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==CHAPTER XXI. ENTEROPNEUSTA==
THE larva of Balanoglossus is known as Tornaria. The prselarval development is not known, and the youngest stage (fig.
272) so far described (Gotte, No. 569) has
many remarkable points of resemblance to
a young Bipinnaria.
A mouth (m\ situated on the ventral
surface, leads into an alimentary canal with
a terminal anus (an). A prae-oral lobe is
well developed, as in Bipinnaria, but there
is no post-anal lobe. The bands of cilia
have the same general form as in Bipinnaria. There is a prae-oral band, and a
longitudinal post-oral band ; and the two
bands nearly meet at the apex of the praeoral lobe (fig. 273). A contractile band
an
FIG. 272. EARLY
STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TORNARIA.
(After Gotte.)
W. so-called watervascular vesicle developing as an outgrowth
of the mesenteron; m.
passes from the oesophagus to the apex of mouth; an. anus,
the prae-oral lobe, and a diverticulum (fig. 272, W) from the
alimentary tract, directed towards the dorsal surface, is present.
Contractile cells are scattered in the space between the body
wall and the gut.
In the following stage (fig. 274 A) a conspicuous transverse
post-oral band of a single row of long cilia is formed, and the
original bands become more sinuous. The alimentary diverticulum of the last stage becomes an independent vesicle opening
by a pore on the dorsal surface (fig. 274 A, w). The contractile
cord is now inserted on this vesicle. Where this cord joins the
apex of the prae-oral lobe between the two anterior bands of
cilia a thickening of the epiblast (? a ganglion) has become
372
580
ENTEROPNEUSTA.
C.C.
an.
FIG. 273. YOUNG TORNARIA.
(After Miiller.)
m. mouth ; an. anus ; w. watervascular vesicle ; oc. eye-spots ; c.c.
contractile cord.
established, and on it are placed
two eye-spots (fig. 273 oc, and
fig. 274 A). A deep bay is
formed on the ventral surface of
the larva.
As the larva grows older the
original bands of cilia become
more sinuous, and a second
transverse band with small cilia
is formed (in the Mediterranean
larva) between the previous
transverse band and the anus.
The water-vascular vesicle is
prolonged into two spurs, one
on each side of the stomach.
A pulsating vesicle or heart is
also formed (fig. 274 B, ht), and arises, according to Spcngel
(No. 572), as a thickening of the epidermis.
It subsequently becomes enveloped in a
pericardium, and is
placed in a depression
in the water-vascular
vesicle. Two pairs of
diverticula, one behind
the other, grow out
(Agassiz, No. 568) from
the gastric region of
the alimentary canal.
The two parts of each
pair form flattened
compartments, which
together give rise to a
complete investment of
the adjoining parts of
the alimentary tract.
The two parts of each
coalesce, and thus form
FlG. 274. TWO STAGKS IN THK 1 >KY KI.< >I'M KN I
OF TORNARIA. (After Metschnikoff.)
The black lines represent the ciliated hands.
m. mouth; an. anus; br. branchial cleft; ///.
heart ; c. Ixxly cavity between splanchnic and
somatic mesoblast layers; 7.-'. watcr-vascvilar vesicle:
v. circular blood-vessel.
ENTEROPNEUSTA.
5 8l
a double-walled cylinder round the alimentary tract, but their
cavities remain separated by a dorsal and ventral septum.
Eventually (Spengel) the cavity of the anterior cylinder
forms the section of the body cavity in the collar of the adult,
and that of the posterior (fig. 274 B, c) the remainder of the
body cavity. The septa, separating the two halves of each,
remain as dorsal and ventral mesenteries.
The conversion of Tornaria (fig. 274 A) into Balanoglossus
(fig. 274 B) is effected in a few hours, and consists mainly in
certain changes in configuration, and in the disappearance of
the longitudinal ciliated band.
The body of the young Balanoglossus (fig. 274 B) is divided
into three regions (i) the proboscidian region, (2) the collar,
(3) the trunk proper. The proboscidian region is formed by the
elongation of the prae-oral lobe into an oval body with the eyespots at its extremity, and provided with strong longitudinal
muscles. The heart (hi) and water-vascular vesicle lie near its
base, but the contractile cord connected with the latter is no longer
present. The mouth is placed on
the ventral side at the base of the
prae-oral lobe, and immediately behind it is the collar. The remainder
of the body is more or less conical,
and is still girt with the larval
transverse ciliated band, which lies
in the middle of the gastric region
in the Mediterranean species, but
in the cesophageal region in the
American one.
