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:An acronym for [[#umbilical_arterial_catheter|umbilical arterial catheter]].
:An acronym for [[#umbilical_arterial_catheter|umbilical arterial catheter]].


:(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/placenta.htm Placenta]).
:(More? [[Placenta Development]] | [[2009_Lecture_8|Lecture - Placenta Development]])


===UCB===  
===UCB===  
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:An acronym for [[#umbilical cord blood|umbilical cord blood]]
:An acronym for [[#umbilical cord blood|umbilical cord blood]]


:(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/placenta.htm Placenta]).
:(More? [[Placenta Development]] | [[2009_Lecture_8|Lecture - Placenta Development]])


===UVC===  
===UVC===  
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:An acronym for [[#umbilical_venous_catheter|umbilical venous catheter]].
:An acronym for [[#umbilical_venous_catheter|umbilical venous catheter]].


:(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/placenta.htm Placenta]).
:(More? [[Placenta Development]] | [[2009_Lecture_8|Lecture - Placenta Development]])


===uhrf1===  
===uhrf1===  
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:An acronym for '''u'''biquitin-like protein containing P'''H'''D and '''r'''ing '''f'''inger domains-'''1''' (Np95 in mouse, ICBP90 in human) a cell cycle regulator required for liver outgrowth in embryonic and adult zebrafish. Also a transcriptional activator of top2a expression.  
:An acronym for '''u'''biquitin-like protein containing P'''H'''D and '''r'''ing '''f'''inger domains-'''1''' (Np95 in mouse, ICBP90 in human) a cell cycle regulator required for liver outgrowth in embryonic and adult zebrafish. Also a transcriptional activator of top2a expression.  


:(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/git7.htm GIT Notes - Liver] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17242348 PMID: 17242348])
:(More? [[Gastrointestinal_Tract_-_Liver_Development|Liver Development]] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17242348 PMID17242348])


===ultrasound===  
===ultrasound===  
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:A non-invasive technique for visualizing and prenatal diagnosis of several features of development including: [[F#follicle|follicles]] in the ovaries, the gestational sac, [[F#fetus|fetus]] in the [[#uterus|uterus]], fetal parameters, and the [[P#placenta|placenta]]. The technique uses high-frequency sound waves that are reflected off internal structures. These reflections can then be analysed and displayed by computer. Modern ultrasound machines can also carry out 3 dimensional reconstructions and measure "flow" (blood) using doppler measurements.
:A non-invasive technique for visualizing and prenatal diagnosis of several features of development including: [[F#follicle|follicles]] in the ovaries, the gestational sac, [[F#fetus|fetus]] in the [[#uterus|uterus]], fetal parameters, and the [[P#placenta|placenta]]. The technique uses high-frequency sound waves that are reflected off internal structures. These reflections can then be analysed and displayed by computer. Modern ultrasound machines can also carry out 3 dimensional reconstructions and measure "flow" (blood) using doppler measurements.


:(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Movies/ultrasound.htm#UltrasoundMeasurements Ultrasound Measurements] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Movies/ultrasound.htm Ultrasound Movies] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Movies/ultrasoundabnormal.htm Abnormal Ultrasound Movies])
:(More? [[Ultrasound]])


===umami===  
===umami===  
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:An historical Japanese word describing the taste in seaweed, used to describe the taste sensation of "savoury". Stimulated by the amino acid glutamate and monosodium glutamate.  
:An historical Japanese word describing the taste in seaweed, used to describe the taste sensation of "savoury". Stimulated by the amino acid glutamate and monosodium glutamate.  


:(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/tongue.htm Sensory Notes - Taste])  
:(More? [[Sensory - Taste Development]])  


===Umbilical cord acid-base analysis===
===Umbilical cord acid-base analysis===


:A clinical perinatal test that can be used to assessing intrapartum hypoxia, measuring one or several indices: arterial umbilical cord blood pH, lactate, and base deficit. Hypoxia is indicated by a low pH, high base deficit and high lactate.
:A clinical perinatal test that can be used to assessing intrapartum hypoxia, measuring one or several indices: arterial umbilical cord blood pH, lactate, and base deficit. Hypoxia is indicated by a low pH, high base deficit and high lactate.
:(More? [[Placenta Development]] | [[Prenatal Diagnosis]])


===umbilical cord blood===  
===umbilical cord blood===  
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:(UCB) The blood from cord and [[P#placenta|placenta]] which can be collected at birth as a source of cord stem cells.  
:(UCB) The blood from cord and [[P#placenta|placenta]] which can be collected at birth as a source of cord stem cells.  


:(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell4.htm Stem Cells- Cord Blood] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/placenta.htm Placenta Notes])
:(More? [[Stem Cells - Placental Cord Blood]] | [[Placenta Development]] | [[Prenatal Diagnosis]])


===umbilical cord===  
===umbilical cord===  
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:([[P#placental cord|placental cord]]) The placental cord is the structure connecting the embryo/fetus to the [[P#placenta|placenta]]. It is initially extra-embryonic mesoderm forming the connecting stalk within which the placental blood vessels (arteries and veins) form. In human placental cords the placental blood vessels are initially paired, later in development only a single placental vein remains with a pair of [[P#placental arteries|placental arteries]]. This structure also contains the [[A#allantois|allantois]], an extension from the hindgut cloaca then urogenital sinus. Blood collected from the placental cord following delivery is a source of cord blood stem cells.
:([[P#placental cord|placental cord]]) The placental cord is the structure connecting the embryo/fetus to the [[P#placenta|placenta]]. It is initially extra-embryonic mesoderm forming the connecting stalk within which the placental blood vessels (arteries and veins) form. In human placental cords the placental blood vessels are initially paired, later in development only a single placental vein remains with a pair of [[P#placental arteries|placental arteries]]. This structure also contains the [[A#allantois|allantois]], an extension from the hindgut cloaca then urogenital sinus. Blood collected from the placental cord following delivery is a source of cord blood stem cells.


