Identify the Group project sub-section that you will be researching. (Add to project page and your individual assessment page)



Lab 1 Attendance

--Z3291317 12:55, 28 July 2011 (EST)


--Mark Hill 09:58, 3 August 2011 (EST) Where are your Lab 1 assessment answers? Need to added before Lab 2.


Lab 1 Assessment

1. Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique.

In 1973, the first pregnancy conducted by IVF on a human oocyte was done at Monash University, but it had only lasted a few days and thus a baby wasn't delivered. However, it was in 1977 in which Steptoe and Edwards were able to carry out a IVF process which would bring about the world first IVF baby to be born, Louise Brown from the UK.

It was due to this success that RG Edwards had been awarded a 2010 Nobel Prize in the field of Physiology or Medicine. It was awarded for his role “for the development of in vitro fertilisation”

2. Identify a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings.

Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi. 2011 Apr;28(2):156-9.

Effects of abnormal structure of sperm chromatin on the outcome of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer

[Article in Chinese] GU LJ, CHEN ZW, LU WH, XU JF, LI M, CHEN ZJ.

Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030 P. R. China.

This study was designed to see the effects of an abnormality in sperm chromatin structure in the degree of success when In-Vitro fertilization and Embryo Transfer is conducted. The study showed that DNA fragmentation and Chromatin packaging defect in the sperm does not have a correlation with fertilization rate. However, it did show that these two problems in sperm are more prevalent in pregnancies that have failed compared to those which have achieved clinical pregnancy.

3. Identify 2 congenital anomalies.

  • Dandy-Walker Syndrome
  • Anencephaly

--Z3291317 18:55, 3 August 2011 (EST)


Lab 2 Attendance

--Z3291317 11:50, 4 August 2011 (EST)


Lab 2 Assessment

1. Identify the ZP protein that spermatozoa binds and how is this changed (altered) after fertilisation.

Enzyme ZP3 which found in the Zona Pellucida acts as a the primary receptor to which spermatozoa bind to during fertilisation [1]. When the spermatozoa fuses into the oocyte (causing fertilisation), there is a cortical reaction which alters the ZP3 in the Zona Pellucida. During this cortical reaction, the released cortical granules from the spermatozoa remove ZP3’s carbohydrate which results in ZP3’s structure to change, thus preventing polyspermy from occurring[2].


2.Identify a review and a research article related to your group topic.


Disease proposed for the group project:Tetralogy of Fallot


Review Article:


Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2009 Jan 13;4:2.

Tetralogy of Fallot.

Bailliard F, Anderson RH.

North Carolina Children's Heart Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. frederique_bailliard@med.unc.edu

Link: [3]

Description: This paper gives an overview about the disease, how it happens, and clinical manifestations.


Research Article:


J Med Genet. 2010 May;47(5):321-31. Epub 2009 Nov 30.

Comprehensive genotype-phenotype analysis in 230 patients with tetralogy of Fallot.

Rauch R, Hofbeck M, Zweier C, Koch A, Zink S, Trautmann U, Hoyer J, Kaulitz R, Singer H, Rauch A.

Institute of Medical Genetics, Schorenstrasse 16, CH-8603 Zurich-Schwerzenbach, Switzerland. anita.rauch@medgen.uzh.ch

Link: [4]

Description: A study was done to see the prevalent phenotype for Tetralogy of fallot, and it was found that the 22q11.2 deletion was the most common type in Tetralogy of Fallot


  1. <pubmed>21042299</pubmed>
  2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26843/figure/A3743/
  3. <pubmed>19144126</pubmed>
  4. <pubmed>19948535</pubmed>


--Z3291317 16:45, 7 August 2011 (EST)


Lab 3 Attendance

--Z3291317 12:36, 11 August 2011 (EST)


Lab 3 Assessment

1. What is the maternal dietary requirement for late neural development?

The maternal dietary requirement for late neural development is Iodine. The recommended amount of idodine that should be taken by a pregnant women in 220 mcg/d. Not having enough Iodine in a woman's diet during pregnancy would leak to an impairment in late neural development, thus precipitate conditions such as Cretinism in the new born child. Cretinism occurs in a child when there is Moderate to Severe cases of Iodine Defficiency in the mother.