The whole of the body, including
the proboscis, becomes richly ciliated.
One of the most important cha- S us WITH FOUR BRANCHIAL
racters of the adult Balanoglossus CLEFTS * (After Alex. Agossiz.)
r . m. mouth ; an. anus ; br. bran
consists in the presence of respira- chial cleft . hL heart ; IV. watertory structures comparable with the vascular vesicle,
vertebrate gill slits. The earliest traces of these structures
are distinctly formed while the larva is still in the Tornaria
FIG. 275. LATE STAGE IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF BALANOGLOS
582 I'N I'KUOl'NKUSTA.
condition, as one pair of pouches from the oesophagus in the
Mediterranean species, and four pairs in the American one
(fig. 275, br).
In the Mediterranean Tornaria the two pouches meet the
skin dorsally, and in the young Balanoglossus (fig. 274 B, br)
acquire an external opening on the dorsal side. In the American
species the first four pouches are without external openings
till additional pouches have been formed. Fresh gill pouches
continue to be formed both in the American and probably
the Mediterranean species, but the conversion of the simple
pouches into the complicated gill structure of the adult
has only been studied by Agassiz (No. 568) in the American
species. It would seem in the first place that the structure of
the adult gill slits is much less complicated in the American than
in the Mediterranean species. The simple pouches of the young
become fairly numerous. They are at first circular ; they then
become elliptical, and the dorsal wall of each slit becomes folded ;
subsequently fresh folds are formed which greatly increase the
complexity of the gills. The external openings are not acquired
till comparatively late.
Our knowledge of the development of the internal organs, mainly
derived from Agassiz, is still imperfect. The vascular system appears early
in the form of a dorsal and a ventral vessel, both pointed, and apparently
ending blindly at their two extremities. The two spurs of the water-vascular
vesicle, which in the Tornaria stage rested upon the stomach, now grow
round the oesophagus, and form an anterior vascular ring, which Agassiz
describes as becoming connected with the heart, though it still communicates
with the exterior by the dorsal pore and seems to become connected with the
remainder of the vascular system. According to Spengel (No. 572) the
dorsal vessel becomes connected with the heart, which remains through life
in the proboscis : the cavity of the water-vascular vesicle forms the cavity of
the proboscis in the adult, and its pore remains as a dorsal (not, as usually
stated, ventral) pore leading to the exterior.
The eye-spots disappear.
Tornaria is a very interesting larval form, since it is intermediate in structure between the larva of an Echinoderm and
trochosphere type common to the Mollusca, Chxtopoda, etc.
The shape of the body especially the form of the ventral
depression, the character of the longitudinal ciliated band, the
structure and derivation of the water-vascular vesicle, and the
ENTEROPNEUSTA. 583
formation of the walls of the body cavity as gastric diverticula,
are all characters which point to a connection with Echinodcrm
larvae.
On the other hand the eye-spots at the end of the prae-oral
lobe 1 , the contractile band passing from the oesophagus to the
eye-spots (fig. 273), the two posterior bands of cilia, and the
terminal anus are all trochosphere characters.
The persistence of the prae-oral lobe as the proboscis is
interesting, as tending to shew that Balanoglossus is the surviving representative of a primitive group.
*
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(567) A. Agassiz. "Tornaria." Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist.\u\. New York,
1866.
(568) A. Agassiz. "The History of Balanoglossus and Tornaria." Mem.
Amer. Acad. of Arts and Stien., Vol. IX. 1873.
(569) A. Gotte. " Entwicklangsgeschichte d. Comatula Mediterranea." Archiv
fur mikr. Anat., Bd. xii., 1876, p. 641.
(570) E. Metschnikoff. " Untersuchungen iib d. Metamorphose, etc. (Tornaria)." Zeit.fiir wiss. ZooL, Bd. xx. 1870.
(571) J. M tiller. " Ueb. d. Larven u. Metamor. d. Echinodermen." Berlin
Akad., 1849 and 1850.
(572) J. W. Spengel. "Ban u. Entwicklung von Balanoglossus. Tagebl. d.
Naturf. Vers. Miinchen, 1877.
1 It would be interesting to have further information about the fate of the thickening of epiblast in the vicinity of the eye-spots. The thickening should by rights be the
supra-oesophageal ganglion, and it does not seem absolutely impossible that it may give
rise to the dorso-median cord in the region of the collar, which constitutes, according
to Spengel, the main ganglion of the adult.
INDEX.