:(More? [[2009_Lecture_8|2009 Lecture - Placenta Development]] | [[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/placenta.htm Placenta Development]])
:(More? [[Placenta Development]] | [[2009_Lecture_8|Lecture - Placenta Development]])


===umbilical arterial catheter===  
===umbilical arterial catheter===  
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:(UAC) A catheter sometimes used if newborn infant has significant respiratory disease or requiring repeated early blood sampling. Catheter from umbilical artery connects to internal iliac artery then the aorta.  
:(UAC) A catheter sometimes used if newborn infant has significant respiratory disease or requiring repeated early blood sampling. Catheter from umbilical artery connects to internal iliac artery then the aorta.  


:(More? NZ National Women's Health [http://www.adhb.govt.nz/newborn/Guidelines/VascularCatheters/UmbilicalCatheters.htm#UAC Umbilical Artery Catheters])
:(More? [[Placenta Development]] | [[2009_Lecture_8|Lecture - Placenta Development]] | [http://www.adhb.govt.nz/newborn/Guidelines/VascularCatheters/UmbilicalCatheters.htm#UAC NZ National Women's Health - Umbilical Artery Catheters])


===umbilical arteries===
===umbilical arteries===
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:(UVC) A catheter sometimes used if newborn is sick and requires central access. Catheter from umbilical vein connects to ductus venosus then to left branch of the portal vein.  
:(UVC) A catheter sometimes used if newborn is sick and requires central access. Catheter from umbilical vein connects to ductus venosus then to left branch of the portal vein.  


:(More? NZ National Women's Health [http://www.adhb.govt.nz/newborn/Guidelines/VascularCatheters/UmbilicalCatheters.htm#UVC Umbilical Venous Catheters])  
:(More? [http://www.adhb.govt.nz/newborn/Guidelines/VascularCatheters/UmbilicalCatheters.htm#UVC NZ National Women's Health - Umbilical Venous Catheters])  


===umbilicus===  
===umbilicus===  
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:An abnormality of uterine development where the [[P#paramesonephric|paramesonephric ducts]] (Mullerian ducts) fail to fuse. A single [[P#paramesonephric|paramesonephric duct]] can fuse with the vaginal plate and will opens into the [[V#vagina|vagina]], while the other duct forms a [[D#diverticulum|diverticulum]]. There are a range of additional uterine abnormalities based upon the degree of initial duct fusion and regression. Uterus didelphys (double uterus) is a rare condition where the entire tract is separated.
:An abnormality of uterine development where the [[P#paramesonephric|paramesonephric ducts]] (Mullerian ducts) fail to fuse. A single [[P#paramesonephric|paramesonephric duct]] can fuse with the vaginal plate and will opens into the [[V#vagina|vagina]], while the other duct forms a [[D#diverticulum|diverticulum]]. There are a range of additional uterine abnormalities based upon the degree of initial duct fusion and regression. Uterus didelphys (double uterus) is a rare condition where the entire tract is separated.


:(More? [[2009 Lecture 16|2009 Lecture - Genital Development]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/genitalXXuterus.htm#Abnormalities Genital System - Female Uterus])
:(More? [[Uterus Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 16|Lecture - Genital Development]])


===uniparental disomy===
===uniparental disomy===
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:The head and face region formed in the embryo by the paired [[M#maxillary process|maxillary processes]] of the [[P#pharyngeal arch|pharyngeal arch]] 1 and the [[F#frontonasal prominence|frontonasal prominence]]. The upper jaw is where developmental clefting typically occurs. The lower jaw is formed by the larger [[M#mandibular process|mandibular processes]] of the first [[P#pharyngeal arch|pharyngeal arch]].
:The head and face region formed in the embryo by the paired [[M#maxillary process|maxillary processes]] of the [[P#pharyngeal arch|pharyngeal arch]] 1 and the [[F#frontonasal prominence|frontonasal prominence]]. The upper jaw is where developmental clefting typically occurs. The lower jaw is formed by the larger [[M#mandibular process|mandibular processes]] of the first [[P#pharyngeal arch|pharyngeal arch]].


:(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/face.htm Face Development] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/face2.htm Face Abnormalities] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/head.htm Head Development])
:(More? [[Head Development]])


===ureter===  
===ureter===  
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:The ureters are the paired hollow tubes that link and carry urine from each kidney to the [[U#urinary bladder|urinary bladder]]. The ureters develop from the [[U#ureteric bud|ureteric buds]] and the adult tubes have a muscular wall lined with transitional epithelium.  
:The ureters are the paired hollow tubes that link and carry urine from each kidney to the [[U#urinary bladder|urinary bladder]]. The ureters develop from the [[U#ureteric bud|ureteric buds]] and the adult tubes have a muscular wall lined with transitional epithelium.  


