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==CHAPTER XXI. ENTEROPNEUSTA==
==Chapter XXI. Enteropneusta==


 
The larva of Balanoglossus is known as Tornaria. The prselarval development is not known, and the youngest stage (fig.  
 
THE larva of Balanoglossus is known as Tornaria. The prselarval development is not known, and the youngest stage (fig.  
272) so far described (Gotte, No. 569) has  
272) so far described (Gotte, No. 569) has  
many remarkable points of resemblance to  
many remarkable points of resemblance to  
Line 16: Line 14:
have the same general form as in Bipinnaria. There is a prae-oral band, and a  
have the same general form as in Bipinnaria. There is a prae-oral band, and a  
longitudinal post-oral band ; and the two  
longitudinal post-oral band ; and the two  
bands nearly meet at the apex of the praeoral lobe (fig. 273). A contractile band  
bands nearly meet at the apex of the praeoral lobe (fig. 273). A contractile band passes from the oesophagus to the apex of mouth; an. anus,
 
the prae-oral lobe, and a diverticulum (fig. 272, W) from the
alimentary tract, directed towards the dorsal surface, is present.
Contractile cells are scattered in the space between the body
wall and the gut.






an
FIG. 272. EARLY STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TORNARIA. (After Gotte.)  
 
FIG. 272. EARLY  
STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TORNARIA.  
(After Gotte.)  


W. so-called watervascular vesicle developing as an outgrowth  
W. so-called watervascular vesicle developing as an outgrowth  
of the mesenteron; m.  
of the mesenteron; m.  


passes from the oesophagus to the apex of mouth; an. anus,
the prae-oral lobe, and a diverticulum (fig. 272, W) from the
alimentary tract, directed towards the dorsal surface, is present.
Contractile cells are scattered in the space between the body
wall and the gut.


In the following stage (fig. 274 A) a conspicuous transverse  
In the following stage (fig. 274 A) a conspicuous transverse  
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cord is now inserted on this vesicle. Where this cord joins the  
cord is now inserted on this vesicle. Where this cord joins the  
apex of the prae-oral lobe between the two anterior bands of  
apex of the prae-oral lobe between the two anterior bands of  
cilia a thickening of the epiblast (? a ganglion) has become  
cilia a thickening of the epiblast (? a ganglion) has become established, and on it are placed
 
two eye-spots (fig. 273 oc, and
372
fig. 274 A). A deep bay is
 
formed on the ventral surface of
the larva.




580




 
FIG. 273. YOUNG TORNARIA. (After Miiller.)  
ENTEROPNEUSTA.
 
 
 
 
C.C.
 
 
 
an.
 
FIG. 273. YOUNG TORNARIA.  
 
(After Miiller.)  


m. mouth ; an. anus ; w. watervascular vesicle ; oc. eye-spots ; c.c.  
m. mouth ; an. anus ; w. watervascular vesicle ; oc. eye-spots ; c.c.  
Line 71: Line 50:




established, and on it are placed
two eye-spots (fig. 273 oc, and
fig. 274 A). A deep bay is
formed on the ventral surface of
the larva.


As the larva grows older the  
As the larva grows older the  
Line 109: Line 82:
the alimentary tract.  
the alimentary tract.  
The two parts of each  
The two parts of each  
coalesce, and thus form  
coalesce, and thus form a double-walled cylinder round the alimentary tract, but their
cavities remain separated by a dorsal and ventral septum.








FlG. 274. TWO STAGKS IN THK 1 >KY KI.< >I'M KN I  
FlG. 274. TWO STAGKS IN THK 1 >KY KI.< >I'M KN I OF TORNARIA. (After Metschnikoff.)  
 
OF TORNARIA. (After Metschnikoff.)  


The black lines represent the ciliated hands.  
The black lines represent the ciliated hands.  
Line 128: Line 100:




 
ENTEROPNEUSTA.
 
 
 
5 8l
 
 
 
a double-walled cylinder round the alimentary tract, but their
cavities remain separated by a dorsal and ventral septum.


Eventually (Spengel) the cavity of the anterior cylinder  
Eventually (Spengel) the cavity of the anterior cylinder  
Line 177: Line 139:
consists in the presence of respira- chial cleft . hL heart ; IV. watertory structures comparable with the vascular vesicle,  
consists in the presence of respira- chial cleft . hL heart ; IV. watertory structures comparable with the vascular vesicle,  
vertebrate gill slits. The earliest traces of these structures  
vertebrate gill slits. The earliest traces of these structures  
are distinctly formed while the larva is still in the Tornaria  
are distinctly formed while the larva is still in the Tornaria condition, as one pair of pouches from the oesophagus in the
 
Mediterranean species, and four pairs in the American one
 
(fig. 275, br).
 


FIG. 275. LATE STAGE IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF BALANOGLOS




582 I'N I'KUOl'NKUSTA.


FIG. 275. LATE STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BALANOGLOS




condition, as one pair of pouches from the oesophagus in the
Mediterranean species, and four pairs in the American one
(fig. 275, br).


In the Mediterranean Tornaria the two pouches meet the  
In the Mediterranean Tornaria the two pouches meet the  
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depression, the character of the longitudinal ciliated band, the  
depression, the character of the longitudinal ciliated band, the  
structure and derivation of the water-vascular vesicle, and the  
structure and derivation of the water-vascular vesicle, and the  
ENTEROPNEUSTA. 583
formation of the walls of the body cavity as gastric diverticula,  
formation of the walls of the body cavity as gastric diverticula,  
are all characters which point to a connection with Echinodcrm  
are all characters which point to a connection with Echinodcrm  
Line 252: Line 201:
interesting, as tending to shew that Balanoglossus is the surviving representative of a primitive group.  
interesting, as tending to shew that Balanoglossus is the surviving representative of a primitive group.  


*


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  
BIBLIOGRAPHY.  
Line 276: Line 224:
supra-oesophageal ganglion, and it does not seem absolutely impossible that it may give  
supra-oesophageal ganglion, and it does not seem absolutely impossible that it may give  
rise to the dorso-median cord in the region of the collar, which constitutes, according  
rise to the dorso-median cord in the region of the collar, which constitutes, according  
to Spengel, the main ganglion of the adult.  
to Spengel, the main ganglion of the adult.
 
 
 
INDEX.
 
 
 
Abdominalia, 459, 493, 499
 
Acanthocephala, 379
 
Acanthosoma, 473, 474, 475
 
Acarina, 444, 454
 
Accipenser, 102
 
Achaeta, 319
 
Achelia, 538
 
Achtheres percarum, 490
 
Acineta, 7, 8
 
Acraspeda, 152, 165, 167, 178, 179, 182,
 
185, 186
 
Actinia, 169, 171, 179
Actinophrys, 9
 
Actinotrocha, 315, 318, 363, 364
Actinozoa, 26, 102, 152, j66, 170, 171,
 
172, 176, 178, 179, 181, 182, 186
Actinula, 155
Aculeata, 421
^Egineta flavescens, 158
yEginidae, 156, 158
^Eginopsis Mediterranea, 158
/Equorea Mitrocoma, 182
Agalma, 163
Agelena, 436, 450
Agelena labyrinthica, 119, 438
Alciope, 74
Alcippidae, 499
Alcyonaria, 152
Alcyonidse, 167, 168
Alcyonidium mytili, 297, 300, 302
Alcyonium palmatum, 119, 148, 167, 182
Alima, 484, 486
Amoeba, 19, 20
Amphibia, 22, 54, 56, 59, 60, 63, 66, 74,
 
83, 102
 
Amphilina, 218
 
Amphioxus, 54, 56, 59, 61, 66, 93, 426
Amphipoda, 518
Amphiporus lactifloreus, 202
Amphistomum, 31
 
,, subclavatum, 205
 
Amphitrochae, 330
Amphiura squamata, 565
 
 
 
Anchorella, 108, 492, 520
 
Anelasma squalicola, 499
 
Anguillulidse, 371
 
Annelida, 14, 25, 98, 503, 525
 
Anodon, 37, 38, 39, 100, 107, 259, 260,
 
265, 266, 268
Anopla, 189, 202
Anura, 5
 
Antedon, 568, 573, 574
Aphides, 15, 16, 76, 79, 116, 428, 429
Aphrodite, 42
 
Apis, 402, 407, 408, 412, 413
Aplysia, 99, 226, 238, 252, 253
Aplysinidaa, 146
Apoda, 459, 493
Aptera, 395, 420
Apus, 1 6, 79, 460, 463
Arachnida, 22, 114, 119, 413, 4.51, 435,
 
444, 454, 455, 458, 537, 539
Arachnitis, 171
Araneina, 50, 51, 436
Arbacia, 567
Area, 38
Archigetes, 218
Archizosea gigas, 494
Arenicola, 42
 
Argiope, 311, 312, 315, 317
Argonauta, 247, 248
Argulus, 492
Armata, 355
Arthropoda, 12, 16, 18, 22, 75, 77,79, 83,
 
108, no, 221, 382, 383, 434, 448,503,
 
5 2 5> 534 54', 54 2
Articulata, 311, 313, 316, 317
Ascaridiae, 371
Ascaris nigrovenosa, 16, 82
 
,, lumbricoides, 375
Ascetta, 144
Ascidia canina, 53
Ascidians, 74, 102, 208, 426
Asellus aquaticus, 112,120, 516
Astacus, 66, 465, 477, 511, 512, 513,
 
525
 
 
 
586
 
 
 
INDKX.
 
 
 
Asteracanthion, 69, 70, 561
 
Asterias, 20, 68, 69, 71, 78, 80, 84, 549,
 
564
Asteroidea, 35, 36, 544, 549, 557, 563,
 
576
Astnea, 169
 
Astroides, 169
 
Atax Bonzi, 445
 
Atlanta, 231, 240
 
Atrochae, 330
 
Aurelia, 167
 
Auricularia, 553, 554, 562, 574
 
Autolytus cornutus, 319, 343
 
Aves, 56, 59, 61, 64, 107. 109
 
Axolotl, 1 6
 
Balanoglossus, 576, 579, 581
 
Balanus balanoides, 75, 493
 
Belemnites, 252, 253
 
Bipinnaria, 557, 563, 574, 576, 579
 
Blatta, 374, 395
 
Bojanus, organ of, 264, 282
 
Bonellia, 20, 43, 44, 98, 324, 355, 358,
 
359
Bothriocephalus salmonis, 211
 
,, proboscideus, 212
 
Brachiella, 492
Brachiolaria, 558, 564
Brachiopoda, 311, 317, 318
Brachyura, 466, 480, 483
Branchiobdella, 42, 43, 346
Branchiogasteropoda, 272
Branchiopoda, 79, 459, 523, 524
Branchipus, 463, 524
Branchiura, 459, 492
Branchionus urceolaris, 221
Braula, 396
Uuccinum, 237, 280
Bulimus citrinus, 229
Bunodes, 169, 171
Buthus, 431
 
Calcispongiae, 138, 148
 
Calopteryx, 402
 
Calycophoridce, 152, 159
 
Calyptoblastic Hydroids, 184, 185
 
Calyptraea, 223, 280
 
Campanularidse, 183, 184
 
Capitclla, 330, 332
 
Carabidae, 476
 
Carcinus Mcenas, 481, 483
 
Cardium, 260, 262
 
" pygmaeum, 262
 
Carinaria, 240
 
Caryophyllium, 168, 171
pea, 165, 167
 
Cecidomyia, 15, 79, 416, 417, 429
 
Cephalopoda, 20, 40, 41, 102, 108, 109,
135. "5. 240, 242, 244, 250, 252, 253,
270, 271, 272, 274, 279, 282, 287
 
Cephalothrix galatheae, 202
 
Ceratosponguc, 146
 
 
 
Cercariae, 207, 208, 209
 
Cerianthus, 168, 171
 
Cestodes, 14, 29, 31, 32, 33, 189, 210,
212, 218, 313, 425, 541
 
Chsetogaster, 342
 
Chaetopoda, 5, 18, 23, 41, 43, 44 , 54,
67, 209, 215, 270, 275, 307, 312, 317,
318, 319, 320, 326, 334, 33<S, 342, 346,
349, 350, 351, 364. 369. 33, 36, 408,
448, 457, 458, 521, 576,582
 
ChiXitopteridte, 333
 
Cha^tosomoidea, 371
 
Chelifer, 434, 436, 442, 446, 454
 
Chermes, 15, 429
 
Chilognatha, 113, 387, 389, 391, 393,
 
395
 
Chilopoda, 387, 392, 394
Chilostomata, 292, 297, 298, 304, 305
Chironomus, 15, 378, 401, 402, 415, 416,
 
429
 
Chiton, 254, 256, 257, 273
Chordata, 5
Chrysaora, 165
Chthonius, 436
Cicada, 395
 
Cirripedia, 459, 492, 496,503, 509, 520
Cladocera, 459, 464, 519
Clausilia, 239
Clavella, 520
Clavularia crassa, 167
Cleodora, 241
Clepsine, 73, 346, 347, 349, 351, 352,
 
353, 354
Clio, 242, 278
Clubione, 436
Clupeidae, 64
Cobitis barbatula, 378
Coccida;, 429
Coccus, 50
Ccelebogyne, 79
Coelenterata, 3, 5, 13, 18, 26, 27, 2S, 35,
 
74, 93, 94, 126, 148, 170, 178,179, 1 80,
 
181, 191, 342
 
Ccenurus cerebralis, 213, 214
Coleochaete, 1 1
 
Coleoptera, 396, 402, 409, 412, 420, 421,
^5
 
Collembola, 395, 426
Comatula, 5, 552, 553
Condracanthus, ill, 120, 520
Conochilus volvox, 22 1
Convoluta, 32
Copepoda, 109, 120, 459, 460, 487, 489,
 
493, 496, 503, 509, 519
Corallium rubrum, 168, 182
Corethra, 422, 423, 424
Crangoninoe, 476
Crnniiuhv, 311
Craniata, 5, 6, 19, 20, 54, 56, 59, 6l, 62,
 
6 4 , 74, 102
 
Crinoidea, 35, 36, 544, 550, 568, 576
Criodilus, 321, 324, 328, 341
 
 
 
INDEX.
 