Abdominalia, 459, 493, 499
Acanthocephala, 379
Acanthosoma, 473, 474, 475
Acarina, 444, 454
Accipenser, 102
Achaeta, 319
Achelia, 538
Achtheres percarum, 490
Acineta, 7, 8
Acraspeda, 152, 165, 167, 178, 179, 182,
185, 186
Actinia, 169, 171, 179
Actinophrys, 9
Actinotrocha, 315, 318, 363, 364
Actinozoa, 26, 102, 152, j66, 170, 171,
172, 176, 178, 179, 181, 182, 186
Actinula, 155
Aculeata, 421
^Egineta flavescens, 158
yEginidae, 156, 158
^Eginopsis Mediterranea, 158
/Equorea Mitrocoma, 182
Agalma, 163
Agelena, 436, 450
Agelena labyrinthica, 119, 438
Alciope, 74
Alcippidae, 499
Alcyonaria, 152
Alcyonidse, 167, 168
Alcyonidium mytili, 297, 300, 302
Alcyonium palmatum, 119, 148, 167, 182
Alima, 484, 486
Amoeba, 19, 20
Amphibia, 22, 54, 56, 59, 60, 63, 66, 74,
83, 102
Amphilina, 218
Amphioxus, 54, 56, 59, 61, 66, 93, 426
Amphipoda, 518
Amphiporus lactifloreus, 202
Amphistomum, 31
,, subclavatum, 205
Amphitrochae, 330
Amphiura squamata, 565
Anchorella, 108, 492, 520
Anelasma squalicola, 499
Anguillulidse, 371
Annelida, 14, 25, 98, 503, 525
Anodon, 37, 38, 39, 100, 107, 259, 260,
265, 266, 268
Anopla, 189, 202
Anura, 5
Antedon, 568, 573, 574
Aphides, 15, 16, 76, 79, 116, 428, 429
Aphrodite, 42
Apis, 402, 407, 408, 412, 413
Aplysia, 99, 226, 238, 252, 253
Aplysinidaa, 146
Apoda, 459, 493
Aptera, 395, 420
Apus, 1 6, 79, 460, 463
Arachnida, 22, 114, 119, 413, 4.51, 435,
444, 454, 455, 458, 537, 539
Arachnitis, 171
Araneina, 50, 51, 436
Arbacia, 567
Area, 38
Archigetes, 218
Archizosea gigas, 494
Arenicola, 42
Argiope, 311, 312, 315, 317
Argonauta, 247, 248
Argulus, 492
Armata, 355
Arthropoda, 12, 16, 18, 22, 75, 77,79, 83,
108, no, 221, 382, 383, 434, 448,503,
5 2 5> 534 54', 54 2
Articulata, 311, 313, 316, 317
Ascaridiae, 371
Ascaris nigrovenosa, 16, 82
,, lumbricoides, 375
Ascetta, 144
Ascidia canina, 53
Ascidians, 74, 102, 208, 426
Asellus aquaticus, 112,120, 516
Astacus, 66, 465, 477, 511, 512, 513,
525
586
INDKX.
Asteracanthion, 69, 70, 561
Asterias, 20, 68, 69, 71, 78, 80, 84, 549,
564
Asteroidea, 35, 36, 544, 549, 557, 563,
576
Astnea, 169
Astroides, 169
Atax Bonzi, 445
Atlanta, 231, 240
Atrochae, 330
Aurelia, 167
Auricularia, 553, 554, 562, 574
Autolytus cornutus, 319, 343
Aves, 56, 59, 61, 64, 107. 109
Axolotl, 1 6
Balanoglossus, 576, 579, 581
Balanus balanoides, 75, 493
Belemnites, 252, 253
Bipinnaria, 557, 563, 574, 576, 579
Blatta, 374, 395
Bojanus, organ of, 264, 282
Bonellia, 20, 43, 44, 98, 324, 355, 358,
359
Bothriocephalus salmonis, 211
,, proboscideus, 212
Brachiella, 492
Brachiolaria, 558, 564
Brachiopoda, 311, 317, 318
Brachyura, 466, 480, 483
Branchiobdella, 42, 43, 346
Branchiogasteropoda, 272
Branchiopoda, 79, 459, 523, 524
Branchipus, 463, 524
Branchiura, 459, 492
Branchionus urceolaris, 221
Braula, 396
Uuccinum, 237, 280
Bulimus citrinus, 229
Bunodes, 169, 171
Buthus, 431
Calcispongiae, 138, 148
Calopteryx, 402
Calycophoridce, 152, 159
Calyptoblastic Hydroids, 184, 185
Calyptraea, 223, 280
Campanularidse, 183, 184
Capitclla, 330, 332
Carabidae, 476
Carcinus Mcenas, 481, 483
Cardium, 260, 262
" pygmaeum, 262
Carinaria, 240
Caryophyllium, 168, 171
pea, 165, 167