:(More? [[2009 Lecture 15|2009 Lecture - Renal Development]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/urogen.htm Urogenital Notes])
:(More? [[Renal System Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 15|Lecture - Renal Development]])


===ureteric bud===
===ureteric bud===
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:The embryonic structure which develops into the nephron of the renal (kidney) system. An epithelial outgrowth from the caudal [[M#mesonephric duct|mesonephric duct]] (Wolffian duct) extending into the [[I#intermediate mesoderm|intermediate mesoderm]] [[M#metanephric mesenchyme|metanephric mesenchyme]], that reciprocally regulates mesenchymal differentiation in early kidney development. The bud begins as a local thickening of the [[M#mesonephric duct|mesonephric duct]] that elongates and branches into the intermediate mesoderm.The tyrosine kinase receptor Ret is locally expressed and thought to have a role in ureteric bud initiation.
:The embryonic structure which develops into the nephron of the renal (kidney) system. An epithelial outgrowth from the caudal [[M#mesonephric duct|mesonephric duct]] (Wolffian duct) extending into the [[I#intermediate mesoderm|intermediate mesoderm]] [[M#metanephric mesenchyme|metanephric mesenchyme]], that reciprocally regulates mesenchymal differentiation in early kidney development. The bud begins as a local thickening of the [[M#mesonephric duct|mesonephric duct]] that elongates and branches into the intermediate mesoderm.The tyrosine kinase receptor Ret is locally expressed and thought to have a role in ureteric bud initiation.


:(More? [[2009_Lecture_15|2009 Lecture - Renal Development]] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12094231 PMID: 12094231])
:(More? [[Renal System Development]] | [[2009_Lecture_15|Lecture - Renal Development]] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12094231 PMID: 12094231])


===urethra===  
===urethra===  
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:The single muscular tube that links and carries urine from the bladder to the exterior. In humans, the urethral length differs between the sexes (male longer, female shorter).  
:The single muscular tube that links and carries urine from the bladder to the exterior. In humans, the urethral length differs between the sexes (male longer, female shorter).  


:(More? [[2009 Lecture 15|2009 Lecture - Renal Development]] | [[Renal System Development]])
:(More? [[Renal System Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 15|Lecture - Renal Development]])


===urethral plate===  
===urethral plate===  


:(More? [[2009 Lecture 15|2009 Lecture - Renal Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 16|2009 Lecture - Genital Development]] | [[Renal System Development]])
:(More? [[Renal System Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 15|Lecture - Renal Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 16|Lecture - Genital Development]])


===urinary===  
===urinary===  
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:Term used to describe all components of the kidney system including the [[U#urinary bladder|bladder]], [[U#ureter|ureters]] and [[U#urethra|urethra]].  
:Term used to describe all components of the kidney system including the [[U#urinary bladder|bladder]], [[U#ureter|ureters]] and [[U#urethra|urethra]].  


:(More? [[2009 Lecture 15|2009 Lecture - Renal Development]] | [[Renal System Development]])
:(More? [[Renal System Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 15|Lecture - Renal Development]])


===urinary bladder===  
===urinary bladder===  
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:([[B#bladder|bladder]]) The muscular sac for the storage of urine.  In early development, the hindgut cloaca is divided by down growth of  [[U#urorectal septum|urorectal septum]] into a posterior rectum and an anterior [[U#urogenital sinus|urogenital sinus]]. The superior end of the [[U#urogenital sinus|urogenital sinus]] is continuous with the allantois and initially the paired mesonephric ducts also fuse into the wall, later replaced by the [[U#ureteric bud|ureteric buds]] becoming incorporated. The bladder is surrounded by smooth muscle forming the [[D#detrusor muscle|detrusor muscle]] required for bladder emptying, urination.
:([[B#bladder|bladder]]) The muscular sac for the storage of urine.  In early development, the hindgut cloaca is divided by down growth of  [[U#urorectal septum|urorectal septum]] into a posterior rectum and an anterior [[U#urogenital sinus|urogenital sinus]]. The superior end of the [[U#urogenital sinus|urogenital sinus]] is continuous with the allantois and initially the paired mesonephric ducts also fuse into the wall, later replaced by the [[U#ureteric bud|ureteric buds]] becoming incorporated. The bladder is surrounded by smooth muscle forming the [[D#detrusor muscle|detrusor muscle]] required for bladder emptying, urination.


:(More? [[2009 Lecture 15|2009 Lecture - Renal Development]] | [[Renal System Development]])
:(More? [[Renal System Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 15|Lecture - Renal Development]])


===urine===  
===urine===  
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:Term used to describe the liquid waste produced by the kidney, stored in the bladder and excreted from the body through the urethra.  
:Term used to describe the liquid waste produced by the kidney, stored in the bladder and excreted from the body through the urethra.  


:(More? [[2009 Lecture 15|2009 Lecture - Renal Development]] | [[Renal System Development]])
:(More? [[Renal System Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 15|Lecture - Renal Development]])


===urogenital fold===
===urogenital fold===
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:(URS) The structure which develops to separate or partition the [[C#cloaca|cloaca]] into an anterior urinary part ([[C#common urogenital sinus|common urogenital sinus]]) and a posterior rectal part.
:(URS) The structure which develops to separate or partition the [[C#cloaca|cloaca]] into an anterior urinary part ([[C#common urogenital sinus|common urogenital sinus]]) and a posterior rectal part.