Reference: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122714-overview

2. Upload a picture relating to you group project.

Normal fetal blood flow and Tetralogy of Fallot.jpg

Normal fetal blood flow and Tetralogy of Fallot

--Z3291317 11:34, 17 August 2011 (EST)


Lab 4 Attendance

--Z3291317 12:56, 18 August 2011 (EST)


Lab 4 Assessment

1. The allantois, identified in the placental cord, is continuous with what anatomical structure?

The allantois is an embryonic structure in which it is found in the connecting stalk of the embryo and its origin is from the endoderm of the trilaminar embryo. Furthermore, the allantois is continuous with the hindgut structure of the early forming Gastrointestinal tract.

Reference

http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Gastrointestinal_Development\ http://accessscience.com/content/Allantois/023900 http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/subjects/subject/12


2. Identify the 3 vascular shunts, and their location, in the embryonic circulation.

  • Ductus venosus – this shunt connects the portal and umbilical veins to the inferior vena cava
  • Ductus arteriosus - this vascular shunt is situated between the left pulmonary artery and the descending aorta
  • Foramen ovale – the ovale shunt is found between the right and left artium

Reference

http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=D http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcb135e/fetal.html


3. Identify the Group project sub-section that you will be researching

In the group project, I will be researching the following sub-sections on the wiki page for Tetralogy of Fallot: History, Epidemiology and Signs and Symptoms

--Z3291317 15:06, 24 August 2011 (EST)


Lab 5 Attendance

--Z3291317 12:49, 25 August 2011 (EST)

Lab 5 Assessment

1. Which side (L/R) is most common for diaphragmatic hernia and why?

Diaphragmatic herniation most commonly occurs on the left side of the diaphragm. It is thus considered as a posterolateral defect of the diaphragm and it is clinically referred to as the Foramen of Bochdalek. This defect occurs on the left side of the diaphragm at around 85-90% of the time. The prevalence on the left side may be due to the earlier closing up of the right pleuroperitoneal opening. The herniation may cause the lungs to compress as some of the visceral organs may pass into the thorax.

References:

From the textbook: Moore & Persaud: The Developing Human , 8th ed.

http://www.mdconsult.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50011-6--cesec6&isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&sid=1198557498&uniqId=277201857-3#4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50011-6--cesec11


--Z3291317 23:44, 30 August 2011 (EST)

Lab 6 Attendance

--Z3291317 12:53, 1 September 2011 (EST)

Lab 6 Assessment

1. What week of development do the palatal shelves fuse?

During the early embryonic period, the palatal shelves grow in size, elevate in position at their site and then they will fuse. This fusion will occur in Week 9 of the human embryo. During this fusion, the secondary palates fuse with each other as well as fusing with the primary palate.

References:

http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Palate_Development

http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Head_Development


2. What early animal model helped elucidate the neural crest origin and migration of neural crest cells?

In the !980s there was neural crest migration studies conducted by LeDouarin by conducting transplational research on quail/chick chimeras. This type of research allowed her to determine the transplanted neural crest cells’ migration path and its eventual final destination in the chick host.

Furthermore, there were Chicken studies used to label the neural crest cells to produce Dil-labelled Neural crest cells. This allowed movement of Neural Crest cells which have been tagged to be seen under the microscope.

References:

http://www.sdbonline.org/archive/dbcinema/ledouarin/ledouarin.html

http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Neural_Crest_Development


3. What abnormality results from neural crest not migrating into the cardiac outflow tract?

Tetralogy of Fallot may result due to abnormal neural crest migration to the cardiac outflow tract.

It is known that neural crest cells do contribute to the development of cardiac neural ganglia, supporting sinuses, arterial valves and the coronary arteries. Thus failure for neural crest cells to contribute to the development of the outflow tract of the heart results in conditions such as

  • Persistent truncus arteriosis
  • Outflow Tract elongation
  • Outflow Tract mispositioning
  • Cushion hypoplasia

References:

http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Neural_Crest_Development

http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/ncrest12.htm

Lab 7 Attendance

--Z3291317 12:41, 15 September 2011 (EST)

Lab 7 Assessment

1. Are satellite cells (a) necessary for muscle hypertrophy and (b) generally involved in hypertrophy?

a) They are not necessary for muscle hypertrophy to occur, but b) they are generally involved in hypertrophy as their cell number counts increase significantly during hypertrophy.