 
 
Crisia, 304
Crocodilia, 63
 
Crustacea, 5, 6, 18, 51, 66, 102, 109, 120,
458, 4 6 5> 487* 5<>2, 521, 524, 537, 541
Cryptophialus, 499, 509
Crystalloides, 163
Ctenophora, 26, 93, 102, 152, 173, 175,
 
177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182
Ctenostomata, 292, 297, 298, 304, 305
Cucullarms elegans, 46, 75, 82, 371, 376
Cucumaria, 546, 556, 574
Cumaceae, 459, 465, 486, 506
Curculio, 421
 
Cyclas, 259, 260, 261, 265
Cyclops, 376, 377, 418, 489, 503
Cyclostomata, 102, -292, 304
Cymbulia, 241, 242
 
Cymothoa, 516, 517, 519, 520,524, 528
Cynipidae, 15, 421, 428
Cyphonautes, 297, 301, 304, 306, 308
Cypridina, 500, 502
Cysticercus cellulosce, 214, 217
 
,, fasciolaris, 216
 
,, limacis, 213
 
Daphnia, 79, 464
 
Dasychone, 331, 336
 
Decapoda, 66, 248, 459, 465, 469, 504,
 
511
 
Dendroccela, 32, 33, 189, 195, 196
Dentalium, 258, 576
Desmacidon, 147
Desor, type of, 196, 197, 201, 202, 204,
 
212, 424
Diastopora, 304
Dibranchiata, 225, 253
Dicyema, 9, 131, 134, 135, 136
Dimya, 225
Diphyes, 159
Diplozoon, 11, 209, 210
Diporpa, 210
Diptera, 49, 194, 204, 396, 401,402,407,
 
409, 412, 416, 420, 429
Discina radiata, 317
Discinidse, 311
 
Discophora, 18, 42, 165, 346, 383
Distomese, 189, 205, 425
Distomum, 31
 
,, cygnoides, 209
 
,, globiparum, 207
 
,, lanceolatum, 205
Dochmius duodenale, 375
 
,, trigonocephalus, 375
Donacia, 401
Dracunculus, 376, 377
 
Echinaster fallax, 23
 
,, Sarsii, 102, 561
Echinodermata, 5, 18, 24, 35, 74, 102,
 
325, 424, 544, 573, 574, 57 6 > 5 82
Echinoidea, 35, 36, 544, 549, 565, 576
Echinorhyncus, 379, 380
 
 
 
Echinus lividus, 83, 84, 88
 
Echiurus, 44 , 357, 358
 
Ectoprocta, 297, 306
 
Edriophthalmata, 459, 465
 
Elaphocaris, 473
 
Elasmobranchii, 23, 56, 59, 61, 62, 64,
 
67, 105, 106. 107, 108, 109
Enopla, 189, 202
Entoconcha mirabilis, 237
Entomophaga, 421
 
Entoprocta, 292, 298, 300, 302, 304, 306
Epeira, 436
 
Ephemera, 395, 409, 420, 422
Ephyra, 186
 
Epibulia auranliaca, 159, 165
Erichthus, 484, 507
Errantia, 319, 336
Esperia, 147
Estheria, 463, 464
Euaxes, lol, 322, 324, 341, 346,349
Eucharis, 178
 
,, multicornis, 178
 
Eucopepoda, 459
Eucope polystyla, 23, 154
 
Eunice sanguinea, 319
 
Eupagurus prideauxii, 112, 113, 115, 511,
520
 
Euphausia, 465, 468, 504, 505, 518, 523
 
Eurostomata, 176
 
Eurylepta auriculata, 192
 
Eurynome, 483
 
Euspongia, 146, 147
 
Filaria, 377
Filaridae, 371
Firoloidea, 240
Flagellata, 7, 8
Flustrella, 301, 303
Formica, 396
Fungia, 182, 186
Fusus, 275, 280, 284, 288
 
Gammarus, 122, 518
 
,, fluviatilis, 117
,, locusta, no, 112
Ganoids, 54, 102
Gasteropoda, 39, 41, 98, 225, 226, 229,
 
230, 232, 233, 240, 258, 260, 261, 270,
 
272, 275, 279, 283, 324
Gasterosteus, 64, 210
Gastrotricha, 370
Gasterotrochce, 330, 333
Gecarcinus, 465
Geophilus, 392, 393
Gephyrea, 5, 18, 24, 44, 54, 67, 102,
 
318, 320, 325, 355, 357, 361, 364
Germogen, 134
Geryonia hastata, 156
Geryonidse, 156
Glochidia, 267, 268
Gnathobdellidas, 346, 349
Gordiacea, 94
 
 
 
588
 
 
 
INDEX.
 
 
 
Cimlioidca, 371, 374, 378
 
;nia, 168
Gorgonidce, 181
Gorgoninrc, 181
Gregarinidae, 8
Gryllotalpa, 401, 412, 413
Gunnnineiv, 147, 148
Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 184, 185
Gymnoloemata, 292
 
Gymnosomata, 225, 240, 241, 242, 270
Gyrodactylus, 210
 
Halichondria, 147
 
Ilalisarca, 22, 66, 145
 
Halistemma, 165
 
Helicidce, 238
 
Helioporidae, 182
 
Helix, 67, 229
 
Hemiptera, 395, 402, 403, 409, 420, 421
 
Hessia, 108, 492
 
Heterakis vermicularis, .374
 
Heteronereis, 343
 
Heteropoda, 71, 72, 225, 226, 231, 278
 
Hexacoralla, 152, 179, 182
 
Hippopodius gleba, 27, 159
 
Hirudinea, 74, 84
 
Hirudo, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354
 
Holometabola, 420, 422
 
Holostomum, 205
 
Holothuria, 19, 25, 35, 549, 558, 576
 
Holothuroidea, 35, 544, 553, 556
 
Homarus, 477
 
Hyaleacea, 273, 275
 
Hyaleidce, 241
 
Hydra, 21, 22, 26, 28, 29, 34, 152, 154,
 
155. 179, 183
Hydractinia, 539
Hydrocoralla, 152, 181, 185
Hydroidea, 152
Hydromedusae, 152, 179, 182, 183, 184,
 
185, 186, 187
Hydrophilus, 374, 396, 400, 401, 402,
 
404, 408, 409
Hydrozoa, 14, 19, 26, 27, 67, 102, 152,
 
155. 165. 179, 1 80, 181, 182, 539
Ilymenoptera, 396, 401, 402, 412, 420,
 
421, 425
 
Ichneumon, 396
 
Inarticulata, 311, 316
 
Incrmi
 
Infusoria, 7, 8
 
Insecta, 5, 15, 18, 19, 25, 46, 395, 396,
 
4^5, 455. 45
Intoshia gigas, 136
Isidimc, 181
Ixxlyctia, 147
Isopoda, 109, 515, 519, 521, 523, 527
 
Julus Moneletei, 387, 388, 389
Kochlorine, 499
 
 
 
Lacertilia, 64
Lacinularia, 221, 223
 
socialis, 75
Lamellibranchiata, 23, 25, 37, 39, 98,
 
225, 241, 257, 258, 259, 269, 270, 271,
 
273, 274, 288
Lepadkue, 498
 
Lepas fascicularis, 224, 493, 494, 495
Lepidoptera, 79, 396, 402, 407, 408, 412,
 
413, 415, 417, 420, 421, 423, 415, 426.
 
455
 
Leptodora, 16, 51
Leptoplana, 74, 189, 192, 193
Lernseopoda, 490, 492, 520
Leucifer, 507
 
Libellulidae, 402, 403, 409, 420
Limax, 229, 232, 239, 278, 280
Limnadia, 79, 524
Limulus, 534
Lina, 402
 
Lingulidae, 311, 316
Lithobius, 393
Lobatse, 178
 
Loligo, 242, 243, 244, 247, 253
Loricata, 507, 514
Lota, 105
 
Loxosoma, 292, 294, 296, 306, 307
Lucernaria, 185
Lumbricus, 341, 368
 
,, agricola, 321
 
,, rubellus, 324
 
trapczoides, 13, 321, 323
Lumbriconereis, 334
Lymnseus, 82, 98, 226, 227, 232, 238,
 
281
Lycosa, 436
 
Macrostomum, 32, 34
 
Macrura, 476
 
Malacobdella, 203
 
Malacodermata, 171
 
Malacostraca, 66, 459, 462, 465, 504,
 
505, 506, 511, 523
Mammalia, 56, 58, 59, 64, 66
Marsipobranchii, 59
Mastigopus, 473, 474
Medusoe, 27, 154, 157, i.^s, 16;, 164, 176,
 
178, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186
Megalopa, 482, 483, 484
Melolontha, 402, 421
Membranipora, 297, 303
Mermithido;, 371
Mesotrochoe, 330
Metachoetoe, 335
Metazoa, Q, 10, 12,67, 86, 125, 135, 14^,
 
ISO, 179
 
Millepora, 152, 181
 
Mitraria, 308, 337
 
Molgula, 102
 
Mollusca, 5, 18, 24, 66, 74, 84, 99, 225,
247, 248, 251, 256, 257, 262, 271, 285,
288, 307, 325, 333, 352, 576, 582
 
 
 
INDEX.
 
 
 
589
 
 
 
Monomya, -225
Monostomum capitellum, 205
 
,, mutabile, 205, 206
 
Monotrochse, 330
Montacuta, 260, 262
Musca, 396
Muscidae, 420, 423
Myobia, 444, 445
Myrianida, 343
Myriapoda, 22, iir, 113, 387, 394, 395,
 
4i.3 458
Mynothela, 155
Myrmeleon, 396
 
Mysis, 120, 469, 472, 486, 504, 509, 525
Mytilus, 260, 261
Myxinoids, 5
Myxispongise, 145
Myzostomea, 369
 
Nais, 342
 
Nassa mutabilis, 101, 226, 227, 233, 262,
 
278, 279, 288, 3^4
Natantia, 487
Natica, 237, 283
Nauplius, 5, 16, 460, 461, 463, 465, 466,
 
469, 473, 490, 491, 493, 497
Nautilus pompilius, 253, 276
Nebaliadse, 459, 465, 486
Nematoda, 45, 46, 50, 66, 74, 75, 371,
 
373. 374> 376
Nematogens, 131
Nematoidea, 18, 84, 94, 371, 374
Nematus ventricosus, 13, 427
Nemertea, 94, 189, 196, 202, 204
Nemertines, 30, 31, 33, 93, 136, 195,
 
202, 328, 333, 424
Nephelis, 82, 346, 349, 350, 351, 352,
 
354
 
Nereis, 343
 
,, diversicolor, 319
 
,, Dumerilii, 343
Neritina, 229, 237
Neuroptera, 396, 401, 420, 421
Neuroterus ventricularis, 428
Notonecta, 395
Nototrochse, 330, 353
Nudibranchiata, 229, 241
 
Ocellata, 184
 
Octocoralla, 152, 179
 
Octopus, 248
 
Odontophora, 225, 257, 271
 
Odontosyllis, 333
 
Oedogonium, 1 1
 
Oligochseta, 42, 319, 321, 325, 330, 338,
 
346, 352
Olynthus, 144
Oniscus murarius, 107, 108, 109, 120,
 
516, 520, 528
Opercula, 31
Ophiothryx, 36, 549
Ophidia, 64
 
 
 
Ophiuroidea, 136, 544, 553, 562, 565,
 
576
 
Ophryotrochoe puerilis, 333
Opisthobranchiata, 225, 232, 237
Ornithodelphia, 109
Orthonectidae, 136
 
Orthoptera, 395, 414, 420, 421, 425, 426
Ostracoda, 459, 500, 510
Ostrea, 259, 260, 262
Oxyuridse, 46, 373, 374
Oxyurus ambigua, 374
,, vermicularis, 375
 
PcEcilopoda, 534
Paguridse, 477
Pakemon, no
Palaemonetes, 476
Pakemoninre, 476, 511, 512
Palinurus, 478, 480
 
Paludina, 66, 227, 229, 235, 270, 278,
280
 
,, costata, 229
 
,, vivipara, 226
Pandorina, n
Parasita, 489
Pedalion, 221
 
Pedicellina, 98, 292, 296, 299, 307
Pelagia, 167, 185
Penseinse, 476
Penaeus, no, 113, 465, 469, 473, 474,
 
504, 518
 
Pennatulidae, 181
Pentacrinus, 5
Pentastomida, 539, 540
Pentastomum denticulatum, 540, 54!
 
tsenoicles, 539, 540, 541
Percidae, 64
PerennichaetcE, 335
Peripatus, 5, 386, 411, 412, 413, 542
Petromyzon, 61, 63, 64, 74, 83
Phalangella, 304
Phalangidse, 436
Phallusia, 83
 
Phascolosoma, 44, 355, 356, 361
Pholcus, 436, 442
Phoronis, 315, 355, 363, 364
Phoxinus laevis, 378
Phryganea, 396, 401, 409
Phylactokemata, 292, 294, 297, 305, 306
Phyllobothrium, 218
Phyllodoce, 329
Phyllopoda, 16, 459, 461, 505
Phyllosoma, 479, 480
Phylloxera, 429
Physophoridoe, 152, 16-2, 164
Pilidium, type of, 196, 200, 201, 202, 704,
 
424
 
Pisces, 5
Piscicola, 20, 43
Pisidium, 259, 260, 262, 264
Planaria Neapolitana, 193
Planorbis, 273, 281, 325
 
 
 
590
 
 
 
INDEX.
 
 
 
Platyelminthes, 18, 20, 24, 221, 424
Platygaster, 396, 416, 417, 418, 419
Pleurohrachia, 176, 177, 238
Pneumodermon, 242, 576
Podostomata, 292
Poduridce, 401, 405
Polychaeta, 42, 319, 325, 338
Polydesmus complanatus, 387, 388
Polygordius, 319, 325, 326, 327, 328,
 
332, 357 386
Polynoe, 42, 331
Polyophthalmus, 328
Polyplacophora, 225, 254, 270, 271, 288
Polystomeas, 189, 205, 209
Polystomum, 209
 
,, integerrimum, 30, 31, 210
 
Polytrochne, 330, 333
Polyxenia leucostyla, 158
Polyxenus lagurus, 387
Polyzoa, 98, 303, 305, 306. 30 8 > 3 ! 5. 3^
Porcellana, 483
Porifera, 102, 138, 148
Porthesia, 115
Prorhyncus, 32, 34
Prosobranchiata, 225, 237, 281
Prostomum, 32, 34, 38, 196
Protozoa, 8, 9, lo, n, 86, 135, 149
Protozoaea, 471
Protula Dysteri, 342
Pseudoneuroptera, 426
Pseudoscorpionid;e, 434
Psolinus, 556, 574
Psychidae, 16
Pteraster miliaris, 561
Pteropoda, 98, 225, 226, 229, 230, 232,
 
240, 258, 270, 272, 279, 283
Pterotrachcea, 71, 229, 240
Pulex, 396
 
Pulmonata, 39, 225, 232, 238, 281, 282
I'urpura lapillus, 78
Pycnogonida, 538
Pyrosoma, 13, 53, 109
 
Rana temporaria, 210
Kaspailia, 147
Rcdia, 206, 207, 208, 209
Reniera, 147
 
Kcptilia, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 109
Rhabditis dolichura, 82
Khabdoccela, 32, 33, iSy, ic/>
Khnbdopleura, 294, 306
Rhi/occphala, 459, 493, 499, 500
Klii/.ocrinus, 5
klii/.ostoma, 167
Rhomlx>gens, 131, 134
Khynchoncllidaj, 311
Rhyncdbddlkbe, 346
Rotifera, 5, 12, 18, 75, 76, 77, 79, 83,
102, 221, 308, 325
 
Saccocirrus, 328, 329, 332, 340
Sacculina, 500
 
 
 
Sagartia, 169, 171
 
Sagitta, 33, 74, 94, 130, 366, 367, 368
 
Salmonidrc, 64
 
Salpa, 102
 
Sarcia, 164
 
Seaphopoda, 225, 257, 270, 271
 
Schistocephalus, 2 1 1
 
Schizopoda, 459, 465, 466
 
Scolopendra, 392
 
Scorpio, 120, 43 r, 44 6, 454, 455, 457
 
Scrobicularia, 38, 39
 
Scyllarus, 477
 
Scyphistoma, 179, 185, 186
 
Sedentaria, 319, 336
 
Sepia, 20, 40, 41, 242, 243, 244, 245,
 
247> 2 49> 253
Sergestidce, 473, 507
Serpula, 319. 325, 331
Sertularia, 152, 183, 184
Silicispongia.', 147
Simulia, 401, 415
Siphonophora, 13, 77, 152, 159, 163,
 
165, 179, 1 80, 182, 185
Sipunculida, 24
Sipunculus, 44
Sirex, 396
Sitaris, 42!
 
