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Lab 4 Online Assessment

  1. The allantois, identified in the placental cord, is continuous with what anatomical structure?
  2. Identify the 3 vascular shunts, and their location, in the embryonic circulation.
  3. Identify the Group project sub-section that you will be researching. (Add to project page and your individual assessment page)



Lab Attendance

--z3284061 20:36, 28 July 2011 (EST)

--z3284061 11:50, 4 August 2011 (EST)

--z3284061 11:08, 11 August 2011 (EST)

--z3284061 11:10, 18 August 2011 (EST)

--z3284061 11:24, 25 August 2011 (EST)

--z3284061 11:24, 1 September 2011 (EST)


Individual Assessment

Lab 1

1. Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique.

The origin of in Vitro Fertilization was firstly successful on 1978 with the born of world’s first test tube baby. The credit goes to the British scientist Robert Edwards who dedicated his research on the biology of fertilization during 1950s. He was finally awarded with the noble prize in 2010, for the development of human in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapy. Noble Prize winner 2010


2. Identify a recent paper on fertilization and describe its key findings.

This journal refers to the novel role for the rapid, fertilization-initiated calcium wave that triggers cell-cycle oscillations. Moreover, the oscillations of cell division of the embryo development could lead to a chaotic threat towards the formation of embryo.The outcome of this paper indicates a designed principle whereby the fast calcium-wave trigger following embryo fertilization harmonize cell divisions. [1]



3. Identify 2 congenital anomalies.

  • Patau syndrome: also called trisomy 13, is a congenital (present at birth) disorder associated with the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 13. This extra chromosome may lead to mental and physical abnormalities especially heart defects.
  • Harelip: "a congenitally deformed lip, usually the upper one, in which there is a vertical fissure causing it to resemble the cleft lip of a hare."


Lab 2

1. Identify the ZP protein that spermatozoa binds and how is this changed (altered) after fertilisation.

The Zona Pellucida protein which is responsible for specific sperm binding is known as Zona pellucida glycoprotein (ZP3). This protein is also thought to be an inducing factor to the acrosome reaction- by which the plasma membrane of sperm fuses with the membrane surrounding the acrosome. The reaction of the acrosome would involve the release or exocytosis of acrosome contents. When the membrane fusion occurs between the egg and sperm, the nuclei of sperm will pass towards the egg cytoplasm. Next, when Fertilization happens, the fusion of both nuclei ( sperm and egg) would case membrane depolarization in which penetration of other sperms (polyspermy) is prevented. Additionally, Cortical reaction is thought to play a vital role in preventing polyspermy by the release of cortical granules and removal of carbohydrate of ZP3. Consequently, ZP3 is altered and the binding of another sperm membrane will no longer occur.


2. Identify a review and a research article related to your group topic. (Paste on both group discussion page with signature and on your own page)


Hey Guys: How are we going in the research process? Well, In case anyone wants to change the topic Tomorrow will be the last day we get to change! That’s if everyone agrees to do so.

For the time being, we are working on Cystic Fibrosis. I’ve found some interesting articles regarding the treatment. The first one is a research while the other 2 are both Reviews.

I’ve Moved the articles of z3292953 to the discussion Page.

Looking forward to create a great wiki page. --z3284061 22:34, 10 August 2011 (EST)


1. Effect of VX-770 in Persons with Cystic Fibrosis and the G551D-CFTR Mutation

Effect of VX-770 in Persons with Cystic Fibrosis and the G551D-CFTR Mutation


2. Recent advances in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis


Abstract

Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is caused by biofilm-growing mucoid strains. Biofilms can be prevented by early aggressive antibiotic prophylaxis or therapy, and they can be treated by chronic suppressive therapy. New results from one small trial suggest that addition of oral ciprofloxacin to inhaled tobramycin may reduce lung inflammation. Clinical trials with new formulations of old antibiotics for inhalation therapy (aztreonam lysine) against chronic P. aeruginosa infection improved patient-reported outcome, lung function, time to acute exacerbations and sputum density of P. aeruginosa. Other drugs such as quinolones are currently under investigation for inhalation therapy. A trial of the use of anti-Pseudomonas antibiotics for long-term prophylaxis showed no effect in patients who were not already infected. Use of azithromycin to treat CF patients without P. aeruginosa infection did not improve lung function. Here I review the recent advances in the treatment of P. aeruginosa lung infections with a focus on inhalation treatments targeted at prophylaxis and chronic suppressive therapy. [2]