Cecidomyia, 15, 79, 416, 417, 429
Cephalopoda, 20, 40, 41, 102, 108, 109,
135. "5. 240, 242, 244, 250, 252, 253,
270, 271, 272, 274, 279, 282, 287
Cephalothrix galatheae, 202
Ceratosponguc, 146
Cercariae, 207, 208, 209
Cerianthus, 168, 171
Cestodes, 14, 29, 31, 32, 33, 189, 210,
212, 218, 313, 425, 541
Chsetogaster, 342
Chaetopoda, 5, 18, 23, 41, 43, 44 , 54,
67, 209, 215, 270, 275, 307, 312, 317,
318, 319, 320, 326, 334, 33<S, 342, 346,
349, 350, 351, 364. 369. 33, 36, 408,
448, 457, 458, 521, 576,582
ChiXitopteridte, 333
Cha^tosomoidea, 371
Chelifer, 434, 436, 442, 446, 454
Chermes, 15, 429
Chilognatha, 113, 387, 389, 391, 393,
395
Chilopoda, 387, 392, 394
Chilostomata, 292, 297, 298, 304, 305
Chironomus, 15, 378, 401, 402, 415, 416,
429
Chiton, 254, 256, 257, 273
Chordata, 5
Chrysaora, 165
Chthonius, 436
Cicada, 395
Cirripedia, 459, 492, 496,503, 509, 520
Cladocera, 459, 464, 519
Clausilia, 239
Clavella, 520
Clavularia crassa, 167
Cleodora, 241
Clepsine, 73, 346, 347, 349, 351, 352,
353, 354
Clio, 242, 278
Clubione, 436
Clupeidae, 64
Cobitis barbatula, 378
Coccida;, 429
Coccus, 50
Ccelebogyne, 79
Coelenterata, 3, 5, 13, 18, 26, 27, 2S, 35,
74, 93, 94, 126, 148, 170, 178,179, 1 80,
181, 191, 342
Ccenurus cerebralis, 213, 214
Coleochaete, 1 1
Coleoptera, 396, 402, 409, 412, 420, 421,
^5
Collembola, 395, 426
Comatula, 5, 552, 553
Condracanthus, ill, 120, 520
Conochilus volvox, 22 1
Convoluta, 32
Copepoda, 109, 120, 459, 460, 487, 489,
493, 496, 503, 509, 519
Corallium rubrum, 168, 182
Corethra, 422, 423, 424
Crangoninoe, 476
Crnniiuhv, 311
Craniata, 5, 6, 19, 20, 54, 56, 59, 6l, 62,
6 4 , 74, 102
Crinoidea, 35, 36, 544, 550, 568, 576
Criodilus, 321, 324, 328, 341
INDEX.
Crisia, 304
Crocodilia, 63
Crustacea, 5, 6, 18, 51, 66, 102, 109, 120,
458, 4 6 5> 487* 5<>2, 521, 524, 537, 541
Cryptophialus, 499, 509
Crystalloides, 163
Ctenophora, 26, 93, 102, 152, 173, 175,
177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182
Ctenostomata, 292, 297, 298, 304, 305
Cucullarms elegans, 46, 75, 82, 371, 376
Cucumaria, 546, 556, 574
Cumaceae, 459, 465, 486, 506
Curculio, 421
Cyclas, 259, 260, 261, 265
Cyclops, 376, 377, 418, 489, 503
Cyclostomata, 102, -292, 304
Cymbulia, 241, 242
Cymothoa, 516, 517, 519, 520,524, 528
Cynipidae, 15, 421, 428
Cyphonautes, 297, 301, 304, 306, 308
Cypridina, 500, 502
Cysticercus cellulosce, 214, 217
,, fasciolaris, 216
,, limacis, 213
Daphnia, 79, 464
Dasychone, 331, 336
Decapoda, 66, 248, 459, 465, 469, 504,
511
Dendroccela, 32, 33, 189, 195, 196
Dentalium, 258, 576
Desmacidon, 147
Desor, type of, 196, 197, 201, 202, 204,
212, 424
Diastopora, 304
Dibranchiata, 225, 253
Dicyema, 9, 131, 134, 135, 136
Dimya, 225
Diphyes, 159
Diplozoon, 11, 209, 210
Diporpa, 210
Diptera, 49, 194, 204, 396, 401,402,407,
409, 412, 416, 420, 429
Discina radiata, 317
Discinidse, 311
Discophora, 18, 42, 165, 346, 383
Distomese, 189, 205, 425
Distomum, 31
,, cygnoides, 209
,, globiparum, 207
,, lanceolatum, 205
Dochmius duodenale, 375
,, trigonocephalus, 375
Donacia, 401
Dracunculus, 376, 377
Echinaster fallax, 23
,, Sarsii, 102, 561
Echinodermata, 5, 18, 24, 35, 74, 102,
