Timeline - Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Difference between revisions

From Embryology
No edit summary
mNo edit summary
 
(18 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Header}}
==Introduction==
A summary timeline of research that led to the discovery and application of human embryonic stem cells.
[[Talk:Timeline_-_Human_Embryonic_Stem_Cell_Research|Timeline as shorter print version]]
[[File:Week 1_cartoon.jpg|thumb| Week 1 human development]]
[[File:Week 1_cartoon.jpg|thumb| Week 1 human development]]
[[File:CSt3.jpg|thumb|Human blastocyst hatching during week 1 development]]
[[File:CSt3.jpg|thumb|Human blastocyst hatching during week 1 development]]
[[File:Hematopoietic_and_stromal_cell_differentiation.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Hematopoietic_and_stromal_cell_differentiation.jpg|thumb|Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation]]
[[File:Blood_stem_cell.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Blood_stem_cell.jpg|thumb|Blood stem cell]]
* '''1878''' First reported attempts to fertilize mammalian eggs outside the body
* '''1959''' First report of animals (rabbits) produced through IVF in the United States
* '''1960's''' Studies of teratocarcinomas in the testes of several inbred strains of mice indicates they originated from embryonic germ cells. The work establishes embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells as a kind of stem cell
* '''1968''' Edwards and Bavister fertilize the first human egg in vitro
* '''1970's''' EC cells injected into mouse blastocysts produce chimeric mice. Cultured SC cells are explored as models of embryonic development, although their complement of chromosomes is abnormal
* '''1978''' Louise Brown, the first IVF baby, is born in England
* '''1980''' Australia's first IVF baby, Candace Reed, is born in Melbourne
* '''1981''' Evans and Kaufman, and Martin derive mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts. They establish culture conditions for growing pluripotent mouse ES cells in vitro. The ES cells yield cell lines with normal, diploid karyotyes and generate derivatives of all three primary germ layers as well as primordial germ cells. Injecting the ES cells into mice induces the formation of teratomas. The first IVF baby, Elizabeth Carr, is born in the United States.
* '''1984–88''' Andrews et al., develop pluripotent, genetically identical (clonal) cells called embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells from Tera-2, a cell line of human testicular teratocarcinoma. Cloned human teratoma cells exposed to retinoic acid differentiate into neuron-like cells and other cell types
* '''1989''' Pera et al., derive a clonal line of human embryonal carcinoma cells, which yields tissues from all three primary germ layers. The cells are aneuploid (fewer or greater than the normal number of chromosomes in the cell) and their potential to differentiate spontaneously in vitro is typically limited. The behavior of human EC cell clones differs from that of mouse ES or EC cells
* '''1994''' Human blastocysts created for reproductive purposes using IVF and donated by patients for research, are generated from the 2-pronuclear stage. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst is maintained in culture and generates aggregates with trophoblast-like cells at the periphery and ES-like cells in the center. The cells retain a complete set of chromosomes (normal karyotype); most cultures retain a stem cell-like morphology, although some inner cell mass clumps differentiate into fibroblasts. The cultures are maintained for two passages
* '''1995–96''' Non-human primate ES cells are derived and maintained in vitro, first from the inner cell mass of rhesus monkeys, and then from marmosets. The primate ES cells are diploid and have normal karyotypes. They are pluripotent and differentiate into cells types derived from all three primary germ layers. The primate ES cells resemble human EC cells and indicate that it should be possible to derive and maintain human ES cells in vitro.
* '''1998''' Thomson et al., derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of normal human blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The cells are cultured through many passages, retain their normal karyotypes, maintain high levels of telomerase activity, and express a panel of markers typical of human EC cells non-human primate ES cells. Several (non-clonal) cell lines are established that form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice. The teratomas include cell types derived from all three primary germ layers, demonstrating the pluripotency of human ES cells. Gearhart and colleagues derive human embryonic germ (EG) cells from the gonadal ridge and mesenchyma of 5- to 9-week fetal tissue that resulted from elective abortions. They grow EG cells in vitro for approximately 20 passages, and the cells maintain normal karyotypes. The cells spontaneously form aggregates that differentiate spontaneously, and ultimately contain derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Other indications of their pluripotency include the expression of a panel of markers typical of mouse ES and EG cells. The EG cells do not form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice
* '''2000''' Scientists in Singapore and Australia led by Pera, Trounson, and Bongso derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The ES cells proliferate for extended periods in vitro, maintain normal karyotypes, differentiate spontaneously into somatic cell lineages derived from all three primary germ layers, and form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice.
* '''2001''' As human ES cell lines are shared and new lines are derived, more research groups report methods to direct the differentiation of the cells in vitro. Many of the methods are aimed at generating human tissues for transplantation purposes, including pancreatic islet cells, neurons that release dopamine, and cardiac muscle cells.