Spathegaster baccarum, 428
Spjo, 4 2 > 33 2 > 333
Spiroptera obtusa, 376
Spirorbis Pagenstecheri, 319
 
spirillum, 319, 336
Spirula, 252
Spirulirostra, 252
Spongelia, 147
Spongida, 138, 144, 148, 149
Spongilla, 147, 150
Sporocysts, 206, 207, 208, 209
Squilla, 66, 504, 507
Stephanomia pictum, 162, 165
Stomalopoda, 459, 465, 4X4
Stomodoeum, 413
Strongylidrc, 371, 375
Strongylocentrus, 567
Strongysoloma Guerinii, 3<S7, 388, 390
Stylasterictae, 152, r8r
Styliolidic, 24!
Stylochopsis ponticus, 193
Sycandra, 93, 138, 144, 145, 147, 150
 
,, raphanus, i^S, 174
Syllis, 343
 
vivipara, 319
Sympodium coralloidcs, 168
 
Taeniatoe, 178
Tardigrada, 541
Teoenaria, 436
 
'I'clcDsti'i, IS, 25, 5^), 59, C>4. 107, io<)
I'r].)troch;i.-, 330
Tcndra, 300
'I '(.'nth reds, 396
Tcrcbdla concliilcga, 332, 333, 337
 
 
 
INDEX.
 
 
 
591
 
 
 
Terebella nebulosa, 332, 333
Terebratula, 311, 315
Terebratulina, 311, 315, 316
 
,, septentrionalis, 315, 316
 
Teredo, larva of, 262
Tergipes, 232, 238
 
,, Edwardsii, 238
,, lacinulatus, 238
Tethya, 147
Tetrabranchiata, 225
Tetranychus telarius, 116
Tetrastemma varicolor, 203
Thalassema, 44, 355, 357
Thalassinidae, 477
Thallophytes, n
Thecidium, 311, 312, 315, 316
Thecosomata, 225
Thoracica, 459, 493, 499, 500
Thysanozoon, 192, 193
Thysanura, 395, 408, 425, 458
Tichogonia, 39
Tipula, 396
Tipulidae, 420, 421
Toenia cosnurus, 214
 
,, echinococcus, 215, 217
 
solium, 217
Tornaria, 579, 581
Toxopneustes, 22, 24, 35, 85, 88, 89
Tracheata, 385, 426, 432, 44 8, 455, 457,
 
458, 538, 54i
 
Trachymedusae, 152, 156, 179, 185
Trematodes, 14, 16, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,
 
46, 94, 189, 205, 208, 210, 212, 216
 
 
 
Trichina, 377, 378
 
Trichinidse, 371
 
Trichocepha'lus affinis, 374
 
Trochosphsera aequatorialis, 221
 
TubiporidcE, 182
 
Tubularia, 34, 38, 152, 154, 158
 
Tubularidse, 29, 179, 183
 
Tunicata, 5, I 4 , 53
 
Turbellaria, 5, 30, 31, 33, 74, 98, 102,
 
136, 179, 189, 193, 333
Tyroglyphus, 445
 
Unio, 37, 38, 39, 100, 101, 259, 260,265,
266, 445
 
Vaginulus luzonicus, 229
 
Vermes, 5, 74, 102, 223, 324, 352
 
Verongia rosea, 146
 
Vertebrata, 14, 18, 19, 24, 59, 64, 83,
 
272, 349. 397' 4^6
Vesiculata, 184
Vitrina, 229
Vorticella, 8, 9, 10
 
Wilsia, 164
Xiphoteuthis, 252
 
Zoantharia, 152, 168, 169
Zooea, 465, 468, 471, 474, 482, 483, 484,
486, 504
 
 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
 
 
 
THE OVUM.
 
General Works.
 
(1) } Ed. van Beneden. "Recherches sur la composition et la signification de
,A T m ' cour ' d ' l Acad " r y- des Sci <<* de Belgique, Vol. xxxiv. 1870.
 
/ '%, R- Leuckart. Artikel "Zeugung," R. WagMsfs Handworterbtek d. Physio
logte, Vol. iv. 1853.
 
(3 ^ Fr ' L/ydig- , " Die Dotterfurchung nach ihrem Vorkommen in d. Thierwelt
u. n. ihrer Bedeutung." Oken. Isis, 1848.
 
(4) Ludwig. "Ueber d. Eibildung im Thierreiche." Arbeiten a. d. zool.-zoot
Institiit. Wiirzburg, Vol. I. rSy^.
 
(5) AllenThomson. Article ' ' Ovum " in Todd's Cyclopedia of Anatomy and
Physiology, Vol. v. 1859.
 
(6) W. Waldeyer. Eierstock u. EL Leipzig, 1870.
 
THE OVUM OF CCELENTERATA.
 
(7) Ed. van Beneden. "De la distinction originelle d. testicule et de
1'ovaire." Bull. Acad. roy. Belgique, f serie, Vol. xxxvu. 1874.
 
(8) R. and O. Hertwig. Der Organismus d. Medusen. Jena, 1878.
 
(9) N. Kleinenberg. Hydra. Leipzig, 1872.
 
THE OVUM OF PLATYELMINTHES.
 
(10) P. Hallez. Contributions a fHistoire naturelle des Turbellarih. Lille,
1879.
 
(11) S. MaxSchultze. Beitrdge z. Naturgeschichte d. Turbellarien. Greifswald, 1851.
 
(12) C. Th. von Siebold. ' ' Helminthologische Beitrage." Miiller's Archiv,
1836.
 
(13) C. Th. von Siebold. Lehrbuch d. vergleich. Anat.d. wirbellosen Thiere.
Berlin, 1848.
 
(14) E. Zeller. " Weitere Beitrage z. Kenntniss d. Polystomen." Zeit. f.
wiss. ZooL, Bd. xxvu. 1876.
 
[Vide also Ed. van Beneden (No. i).]
 
THE OVUM OF ECHINODERMATA.
 
(15) C. K. Hoffmann. " Zur Anatomic d. Echiniden u. Spatangen." Niederllindisch. Archiv f. Zoologie, Vol. I. 1871.
 
(16) C. K. Hoffmann. " Zur Anatomic d. Asteriden. Niederldndisch. Ardiiv
/. Zoologie, Vol. n. 1873.
 
(17) H. Ludwig. "Beitrage zur Anat. d. Crinoiden." Zeil. f. wiss. Zool.,
Vol. xxvin. 1877.
 
(18) Job. Miiller. "Ueber d. Canal in d. Eiern d. Holothurien." Miiller's
Archiv, 1854.
 
(19) C. Semper. Holothurien. Leipzig, 1868.
 
(20) E. Selenka. Befruchtung d. Eies v. Toxopneustes variegalits, 1878.
 
[Vide also Ludwig (No. 4), etc.]
 
1 A very complete and critical account of the literature is contained in this paper.
B. II. a
 
 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
 
 
 
THE OVUM OF MOLLUSC A.
Lamellibranchiata.
 
(21) II. Lacaze-Duthiers. " Organes genitaux des Acephales Lamellibranches." Ann. Set. Nat., 4 mc serie, Vol. 1 1. 1854.
 
(22) W. F lemming. " Ueb. d. er. Entwick. am Ei d. Teichmuschel." Archiv
f. mikr. Anat., Vol. x. 1874.
 
(23) W. Flamming. "Studien lib. d. Entwick. d. Najaden." Sitz. d. t: Akad.
Wiss. men, Vol. LXXI. 1875.
 
(24) Th. von Hassling. " Einige Bemerkungen, etc." Zeit. f. wiss. ZooL,
Bd. v. 1854.
 
(25) H. von Jhering. "Zur Kenntniss d. Eibildung bei d. Muscheln." Zeit.
f. wiss. ZooL, Vol. xxix. 1877.
 
(26) Keber. De Introihi Spermatozoorum in ovula, etc. Konigsberg, 1853.
 
(27) Fr. Leydig. " Kleinere Mittheilung etc." Miiller's Archiv, 1854.
 
Gasteropoda.
 
(28) C. Semper. "Beitrage z. Anat. u. Physiol. d. Pulmonaten." Zeit. f.
wiss. ZooL, Vol. vni. 1857.
 
(29) H. Eisig. " Beitrage z. Anat. u. Entwick. d. Pulmonaten." Zeit.f. wiss.
ZooL, Vol. xix. 1869.
 
(30) Fr. Leydig. " Ueb. Paludina vivipara." Zeit.f. wiss. ZooL, Vol. u. 1850.
 
Cephalopoda.
 
(31) Al. Kolliker. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Cephalopoden. Zurich, 1844.
 
(32) E. R. Lankester. "On the Developmental History of the Mollusca."
Phil. Trans., 1875.
 
THE OVUM OF THE CHJETOPODA.
 
(33) Ed. Claparede. " Les Annelides Chaetopodes d. Golfe de Naples."
Mem.d. 1. Soctit. phys. eld 1 hist. nat. de Geneve, 1868 9 and 1870.
 
(34) E. Ehlers. Die Borstcnwiirmer nach system, und anat. Untersuchungen.
Leipzig, 186468.
 
(35) E. Selenka. " Das Gefass-System d. Aphrodite aculeata." Niedcrldndisches Archiv f. ZooL, Vol. n. 1873.
 
THE OVUM OF DISCOPHORA.
 
(36) H. Dorner. " Ueber d. Gattung Branchiobdella." Zeit.f. wiss. ZooL,
Vol. xv. 1865.
 
(37) R. Leuckart. Die menschlichen Parasiten.
 
(38) Fr. Leydig. "Zur Anatomie v. Piscicola eeometrica, etc." Zeit. f. wiss.
ZooL, Vol. I. 1849.
 
(30) C. O. Whitman. "Embryology of Clepsine." Quart. 7. of Alter.
Sci., Vol. xvin. 1878.
 
THE OVUM OF GEPHYREA.
 
(40) Keferstein u. Ehlers. Zoologische Beitrage. Leipzig, 1861.
 
(41) C. Semper. Holothurien, 1868, p. 145.
 
(42) J. W. Spengel. " Beitrage z. Kenntniss d Gephyreen." Beitriigc a. d.
zool. Stationz. Neapcl, Vol. I. 1879.
 
(43) J. W. Spengel. " Anatomische Mittheilungen lib. Gephyreen." Tagcbl.
d. Naturf. Vers. Munchen, 1877.
 
THE OVUM OF NEMATODA.
 
(44) Ed. Claparede. De la formation ct de la fccondaiiou dcs- n-uf.\ chcz Ics
I'crs Ntmatodcs. (ienevc, 1859.
 
(J- r )) K. I. (.-nek art. Hif nirnsf/i lichen Paras! ten.
 
 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. jjj
 
 
 
d.Nematoden."
 
^' Nels0n * " On the reproduction of Ascaris mystax, etc." Phil.
(48) A.Schneider. Monographie d.' Nematoden. Berlin, 1866.
THE OVUM OF INSECT A.
 
 
 
Sm ' T? r u n d V Ueb ,?'* a5 Ei u ' seine Bildungsstdtte. Leipzig, 1 878.
(50) T. H. Huxley. " On the agamic reproduction and morphology of Aphis.
Ltnnean Trans., Vol. xxn. 1858. Vide also Manual of Invertebrate* Animals, 1877.
 
1 * ^ ^ ^ *
 
 
 
(51)
bei den *,++,*
 
/-a\ ? r ',k ey< MS' Der Eierstock u. die Samentasche d. Insecten. Dresden, 1866.
tSl ~ ub . bock - " The ov a and pseudova of Insects." Phil. Trans. 1850.
(o4) Stem. Die weiblichen Geschlcchtsorgane d. Ktifer. Berlin, 1847.
[Conf. also Glaus, Landois, Weismann, Ludwig (No. 4).]
 
THE OVUM OF ARANEINA.
 
(55) Victor Cams. " Ueb. d. Entwick. d. Spinneneies." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. t
Vol. ii. 1850.
 
(56) v. Wittich. "Die Entstehung d. Arachnideneies im Eierstock, etc."
Miiller s Archiv, 1849.
 
[Conf. Leydig, Balbiani, Ludwig (No. 4), etc.]
 
THE OVUM OF CRUSTACEA.
 
(57) Aug. Weismann. "Ueb. d. Bildung von Wintereiern bei Leptodora
hyalina." Zeit.f. wiss.ZooL, Vol. xxvn. 1876.
 
[For general literature vide Ludwig, No. 4, and Ed. van Beneden, No. i.]
 
THE OVUM OF CHORD ATA.
 
Urochorda (Tunicata).
 
(58) A. Kowalevsky. " Weitere Studien ii. d. Entwicklung d. Ascidien."
Archiv f. micr. Anat., Vol. VII. 1871.
 
(59) A. Kowalevsky. "Ueber Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Pyrosoma."
Arch.f. micr. Anat., Vol. xi. 1875.
 
(60) Kupffer. " Stammverwandtschaft zwischen Ascidien u. Wirbelthieren."
Arch. f. micr. Anat., Vol. VI. 1870.
 
(61) Giard. " Etudes critiques des travaux, etc. " Archives Zool. experiment.,
Vol. I. 1872.
 
(62) C. Semper. " Ueber die Entstehung, etc." Arbeiten a. d. zool.-zoot.
Institut Wiirzburg, Bd. II. 1875.
 
Cephalochorda.
 
(63) P. Langerhans. "Z. Anatomic d. Amphioxus lanceolatus," pp. 330 3.
Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. xil. 1876.
 