325, 424, 544, 573, 574, 57 6 > 5 82
Echinoidea, 35, 36, 544, 549, 565, 576
Echinorhyncus, 379, 380
Echinus lividus, 83, 84, 88
Echiurus, 44 , 357, 358
Ectoprocta, 297, 306
Edriophthalmata, 459, 465
Elaphocaris, 473
Elasmobranchii, 23, 56, 59, 61, 62, 64,
67, 105, 106. 107, 108, 109
Enopla, 189, 202
Entoconcha mirabilis, 237
Entomophaga, 421
Entoprocta, 292, 298, 300, 302, 304, 306
Epeira, 436
Ephemera, 395, 409, 420, 422
Ephyra, 186
Epibulia auranliaca, 159, 165
Erichthus, 484, 507
Errantia, 319, 336
Esperia, 147
Estheria, 463, 464
Euaxes, lol, 322, 324, 341, 346,349
Eucharis, 178
,, multicornis, 178
Eucopepoda, 459
Eucope polystyla, 23, 154
Eunice sanguinea, 319
Eupagurus prideauxii, 112, 113, 115, 511,
520
Euphausia, 465, 468, 504, 505, 518, 523
Eurostomata, 176
Eurylepta auriculata, 192
Eurynome, 483
Euspongia, 146, 147
Filaria, 377
Filaridae, 371
Firoloidea, 240
Flagellata, 7, 8
Flustrella, 301, 303
Formica, 396
Fungia, 182, 186
Fusus, 275, 280, 284, 288
Gammarus, 122, 518
,, fluviatilis, 117
,, locusta, no, 112
Ganoids, 54, 102
Gasteropoda, 39, 41, 98, 225, 226, 229,
230, 232, 233, 240, 258, 260, 261, 270,
272, 275, 279, 283, 324
Gasterosteus, 64, 210
Gastrotricha, 370
Gasterotrochce, 330, 333
Gecarcinus, 465
Geophilus, 392, 393
Gephyrea, 5, 18, 24, 44, 54, 67, 102,
318, 320, 325, 355, 357, 361, 364
Germogen, 134
Geryonia hastata, 156
Geryonidse, 156
Glochidia, 267, 268
Gnathobdellidas, 346, 349
Gordiacea, 94
588
INDEX.
Cimlioidca, 371, 374, 378
;nia, 168
Gorgonidce, 181
Gorgoninrc, 181
Gregarinidae, 8
Gryllotalpa, 401, 412, 413
Gunnnineiv, 147, 148
Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 184, 185
Gymnoloemata, 292
Gymnosomata, 225, 240, 241, 242, 270
Gyrodactylus, 210
Halichondria, 147
Ilalisarca, 22, 66, 145
Halistemma, 165
Helicidce, 238
Helioporidae, 182
Helix, 67, 229
Hemiptera, 395, 402, 403, 409, 420, 421
Hessia, 108, 492
Heterakis vermicularis, .374
Heteronereis, 343
Heteropoda, 71, 72, 225, 226, 231, 278
Hexacoralla, 152, 179, 182
Hippopodius gleba, 27, 159
Hirudinea, 74, 84
Hirudo, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354
Holometabola, 420, 422
Holostomum, 205
Holothuria, 19, 25, 35, 549, 558, 576
Holothuroidea, 35, 544, 553, 556
Homarus, 477
Hyaleacea, 273, 275
Hyaleidce, 241
Hydra, 21, 22, 26, 28, 29, 34, 152, 154,
155. 179, 183
Hydractinia, 539
Hydrocoralla, 152, 181, 185
Hydroidea, 152
Hydromedusae, 152, 179, 182, 183, 184,
185, 186, 187
Hydrophilus, 374, 396, 400, 401, 402,
404, 408, 409
Hydrozoa, 14, 19, 26, 27, 67, 102, 152,
155. 165. 179, 1 80, 181, 182, 539
Ilymenoptera, 396, 401, 402, 412, 420,
421, 425
Ichneumon, 396
Inarticulata, 311, 316
Incrmi
Infusoria, 7, 8
Insecta, 5, 15, 18, 19, 25, 46, 395, 396,
4^5, 455. 45
Intoshia gigas, 136
Isidimc, 181
Ixxlyctia, 147
Isopoda, 109, 515, 519, 521, 523, 527
Julus Moneletei, 387, 388, 389
Kochlorine, 499
Lacertilia, 64
Lacinularia, 221, 223
socialis, 75
Lamellibranchiata, 23, 25, 37, 39, 98,
225, 241, 257, 258, 259, 269, 270, 271,
273, 274, 288
Lepadkue, 498
Lepas fascicularis, 224, 493, 494, 495
Lepidoptera, 79, 396, 402, 407, 408, 412,
413, 415, 417, 420, 421, 423, 415, 426.