{{Stem Cell Links}}
==1878==
First reported attempts to fertilize mammalian eggs outside the body


:Modified from [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/chapter3.asp NIH - Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001]
==1959==
First report of animals (rabbits) produced through IVF in the United States
==1960's==
Studies of teratocarcinomas in the testes of several inbred strains of mice indicates they originated from embryonic germ cells. The work establishes embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells as a kind of stem cell


{{Template:Footer}}
==1968==
Edwards and Bavister fertilize the first human egg in vitro
 
==1970's==
EC cells injected into mouse blastocysts produce chimeric mice. Cultured SC cells are explored as models of embryonic development, although their complement of chromosomes is abnormal
 
==1978==
Louise Brown, the first IVF baby, is born in England
 
==1980==
Australia's first IVF baby, Candace Reed, is born in Melbourne
 
==1981==
Evans and Kaufman, and Martin derive mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts. They establish culture conditions for growing pluripotent mouse ES cells in vitro. The ES cells yield cell lines with normal, diploid karyotyes and generate derivatives of all three primary germ layers as well as primordial germ cells. Injecting the ES cells into mice induces the formation of teratomas. The first IVF baby, Elizabeth Carr, is born in the United States.
 
==1984–88==
Andrews et al., develop pluripotent, genetically identical (clonal) cells called embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells from Tera-2, a cell line of human testicular teratocarcinoma. Cloned human teratoma cells exposed to retinoic acid differentiate into neuron-like cells and other cell types
 
==1989==
Pera et al., derive a clonal line of human embryonal carcinoma cells, which yields tissues from all three primary germ layers. The cells are aneuploid (fewer or greater than the normal number of chromosomes in the cell) and their potential to differentiate spontaneously in vitro is typically limited. The behavior of human EC cell clones differs from that of mouse ES or EC cells
 
==1994==
Human blastocysts created for reproductive purposes using IVF and donated by patients for research, are generated from the 2-pronuclear stage. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst is maintained in culture and generates aggregates with trophoblast-like cells at the periphery and ES-like cells in the center. The cells retain a complete set of chromosomes (normal karyotype); most cultures retain a stem cell-like morphology, although some inner cell mass clumps differentiate into fibroblasts. The cultures are maintained for two passages
 
==1995–96==
Non-human primate ES cells are derived and maintained in vitro, first from the inner cell mass of rhesus monkeys, and then from marmosets. The primate ES cells are diploid and have normal karyotypes. They are pluripotent and differentiate into cells types derived from all three primary germ layers. The primate ES cells resemble human EC cells and indicate that it should be possible to derive and maintain human ES cells in vitro.
 
==1998==
[[File:Sheep_oocyte_03.jpg|thumb|Sheep oocyte TERT expression (red)]]
Thomson et al., derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of normal human blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The cells are cultured through many passages, retain their normal karyotypes, maintain high levels of telomerase activity, and express a panel of markers typical of human EC cells non-human primate ES cells. Several (non-clonal) cell lines are established that form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice. The teratomas include cell types derived from all three primary germ layers, demonstrating the pluripotency of human ES cells. Gearhart and colleagues derive human embryonic germ (EG) cells from the gonadal ridge and mesenchyma of 5- to 9-week fetal tissue that resulted from elective abortions. They grow EG cells in vitro for approximately 20 passages, and the cells maintain normal karyotypes. The cells spontaneously form aggregates that differentiate spontaneously, and ultimately contain derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Other indications of their pluripotency include the expression of a panel of markers typical of mouse ES and EG cells. The EG cells do not form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice
 
==2000==
Scientists in Singapore and Australia led by Pera, Trounson, and Bongso derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The ES cells proliferate for extended periods in vitro, maintain normal karyotypes, differentiate spontaneously into somatic cell lineages derived from all three primary germ layers, and form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice.
 
==2001==
As human ES cell lines are shared and new lines are derived, more research groups report methods to direct the differentiation of the cells in vitro. Many of the methods are aimed at generating human tissues for transplantation purposes, including pancreatic islet cells, neurons that release dopamine, and cardiac muscle cells.
 