:(More? [[2009 Lecture 15|Lecture - Renal Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 16|Lecture - Genital Development]] | [[Renal System Development]])
:(More? [[Renal System Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 15|Lecture - Renal Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 16|Lecture - Genital Development]])


===urorectal septum malformation===  
===urorectal septum malformation===  
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:(UA) The contractile activity pattern of uterine muscular wall occuring mainly during during labor for birth (parturition). This contractility can also be electrically monitored externally.
:(UA) The contractile activity pattern of uterine muscular wall occuring mainly during during labor for birth (parturition). This contractility can also be electrically monitored externally.


:(More? [[2010 Lecture 23|Lecture - Birth, Postnatal]] | [[Birth]])
:(More? [[Birth]] | [[2010 Lecture 23|Lecture - Birth, Postnatal]])


===uterine artery resistance index===
===uterine artery resistance index===
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:Anatomical term describing the region of the uterus above the [[U#uterine_isthmus|uterine isthmus]] and below the opening of the [[U#uterine tube|uterine tubes]].
:Anatomical term describing the region of the uterus above the [[U#uterine_isthmus|uterine isthmus]] and below the opening of the [[U#uterine tube|uterine tubes]].


:(More? [[2009 Lecture 16|2009 Lecture - Genital Development]])
:(More? [[Uterus Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 16|Lecture - Genital Development]])


===uterine factor===  
===uterine factor===  
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:Anatomical term describing the region between the [[U#uterine_body|uterine body]] (corpus) and the [[C#cervix|cervix]].
:Anatomical term describing the region between the [[U#uterine_body|uterine body]] (corpus) and the [[C#cervix|cervix]].


:(More? [[2009 Lecture 16|2009 Lecture - Genital Development]])
:(More? [[Uterus Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 16|2009 Lecture - Genital Development]])


===uterine dehisence===
===uterine dehisence===
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:Clinical term for the disruption of the uterine muscular wall with an intact serosa that can occur during pregnancy and birth. See also [[#uterine_rupture|uterine rupture]]
:Clinical term for the disruption of the uterine muscular wall with an intact serosa that can occur during pregnancy and birth. See also [[#uterine_rupture|uterine rupture]]


:(More? [[Birth]])
===uterine evacuation===  
===uterine evacuation===  


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:([[E#endometrial gland|endometrial gland]]) The simple tubular glands formed by invagination of the uterine [[E#endometrium|endometrium]] (a columnar epithelium of ciliated cells and secretory cells). The glands extend into the underlying thick vascular stromal layer. The glands line the [[#uterus|uterus]] body and change in appearance and secretion during the menstrual cycle. The glands secretions function to provide the initial nutritional support of the conceptus and may have a role in maintaining adhesion.  
:([[E#endometrial gland|endometrial gland]]) The simple tubular glands formed by invagination of the uterine [[E#endometrium|endometrium]] (a columnar epithelium of ciliated cells and secretory cells). The glands extend into the underlying thick vascular stromal layer. The glands line the [[#uterus|uterus]] body and change in appearance and secretion during the menstrual cycle. The glands secretions function to provide the initial nutritional support of the conceptus and may have a role in maintaining adhesion.  


:(More? [[2009 Lecture 16|2009 Lecture - Genital Development]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/genitalXXuterus.htm Genital System - Female Uterus] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/wwwhuman/MCycle/MCycle.htm Human Menstrual Cycle])
:(More? [[Uterus Development]] | [[Menstrual Cycle]] | [[2009 Lecture 16|Lecture - Genital Development]])


===uterine horn===  
===uterine horn===  
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:([[F#fallopian_tube|fallopian tube]], [[O#oviduct|oviduct]], [[S#salpinx|salpinx]]) see [[U#uterine_tube|uterine tube]]. Alternative term used to describe the [[U#uterine_tube|uterine tube]].
:([[F#fallopian_tube|fallopian tube]], [[O#oviduct|oviduct]], [[S#salpinx|salpinx]]) see [[U#uterine_tube|uterine tube]]. Alternative term used to describe the [[U#uterine_tube|uterine tube]].


:(More? [[2009 Lecture 16|2009 Lecture - Genital Development]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/genitalXXuterus.htm Genital System - Female Uterus] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/wwwhuman/MCycle/MCycle.htm Human Menstrual Cycle])
:(More? [[Uterus Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 16|Lecture - Genital Development]])


===uterine leiomyomata===
===uterine leiomyomata===
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:(UL, uterine fibroids) Pathology term for non-malignant tumours that arise from the uterine smooth muscle wall. These are the most common neoplasm in reproductive-age women, a proportion ( 40%) show recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities (deletions, inversions and translocations) including the deletion 7q (q22q32).
:(UL, uterine fibroids) Pathology term for non-malignant tumours that arise from the uterine smooth muscle wall. These are the most common neoplasm in reproductive-age women, a proportion ( 40%) show recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities (deletions, inversions and translocations) including the deletion 7q (q22q32).


:(More? Uterus Development]])
:(More? [[Uterus Development]])


===uterine natural killer cells===  
===uterine natural killer cells===  
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:(uNK) main lymphocytes present in the [[#uterus|uterus]] during early pregnancy and in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. These cells have low cytotoxicity, constitutively secrete cytokines, chemokines and angiogenic molecules. and differ from blood NK cells (CD56 high) in the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor repertoire and hormonal gene regulated expression. Thought to have a role in decidualization, association with spiral arteries and interaction with [[T#trophoblast|trophoblast]] cells.  
:(uNK) main lymphocytes present in the [[#uterus|uterus]] during early pregnancy and in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. These cells have low cytotoxicity, constitutively secrete cytokines, chemokines and angiogenic molecules. and differ from blood NK cells (CD56 high) in the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor repertoire and hormonal gene regulated expression. Thought to have a role in decidualization, association with spiral arteries and interaction with [[T#trophoblast|trophoblast]] cells.  