455
Leptodora, 16, 51
Leptoplana, 74, 189, 192, 193
Lernseopoda, 490, 492, 520
Leucifer, 507
Libellulidae, 402, 403, 409, 420
Limax, 229, 232, 239, 278, 280
Limnadia, 79, 524
Limulus, 534
Lina, 402
Lingulidae, 311, 316
Lithobius, 393
Lobatse, 178
Loligo, 242, 243, 244, 247, 253
Loricata, 507, 514
Lota, 105
Loxosoma, 292, 294, 296, 306, 307
Lucernaria, 185
Lumbricus, 341, 368
,, agricola, 321
,, rubellus, 324
trapczoides, 13, 321, 323
Lumbriconereis, 334
Lymnseus, 82, 98, 226, 227, 232, 238,
281
Lycosa, 436
Macrostomum, 32, 34
Macrura, 476
Malacobdella, 203
Malacodermata, 171
Malacostraca, 66, 459, 462, 465, 504,
505, 506, 511, 523
Mammalia, 56, 58, 59, 64, 66
Marsipobranchii, 59
Mastigopus, 473, 474
Medusoe, 27, 154, 157, i.^s, 16;, 164, 176,
178, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186
Megalopa, 482, 483, 484
Melolontha, 402, 421
Membranipora, 297, 303
Mermithido;, 371
Mesotrochoe, 330
Metachoetoe, 335
Metazoa, Q, 10, 12,67, 86, 125, 135, 14^,
ISO, 179
Millepora, 152, 181
Mitraria, 308, 337
Molgula, 102
Mollusca, 5, 18, 24, 66, 74, 84, 99, 225,
247, 248, 251, 256, 257, 262, 271, 285,
288, 307, 325, 333, 352, 576, 582
INDEX.
589
Monomya, -225
Monostomum capitellum, 205
,, mutabile, 205, 206
Monotrochse, 330
Montacuta, 260, 262
Musca, 396
Muscidae, 420, 423
Myobia, 444, 445
Myrianida, 343
Myriapoda, 22, iir, 113, 387, 394, 395,
4i.3 458
Mynothela, 155
Myrmeleon, 396
Mysis, 120, 469, 472, 486, 504, 509, 525
Mytilus, 260, 261
Myxinoids, 5
Myxispongise, 145
Myzostomea, 369
Nais, 342
Nassa mutabilis, 101, 226, 227, 233, 262,
278, 279, 288, 3^4
Natantia, 487
Natica, 237, 283
Nauplius, 5, 16, 460, 461, 463, 465, 466,
469, 473, 490, 491, 493, 497
Nautilus pompilius, 253, 276
Nebaliadse, 459, 465, 486
Nematoda, 45, 46, 50, 66, 74, 75, 371,
373. 374> 376
Nematogens, 131
Nematoidea, 18, 84, 94, 371, 374
Nematus ventricosus, 13, 427
Nemertea, 94, 189, 196, 202, 204
Nemertines, 30, 31, 33, 93, 136, 195,
202, 328, 333, 424
Nephelis, 82, 346, 349, 350, 351, 352,
354
Nereis, 343
,, diversicolor, 319
,, Dumerilii, 343
Neritina, 229, 237
Neuroptera, 396, 401, 420, 421
Neuroterus ventricularis, 428
Notonecta, 395
Nototrochse, 330, 353
Nudibranchiata, 229, 241
Ocellata, 184
Octocoralla, 152, 179
Octopus, 248
Odontophora, 225, 257, 271
Odontosyllis, 333
Oedogonium, 1 1
Oligochseta, 42, 319, 321, 325, 330, 338,
346, 352
Olynthus, 144
Oniscus murarius, 107, 108, 109, 120,
516, 520, 528
Opercula, 31
Ophiothryx, 36, 549
Ophidia, 64
Ophiuroidea, 136, 544, 553, 562, 565,
576
Ophryotrochoe puerilis, 333
Opisthobranchiata, 225, 232, 237
Ornithodelphia, 109
Orthonectidae, 136
Orthoptera, 395, 414, 420, 421, 425, 426
Ostracoda, 459, 500, 510
Ostrea, 259, 260, 262
Oxyuridse, 46, 373, 374
Oxyurus ambigua, 374
,, vermicularis, 375
PcEcilopoda, 534
Paguridse, 477
Pakemon, no
Palaemonetes, 476
Pakemoninre, 476, 511, 512
Palinurus, 478, 480
Paludina, 66, 227, 229, 235, 270, 278,
280
,, costata, 229
,, vivipara, 226
Pandorina, n
Parasita, 489