==2011==
[[File:Stem cell artificial trachea and bronchi.jpg|thumb|Stem cell artificial trachea and bronchi (Image [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/1107/11070701 UCL])]]
First Successful Transplantation of a Synthetic Tissue Engineered Trachea (Windpipe)
* An international team designed and built the nanocomposite tracheal scaffold and produced a specifically designed bioreactor used to seed the scaffold with the patient´s own stem cells. The cells were grown on the scaffold inside the bioreactor for two days before transplantation to the patient. Because the cells used to regenerate the trachea were the patient's own, there has been no rejection of the transplant and the patient is not taking immunosuppressive drugs.
* [http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=130&a=125055&l=en&newsdep=130 Karolinska Institute] | [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/1107/11070701 University College London] | [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7735696.stm BBC News]
 
==2012==
[[File:Mouse-_embryonic_stem_cell_signaling_regulation.jpg|300px]]
 
[[Stem_Cells_-_Induced|Induced Stem Cells]]
* The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 was awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka "''for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent''" (More? [[Stem_Cells_-_Induced#Yamanaka_Factors|Yamanaka Factors]] | [[Stem_Cells_-_Induced|Induced Stem Cells]] | [[Stem Cells]] | [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2012 Nobel Prize])
** '''Yamanaka Factors''' Are a set of 4 transcription factors when introduced into cells induces stem cell formation. PMID 16904174 | PMID 18035408 | PMID 20535199
** '''John Gurdon''' used nuclear transplantation and cloning to show that the nucleus of a differentiated somatic cell retains the totipotency necessary to form a whole organism. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982203006845 2003 Current Biology Interview] PMID 14521852 2009 Interview - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2615171 "The birth of cloning"] PMID 19132124
 
==2014==
 
[[File:Stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency 01.jpg|300px]]
* Stimulus-triggered fate conversion of somatic cells into pluripotency  disproved - RIKEN Panel Finds Misconduct in Reprogrammed Stem Cell Papers [http://news.sciencemag.org/asiapacific/2014/04/riken-panel-finds-misconduct-reprogrammed-stem-cell-papers Science April 2014] |
* Japanese research institute has opened an investigation into this groundbreaking stem cell study after concerns were raised about its credibility. The RIKEN investigation follows allegations on blog sites about the use of duplicated images in Obokata’s papers, and numerous failed attempts to replicate her results.  [http://www.nature.com/news/acid-bath-stem-cell-study-under-investigation-1.14738 Nature]
 
 
==2015==
 
Some timeline information modified from [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/chapter3.asp NIH - Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001]
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
 
 
{{Glossary}}
 
 
{{Footer}}
 
[[Category:Stem Cell]] [[Category:Week 1]] [[Category:Timeline]]

Latest revision as of 17:12, 22 October 2015

Embryology - 28 Mar 2024    Facebook link Pinterest link Twitter link  Expand to Translate  
Google Translate - select your language from the list shown below (this will open a new external page)

العربية | català | 中文 | 中國傳統的 | français | Deutsche | עִברִית | हिंदी | bahasa Indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | မြန်မာ | Pilipino | Polskie | português | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ | Română | русский | Español | Swahili | Svensk | ไทย | Türkçe | اردو | ייִדיש | Tiếng Việt    These external translations are automated and may not be accurate. (More? About Translations)

Introduction

A summary timeline of research that led to the discovery and application of human embryonic stem cells. Timeline as shorter print version

Week 1 human development
Human blastocyst hatching during week 1 development
Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation
Blood stem cell
Stem Cell Links: Introduction | Timeline | Placental Cord Blood | Adult | Induced pluripotent stem cell | Yamanaka Factors | Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer | Ethics | Organoids | Adult Human Cell Types | Category:Stem Cell

1878

First reported attempts to fertilize mammalian eggs outside the body

1959

First report of animals (rabbits) produced through IVF in the United States

1960's

Studies of teratocarcinomas in the testes of several inbred strains of mice indicates they originated from embryonic germ cells. The work establishes embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells as a kind of stem cell

1968

Edwards and Bavister fertilize the first human egg in vitro

1970's

EC cells injected into mouse blastocysts produce chimeric mice. Cultured SC cells are explored as models of embryonic development, although their complement of chromosomes is abnormal

1978

Louise Brown, the first IVF baby, is born in England

1980

Australia's first IVF baby, Candace Reed, is born in Melbourne

1981

Evans and Kaufman, and Martin derive mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts. They establish culture conditions for growing pluripotent mouse ES cells in vitro. The ES cells yield cell lines with normal, diploid karyotyes and generate derivatives of all three primary germ layers as well as primordial germ cells. Injecting the ES cells into mice induces the formation of teratomas. The first IVF baby, Elizabeth Carr, is born in the United States.