:(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/wwwhuman/MCycle/MCycle.htm Human Menstrual Cycle] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/genitalXXuterus.htm Genital System - Female Uterus] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/urogen.htm Urogenital Notes] | [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/uterinefibroids.html Medline Plus])  
:(More? [[Menstrual Cycle]] | [[Uterus Development]] | [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/uterinefibroids.html Medline Plus])  


===uterine peristalsis===  
===uterine peristalsis===  
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:The rhythmic muscular contraction of the [[U#uterus|uterus]], which occurs during the [[M#menstrual cycle|menstrual cycle]] and is maximal just before ovulation, in the non-pregnant [U[#uterus|uterus]].  
:The rhythmic muscular contraction of the [[U#uterus|uterus]], which occurs during the [[M#menstrual cycle|menstrual cycle]] and is maximal just before ovulation, in the non-pregnant [U[#uterus|uterus]].  


:(More? [[Menstrual Cycle]] | [[Genital System Development]])
:(More? [[Menstrual Cycle]] | [[Uterus Development]] | [[Genital System Development]])


===uterine rupture===
===uterine rupture===
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:The disruption of the [[#uterus|uterus]] wall muscle which can all include uterine serosa and extension to the bladder or broad ligament. Can occur during pregnancy and birth in women who have had a previous caesarean section or other uterine procedures. Induction can increase the risk (increases twofold to threefold) and can lead to maternal death (haemorrhage, blood loss) and fetal death (asphyxiation).
:The disruption of the [[#uterus|uterus]] wall muscle which can all include uterine serosa and extension to the bladder or broad ligament. Can occur during pregnancy and birth in women who have had a previous caesarean section or other uterine procedures. Induction can increase the risk (increases twofold to threefold) and can lead to maternal death (haemorrhage, blood loss) and fetal death (asphyxiation).


:(More? [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3594331 PMID: 3594331] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15598960?dopt=Abstract PMID: 15598960])
:(More? [[Uterus Development]] | [[Birth]] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3594331 PMID3594331] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15598960?dopt=Abstract PMID: 15598960])


===uterine tube===  
===uterine tube===  
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:(uterine horn, oviduct, fallopian tube, salpinx) A pair of tubular structures that transport the oocyte (egg) from the [[O#ovary|ovary]] to the [[#uterus|uterus]] body. They are located laterally on the upper [[U#uterus|uterus]] and consist medial to lateral of three main parts: isthmus (medial constricted third), ampulla (intermediate dilated portion) and infundibulum (containing the abdominal opening/ostium, surrounded by finger-like [[F#fimbriae|fimbriae]]). The tube has structurally several layers: a lining [[M#mucosa|mucosa]] (mix of ciliated and secretory epithelium), a middle muscularis layer (inner circular muscle layer and an outer longitudinal layer) and outer serous layer (peritoneal).
:(uterine horn, oviduct, fallopian tube, salpinx) A pair of tubular structures that transport the oocyte (egg) from the [[O#ovary|ovary]] to the [[#uterus|uterus]] body. They are located laterally on the upper [[U#uterus|uterus]] and consist medial to lateral of three main parts: isthmus (medial constricted third), ampulla (intermediate dilated portion) and infundibulum (containing the abdominal opening/ostium, surrounded by finger-like [[F#fimbriae|fimbriae]]). The tube has structurally several layers: a lining [[M#mucosa|mucosa]] (mix of ciliated and secretory epithelium), a middle muscularis layer (inner circular muscle layer and an outer longitudinal layer) and outer serous layer (peritoneal).


:(More? [[2009 Lecture 16|2009 Lecture - Genital Development]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/wwwhuman/MCycle/MCycle.htm Human Menstrual Cycle] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/genitalXXuterus.htm Genital System - Female Uterus] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/urogen.htm Urogenital Notes])
:(More? [[Uterus Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 16|Lecture - Genital Development]])


===ureterocele===
===ureterocele===
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:(ureteroceles) Developmental [[U#urinary bladder|urinary bladder]] abnormality where the [[U#ureter|ureter]] enlarges or "balloons" at the site of opening into the [[U#urinary bladder|urinary bladder]].
:(ureteroceles) Developmental [[U#urinary bladder|urinary bladder]] abnormality where the [[U#ureter|ureter]] enlarges or "balloons" at the site of opening into the [[U#urinary bladder|urinary bladder]].