Craniata.
 
(64) F. M. Balfour. "On the structure and development of the Vertebrate
Ovary." Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. xvm. 1878.
 
(65) Th. Eimer. " Untersuchungen ii. d. Eier d. Reptilien." Arckiv f.
mikr. Anat., Vol. vni. 1872.
 
(66) Pfliiger. Die Eierstbcke d. Sdugethiere u. d. Menschen. Leipzig, 1863.
 
(67) J. Foulis. " On the development of the ova and structure of the ovary in
Man and other Mammalia." Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. XVI. 1876.
 
(68) J. Foulis. " The development of the ova, etc." Journal of Anat. and
Phys., Vol. xni. 18789.
 
a 2
 
 
 
IV BIBLIOGRAPHY.
 
 
 
(69) C. Gegenbaur. " Ueb. d. Bau u. d. Entwicklung d. Wirbelthiereier mit
partieller Dottertheilung." Muller's Archiv, 1861.
 
(70) Alex. Gotte. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Unke. Leipzig, 1875.
 
(71) W. His. Untersuchungen iib. d. Ei u. d. Eientwicklung bei Knochenfischcn.
Leipzig, 1873.
 
(72) A. Kolliker. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Menschen u. hoherer Thicre,
Leipzig, 1878.
 
(73) J. Miiller. " Ueber d. zahlreichen Porenkanale in d. Eikapsel d. Fische."
Muller's Archiv, 1854.
 
(74) W. H. Ransom. " On the impregnation of the ovum in the Stickleback."
Pro. K. Society, Vol. vn. 1854.
 
(75) C. Semper. " Das Urogenitalsystem d. Plagiostomen etc." Arbeiten a.
d. zool.-zoot. Instit. Wiirzburg, Vol. II. 1875.
 
[Cf. Ludwig, No. 4, Ed. van Beneden, No. i, Waldeyer, No. 6, etc.]
 
 
 
MATURATION AND IMPREGNATION OF THE OVUM.
 
(76) Auerbach. Organologische Studien, Heft 2. Breslau, 1874.
 
(77) Bambeke. " Recherches s. Embryologie des Batraciens." Bull, de
royale de Belgique, 2me ser., T. LXI. 1876.
 
(78) E. van Beneden. " La Maturation de 1'CEufdes Mammiferes." Bull,
de fAcad. royale de Belgique, 2me ser., T. XL. No. 12, 1875.
 
(79) Id em. " Contributions a 1'Histoire de la Vesicule Germinative, &c." Bull,
de fAcad. royale de Belgique, sme ser., T. XLI. No. i, 1876.
 
(80) O. Biitschli. Eizelle, Zelltheilung, und Conjugation der Infusorien.
Frankfurt, 1876.
 
(81) F. M. Balfour. " On the Phenomena accompanying the Maturation and
Impregnation of the Ovum." Quart. J. of Micros. Science, Vol. xvm. 1878.
 
(82) Calberla. " Befruchtungsvorgang beim Ei von Petromyzon Planeri.*'
Zeit. f. iviss. Zool., Vol. xxx.
 
(83) W. Flemming. "Studien in d. Entwickelungsgeschichte der Najaden."
Sitz. d. k. Akad. Wiett, B. LXXI. 1875.
 
(84) H. Fol. "Die erste Entwickelung des Geryonideneies. " Jenaische
Zeitschrift, Vol. vn. 1873.
 
(85) Idem. " Sur le Developpement des Pte"ropodes." Archives de Zoologic
Experimental et Gtnerale, Vol. iv. and v. 1875 6.
 
(86) Idem. " Sur le Commencement de 1'Henog^nie." Archives des Sciences
Physiques et Naturelles. Geneve, 1877.
 
(87) Idem. Recherches s. I. Ftcondation etl. comrnen. d. rHcnogcnic. Geneve, 1879.
 
(88) R. Greeff. " Ueb. d. Bau u. d. Entwickelung d. Echinodermen." Sitzun.
der Gesellschaft z. Befonlerung d. gesammten Naturwiss. z. Marburg, No. 5, 1876.
 
(89) Oscar Hertwig. " Beit. z. Kenntniss d. Bildung, &c., d. thier. Eies."
Morphologisches Jahrbuch, Vol. I. 1876.
 
(90) Idem. Ibid. Morphologisches Jahrlntch, Vol. ill. Heft i, 1877.
 
(91) Idem. " Weitere Beitrage, &c." Morphologisches Jahrbuch, Vol. in. 1877.
Heft 3.
 
(92) Idem. "Beit. z. Kenntniss, &c." Morphologisches Jahrbuch, Vol. iv.
Heft i and 2. 1878.
 
(93) N. Kleinenberg. Hydra. Leipzig, 1872.
 
(94) C. Kupffer u. B. Benecke. Der Vorgang d. llcfnichtinig am Eie d.
Neunaugen. Konigsberg, 1878.
 
(95) J. Oellacher. "Beitrage zur Geschichte des Keimblaschens im Wirbelthicreie." Archiv f. micr. Anat., Bd. VIII. 1872.
 
(%) W. Salensky. " Befruchtung u. P^urchung d. Sterlets-Eies." Zoologischer Anzeigcr, No. 11, 1878.
 
(97) E. Selenka. Befruchtung des Eies von Toxopncustcs variegatus. Leipzig,
1878.
 
fl Strasburger. Ucber Zclllnldu n- n. /.clltln ////;/;. Ji-na, 1876.
 
Idem. Utber Befrvehtung u. Zdlthdhing. Jena, 1X78.
 
(HiO) C. (). \V hi tin.in. "Tlic- Kniliryology of Clepsine." Quart. J. of A/i<r.
Science, Vol. xvm. 1878.
 
 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
 
 
 
DIVISION OF NUCLEUS.
 
(101) W. Flamming. "Beitrage z. Kenntniss d. Xclle u. ihrcr Lcbun.scrschcinungen." Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. xvi. 1878.
 
(102) E. Klein. "Observations on the glandular epithelium and division of
nuclei in the skin of the Newt." Quart, y. of Micr. Science, VoL XIX. 1879.
 
(103) Peremeschko. "Ueber d. Theilung d. thierischen Zellen." Archiv f.
mikr. Anat., Vol. xvi. 1878.
 
(104) E. Strasburger. "Ueber ein z. Demonstration geeignetes ZclltheilungsObject." Sitz. d. Jenaischen Gesell.f. Med. u. Naturwiss., July 18, 1879.
 
SEGMENTATION.
 
(105) E. Haeckel. "Die Gastrula u. Eifurchung." Jenaische Ztitschrift, Vol.
ix. 1877.
 
(106) Fr. Leydig. "Die Dotterfurchung nach ihrem Vorkommen in d. Thierwelt u. n. ihrer Bedeutung." Oken. /sis, 1848.
 
GENERAL WORKS ON EMBRYOLOGY.
 
(107) K. E. von Baer. " Ueb. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Thiere." Konigsberg, 182837.
 
(108) C. Glaus. Grundziige d. Zoologie. Marburg und Leipzig, 1879.
 
(109) C. Gegenbaur. Grundriss d. vergleichenden Anatomie. Leipzig, 1878.
Vide also Translation. Elements of Comparative Anatomy. Macmillan and Co.,
1878.
 
(110) E. Haeckel. Studien z. Gastrcea-Theorie. Jena, 1877, and also Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vols. vni. and ix.
 
(111) E. Haeckel. Schopfungsgeschichte. Leipzig. Vide also Translation.
The History of Creation. King and Co., London, 1876.
 
(112) E. Haeckel. Anthropogenie. Leipzig. Vide also Translation. Anthropogeny (Translation). Kegan Paul and Co., London, 1878.
 
(113) Th. H.Huxley. The Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals. Churchill,
1877.
 
(114) E. R. Lankester. "Notes on Embryology and Classification." Quart.
J. of Micr. Science, Vol. xvi I. 1877.
 
(115) A. S. P. Packard. Life Histories of Animals, including Man, or Outlines
of Comparative Embryology. Holt and Co., New York, 1876.
 
(116) H. Rathke. Abhandlungen z. Bildung- und Entwicklungsgesch. d. Menschen u. d. Thiere. Leipzig, 1833.
 
DICYEMID.E.
 
(117) E van Beneden. "Recherches sur les Dicyemides." Bull. d. FAcadtmie roy. de Belgique, f ser. T. XLI. No. 6 and T. XLII. No. 7, 1876. Vide this
paper for a full account of the literature.
 
(118) A. K 611 ike r. Ueber Dicyema paradoxum den Schmarotzer der Venenanhiinge der Cephalopoden. ,
 
(119) Aug. Krohn. "Ueb. d. Vorkommen von Entozoen, etc. Fronep
 
Notizen, vn. 1839.
 
ORTHONECTID^E.
 
(120) A If. Giard. "Les Orthonectida classe nouv. d. Phylum des Vers."
journal de tAnat. et de la Physiol., Vol. XV. 1879.
 
(121) El. Metschnikoff. "Zur Naturgeschichte d. OrthonecUdae." Zoologi
scher Anzeiger, No. 40 43 l8 79
PORIFERA.
'(122) C Barrois. " Embryologie de quelques eponges de la Manche. " An
""$) & &ZS^^'<t*>* SP"6es." A~* ^ M g . cf
Nat. Hist., 4th series, Vol. xiv. 1874.
 
 
 
 
 
 
vi BIBLIOGRAPHY.
 
 
 
(124) Ganin 1 . " Zur Entwicklung d. Spongilla fluviatilis." Zoologischer Anzeigtr, Vol. i. No. 9, 1878.
 
(125) Robert Grant. "Observations and Experiments on the Structure and
Functions of the Sponge." Edinburgh Phil. jf., Vol. xm. and XIV., 1825, 1816.
 
(126) E. Haeckel. Die Kalkschwamme, 1872.
 
(127) E. Haeckel. Studien zur Gastraa- Theorie. Jena, 1877.
 
(128) C. Keller. Unterstichungen iiber Anatomic und Entwicklungsgeschichte
einiger Spongien. Basel, 1876.
 
(129) C. Keller. "Studien lib. Organisation u. Entwick. d. Chalineen." Zeit.
f. wiss. Zoo/., Bd. xxvin. 1879.
 
(130) LieberkUhn. "Beitr. z. Entwick. d. Spongillen." Muller's Archiv,
1856.
 
(131) LieberkUhn. "Neue Beitrage zur Anatomie der Spongien." Miiller's
Archiv, 1859.
 
(132) El. Metschnikoff. " Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Kalkschwamme. "
Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxiv. 1874.
 
(133) El. Metschnikoff. "Beitrage zur Morphologic der Spongien." Zeit.
f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxvii. 1876.
 
(134) El. Metschnikoff. " Spongeologische Studien." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool.,
Bd. xxxn. 1879.
 
(135) Miklucho Maklay. "Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Spongien." Jenaische
Zeitschrift, Bd. iv. 1868.
 
(136) O. Schmidt. "Zur Orientirung iiber die Entwicklung der Schwamme."
Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxv. 1875.
 
(137) O. Schmidt. "Nochmals die Gastrula der Kalkschwamme." Archiv
fur mikrosk. Anat., Bd. XII. 1876.
 
(138) O. Schmidt. "Das Larvenstadium von Ascetta primordialis und Asc.
clathrus." Archiv fur mikrosk. Anatomie, Bd. xiv. 1877.
 
(139) F. E. Schulze. "Ueber den Bau und die Entwicklung von Sycandra
raphanus." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxv. 1875.
 
(140) F. E. Schulze. "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte von Sycandra." Zeit. f.
wiss. Zool., Bd. XXVII. 1876.
 
(141) F. E. S chulze. " Untersuchung Ub. d. Bau, etc. Die Gattung Halisarca."
Zeit.f. wiss. Zoo/., Bd. xxvin. 1877.
 
(142) F. E. Schulze. "Untersuchungen iib. d. Bau, etc. Die Metamorphose
von Sycandra raphanus." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxxi. 1878.
 
(143) F. E. Schulze. "Untersuchungen u. d. Bau, etc. Die Familie Aplysinidae." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxx. 1878.
 
(144) F. E. Schulze. "Untersuchungen u. d. Bau, etc. Die Gattung Spongelia." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxxn. 1878.
 
CCELENTERATA.
General.
 
(145) Alex. Agassi z. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative
Anatomy at Harvard College, No. II. American Acalephac. Cambridge, U. S., 1865.
 
(140) O. and R. Hertwig. Der Organismus d. Medusa: u, seine Stellung z.
Keimblattertheorie. Jena, 1878.
 
(147) A. Kowalevsky. "Untersuchungen lib. d. Entwicklung d. Coelenteraten." Nachrichten d. kaiser. Gcsell. d. Freunde d. Nattirerkenntniss d. Antliropologie u. Ethnographie. Moskau, 1873. (Russian). For abstract vide Jahresberichtc
d. Anat. u. Phys. (Hoffman u. Schwalbe), 1873.
 
Hydrozoa.
 
(148) L. A gas si z. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of
America. Boston, 1862. Vol. IV.
 
(149) G. J. Allman. A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydrotds. Ray Society, 1871-2.
 
1 There is a Russian paper by the same author, containing a full account, with
clear illustrations, of his observations.
 
 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY, vii
 
 
 
(150) G. J. All man. "On the structure and development of Myriothela." Phil.
Trans., Vol. CLXV. p. 2.
 
(Iff), P - J- van Beneden. "Mem. sur les Campanulaires de la Cote d'Ostende
consideres sous le rapport physiologique, embryogenique, et zoologique." Nouv. Mini.
de PAcad. de Brux., Tom. xvn. 1844.
 
(^ 2 ) p - J- van Beneden. "Recherches sur 1'Embryogenie des Tubulaires et
1 histoire naturelle des differents genres de cette famille qui habitent la Cote d'Ostende."
Nouv. Mem. de P Acad. de Brux., Tom. xvii. 1844.
 
(153) C. Claus. "Polypen u. Quallen d. Adria." Denk. d. math.-naturwiss.
Classe d. k. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, Vol. xxxvin. 1877.
 
(154) J. G. Dal yell. Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland. London,
1847.
 
(* 55 ) , H - Fo1 - " Die er ste Entwicklung d. Geryonideneies." J 'enaische Zeit
schrift, Vol. vn. 1873.
 
(156) Carl Gegenbaur. Zur Lehre vom Generationswechsel und der Fortpfianzung bei Medusen und Polypen. Wiirzburg, 1854.
 
(157) Thomas Hincks. "On the development of the Hydroid Polypes, Clavatella and Stauridia ; with remarks on the relation between the Polype and the Medusoid, and between the Polype and the Medusa." Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1861.
 
(158) E. Haeckel. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Siphonophoren. Utrecht,
1869.
 