3. Changes in strategies for optimal antibacterial therapy in cystic fibrosis.

Abstract

Aggressive antibiotic therapy of bacterial airway infection is one of the main reasons for the dramatic increase in life expectancy over the last few decades. Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae are the predominant pathogens in younger patients, but the choice of antibiotic therapy against these pathogens remains highly controversial. There is general agreement that patients with pulmonary exacerbations should be treated and many cystic fibrosis (CF) centres will also try to eradicate bacteria in the absence of symptoms. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy, with anti-staphylococcal medications started at the time of diagnosis, is advocated by some groups but its positive effect remains unproven. In fact, recent studies have suggested that continuous prophylactic treatment with anti-staphylococcal antibiotics may increase the risk of early colonisation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa is the main pathogen in older children with CF. While chronic airway infection with mucoid P. aeruginosa is considered irreversible, both the combination of oral ciprofloxacin with inhaled colistin and inhaled tobramycin alone has been used successfully in the early phase of colonisation. In patients chronically infected with P. aeruginosa, standard treatment of pulmonary exacerbations consists of intravenous combination therapy for 2-3 weeks. Controversy exists whether this treatment should be performed routinely every 3 months or only in the presence of a pulmonary exacerbation. Inhaled antibiotics such as tobramycin have been shown to improve lung function and reduce sputum density of P. aeruginosa, but both the optimal dose and the duration of therapy are unclear at the present time [3]

Lab 3

Differentially expressed RefSeq genes in human trisomy 21


1.What is the maternal dietary requirement for late neural development?

Folate is improtant for neural development.


2.Upload a picture relating to you group project. Add to both the Group discussion and your online assessment page. Image must be renamed appropriately, citation on "Summary"

this is another image with allowance to use, transmit and share the work. I'm sorry, I was unaware of the copyright the time I've uploaded it. I hope this one suits the criteria

Cleft lip.jpg

window with link to original paper and copyright information. As outlined in the Practical class tutorial.

File:Cleft palate mice.jpg

--Mark Hill 16:28, 20 August 2011 (EST) You have uploaded an image (http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Cleft_palate_mice.jpg) that is not allowed to be reproduced without permission. Please remember what I told you in the practical class. Just because it appears in Pubmed Central does not allow anyone to reuse, you must see a copyright statement to that effect. I will delete this image.

--Mark Hill 21:12, 21 August 2011 (EST) You have not identified the source of this inmate in the image information panel.

The Source of the image has been added to the Summary of the image. --z3284061 12:11, 25 August 2011 (EST)

[4]


  1. <pubmed>21779158</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>21463524</pubmed>
  3. <pubmed>11165111</pubmed>
  4. <pubmed>2860913</pubmed>

Lab 4

1. The allantois, identified in the placental cord, is continuous with what anatomical structure?

In humans, allantois is an endodermal evagination of the developing hindgut which then becomes surrounded by the mesodermal connecting stalk.

2. Identify the 3 vascular shunts, and their location, in the embryonic circulation.

The Circulation of foetus differs from adult by the existence of 3 vascular shunts. These are:

  • Ductus venosus is located between the umbilical vein and IVC
  • Foramen ovale is located between the right and left atrium
  • Ductus arteriosus is located between the pulmonary artery and descending aorta


3. Identify the Group project sub-section that you will be researching. (Add to project page and your individual assessment page)

Introduction

Pathophysiology

Genetic Configuration

External Links

Glossary/Terms

Gallary

Lab 5

1. Which side (L/R) is most common for diaphragmatic hernia and why?

The most common side at which diaphragmatic hernia occurs is the left side. The possible explanation for this is due to the fact that the right dome of diaphragm is protected by the liver for some degree. The diaphragm initially develops as a septum between the heart and liver. Next, progresses posterolaterally, and closes at what is known as Bockdalek foramen during the period of 8-10 weeks gestation.

===Lab 6 === # What week of development do the palatal shelves fuse?

The fusion of palatal shelves occurs during week 9. this

requires the early palatal shelves growth in the period of early embryonic development between stage 17 and 18.

  1. What early animal model helped elucidate the neural crest origin and migration of neural crest cells?


  1. What abnormality results from neural crest not migrating into the cardiac outflow tract?

References