1984–88

Andrews et al., develop pluripotent, genetically identical (clonal) cells called embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells from Tera-2, a cell line of human testicular teratocarcinoma. Cloned human teratoma cells exposed to retinoic acid differentiate into neuron-like cells and other cell types

1989

Pera et al., derive a clonal line of human embryonal carcinoma cells, which yields tissues from all three primary germ layers. The cells are aneuploid (fewer or greater than the normal number of chromosomes in the cell) and their potential to differentiate spontaneously in vitro is typically limited. The behavior of human EC cell clones differs from that of mouse ES or EC cells

1994

Human blastocysts created for reproductive purposes using IVF and donated by patients for research, are generated from the 2-pronuclear stage. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst is maintained in culture and generates aggregates with trophoblast-like cells at the periphery and ES-like cells in the center. The cells retain a complete set of chromosomes (normal karyotype); most cultures retain a stem cell-like morphology, although some inner cell mass clumps differentiate into fibroblasts. The cultures are maintained for two passages

1995–96

Non-human primate ES cells are derived and maintained in vitro, first from the inner cell mass of rhesus monkeys, and then from marmosets. The primate ES cells are diploid and have normal karyotypes. They are pluripotent and differentiate into cells types derived from all three primary germ layers. The primate ES cells resemble human EC cells and indicate that it should be possible to derive and maintain human ES cells in vitro.

1998

Sheep oocyte TERT expression (red)

Thomson et al., derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of normal human blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The cells are cultured through many passages, retain their normal karyotypes, maintain high levels of telomerase activity, and express a panel of markers typical of human EC cells non-human primate ES cells. Several (non-clonal) cell lines are established that form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice. The teratomas include cell types derived from all three primary germ layers, demonstrating the pluripotency of human ES cells. Gearhart and colleagues derive human embryonic germ (EG) cells from the gonadal ridge and mesenchyma of 5- to 9-week fetal tissue that resulted from elective abortions. They grow EG cells in vitro for approximately 20 passages, and the cells maintain normal karyotypes. The cells spontaneously form aggregates that differentiate spontaneously, and ultimately contain derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Other indications of their pluripotency include the expression of a panel of markers typical of mouse ES and EG cells. The EG cells do not form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice

2000

Scientists in Singapore and Australia led by Pera, Trounson, and Bongso derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The ES cells proliferate for extended periods in vitro, maintain normal karyotypes, differentiate spontaneously into somatic cell lineages derived from all three primary germ layers, and form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice.

2001

As human ES cell lines are shared and new lines are derived, more research groups report methods to direct the differentiation of the cells in vitro. Many of the methods are aimed at generating human tissues for transplantation purposes, including pancreatic islet cells, neurons that release dopamine, and cardiac muscle cells.

2011

Stem cell artificial trachea and bronchi (Image UCL)

First Successful Transplantation of a Synthetic Tissue Engineered Trachea (Windpipe)

  • An international team designed and built the nanocomposite tracheal scaffold and produced a specifically designed bioreactor used to seed the scaffold with the patient´s own stem cells. The cells were grown on the scaffold inside the bioreactor for two days before transplantation to the patient. Because the cells used to regenerate the trachea were the patient's own, there has been no rejection of the transplant and the patient is not taking immunosuppressive drugs.
  • Karolinska Institute | University College London | BBC News

2012

Mouse- embryonic stem cell signaling regulation.jpg

Induced Stem Cells

  • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 was awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent" (More? Yamanaka Factors | Induced Stem Cells | Stem Cells | Nobel Prize)
    • Yamanaka Factors Are a set of 4 transcription factors when introduced into cells induces stem cell formation. PMID 16904174 | PMID 18035408 | PMID 20535199
    • John Gurdon used nuclear transplantation and cloning to show that the nucleus of a differentiated somatic cell retains the totipotency necessary to form a whole organism. 2003 Current Biology Interview PMID 14521852 2009 Interview - "The birth of cloning" PMID 19132124

2014

Stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency 01.jpg

  • Stimulus-triggered fate conversion of somatic cells into pluripotency disproved - RIKEN Panel Finds Misconduct in Reprogrammed Stem Cell Papers Science April 2014 |
  • Japanese research institute has opened an investigation into this groundbreaking stem cell study after concerns were raised about its credibility. The RIKEN investigation follows allegations on blog sites about the use of duplicated images in Obokata’s papers, and numerous failed attempts to replicate her results. Nature


2015

Some timeline information modified from NIH - Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001

References



Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link



Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Timeline - Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Timeline_-_Human_Embryonic_Stem_Cell_Research

What Links Here?
© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G