(159) Th. H. Huxley. Oceanic Hydrozoa. Ray Society, 1858.
 
(160) Geo. Johnston. A History of British Zoophytes. Edin. 1838. 2nd
Edition, 1847.
 
(161) N. Kleinenberg. Hydra, eine anatomisch-entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchung. Leipzig, 1872.
 
(162) El. Metschnikoff. "Ueber die Entwicklung einiger Ccelenteraten."
Bull, de FAcad. de St Petersbourg, XV. 1870.
 
(163) El. Metschnikoff. "Studien liber Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Medusen
u. Siphonophoren." Zeit.f. wiss. ZooL, Bd. xxiv. 1874.
 
(164) H. N. Moseley. "On the structure of the Sty lasteridse." Phil. Trans.,
 
(165) F. E. Schulze. Ueber den Bau und die Entwicklung von Cordylophora
lacustris. Leipzig, 1871.
 
Actinozoa.
 
(166) Al. Agassiz. "Arachnitis (Edwarsia) brachiolata." Proc. Boston Nat.
Hist. Society, 1860.
 
(167) Koch. "Das Skelet d. Alcyonarien." Morpholog. Jahrbuch, Bd. iv.
1878.
 
(168) A. Kowalevsky. "Z. Entwicklung d. Alcyoniden, Sympodium coralloides und Clavularia crassa." Zoologischer Anzeiger, No. 38, 1879.
 
(169) H. Lacaze Duthiers. Histoire nat.du Cor ail. Paris, 1864.
 
(170) H. Lacaze Duthiers. " Developpement des Coralliaires." Archives
de Zoologie experimental et generate, Vol. I. 1872 and Vol. u. 1873.
 
(171) C. Semper. " Ueber Generationswechsel bei Steinkorallen etc." Zeit. f.
wiss. ZooL, Bd. xxii. 1872.
 
Ctenophora.
 
(172) Alex. Agassiz. "Embryology of the Ctenophorae." Mem. of the Anur.
Acad. of Arts and Sciences, Vol. X. No. 1 1 1. 1874.
 
(173) G. J. All man. "Contributions to our knowledge of the structure and development of the Beroidse." Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. IV. 1862.
 
(174) C. Chun. "Das Nervensystem u. die Musculatur d. Rippenquallen."
Abhand. d. Senkenberg. Gesellsch., B. XI. 1879.
 
(175) C. Claus. "Bemerkungen u. Ctenophoren u. Medusen." Zeit. f. wiss.
ZooL, xiv. 1864.
 
(176) H. Fol. Ein Beitrag z. Anat. u. Entwickl. einiger Rippenquallen. 1869.
 
(177) C. Gegenbaur. "Studien u. Organis. u. System d. Ctenophoren."
Archiv f. Naturgesch., xxii. 1856.
 
(178) A. Kowalevsky. " Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Rippenquallen. " Mtm.
Acad. St Petersbourg, vii. serie, Tom. x. No. 4. 1866.
 
 
 
Vlii BIBLIOGRAPHY.
 
 
 
(179) J. Price. "Embryology of Ciliogrades." Proceed, of British Assoc.,
1846.
 
(180) C. Semper. "Entwicklung d. Eucharis multicornis." Zeit. f. wtss.
Zool., Vol. IX. 1858.
 
PLATYELMINTHES.
Turbellaria.
 
(181) Alex. Agassiz. "On the young stages of a few Annelids" (Planaria angitlata). Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist, of Neiv York, Vol. vin. 1866.
 
(182) Dalyell. "Powers of the Creator."
 
(183) C. Girard. "Embryonic development of Planocera elliptica." J our. of
Acad. of Nat. Set., Philadelphia. New Series, Vol. II. 1854.
 
(184) Alex. Gotte. "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Seeplanarien." Zoologischer Anzeiger, No. 4, 1878.
 
(185) P. Halle z. Contributions a Thistoire naturelle des Turbellarits. Thesis a
la facult^ des Sciences p. le grade d. Docteur es-sciences naturelles. Lille, 1879.
 
(186) Knappert. "Bijdragen tot de Ontwikkelings-Geschiedenis der Zoetwater-Planarien." Provinciaal Ulrechtsch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. Utrecht, 1865.
 
(187) W. Keferstein. " Beitrage z. Anat. u. Entwick. ein. Seeplanarien von
St. Malo." Abh. d. konig. Gesell. d. Wiss. zu Gottingcn. Bd. XI v. 1868.
 
(188) El. Metschnikoff. " Untersuchungen lib. d. Entwicklung d. Planarien."
Notizen d. neurussischen Gesellschaft d. Naturforscher. Odessa, Bd. V. 1877. Vide
Hoffman and Schwalbe's Bericht for 1878.
 
(189) H. N. Moseley. "On Stylochus pelagicus and a new species of pelagic
Planarian, with notes on other pelagic species, on the larval forms of Thysanozoon,
etc." Quart. Journ. of Micr. Science, Vol. xvn. 1877.
 
(190) J. Miiller. "Ueber eine eigenthiimliche Wurmlarva a. d. Classe d. Turbellarien, etc." Miiller's Archiv f. Anat. u. Phys. 1850.
 
(191) J. Miiller. "Ueber verschiedene Formen von Seethieren." Miiller's
Archiv f. Anat. und Phys. 1854.
 
Nemertea.
 
(192) J. Barrois. " L'Embryologie des Nemertes." An. Sci. Nat., Vol. VI.
1877.
 
(193) O. BUtschli. Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, 1873.
 
(194) A. Krohn. "Ueb. Pilidium u. Actinotrocha." Miiller's Archiv, 1 858.
 
(195) E. Desor. "Embryology of Nemertes." Proceedings of the Boston Nat.
History Society, Vol. VI. 1848.
 
(196) G. Dieck. "Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Nemertinen." Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. vin. 1874.
 
(197) C. Gegenbaur. "Bemerkungen lib. Pilidium gyrans, etc." Zeitschrift
furwiss. Zool., Bd. v. 1854.
 
(198) C. K. Hoffman. "Entwicklungsgeschichte von Tetrastemma tricolor."
Niederldndisches Archiv, Vol. ill. 1876, 1877.
 
(199) C. K. Hoffman. "Zur Anatomie und Ontogenie von Malacobdella."
Niederldndisches Archiv, Vol. IV. 1877.
 
(200) W. C. M c Intosh. British Annelids. The Nemerteans. Ray Society,
J873-4.
 
(201) Leuckart u. Pagenstecher. "Untersuchungen lib. niedere Seethiere."
Miiller's Archiv, 1858.
 
(202) E. Metschnikoff. "Studien lib. die Entwicklung d. Echinodermen u.
Nemertinen." Mhn. Acad. imp. Pttersbourg, vn. Ser., Tom. xiv. No. 8, 1869.
 
Trematoda.
 
(203) T. S. Cobbold. Kntozoa. Groombridge and Son, 1864.
 
(204) T. S. Cobbold. Parasites; a Treatise on the Entozoa, etc. Churchill,
1879.
 
(205) F i 1 i p p i. " Mem. p. servir a 1'histoire geneHique des Tre"matodes." Ann.
Scien. Nat., 4th Series, Vol. II. 1854, and Mem. Accad. Torino, 1855-1859.
 
 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. ix
 
 
 
206) R. Leuckart. Die menschlichen Parasilen, Vol. I. 1863, p. 485 ct seq.
 
207) H. A. Pagenstecher. Trematodtn u. Trematodenlarven. Heidelberg,
 
1857.
 
(208) C. Th. von Siebold. Lehrbuch d. vergleich. Anat. wirbelloser Thicre.
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( 209 ) J- J- S. Steenstrup. Generationswechsel. 1842.
 
(210) R. v. Willemoes-Suhm. "Zur Naturgeschichte d. Polystomuiu intcgerrimum, etc." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxn. 1872.
 
(211) R. v. Willemoes-Suhm. ''Helminthologische Notizcn III." Zeit. f.
wiss. Zool., Vol. xxiii. 1873. Vide this paper for a summary of known observations
and literature.
 
(212) G. R. Wagener. Beitrdge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Eingeweidewiirmer. Haarlem, 1855.
 
(213) G. R. W age n e r. " Helminthologische Bemerkungen, etc." Zeit. f. wiss.
Zool., Vol. ix. 1850.
 
(214) G. R. Wagener. "Ueb. Gyrodactylus elegans." Archiv f. Anat. u.
Phys. 1860.
 
(215) E. Zeller. " Untersuchungen ub. d. Entwicklung d. Diplozoon paradoxum." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxn. 1872.
 
(216) E. Zeller. "Untersuchungen u. d. Entwick. u. Bau d. Polystomum integerrimum." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxn. 1872.
 
(217) E. Zeller. "Weitere Beitrage z. Kenntniss d. Polystomen." Zeit.f.
wiss. Zool., Vol. xxvn. 1876.
 
Cestoda.
 
(218) Ed. van Beneden. "Recherches sur la composition et la signification
d. 1'oeuf." Mem. cour. Acad. roy. Belgique. Vol. xxxiv. 1868.
 
(219) P. J. van Beneden. "Les vers Cestoi'des consideres sous le rapport
physiologique embryogenique, etc." Bull. Acad. Scien. Bruxelles. Vol. xvn.
1850.
 
(220) T. S. Cobbold. Entozoa. Groombridge and Son, 1864.
 
(221) T. S. Cobbold. Parasites; a treatise on the Entozoa, etc. Churchill,
1879.
 
(222) Th. H. Huxley. "On the Anatomy and Development of Echinococcus
veterinorum." Proc. Zool. Soc. Vol. xx. 1852.
 
(223) J. Knoch. "Die Naturgesch. d. breiten Bandwiirmer." Mem. Acad.
Imp. Petersbourg, Vol. v. Ser. 7, 1863.
 
(224) F. Kiichenmeister. "Ueber d. Umwandlung d. Finnen Cysticerci in
Bandwiirmer (Tsenien)." Prag. Vierteljahrsschr. 1852.
 
(225) F. Kiichenmeister. "Experimente iib. d. Entstehung d. Cestoden.
2 Stufe zunachst d. Ccenurus cerebralis." Giinsburg, Zeitsch. klin. Med. iv. 1853.
 
(226) R. Leuckart. Die menschlichen Parasiten, Vol. I. Leipzig, 1863. Vide
also additions at the end of the ist and 2nd volume.
 
(227) R. Leuckart. "Archigetes Sieboldii, eine geschlechtsreife Cestodenamme." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxx. Supplement, 1878.
 
(228) El. Metschnikoff. "Observations sur le developpement de quelques
animaux (Bothriocephalus proboscideus). " Bull. Acad. Imp. St Petersbourg, Vol.
 
(229) 'w. Salensky. "Ueb. d. Bau u. d. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Amphilina." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxiv. 1874.
 
(230) Von Siebold. Burdach's Physiologie.
 
(231) R. von Willemoes-Suhm. "Helminthologische Notizen." Zfit. /.
wiss. Zool., Vol. xix. xx. xxn. 1869, 70 and 73.
 
ROTIFERA.
 
(232) F. Cohn. "Ueb. d. Fortpflanzung von Raderthiere." Zeit.f. wiss.
 
^(233) F. Cohn. "Bemerkungen u. Raderthiere." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. IX.
1858, and Vol. xn. 1862.
 
(234) T. H. Huxley. "Lacinularia socialis." Trans, of the Microscopical
 
Society, 1853.
 
 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
 
 
 
(235) Fr. Leyclig. " Ueb. d. Bau u. d. systematische Stelluny; d. Radcrthiere."
Ztit.f. unss. Zool., Vol. vi. 1854.
 
(236) W. Salensky. "Beit. z. Entwick. von Brachionus urceolaris." Zeit. /.
itnss. Zool., Vol. xxn. 1872.
 
(237) C. Semper. " Zoologische Aphorismen. Trochosphuera axjuatorialis."
Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxn. 1872.
 
MOLLUSCA.
 
General.
 
(238) T. H. Huxley. "On the Morphol. of the Cephal. Mollusca." Phil.
Trans., 1853.
 
(239) E. R. Lankester. "On the developmental history of the Mollusca."
Phil. Trans., 1875.
 
(240) H. G. Bronn and W. Keferstein. Die Klasscn u. Ordnungcn d.
Thierreichs, Vol. III. 1862-1866.
 
Gasteropoda and Pteropoda.
 
(241) J. Alder and A. Hancock. "Devel. of Nudibr." Ann. and Magaz.
Nat. Hist., Vol. XH. 1843.
 
(242) N. Bobretzky. "Studien iiber die embryonale Entwicklung d. Gasteropoden." Archivf. micr. Anat., Vol. xin.
 
(243) W. K. Brooks. "Preliminary Observations on the Development of
Marine Gasteropods." Chesapeake Zoological Laboratory, Session of 1878. Baltimore, 1879.
 
(244) O. Biitschli. " Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Beitrage (Paludina vivipara)."
Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxix. 1877.
 
(245) W. Carpenter. "On the devel. of the embr. of Purpura lapillus."
Trans. Micros. Soc., 2 d series, Vol. ill. 1855.
 
(246) W. Carpenter. "On the devel. of the Purpura." Ann. and Mag. of
Nat. Hist., 2 d series, Vol. xx. 1857.
 
(247) E. Claparede. "Anatomic u. Entwickl. der Neritina fluviatilis."
MUller's Archiv, 1857.
 
(248) H. Eisig. "Beitr. z. Anat. u. Entwickl. der Geschlechtsorg. von Lymnieus." Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xix. 1869.
 
(249) H. Fol. " Sur le developpement des Pteropodes." Archives de Zool. experim. et gtntrale, Vol. iv. 1875.
 
(250) H. Fol. " Sur le developpement des Gasteropodes pulmones." Compt.
rend., 1875, pp. 523526.
 
(251) H. Fol. "Sur le developpement des Heteropodes." Archives de Zool.
expe"rim.etgtn<b-ale,\o\.v. 1876.
 
(252) C. Gegenbaur. "Beit. z. Entwicklungsgesch. der Landgasteropoden."
Zeitschr. f. w. Zool., Vol. ill. 1851.
 
(253) C. Gegenbaur. Untersuch. iib. Pteropoden u. Hetcropoden. Leipzig,
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(254) H. von Jhering. "Entwicklungsgeschichte von Helix." Jcnaische Zcitschrift, Vol. IX. 1875.
 
(255) W. Keferstein and E. Ehlers. "Beob. lib. d. Entwick. v. Molis
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(256) J. Koren and D. C. Danielssen. "Benuerk. til Mollusk. Udvikling."
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(257) J. Koren and D. C. Danielssen. liidrag til Pectinibr. Udvikl. licrgcn,
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(258) A. Krohn. "Beobacht. aus d. Entwickl. der Pteropoden u. Heterop."
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(259) A. Krohn. Beitr. zur Entwickl. der Pteropoden u. Heteropoden. Leipzig,
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(260) H. de Lacaze-Duthiers. "Mem. sur 1'anat.et 1'embryog. des Vermets."
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(261) P. Langerhans. "Zur Entwickl. der Gasterop. Opisthobr." Zeitschr.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY. xi
 
 
 
. E. R. Lankester. "On the development of the Pond-Snail." Quart.
 