:(More? [[2009 Lecture 15|2009 Lecture - Renal Development]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/urogen.htm Urogenital Notes])
:(More? [[2009 Lecture 15|Lecture - Renal Development]])


===uterus===  
===uterus===  
Line 266: Line 269:
:The female internal genital (reproductive) tract forming a hollow muscular walled organ, embryonically derived from the [[P#paramesonephric|paramesonephric ducts]]. The human uterus has two uterine tubes (fallopian tubes, oviducts) where the first week of development occurs and a single hollow body where implantation of the blastocyst normally occurs. Following puberty, the non-pregnant uterus (epithelium and underlying stroma) undergoes cyclic changes under the influence of hormones, the menstrual cycle. This cycle of uterine changes ceases during pregnancy. In other species females of non-primate vertebrates (eg rats, mice, horses, pig) have a reproductive cycle called the estrous cycle (oestrous, British spelling). In pregnancy, the uterus contributes the maternal component of the [[P#placenta|placenta]].  
:The female internal genital (reproductive) tract forming a hollow muscular walled organ, embryonically derived from the [[P#paramesonephric|paramesonephric ducts]]. The human uterus has two uterine tubes (fallopian tubes, oviducts) where the first week of development occurs and a single hollow body where implantation of the blastocyst normally occurs. Following puberty, the non-pregnant uterus (epithelium and underlying stroma) undergoes cyclic changes under the influence of hormones, the menstrual cycle. This cycle of uterine changes ceases during pregnancy. In other species females of non-primate vertebrates (eg rats, mice, horses, pig) have a reproductive cycle called the estrous cycle (oestrous, British spelling). In pregnancy, the uterus contributes the maternal component of the [[P#placenta|placenta]].  


:(More? [[2009 Lecture 16|2009 Lecture - Genital Development]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/genitalXXuterus.htm Genital System - Female Uterus] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/wwwhuman/MCycle/MCycle.htm Human Menstrual Cycle] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/genital.htm Genital Notes])
:(More? [[Uterus Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 16|Lecture - Genital Development]] | [[Menstrual Cycle]])


===uterus didelphys===  
===uterus didelphys===  
Line 272: Line 275:
:(double [[#uterus|uterus]], uterus didelphis) A rare uterine developmental abnormality where the [[P#paramesonephric duct|paramesonephric ducts]] (Mullerian ducts) completely fail to fuse generating two separate [[#uterus|uterus]] body parts. Both parts are connected to a single cervix and each part is connected its own [[U#uterine_tube|uterine tube]] and [[O#ovary|ovary]].
:(double [[#uterus|uterus]], uterus didelphis) A rare uterine developmental abnormality where the [[P#paramesonephric duct|paramesonephric ducts]] (Mullerian ducts) completely fail to fuse generating two separate [[#uterus|uterus]] body parts. Both parts are connected to a single cervix and each part is connected its own [[U#uterine_tube|uterine tube]] and [[O#ovary|ovary]].


:(More? [[2009 Lecture 16|2009 Lecture - Genital Development]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/genitalXXuterus.htm#Abnormalities Genital System - Female Uterus])  
:(More? [[Uterus Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 16|2009 Lecture - Genital Development]])  


{{Glossary comment}}
{{Glossary comment}}

Revision as of 11:30, 2 January 2011

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link | Original U

UAC

An acronym for umbilical arterial catheter.
(More? Placenta Development | Lecture - Placenta Development)

UCB

An acronym for umbilical cord blood
(More? Placenta Development | Lecture - Placenta Development)

UVC

An acronym for umbilical venous catheter.
(More? Placenta Development | Lecture - Placenta Development)

uhrf1

An acronym for ubiquitin-like protein containing PHD and ring finger domains-1 (Np95 in mouse, ICBP90 in human) a cell cycle regulator required for liver outgrowth in embryonic and adult zebrafish. Also a transcriptional activator of top2a expression.
(More? Liver Development | PMID17242348)

ultrasound

A non-invasive technique for visualizing and prenatal diagnosis of several features of development including: follicles in the ovaries, the gestational sac, fetus in the uterus, fetal parameters, and the placenta. The technique uses high-frequency sound waves that are reflected off internal structures. These reflections can then be analysed and displayed by computer. Modern ultrasound machines can also carry out 3 dimensional reconstructions and measure "flow" (blood) using doppler measurements.
(More? Ultrasound)

umami

An historical Japanese word describing the taste in seaweed, used to describe the taste sensation of "savoury". Stimulated by the amino acid glutamate and monosodium glutamate.
(More? Sensory - Taste Development)

Umbilical cord acid-base analysis

A clinical perinatal test that can be used to assessing intrapartum hypoxia, measuring one or several indices: arterial umbilical cord blood pH, lactate, and base deficit. Hypoxia is indicated by a low pH, high base deficit and high lactate.
(More? Placenta Development | Prenatal Diagnosis)

umbilical cord blood

(UCB) The blood from cord and placenta which can be collected at birth as a source of cord stem cells.
(More? Stem Cells - Placental Cord Blood | Placenta Development | Prenatal Diagnosis)

umbilical cord

(placental cord) The placental cord is the structure connecting the embryo/fetus to the placenta. It is initially extra-embryonic mesoderm forming the connecting stalk within which the placental blood vessels (arteries and veins) form. In human placental cords the placental blood vessels are initially paired, later in development only a single placental vein remains with a pair of placental arteries. This structure also contains the allantois, an extension from the hindgut cloaca then urogenital sinus. Blood collected from the placental cord following delivery is a source of cord blood stem cells.
(More? Placenta Development | Lecture - Placenta Development)

umbilical arterial catheter

(UAC) A catheter sometimes used if newborn infant has significant respiratory disease or requiring repeated early blood sampling. Catheter from umbilical artery connects to internal iliac artery then the aorta.
(More? Placenta Development | Lecture - Placenta Development | NZ National Women's Health - Umbilical Artery Catheters)

umbilical arteries

placental arteries

umbilical vein

placental vein

umbilical venous catheter

(UVC) A catheter sometimes used if newborn is sick and requires central access. Catheter from umbilical vein connects to ductus venosus then to left branch of the portal vein.
(More? NZ National Women's Health - Umbilical Venous Catheters)

umbilicus

Term used to describe the navel region, in the embryo anatomically associated with the placental cord, midgut herniation and the allantois.