Pedalion, 221
Pedicellina, 98, 292, 296, 299, 307
Pelagia, 167, 185
Penseinse, 476
Penaeus, no, 113, 465, 469, 473, 474,
504, 518
Pennatulidae, 181
Pentacrinus, 5
Pentastomida, 539, 540
Pentastomum denticulatum, 540, 54!
tsenoicles, 539, 540, 541
Percidae, 64
PerennichaetcE, 335
Peripatus, 5, 386, 411, 412, 413, 542
Petromyzon, 61, 63, 64, 74, 83
Phalangella, 304
Phalangidse, 436
Phallusia, 83
Phascolosoma, 44, 355, 356, 361
Pholcus, 436, 442
Phoronis, 315, 355, 363, 364
Phoxinus laevis, 378
Phryganea, 396, 401, 409
Phylactokemata, 292, 294, 297, 305, 306
Phyllobothrium, 218
Phyllodoce, 329
Phyllopoda, 16, 459, 461, 505
Phyllosoma, 479, 480
Phylloxera, 429
Physophoridoe, 152, 16-2, 164
Pilidium, type of, 196, 200, 201, 202, 704,
424
Pisces, 5
Piscicola, 20, 43
Pisidium, 259, 260, 262, 264
Planaria Neapolitana, 193
Planorbis, 273, 281, 325
590
INDEX.
Platyelminthes, 18, 20, 24, 221, 424
Platygaster, 396, 416, 417, 418, 419
Pleurohrachia, 176, 177, 238
Pneumodermon, 242, 576
Podostomata, 292
Poduridce, 401, 405
Polychaeta, 42, 319, 325, 338
Polydesmus complanatus, 387, 388
Polygordius, 319, 325, 326, 327, 328,
332, 357 386
Polynoe, 42, 331
Polyophthalmus, 328
Polyplacophora, 225, 254, 270, 271, 288
Polystomeas, 189, 205, 209
Polystomum, 209
,, integerrimum, 30, 31, 210
Polytrochne, 330, 333
Polyxenia leucostyla, 158
Polyxenus lagurus, 387
Polyzoa, 98, 303, 305, 306. 30 8 > 3 ! 5. 3^
Porcellana, 483
Porifera, 102, 138, 148
Porthesia, 115
Prorhyncus, 32, 34
Prosobranchiata, 225, 237, 281
Prostomum, 32, 34, 38, 196
Protozoa, 8, 9, lo, n, 86, 135, 149
Protozoaea, 471
Protula Dysteri, 342
Pseudoneuroptera, 426
Pseudoscorpionid;e, 434
Psolinus, 556, 574
Psychidae, 16
Pteraster miliaris, 561
Pteropoda, 98, 225, 226, 229, 230, 232,
240, 258, 270, 272, 279, 283
Pterotrachcea, 71, 229, 240
Pulex, 396
Pulmonata, 39, 225, 232, 238, 281, 282
I'urpura lapillus, 78
Pycnogonida, 538
Pyrosoma, 13, 53, 109
Rana temporaria, 210
Kaspailia, 147
Rcdia, 206, 207, 208, 209
Reniera, 147
Kcptilia, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 109
Rhabditis dolichura, 82
Khabdoccela, 32, 33, iSy, ic/>
Khnbdopleura, 294, 306
Rhi/occphala, 459, 493, 499, 500
Klii/.ocrinus, 5
klii/.ostoma, 167
Rhomlx>gens, 131, 134
Khynchoncllidaj, 311
Rhyncdbddlkbe, 346
Rotifera, 5, 12, 18, 75, 76, 77, 79, 83,
102, 221, 308, 325
Saccocirrus, 328, 329, 332, 340
Sacculina, 500
Sagartia, 169, 171
Sagitta, 33, 74, 94, 130, 366, 367, 368
Salmonidrc, 64
Salpa, 102
Sarcia, 164
Seaphopoda, 225, 257, 270, 271
Schistocephalus, 2 1 1
Schizopoda, 459, 465, 466
Scolopendra, 392
Scorpio, 120, 43 r, 44 6, 454, 455, 457
Scrobicularia, 38, 39
Scyllarus, 477
Scyphistoma, 179, 185, 186
Sedentaria, 319, 336
Sepia, 20, 40, 41, 242, 243, 244, 245,
247> 2 49> 253
Sergestidce, 473, 507
Serpula, 319. 325, 331
Sertularia, 152, 183, 184
Silicispongia.', 147
Simulia, 401, 415
Siphonophora, 13, 77, 152, 159, 163,
165, 179, 1 80, 182, 185
Sipunculida, 24
Sipunculus, 44
Sirex, 396
Sitaris, 42!