J. of Micr. Scie., Vol. xiv. 1874.
 
(263) E. R. Lankester. "On the coincidence of the blastopore and anus in
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(264) F. Leydig. "Ueber Paludina vivipara." Zeitschr. f. w. Zool., Vol. 11.
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(265) J. MUller. Ueber Synapta dig. u. iib. d. Erzeug. v. Schnecken in Holoth.,
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(266) J. Miiller. "Bemerk. aus d. Entwickl. der Pteropoden." Monatsber.
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(267) C. Rabl. "Die Ontogenie d. Siisswasser-Pulmonaten." Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. IX. 1875.
 
(268) C. Rabl. "Ueb. d. Entwick. d. Tellerschnecke (Planorbis)." Morph.
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(269) W. Salensky. " Beitr. zur Entwickl. d. Prosobr." Zeitschr. f. iv. Zool. ,
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(270) O. Schmidt. "Ueb. Entwick. von Limax agrestis." Miillcr's Archiv,
1851.
 
(271) Max S. Schultze. "Ueber d. Entwick. des Tergipes lacinulatus."
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(272) E. Selenka. "Entwick. von Tergipes claviger." Niederl. Arch.f. Zool.,
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(273) E. Selenka. "Die Anlage d. Keimbl. bei Purpura lapillus." Niederl.
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(274) C. Semper. "Entwickl. der Ampullaria polita, etc." Natuurk. Verhandl. Utrechts Genootsch., 1862.
 
(275) An. Stecker. "Furchung u. Keimblatterbildung bei Calyptraa."
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(276) A.Stuart. " Ueb. d. Entwickl. einiger Opisthobr." Zeitschr. f. w. Zool.,
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(277) N. A. Warneck. "Ueber d. Bild. u. Entwick. d. Embryos bei Gasterop." Bullet. Soc. natural, de Moscou, T. xxm. 1850.
 
Cephalopoda.
 
(278) P. J. van Beneden. " Recherches sur 1'Embryogenie des Sepioles."
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(279) N. Bobretzky. Observation on the Development of the Cephalopoda
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(280) H. Grenacher. " Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Cephalopoden." Zeit.
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(281) A. K6 Hiker. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Cephalopoden. Zurich, 1844.
 
(282) E. R. Lankester. "Observations on the development of the Cephalopoda." Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. xv. 1875.
 
(283) E. Metschnikoff. " Le developpement des Sepioles." Archives d. Sc.
phys. et nat., Vol. xxx. Geneve, 1867.
 
Polyplacophora.
 
(284) A. Kowalevsky. "Ueb. d. Entwick. d. Chitonen." Zoologischer
Anzeiger, No. 37. 1879.
 
(285) S L. Loven. " Om utvecklingen hos sliigtet Chiton." Stockholm
ofversigt, xn. 1855. [Vide also Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., Vol. xvii. 1856, ami
Archivf. Naturgeschichte, 1856.]
 
Scaphopoda.
 
(286) H. Lacaze-Duthiers. "Developpement du Dentale." Ann. d. Sci.
 
Nat., Series iv. Vol. VII. 1857.
 
Lamellibranchiata.
 
(287) M. Braun. " Postembryonale Entwicklung d. Susswasser-Muscheln."
 
Zoologischer Garten.
 
 
 
xii BIBLIOGRAPHY.
 
 
 
(288) C. G. Carus. " Neue Untersuch. lib. d. Entvvickl. unscrer FlussmuVcrh. Leop.-Car. Akad., Vol. xvi. 1832.
 
(289) W. Flemming. " Studien in d. Entwicklungsgeschichte der Najadcn."
Sit*, d. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Vol. LXXI. 1875.
 
(290) F. Ley dig. " Ueber Cyclas Cornea." Miiller's Archiv, 1855.
 
(2111) S. L. Loven. " Bidrag til Kanned. om Utveckl. af Moll. Acephala
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(292) C. Rabl. "Ueber d. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Malermuschel." Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. X. 1876.
 
(293) W. Salensky. " Bemerkungen uber Haeckels Gastraea-Theorie (Ostrea)."
Arch. f. Naturg., 1874.
 
(294) O. Schmidt. " Ueb. d. Entwick. von Cyclas calyculata." Muller's
Arch., 1854.
 
(295) O. Schmidt. "Zur Entwickl. der Najaden." Wien. Sitzungsber.
math.-nat. C!., Vol. xix. 1856.
 
(296) P. Stepanoff. " Ueber die Geschlechtsorgane u. die Entwicklung von
Cyclas." Archivf. Naturgeschichte, 1865.
 
(297) H. Lacaze-Duthiers. " Ueveloppement d. branchies d. Mollusques
Acephales." An. Sc. Nat., Ser. iv. Vol. v. 1856.
 
POLYZOA.
General.
 
(298) J. Barrois. Recherches sur Cembi yologie des Bryozoaires. Lille, 1877.
 
Entoprocta.
 
(299) B. Hatschek. " Embryonalentwicklung u. Knospung d. Pedicellina
echinata." Zeitschrift fiir wiss. Zool., Bd. xxix. 1877.
 
(300) M. Salensky. " Etudes sur les Bryozoaires entoproctes." Ann. Scien.
Nat., Ser. vi. Tom. v. 1877.
 
(301) O. Schmidt. "Die Gattung Loxosoma." Archivf. mik. Anat.,Rd.
xii. 1876.
 
(302) C. Vogt. "Sur le Loxosome des Phascolosomes." Archives de Zool.
cxptr. et gtnfr., To.n. v. 1876.
 
(303) C. Vogt. "Bemerkungen zu Dr Hatschek's Aufsatz lib. Embryonalentwicklung u. Knospung von Pedicellina echinata." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. XXX.
1878.
 
Ectoprocta.
 
(304) G. J. A 11 man. Monograph of fresh water Polyzoa. Ray Society.
 
(305) G. J. Allman. " On the structure of Cyphonautes." Quart. J. of Micr.
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(306) G. J. Allman. "On the structure and development of the Phylactola>
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(307) J. Barrois. " Le developpement d. Bryozoaires Chilostomes." Comptes
rendus, Sept. 23, 1878.
 
(308) E. Claparede. " Beitrage zur Anatomic u. Entwicklungsgeschichte d.
Seebryozoen." Zeit. fiir wiss. Zool., Bd. xxi. 1871.
 
(309) E. Claparede. "Cyphonautes." Anat. u. Entwick. wirbell. Thiere.
Leipzig, 1864.
 
(310) R. E. Grant. "Observations on the structure and nature of Flustrae."
Edinburgh New Philosoph. Journal, 1827.
 
(311) B. Hatschek. "Embryonalentwicklung u. Knospung d. Pedicellina
echinata" (Description of Cyphonautes). Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxix. 1877.
 
(312) T. II. Huxley. "Note on the reproductive organs of the Cheilostome
Polyzoa." Quart. Jour, of Micr. Science, Vol. IV. 1856.
 
(313) L. Joliet. "Contributions a 1'histoire naturelle des Bryozoaires des
cotes de France." Archives ie Zoologic Experimental, Vol. VI. 1877.
 
(314) E. Metschnikoff. " Ueber d. Metamorphose einiger Seethiere." Gottingische Nachrichten, 1869.
 
 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. xiii
 
 
 
(315) E. Metschnikoff. Bull. deTAcad. de St Pttersbourg, XV. 1871, p. 507.
 
(316) H. Nitsche. " Beitrage zur Kenntniss d. Bryozoen." Zrit. f. wiss.
 
Zool., Bd. xx. 1870.
 
(317) W. Repiachoff. "Zur Naturgeschichte d. chilostomen Seebryozoen."
Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxvi. 1876.
 
(318) W. Repiachoff. " Ueber die ersten Entwicklungsvorgange bei Tendra
zostericola.'' Zeit. f. wiss. Zoo!., Bd. xxx. 1878. Supplement.
 
(319) W. Repiachoff. "Zur Kenntniss der Bryozoen." Zoologischer Anzeiger, No. 10, Vol. i. 1878.
 
(320) W. Repiachoff. " Bemerkungen lib. Cyphonautes. " Zoologischer Anzeiger, Vol. n. 1879.
 
(321) M. Salensky. " Untersuchung an Seebryozoen." Zeit. fur wiss. Zool..
Bd. xxiv. 1874.
 
(322) A. Schneider. "Die Entwicklung u. syst. Stellung d. Bryozoen u.
Gephyreen." Archiv f. mikr. Anaf., Vol. v. 1869.
 
(323) Smitt. " Om Hafsbryozoernas utveckling och fettkroppar. " Aftryck ur
ofvers. of Kong. Vet. Akad. Fork. Stockholm, 1865.
 
(324) T. Hincks. British Marine Polyzoa. Van Voorst, 1880.
[Conf. also works by Farre, Hincks, Van Beneden, Dalyell, Nordmann.]
 
BRACHIOPODA.
 
(325) W. K. Brooks. " Development of Lingula." Chesapeake Zoological
Laboratory, Scientific Results of the Session of 1878. Baltimore, J. Murphy and Co.
 
(326) A. Kowalevsky. "Development of the Brachiopoda." Protocol of the
First Session of the United Sections of Anatomy, Physiology, and Comparative Anatomy at the Meeting of Russian Naturalists in Kasan, 1873. (Russian.)
 
(327) H. Lacaze-Duthiers. " Histoire de la Thecidie." Ann. Scien. Nat.
etc. Ser. 4, Vol. xv. 1861.
 
(328) Morse. " On the Early Stages of Terebratulina septentrionalis." Mem.
Boston Soc. Nat. History, Vol. n. 1869, also Ann. &> Mag. of Nat. Hist. Series 4,
Vol. vm. 1871.
 
(329) Morse. "On the Embryology of Terebratulina." Mem. Boston Soc.
Nat. History, Vol. ill. 1873.
 
(330) Morse. " On the Systematic Position of the Brachiopoda." Proceedings
of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1873.
 
(331) Fritz Miiller. " Beschreibung einer Brachiopoden-Larve." Miiller's
Archiv, 1860.
 
CKLETOPODA.
 
(332) Alex. Agassiz. "On the young stages of a few Annelids." Annals
Lyceum Nat. Hist, of New York, Vol. vm. 1866.
 
(333) Alex. Agassiz. " On the embryology of Autolytus cornutus and alternations of generations, etc." Boston Journal of Nat. History, Vol. VH. 1859-63.
 
(334) W. Busch. Beobachtungen it. Anaf. u. Entwick. einiger wirbelloser Seethiere, 1851.
 
(335) Ed. Claparede. Beobachtungen u. Anat. u. Entwick. 'wirbelloser Thiert
an d. Kiiste von Normandie. Leipzig, 1 863.
 
(336) Ed. Claparede u. E. Metschnikoff. "Beitrage z. Kenntniss lib.
Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Chsetopoden." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xix. 1869.
 
(337) E. Grube. Untersuchungen ub. Entivicklung d. Anneliden. Komgsberg,
 
4 (338) B. Hatschek. " Beitrage z. Entwick. u. Morphol. d Anneliden." Si/*.
d. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Vol. LXXIV. 1876.
 
(339) B. Hatschek. "Studien liber Entwicklungsgeschichte der Anneliden.
Arbeiten aus d. zoologischcn Institute d. Universitiit Wien. Von C. Claus. Heft in.
 
OwQ
 
(340) Th. H. Huxley. "On hermaphrodite and fissiparous species of tubicolar Annelidse (Protula)." Edinburgh New Phil. Journal, Vol. I. 1855.
 
(341) N. Kleinenberg. "The development of the earthworm Lumbncus
trapezoides." Quart. J, of Micr. Science, Vol. xix. 1879 Sullo ariAtfff del tn<
 
bricus trapezoides. Napoli, 1878.
 
 
 
XIV BIBLIOGRAPHY.
 
 
 
(342) A. Kowalevsky. " Embryologische Studien an Wiirmern u. Arthropoden." Mem. Acad. Pttersbourg, Series VH. Vol. xvi. 1871.
 
(343) A. Krohn. " Ueber die Erscheinungen bei d. Fortpfianzung von Syllis
prolifera u. Autolytus prolifer." Archiv f. Naturgesch. 1852.
 
(344) R. Leuckart. " Ueb. d. Jugendzustande ein. Anneliden, etc." Archiv
f. Naturgesch. 1855.
 
(345) S. Love"n. " Beobachtungen ii. die Metamorphose von Anneliden."
Wiegmann's Archiv, 1842.
 
(346) E. Metschnikoff. "Ueber die Metamorphose einiger Seethiere (Mitraria)." Zeit.f. tuiss. Zool., Vol. XXI. 1871.
 
(347) M. Milne- Ed\vards. " Recherches zoologiques, etc." Ann. Scie.
Natur. HI. Se"rie, Vol. ill. 1845.
 
(348) J. Miiller. "Ueb. d. Jugendzustande einiger Seethiere." Monats. d.
k.Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1851.
 
(349) Max Miiller. "Ueber d. weit. Entwick. von Mesotrocha sexoculata."
Miiller's Archiv, 1855.
 
(350) Quatrefages. " Memoire s. 1'embryogenie des Annelides." Ann. Scie.
Natur. HI. Serie, Vol. x. 1848.
 
(351) M. Sars. " Zur Entwicklung d. Anneliden." Archiv f. Naturgeschichte,
Vol. xi. 1845.
 
(352) A. Schneider. " Ueber Bau u. Entwicklung von Polygordius." Miiller's
Archiv, 1868.
 
(353) A. Schneider. "Entwicklung u. system. Stell. d. Bryozoen u. Gephyreen (Mitraria)." Archiv f. mikr. Anat. Vol. v. 1869.
 
(354) M. Schultze. Ueb. die Entwicklung von Arcnicola piscatorum u. anderer
Kiemenwurmer. Halle, 1856.
 
(355) C. Semper. "Die Verwandschaftbeziehungen d. gegliederten Thiere."
Arbeiten a. d. zool.-zoot. Instit. Wiirzburg, Vol. in. 1876-7.
 
(356) C. Semper. "Beitrage z. Biologie d. Oligochjeten." Arbeiten a. d.
zool.-zoot. Instit. Wiirzburg, Vol. IV. 1877-8.
 
(357) M. Stossich. " Beitrage zur Entwicklung d. Chaetopoden." Sitz. d. k.
k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, B. LXXVII. 1878.
 
(358) R. v. Willemoes-Suhm. " Biologische Beobachtungen ii. niedrige
Meeresthiere." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool. Bd. xxi. 1871.
 