unexplained cause of infertility

A type of infertility for which no cause has been determined despite a comprehensive evaluation.

unicornuate uterus

An abnormality of uterine development where the paramesonephric ducts (Mullerian ducts) fail to fuse. A single paramesonephric duct can fuse with the vaginal plate and will opens into the vagina, while the other duct forms a diverticulum. There are a range of additional uterine abnormalities based upon the degree of initial duct fusion and regression. Uterus didelphys (double uterus) is a rare condition where the entire tract is separated.
(More? Uterus Development | Lecture - Genital Development)

uniparental disomy

Genetic term referring to cells containing both copies of a homologous pair of chromosomes from one parent and none from the other parent. See also disomy.
(More? Abnormal Development - Genetic | Genital System - Abnormalities)

unstimulated cycle

An artifical reproductive technology (ART) cycle in which the woman does not receive drugs to stimulate her ovaries to produce more follicles. Instead, follicles develop naturally.

upper jaw

The head and face region formed in the embryo by the paired maxillary processes of the pharyngeal arch 1 and the frontonasal prominence. The upper jaw is where developmental clefting typically occurs. The lower jaw is formed by the larger mandibular processes of the first pharyngeal arch.
(More? Head Development)

ureter

The ureters are the paired hollow tubes that link and carry urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. The ureters develop from the ureteric buds and the adult tubes have a muscular wall lined with transitional epithelium.
(More? Renal System Development | Lecture - Renal Development)

ureteric bud

The embryonic structure which develops into the nephron of the renal (kidney) system. An epithelial outgrowth from the caudal mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct) extending into the intermediate mesoderm metanephric mesenchyme, that reciprocally regulates mesenchymal differentiation in early kidney development. The bud begins as a local thickening of the mesonephric duct that elongates and branches into the intermediate mesoderm.The tyrosine kinase receptor Ret is locally expressed and thought to have a role in ureteric bud initiation.
(More? Renal System Development | Lecture - Renal Development | PMID: 12094231)

urethra

The single muscular tube that links and carries urine from the bladder to the exterior. In humans, the urethral length differs between the sexes (male longer, female shorter).
(More? Renal System Development | Lecture - Renal Development)

urethral plate

(More? Renal System Development | Lecture - Renal Development | Lecture - Genital Development)

urinary

Term used to describe all components of the kidney system including the bladder, ureters and urethra.
(More? Renal System Development | Lecture - Renal Development)

urinary bladder

(bladder) The muscular sac for the storage of urine. In early development, the hindgut cloaca is divided by down growth of urorectal septum into a posterior rectum and an anterior urogenital sinus. The superior end of the urogenital sinus is continuous with the allantois and initially the paired mesonephric ducts also fuse into the wall, later replaced by the ureteric buds becoming incorporated. The bladder is surrounded by smooth muscle forming the detrusor muscle required for bladder emptying, urination.
(More? Renal System Development | Lecture - Renal Development)

urine

Term used to describe the liquid waste produced by the kidney, stored in the bladder and excreted from the body through the urethra.
(More? Renal System Development | Lecture - Renal Development)

urogenital fold

(urogenital ridges, urethral folds) The ventral portion of the original cloacal folds, which contribute to the formation of the urethral groove on the ventral aspect of the genital tubercle. In females, these folds remain separate. In males, these folds will later fuse, failure of complete fusion leads to the male genital abnormality hypospadia.
(More? Genital System Development)

urorectal septum

(URS) The structure which develops to separate or partition the cloaca into an anterior urinary part (common urogenital sinus) and a posterior rectal part.
(More? Renal System Development | Lecture - Renal Development | Lecture - Genital Development)

urorectal septum malformation

The abnormalities associated with the urorectal septum (URS) and urogenital organs due to developmental abnormality.
(More? Lecture - Renal Development | Lecture - Genital Development | Renal System Development)

URSMS

An acronym for urorectal septum malformation sequence, clinically describing abnormalities of the urorectal septum (URS) and urogenital organs.
(More? Lecture - Genital Development | Renal System Development)

uterodome

(pinopod) Cellular feature seen on the apical uterine epithelium surface, the presence of these structures in other species is thought to be a marker for endometrial receptivity. These transient micro-protrusions inter-digitate with microvilli on the apical syncytiotrophoblast surface of the blastocyst during adplantation and implantation process.
(More? Week 2 | Implantation | Blastocyst | Reproductive Cycles)

uterine activity

(UA) The contractile activity pattern of uterine muscular wall occuring mainly during during labor for birth (parturition). This contractility can also be electrically monitored externally.
(More? Birth | Lecture - Birth, Postnatal)

uterine artery resistance index

(RI) This is a measurement made by Doppler ultrasound and is one of several clinical indices (uterine artery blood flow volume, average velocity, vessel cross-sectional area, resistance index, and spiral artery resistance index) that can be used to determine placental function and pregnancy status.
(More? Placenta Development | Ultrasound)

uterine body

Anatomical term describing the region of the uterus above the uterine isthmus and below the opening of the uterine tubes.
(More? Uterus Development | Lecture - Genital Development)

uterine factor

A disorder in the uterus that reduces fertility.