2. Why does chronic low frequency stimulation cause a fast to slow fibre type shift?

When CLFS is used, a low level stimulation is used on fast fibres which mock patterns of electrical discharge that is sent to slow-twitch muscles via slow motoneurons. Thus when the fast fibre experiences CLFS, its adaptive response is to do a fast to slow fibre type shift as the stimulation it is receiving is that of what a slow fibre will receive. The way of shift follows the ‘next neighbour’ rule in which the types of shifts that occur happens in the following fibre sequence: IIb, IIx ,IIa, I. However during these shifts, hybrid types of muscle fibres can also result.

Peer Review for Trisomy 21

Introduction:

As there is some history in the introduction but nowhere else in the paper, there should be a bit more history to Trisomy 21 portrayed in the introduction. Although the introduction does portray some interesting facts, it felt that the flow was disconnected and that effort should be made to make the introduction flow better and that the information presented connects with each other. The image found in the introduction is not referenced in accordance to the referencing requirements for any uploaded image (e.g. copyright clearance statement is not provided). The image could have been reduced in size or put in a thumb so it can be presented better so that the picture doesn’t overly into the next section.’ Links at the bottom of the introduction is a good idea, but it seems too overcrowded with links at the start of the page, and thus it should have been at the bottom of the page in the external links section.

Some Recent Findings:

The information presented in this section is appropriate, however it should be moved to the end of the page before the glossary section as it will fit well when the reader reads this information once they understand the disease. Image is referenced well. Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) Karyotypes: This section provides relevant information about the karyotypes found in trisomy 21 patients. However an image which portrays normal male and female Karyotype images should be posted so people with amateur understanding of genetics could understand the problem between the two situations.

Associated Congenital Abnormalities:

The abnormalities found in this section have many words that don’t have links to their meanings, nor are they found in the glossary section below. The image on the right in the thumb should have a caption below it to describe what is being shown. Also, when it was being referenced, there is no image url source.

Heart Defects:

Good choice of providing links to pages that provide more information of the cardiac problems. Hwoever, none of the information presented in this section is referenced, possibly making the information being presented not credible. Explanations on how each defect should be described.

Limb Defects:

Only listed the Defects, if how these defects arise could be described it would be better. No evidence of copyright clearance on the hand image used.

Prevalence:

This section which contains epidemiology should be included at the start of the page as it introduces the reader into the world of the disease being discussed on the page. Also image of John Langdon Down is not properly referenced and it should be included at the start of the page where the introduction is.

Screening:

The information presented is very well done as it provides extensive information within an easy to read table. Links to the components of the tests is well done aswell The novel screening strategies section could have been expanded upon slightly as it should have described how those novel strategies actually work in detecting the trisomy. The ‘detection using tandem single nucleotide polymorphisms has a diagram which is well referenced. However the information contained within this subsection is too detailed and alot of technical jargon is used which can throw the reader off from reading. Even though there is terms underneath the paragraph, no attempt is made to try to simplify that section so it can be more reader friendly. The screening by country subsection does not contain enough information to be put under its own subsection.

Meiosis I and II:

This subheading should not have existed, instead the information found here should have been written down in the ‘recent findings’ section as it is more relevant there and it doesn’t require its own subheading all the way at the bottom of the page.

Aneuploidy:

This section shouldn’t even exist, instead the terms described here should be shifted to the glossary section.

Trisomy 21 growth charts:

The Paragraph found in this section is one direct text over 4 sentences. Effort should be made to summarise the paper’s findings instead of quoting 4 lines from the paper. However the diagrams are relevant to the information trying to be presented and they are properly referenced.

References:

I like how everything is referenced and after that it is put into subsections so the readers could decide what type of reference they could use in their inquiry. Also, this section should come after the ‘Terms’ subheading as references should be the last feature of the page

External Links:

This section is well done as it guides readers for further information in regards to trisomy 21.


--Z3291317 20:25, 21 September 2011 (EST)