DlSCOPHORA.
 
(359) O. BUtschli. " Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Beitrage (Nephelis)." Zeit.
f. wiss. Zool. Vol. xxix. 1877.
 
(360) E. Grube. Untersuchungen ub. d. Entwicklung d. Anneliden. Konigsberg, 1844.
 
(361) C. K. Hoffmann. "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Clepsineen." NICderland. Archiv f. Zool. Vol. IV. 1877.
 
(362) R. Leuckart. Die menschlichen Parasiten (Hirudo}, Vol. I. p. 686,
et seq.
 
(363) H. Rathke. Beit. z. Entwicklungsgesch. d. Hirudineen. Leipzig, 1862.
 
(364) Ch. Robin. Mem. snr le Developpement embryogenique des Ilirndiih'c*.
Paris, 1875.
 
(365) C. O. Whitman. "Embryology of Clepsine." Quart. J. of Micro.
Science, Vol. xvm. 1878.
 
[ Vide also C. Semper (No. 355) and Kowalevsky (No. 342) for isolated observations.]
 
GEPHYREA.
GepJiyrea nuda.
 
(366) A. Kowalevsky. Sitz. d. zool. Abth. d. Iff. Versam. rtiss. Naturf
(Thalassema). Zeit.f. wiss. Zool. Vol. xxn. 1872, p. 284.
 
(367) A. Krohn. "Ueb. d. Larve d. Sipunculus nudus ncbst I'.c UK iknii^cn, '
etc. Miiller's Archiv, 1857.
 
 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. xv
 
 
 
(368) M. Salensky. " Ueber die Metamorphose d. Echiurus." Morfhohgisches
Jahrbuch, Bd. 11.
 
(369) E. Selenka. "Eifurchung u. Larvenbilflung von Phascolosoma elongatum." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool. 1875, Bd- xxv. p. i.
 
(370) J. W. Spengel. " Beitrage z. Kenntniss d. Gephyreen (lionellia)."
MitlheiL a. d. zool. Station z. Neapel, Vol. i. 1879.
 
Gephyrea tubicola (Actinotroc/ia).
 
(371) A. Krohn. " Ueb. Pilidium u. Actinotrocha." Muller's Archiv, 1858.
 
(372) A. Kowalevsky. " On anatomy and development of Phoronis," Petersburg, 1867. i PI. Russian. Vide Leuckart's Bcricht, 1866-7.
 
(373) E. Metschnikoff. " Ueber d. Metamorphose einiger Seethiere (Actinotrocha)." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool. Bd. XXI. 1871.
 
(374) J. Miiller. " Bericht ub. ein. Thierformen d. Nordsee." Muller's Archiv,
1846.
 
(375) An. Schneider. "Ueb. d. Metamorphose d. Actinotrocha branchiata."
Muller's Arch. 1862.
 
CH^TOGNATHA.
 
(376) O. Butschli. " Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Sagitta." Zeilschrifl f.
wiss. Zool., Vol. xxin. 1873.
 
(377) C. Gegenbaur. "Ueber die Entwicklung der Sagitta." Abhand. d.
natiirforschenden Gesellschaft in Halle, 1857.
 
(378) A. Kowalevsky. " Embryologische Studien an Wiirmern u. Arthropoden." Mem. Acad. Petersbourg, vn. ser., Tom. xvi., No. 12. 1871.
 
MYZOSTOMEA.
 
(379) L.Graff. Das Genus Myzostoma. Leipzig, 1877.
 
(380) E. Metschnikoff. "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Myzostomum."
Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xvi. 1866.
 
(381) C. Semper. "Z. Anat. u. Entwick. d. Gat. Myzostomum." Zeit.f.
wiss. Zool., Vol. IX. 1858.
 
GASTROTRICHA.
 
(382) H. Ludwig. " Ueber die Ordnung Gastrotricha Metschn." Zeit.f. wiss.
Zool., Vol. xxvi. 1876.
 
NEMATELMINTHES.
 
(383) O. Butschli. "Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Cucullanus elegans." Zeit.
f. wiss. Zool., B. xxvi. 1876.
 
(384) T. S. Cobbold. Entozoa. Groombridge and Son, 1864.
 
(385) T. S. Cobbold. Parasites; a Treatise on the Entozoa of Man and
Animals. Churchill, 1879.
 
(386) O. Caleb. "Organisation et developpement des Oxyurides, etc.
Archives de Zool. exper. et gener., Vol. VII. 1878.
 
(387) R. Leuckart. Untersuchungeniib. Trichina spiralis. 2nd ed. Leipzig,
1866.
 
(388) R. Leuckart. Die menschlichen Parasiten, Bd. u. 1876.
 
(389) H. A. Pagenstecher. Die Trichinen nach Versuchen dargestellt.
 
(390) A.Schneider. Monographie d. Nematoden. Berlin, 1866.
 
(391) A. Villot. " Monographie des Dragoneaux " (Gordioidea). Archives de
Zool. exptr. et gtner., Vol. in. 1874.
 
ACANTHOCEPHALA.
 
(392) R. Greeff. " Untersuchungen u. d. Ban u. Entwicklung des Echin.
miliarius." Archiv f. Naturgesch. 1864.
 
(393) R. Leuckart. Die menschlichen Parasiten. Vol. 11. p Soi ol
 
 
 
xvi BIBLIOGRAPHY.
 
 
 
(394) An. Schneider. " Ueb. d. Bau d. Acanthocephalen." Archiv f. Anat.
w. Phys. 1868.
 
(395) G. R. Wagener. Beitrdge z. Entrvicklungsgeschichte d. Eingeweidewiirmer. Haarlem, 1865.
 
TRACHEATA.
 
PRO TO TRA CHE A TA .
 
(396) H. N. Moseley. "On the Structure and Development of Peripatus
capensis." Phil. Trans. Vol. 164, 1874.
 
MYRIAPODA.
 
(397) G. Newport. "On the Organs of Reproduction and Development of the
Myriapoda." Philosophical Transactions, 1841.
 
(398) E. Metschnikoff. " Embryologie der doppeltfiissigen Myriapoclen
(Chilognatha)." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxiv. 1874.
 
(399) E. Metschnikoff. " Embryologisches iiber Geophilus." Zeit. f. wiss.
'Zool., Vol. xxv. 1875.
 
(400) Anton Stecker. "Die Anlage d. Keimblatter bei den Diplopoden."
Archiv f. mik. Anatomic, Bd. xiv. 1877.
 
INSECTA.
 
(401) M Balbiani. " Observations s. la reproduction d. Phylloxera du Chene."
An. Sc. Nat. Ser. v. Vol. xix. 1874.
 
(402) E. Bessels. "Studien u. d. Entwicklung d. Sexualdrtisen bei den Lepidoptera." Zeit.f. miss. Zool. Bd. xvn. 1867.
 
(403) Alex. Brandt. " Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Libellulida u.
Hemiptera, mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung d. Embryonalhiillen derselben." Mem.
Ac. Pttersbourg, Ser. vn. Vol. xin. 1869.
 
(404) Alex. Brandt. Ueber das Ei u. seine Bildungsstdtte. Leipzig, 1878.
 
(405) O. Butschli. " Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Biene." Zeit. f. wiss.
Zool. Bd. xx. 1870.
 
(406) H. Dewitz. "Bau u. Entwicklung d. Stachels, etc." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool.
Vols. xxv. and xxvin. 1875 and 1877.
 
(407) H. Dewitz. "Beitrage zur Kenntniss d. Postembryonalentwicklung d.
Gliedmassen bei den Insecten." Zeit. /. wiss. Zool. xxx. Supplement. 1878.
 
(408) A. Dohrn. "Notizen zur Kenntniss d. Insectenentwicklung." Zeitschriftf. wiss. Zool. Bd. xxvi. 1876.
 
(409) M. Fabre. " L'hypermetamorphose et les mceurs des Meloides." An.
Sci. Nat. Series iv. Vol. vn. 1857.
 
(410) Ganin. "Beitrage zur Erkenntniss d. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Insecten." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. xix. 1869.
 
(411) V. Graber. Die Insecten. Miinchen, 1877.
 
(412) V. Graber. " Vorlauf. Ergeb. lib. vergl. Embryologie d. Insecten."
Archiv f. mikr. Anat. Vol. XV. 1878.
 
(413) O.v.Grimm. " Ungeschlechtliche Fortpflanzung einer Chironomus-Art
u. deren Entwicklung aus dem unbefruchteten Ei." Mhn. Acad. Pttcrsbourg. 1X70.
 
(414) B. Ilatschek. " Beitrage zur Entwicklung d. Lepidopteren." Jenaischc
Zeitschrift, Bd. xi.
 
(415) A. Kollikcr. " Observationes de prima insectorum gcnese, etc. " Ann.
Sc. Nat. Vol. xx. 1843.
 
(11(5) A. Kowalevsky. " Embryologische Studien an Wiirmern u. Arthropoden." Mtm. Ac. imp. J\'(,-rstn>nr, Ser. VII. Vol. XVI. iSji.
 
(417) C. Kraepelin. " Untersuchungen lib. d. Bau, Mechanismus u. d.
Entwick. des Stachels d. l.icnartigai Tliicrc." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool. Vol. xxm. 1X7.5.
 
(418) C. Kupffcr. " Faltcnblatt nn d. Embryoncn d. Gattung Chirononnis."
Arch.f. mikr. Anat. Vol. n. iS66.
 
(419) R. Leuckart. Zur Kemituiss d. Gi'ncratiomxi'ffhscls it. d. /'/; -Ihetii^ , <
b. d. Insecten. Frankfurt, iH.nS.
 
 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. xvii
 
 
 
(420) Lubbock. Origin and Metamorphosis of Insi-cts. 1874.
 
(421) Lubbock. Monograph on Collembola ami Thysanura. Ray Society,
1873
(422) Melnikow. " Beitrage z. Embryonalentwicklung d. Insecten." Archiv
f. Naturgeschichte, Bd. XXXV. 1869.
 
(423) E. Metschnikoff. ' ' Embryologische Studien an Insecten." '/.fit. /.
wiss. Zool Bd. xvi. 1866.
 
(424) P. Meyer. " Ontogenie und Phylogenie d. Insecten." Jcnaischt Zfitschrift, Vol. X. 1876.
 
(425) Fritz Miiller. " Beitrage z. Kenntniss d. Termiten." Jcnaische Zeitschrift, Vol. IX. 1875.
 
(426) A. S. Packard. " Embryological Studies on Diplex, Perithemis, and the
Thysanurous genus Isotoma." Mem. Pea body Acad. Science, \. 2. 1871.
 
(427) Suckow. " Geschlechtsorgane d. Insecten." Heusinger's Zeitschrift f.
organ. Physik, Bd. II. 1828.
 
(428) Tichomiroff. " Ueber die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Seidenwiirms."
Zoologischer Anzeigcr, n. Jahr. No. 20 (Preliminary Notice).
 
(429) Aug. Weismann. "Zur Embryologie d. Insecten." Arehiv f. Anat.
und Phys. 1864.
 
(430) Aug. Weismann. " Entwicklung d. Dipteren." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool.
Vols. xni. and xiv. Leipzig, 1863 4.
 
(431) Aug. Weismann. " Die Metamorphose d. Corethra plumicornis." Ztit.
f. unss. Zool. Vol. xvi. 1866.
 
(432) N. Wagner. " Beitrag z. Lehre d. Fortpflanzung d. Insectenlarven."
Zeit.f. wiss. Zool. Vol. Xlll. 1860.
 
(433) Zaddach. Untersuchnngen tib. d. Bau u. d. Enhuicklung d. Gliederlhifre.
Berlin, 1854.
 
ARACHNID A.
Scorpionidce.
 
(434) El. Metschnikoff. " Embryologie des Scorpions." Zeit.f. unss. Zool.
Bd. xxi. 1870.
 
(435) H. Rathke. Reisebemerknngen aus Taurien (Scorpio), Leipzig, 1837.
 
Pseudoscorpionidce.
 
(436) El. Metschnikoff. " Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Chelifer." Zeit.f. unss.
Zool. Bd. xxi. 1870.
 
(437) A. Stecker. "Entwicklung der Chthonius-Eier im Mutterleibe und c
Bildung des Blastoderms." Sitzung. konigl. bohmisch. Gesellschaft Wissensch. t 1876,
3. Heft, and Annal. and Mag. Nat. History, 1876, xvill. 197.
 
Phalangida.
 
(438) M. Balbiani. " Memoire sur le developpement des Phalangides." Ann.
Scien. Nat. Series v. Vol. xvi. 1872.
 
Araneina.
 
(439) M. Balbiani. "Memoire sur le developpement des Araneides." Ann.
Scien. Nat. Series v. Vol. xvn. 1873. /->./
 
(440) F. M. Balfour. "Notes on the development of the Arane
 
Journ. of Micr. Science, Vol. XX. 1880. v ,
 
(441) J. Barrois. " Recherches s. 1. developpement des Araign^es.
 
de I' Anat. et de la Physiol. 1878. , , fiA
 
(442) E. Claparede. Recherches s. revolution des Aratgnees. Jtrecht, 1862.
 
(443) Her old. De generation Araneorum in Ovo. Marburg, 1824.
 
(444) H. Ludwig. "Ueber die Bildung des Blastoderms bei den
Zeit.f. wiss. Zool. Vol. xxvi. 1876.
 
B. II. b
 
 
 
xviii BIBLIOGRAPHY.
 
 
 
Acariua.
 
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(446) Ed. Claparede. "Studien uber Acarinen." Zeit. /. wits. Zoo/., Bd.
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CRUSTACEA.
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(447) C. Spence Bate. " Report on the present state of our knowledge of the
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(448) C. Claus. Untersuchungen zur Erforschung der genealogischen Grundlage
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(449) A. Dohrn. "Geschichte des Krebsstammes. " Jenaische Zeitschrift,
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(450) A. Gerstaecker. Bronris Thierreich, Bd. v. Arthropoda, 1866.
 
(451) Th. II. Huxley. The Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals. London,
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(452) Fritz Miiller. Fiir Darwin, 1864. Translation, Facts for Darwin.
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Branchiopoda.
 
(453) Brauer. "Vorlaufige Mittheilung iiber die Entwicklung u. Lebensweise
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l8 '3-_
 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY. xix
 
 
 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY. xxi
 
 
 
Cirripedia.
 
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(517) E. van Beneden. " Developpement des Sacculines." Bull, de F Acad.
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(519) Ch. Darwin. A monograph of the sub-class Cirripedia, i Vols., Kay
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(521) P. P. C. Hoek. "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Entomostraken I.
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(523) Aug. Krohn. " Beobachtungen iiber die Entwicklung der Cirripedien."
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(525) Fritz Muller. "Die Rhizocephalen." Archiv /. Naturgeschichte,
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(526) F. C. Noll. "Kochlorine hamata, ein bohrendes Cirriped." Zeit.f. wiss.
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(527) A. Pagenstecher. " Beitrage zur Anatomic und Entwicklungsgeschichte
von Lepas pectinata." Zeit.f. wiss. Zoo/., Vol. xin., 1863.
 