uterine isthmus

Anatomical term describing the region between the uterine body (corpus) and the cervix.
(More? Uterus Development | 2009 Lecture - Genital Development)

uterine dehisence

Clinical term for the disruption of the uterine muscular wall with an intact serosa that can occur during pregnancy and birth. See also uterine rupture
(More? Birth)

uterine evacuation

Clinical surgical term associated with abortion treatment, often with first trimester miscarriage (early fetal loss).

uterine fibroids

A non-cancerous tumor that can develop within the wall of the uterus composed of muscle cells or other tissues. Their location can be either submucosal, intramural or subserosal.
(More? Menstrual Cycle | Genital System Development | Medline Plus)

uterine gland

(endometrial gland) The simple tubular glands formed by invagination of the uterine endometrium (a columnar epithelium of ciliated cells and secretory cells). The glands extend into the underlying thick vascular stromal layer. The glands line the uterus body and change in appearance and secretion during the menstrual cycle. The glands secretions function to provide the initial nutritional support of the conceptus and may have a role in maintaining adhesion.
(More? Uterus Development | Menstrual Cycle | Lecture - Genital Development)

uterine horn

(fallopian tube, oviduct, salpinx) see uterine tube. Alternative term used to describe the uterine tube.
(More? Uterus Development | Lecture - Genital Development)

uterine leiomyomata

(UL, uterine fibroids) Pathology term for non-malignant tumours that arise from the uterine smooth muscle wall. These are the most common neoplasm in reproductive-age women, a proportion ( 40%) show recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities (deletions, inversions and translocations) including the deletion 7q (q22q32).
(More? Uterus Development)

uterine natural killer cells

(uNK) main lymphocytes present in the uterus during early pregnancy and in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. These cells have low cytotoxicity, constitutively secrete cytokines, chemokines and angiogenic molecules. and differ from blood NK cells (CD56 high) in the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor repertoire and hormonal gene regulated expression. Thought to have a role in decidualization, association with spiral arteries and interaction with trophoblast cells.
(More? Menstrual Cycle | Uterus Development | Medline Plus)

uterine peristalsis

The rhythmic muscular contraction of the uterus, which occurs during the menstrual cycle and is maximal just before ovulation, in the non-pregnant [U[#uterus|uterus]].
(More? Menstrual Cycle | Uterus Development | Genital System Development)

uterine rupture

The disruption of the uterus wall muscle which can all include uterine serosa and extension to the bladder or broad ligament. Can occur during pregnancy and birth in women who have had a previous caesarean section or other uterine procedures. Induction can increase the risk (increases twofold to threefold) and can lead to maternal death (haemorrhage, blood loss) and fetal death (asphyxiation).
(More? Uterus Development | Birth | PMID3594331 | PMID: 15598960)

uterine tube

(uterine horn, oviduct, fallopian tube, salpinx) A pair of tubular structures that transport the oocyte (egg) from the ovary to the uterus body. They are located laterally on the upper uterus and consist medial to lateral of three main parts: isthmus (medial constricted third), ampulla (intermediate dilated portion) and infundibulum (containing the abdominal opening/ostium, surrounded by finger-like fimbriae). The tube has structurally several layers: a lining mucosa (mix of ciliated and secretory epithelium), a middle muscularis layer (inner circular muscle layer and an outer longitudinal layer) and outer serous layer (peritoneal).
(More? Uterus Development | Lecture - Genital Development)

ureterocele

(ureteroceles) Developmental urinary bladder abnormality where the ureter enlarges or "balloons" at the site of opening into the urinary bladder.
(More? Lecture - Renal Development)

uterus

The female internal genital (reproductive) tract forming a hollow muscular walled organ, embryonically derived from the paramesonephric ducts. The human uterus has two uterine tubes (fallopian tubes, oviducts) where the first week of development occurs and a single hollow body where implantation of the blastocyst normally occurs. Following puberty, the non-pregnant uterus (epithelium and underlying stroma) undergoes cyclic changes under the influence of hormones, the menstrual cycle. This cycle of uterine changes ceases during pregnancy. In other species females of non-primate vertebrates (eg rats, mice, horses, pig) have a reproductive cycle called the estrous cycle (oestrous, British spelling). In pregnancy, the uterus contributes the maternal component of the placenta.
(More? Uterus Development | Lecture - Genital Development | Menstrual Cycle)

uterus didelphys

(double uterus, uterus didelphis) A rare uterine developmental abnormality where the paramesonephric ducts (Mullerian ducts) completely fail to fuse generating two separate uterus body parts. Both parts are connected to a single cervix and each part is connected its own uterine tube and ovary.
(More? Uterus Development | 2009 Lecture - Genital Development)

Glossary Comments

Use this page to access brief definitions of specific embryology terms. Additional information can be accessed from links listed at the end of each definition. Glossary from the UNSW Embryology program compiled and written by Dr Mark Hill. Reference material used in preparing this glossary list includes: texts listed on page 1 "Reading" of each notes section, Department of Anatomy Publications, WWW resources from NCBI, NIH, OMIM, NHMRC (Australia), AMA (USA), Office of Rare Diseases (USA), PubMed Medline Dictionaries, MSDS, Merck Manual home edn. and WHO ART terminology (2009).

These notes are for Educational Purposes Only Please email Dr Mark Hill if you wish to make a comment about this current project.

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 25) Embryology U. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/U

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