(52tt) J. V. Thompson. Zoological Researches and Illustrations, Vol. I., Part I.
Memoir iv. On the Cirripedes or Barnacles. 8vo. Cork, 1830.
 
(529) J. V. Thompson. " Discovery of the Metamorphosis in the second type
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animals, and confirming their affinity with the Crustacea." Phil. Trans. 1835. P art
n.
 
(530) R. von Willemoes Suhm. "On the development of Lepas fascicularis."
Phil. Trans., Vol. 166, 1876.
 
Ostracoda.
 
(531) C. Claus. " Zur naheren Kenntniss der Jugendformen von Cypris ovum."
Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. XV., 1865.
 
(532) C. Claus. "Beitrage zur Kenntniss d. Ostracoden. Entwicklungsgeschichte von Cypris ovum." Schriften d. Gesell. zur Bejorderung d. gesamm. Naturwiss. zu Marburg, Vol. IX., 1868.
 
PCECILOPODA.
 
(533) A. Dohrn. "Untersuch. lib. Bau u. Entwick. d. Arthropoden (Limulus
polyphemus)." Jcnaische Zeitschrift, Vol. VI., 1871.
 
(534) A. S. Packard. "The development of Limulus polyphemus." Mem.
Boston Soc. Nat. History, Vol. II., 1872.
 
PYCNOGONIDA.
 
(535) G. C a van n a. " Studie e ricerche sui Picnogonidi." PiMIicazioni del R.
Instittito di Studi super iori in Firenze, 1877.
 
(536) An. Dohrn. " Ueber Entwicklung u. Bau d. Pycnogoniden." Jenaische
Zeitschrift, Vol. v. 1870, and "Neue Untersuchungen ub. Pycnogoniden." Mittheil.
a. d. zoologischen Station zu Ncapel, Bd. I. 1878.
 
(537) G. Hodge. " Observations on a species of Pycnogon, etc." Annal. and
Mag. of Nat. Hist. Vol. ix. 1862.
 
(538) C. Semper. " Ueber Pycnogoniden u. ihre in Hydroiden schmarotzenden
Larvenformen. 1 ' Arbeiten a. d. zool.-zoot. Instit. IViiizburg, Vol. I. 1874.
 
 
 
xxii BIBLIOGRAPHY.
 
 
 
PENTASTOMIDA.
 
(539) P. T. van Ben e den. " Recherches s. 1'organisation et le developpement d.
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("I'M R. Leuckart. " Bau u. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Pentastomen." Leipzig
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TARDIGRADA.
 
(541) J. Kaufmann. " Ueber die Entwicklung u. systematische Stellung d.
Tardigraden." Zeit.f. iviss. Zool., Bd. ill. 1851.
 
ECHINODERMATA.
 
(542) Alex. Agassiz. Revision of the Echini. Cambridge, U.S. 1872 74.
 
(543) Alex. Agassiz. " North American Starfishes." Memoirs of the Museum
of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. v., No. i. 1877
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(544) J. Barrois. " Embryogenie de 1'Asteriscus verruculatus " Journal de
VAnat. et Phys. 1879.
 
(545) A. Baur. Beitrdge zur Naturgeschichte d. Synapta digitata. Dresden,
1864.
 
(546) H. G. Bronn. Kiassen u. Ordnungen etc. Strahlenthiere, Vol. II. 1860.
 
(547) W. B. Carpenter. "Researches on the structure, physiology and development of Antedon." Phil. Trans. CLVI. 1866, and Proceedings of the Roy. Soc.,
No. 166. 1876.
 
(548) P. H. Carpenter. " On the oral and apical systems of the Echinoderms."
Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. xvni. and xix. 1878 9.
 
(549) A. Gotte. " Vergleichende Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Comatula mediterranea." Arch.fiir micr. Anat., Vol. xn. 1876.
 
(550) R. Greeff. "Ueber die Entwicklung des Asteracanthion rubens vom Ei
bis zur Bipinnaria u. Brachiolaria." Schriftcn d. Gesellschaft zur Beforderung d. gesarnmlen Natnrwissenschaften zu Marburg, Bd. XII. 1876.
 
(551) R. Greeff. "Ueber den Bau u. die Entwicklung d. Echinodermen." Sitz.
d. Gesell. z. Beforderung d. gesam. Naturwiss. zu Marburg, No. 4. 1879.
 
(552) T. H. Huxley. "Report upon the researches of Mliller into the anat.
and devel. of the Echinoderms." Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 2nd Ser., Vol. vin.
 
(553) Koren and Danielssen. "Observations sur la Bipinnaria asterigera."
Ann. Scien. Nat., Ser. in., Vol. VII. 1847.
 
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(."..",.",) A. Kowalevsky. "Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Holothurien." Aft m. Ac.
Petersburg, Ser. VII., Tom. XI., No. 6.
 
("'"><') A. Krohn. "Beobacht. a. d. Entwick. d. Holothurien u. Seeigel."
M tiller's Archiv, 1851.
 
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1 The dates in this reference are the dates of publication.
 
 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. xxiil
 
 
 
(563). E. Selenka. "Zur Entwicklung d. Holothurien." Ztit. f. wiss. Zoo/.,
Ed. xxvn. 1876.
 
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Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. II. A Treatise on Comparative Embryology 1. (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

The Ovum and Spermatozoon | The Maturation and Impregnation of the Ovum | The Segmentation of the Ovum | Dicyemae and Orthonectidae Dicyema | Porifera | Coelenterata | Platyhelminthes | Rotifera | Mollusca | Polyzoa | Brachiopoda | Chilopoda | Discophora | Gephyrea | Chaetognatha | Nemathelminthes | Tracheata | Crustacea | Pcecilopoda | Echinodermata | Enteropneusta | Bibliography
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This historic 1885 book edited by Foster and Sedgwick is the second of Francis Balfour's collected works published in four editions. Francis (Frank) Maitland Balfour, known as F. M. Balfour, (November 10, 1851 - July 19, 1882) was a British biologist who co-authored embryology textbooks.



The Works of Francis Balfour Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. I. Separate Memoirs (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. II. A Treatise on Comparative Embryology 1. (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. III. A Treatise on Comparative Embryology 2 (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. IV. Plates (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

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Vol II. A Treatise on Comparative Embryology (1885)

Chapter XXI. Enteropneusta

The larva of Balanoglossus is known as Tornaria. The prselarval development is not known, and the youngest stage (fig. 272) so far described (Gotte, No. 569) has many remarkable points of resemblance to a young Bipinnaria.

A mouth (m\ situated on the ventral surface, leads into an alimentary canal with a terminal anus (an). A prae-oral lobe is well developed, as in Bipinnaria, but there is no post-anal lobe. The bands of cilia have the same general form as in Bipinnaria. There is a prae-oral band, and a longitudinal post-oral band ; and the two bands nearly meet at the apex of the praeoral lobe (fig. 273). A contractile band passes from the oesophagus to the apex of mouth; an. anus, the prae-oral lobe, and a diverticulum (fig. 272, W) from the alimentary tract, directed towards the dorsal surface, is present. Contractile cells are scattered in the space between the body wall and the gut.


FIG. 272. EARLY STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TORNARIA. (After Gotte.)

W. so-called watervascular vesicle developing as an outgrowth of the mesenteron; m.


In the following stage (fig. 274 A) a conspicuous transverse post-oral band of a single row of long cilia is formed, and the original bands become more sinuous. The alimentary diverticulum of the last stage becomes an independent vesicle opening by a pore on the dorsal surface (fig. 274 A, w). The contractile cord is now inserted on this vesicle. Where this cord joins the apex of the prae-oral lobe between the two anterior bands of cilia a thickening of the epiblast (? a ganglion) has become established, and on it are placed two eye-spots (fig. 273 oc, and fig. 274 A). A deep bay is formed on the ventral surface of the larva.



FIG. 273. YOUNG TORNARIA. (After Miiller.)

m. mouth ; an. anus ; w. watervascular vesicle ; oc. eye-spots ; c.c. contractile cord.


As the larva grows older the original bands of cilia become more sinuous, and a second transverse band with small cilia is formed (in the Mediterranean larva) between the previous transverse band and the anus. The water-vascular vesicle is prolonged into two spurs, one on each side of the stomach. A pulsating vesicle or heart is also formed (fig. 274 B, ht), and arises, according to Spcngel (No. 572), as a thickening of the epidermis. It subsequently becomes enveloped in a pericardium, and is placed in a depression in the water-vascular vesicle. Two pairs of diverticula, one behind the other, grow out (Agassiz, No. 568) from the gastric region of the alimentary canal. The two parts of each pair form flattened compartments, which together give rise to a complete investment of the adjoining parts of the alimentary tract. The two parts of each coalesce, and thus form a double-walled cylinder round the alimentary tract, but their cavities remain separated by a dorsal and ventral septum.



FlG. 274. TWO STAGKS IN THK 1 >KY KI.< >I'M KN I OF TORNARIA. (After Metschnikoff.)

The black lines represent the ciliated hands. m. mouth; an. anus; br. branchial cleft; ///.

heart ; c. Ixxly cavity between splanchnic and

somatic mesoblast layers; 7.-'. watcr-vascvilar vesicle:

v. circular blood-vessel.



Eventually (Spengel) the cavity of the anterior cylinder forms the section of the body cavity in the collar of the adult, and that of the posterior (fig. 274 B, c) the remainder of the body cavity. The septa, separating the two halves of each, remain as dorsal and ventral mesenteries.

The conversion of Tornaria (fig. 274 A) into Balanoglossus (fig. 274 B) is effected in a few hours, and consists mainly in certain changes in configuration, and in the disappearance of the longitudinal ciliated band.

The body of the young Balanoglossus (fig. 274 B) is divided into three regions (i) the proboscidian region, (2) the collar, (3) the trunk proper. The proboscidian region is formed by the elongation of the prae-oral lobe into an oval body with the eyespots at its extremity, and provided with strong longitudinal muscles. The heart (hi) and water-vascular vesicle lie near its base, but the contractile cord connected with the latter is no longer present. The mouth is placed on the ventral side at the base of the prae-oral lobe, and immediately behind it is the collar. The remainder of the body is more or less conical, and is still girt with the larval transverse ciliated band, which lies in the middle of the gastric region in the Mediterranean species, but in the cesophageal region in the American one.

The whole of the body, including the proboscis, becomes richly ciliated.

One of the most important cha- S us WITH FOUR BRANCHIAL racters of the adult Balanoglossus CLEFTS * (After Alex. Agossiz.)

r . m. mouth ; an. anus ; br. bran consists in the presence of respira- chial cleft . hL heart ; IV. watertory structures comparable with the vascular vesicle, vertebrate gill slits. The earliest traces of these structures are distinctly formed while the larva is still in the Tornaria condition, as one pair of pouches from the oesophagus in the Mediterranean species, and four pairs in the American one (fig. 275, br).



FIG. 275. LATE STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BALANOGLOS


In the Mediterranean Tornaria the two pouches meet the skin dorsally, and in the young Balanoglossus (fig. 274 B, br) acquire an external opening on the dorsal side. In the American species the first four pouches are without external openings till additional pouches have been formed. Fresh gill pouches continue to be formed both in the American and probably the Mediterranean species, but the conversion of the simple pouches into the complicated gill structure of the adult has only been studied by Agassiz (No. 568) in the American species. It would seem in the first place that the structure of the adult gill slits is much less complicated in the American than in the Mediterranean species. The simple pouches of the young become fairly numerous. They are at first circular ; they then become elliptical, and the dorsal wall of each slit becomes folded ; subsequently fresh folds are formed which greatly increase the complexity of the gills. The external openings are not acquired till comparatively late.

Our knowledge of the development of the internal organs, mainly derived from Agassiz, is still imperfect. The vascular system appears early in the form of a dorsal and a ventral vessel, both pointed, and apparently ending blindly at their two extremities. The two spurs of the water-vascular vesicle, which in the Tornaria stage rested upon the stomach, now grow round the oesophagus, and form an anterior vascular ring, which Agassiz describes as becoming connected with the heart, though it still communicates with the exterior by the dorsal pore and seems to become connected with the remainder of the vascular system. According to Spengel (No. 572) the dorsal vessel becomes connected with the heart, which remains through life in the proboscis : the cavity of the water-vascular vesicle forms the cavity of the proboscis in the adult, and its pore remains as a dorsal (not, as usually stated, ventral) pore leading to the exterior.

The eye-spots disappear.

Tornaria is a very interesting larval form, since it is intermediate in structure between the larva of an Echinoderm and trochosphere type common to the Mollusca, Chxtopoda, etc. The shape of the body especially the form of the ventral depression, the character of the longitudinal ciliated band, the structure and derivation of the water-vascular vesicle, and the formation of the walls of the body cavity as gastric diverticula, are all characters which point to a connection with Echinodcrm larvae.

On the other hand the eye-spots at the end of the prae-oral lobe 1 , the contractile band passing from the oesophagus to the eye-spots (fig. 273), the two posterior bands of cilia, and the terminal anus are all trochosphere characters.

The persistence of the prae-oral lobe as the proboscis is interesting, as tending to shew that Balanoglossus is the surviving representative of a primitive group.


BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(567) A. Agassiz. "Tornaria." Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist.\u\. New York, 1866.

(568) A. Agassiz. "The History of Balanoglossus and Tornaria." Mem. Amer. Acad. of Arts and Stien., Vol. IX. 1873.

(569) A. Gotte. " Entwicklangsgeschichte d. Comatula Mediterranea." Archiv fur mikr. Anat., Bd. xii., 1876, p. 641.

(570) E. Metschnikoff. " Untersuchungen iib d. Metamorphose, etc. (Tornaria)." Zeit.fiir wiss. ZooL, Bd. xx. 1870.

(571) J. M tiller. " Ueb. d. Larven u. Metamor. d. Echinodermen." Berlin Akad., 1849 and 1850.

(572) J. W. Spengel. "Ban u. Entwicklung von Balanoglossus. Tagebl. d. Naturf. Vers. Miinchen, 1877.

1 It would be interesting to have further information about the fate of the thickening of epiblast in the vicinity of the eye-spots. The thickening should by rights be the supra-oesophageal ganglion, and it does not seem absolutely impossible that it may give rise to the dorso-median cord in the region of the collar, which constitutes, according to Spengel, the main ganglion of the adult.


Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 19) Embryology The Works of Francis Balfour 2-21. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/The_Works_of_Francis_Balfour_2-21

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