Spathegaster baccarum, 428
Spjo, 4 2 > 33 2 > 333
Spiroptera obtusa, 376
Spirorbis Pagenstecheri, 319
spirillum, 319, 336
Spirula, 252
Spirulirostra, 252
Spongelia, 147
Spongida, 138, 144, 148, 149
Spongilla, 147, 150
Sporocysts, 206, 207, 208, 209
Squilla, 66, 504, 507
Stephanomia pictum, 162, 165
Stomalopoda, 459, 465, 4X4
Stomodoeum, 413
Strongylidrc, 371, 375
Strongylocentrus, 567
Strongysoloma Guerinii, 3<S7, 388, 390
Stylasterictae, 152, r8r
Styliolidic, 24!
Stylochopsis ponticus, 193
Sycandra, 93, 138, 144, 145, 147, 150
,, raphanus, i^S, 174
Syllis, 343
vivipara, 319
Sympodium coralloidcs, 168
Taeniatoe, 178
Tardigrada, 541
Teoenaria, 436
'I'clcDsti'i, IS, 25, 5^), 59, C>4. 107, io<)
I'r].)troch;i.-, 330
Tcndra, 300
'I '(.'nth reds, 396
Tcrcbdla concliilcga, 332, 333, 337
INDEX.
591
Terebella nebulosa, 332, 333
Terebratula, 311, 315
Terebratulina, 311, 315, 316
,, septentrionalis, 315, 316
Teredo, larva of, 262
Tergipes, 232, 238
,, Edwardsii, 238
,, lacinulatus, 238
Tethya, 147
Tetrabranchiata, 225
Tetranychus telarius, 116
Tetrastemma varicolor, 203
Thalassema, 44, 355, 357
Thalassinidae, 477
Thallophytes, n
Thecidium, 311, 312, 315, 316
Thecosomata, 225
Thoracica, 459, 493, 499, 500
Thysanozoon, 192, 193
Thysanura, 395, 408, 425, 458
Tichogonia, 39
Tipula, 396
Tipulidae, 420, 421
Toenia cosnurus, 214
,, echinococcus, 215, 217
solium, 217
Tornaria, 579, 581
Toxopneustes, 22, 24, 35, 85, 88, 89
Tracheata, 385, 426, 432, 44 8, 455, 457,
458, 538, 54i
Trachymedusae, 152, 156, 179, 185
Trematodes, 14, 16, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,
46, 94, 189, 205, 208, 210, 212, 216
Trichina, 377, 378
Trichinidse, 371
Trichocepha'lus affinis, 374
Trochosphsera aequatorialis, 221
TubiporidcE, 182
Tubularia, 34, 38, 152, 154, 158
Tubularidse, 29, 179, 183
Tunicata, 5, I 4 , 53
Turbellaria, 5, 30, 31, 33, 74, 98, 102,
136, 179, 189, 193, 333
Tyroglyphus, 445
Unio, 37, 38, 39, 100, 101, 259, 260,265,
266, 445
Vaginulus luzonicus, 229
Vermes, 5, 74, 102, 223, 324, 352
Verongia rosea, 146
Vertebrata, 14, 18, 19, 24, 59, 64, 83,
272, 349. 397' 4^6
Vesiculata, 184
Vitrina, 229
Vorticella, 8, 9, 10
Wilsia, 164
Xiphoteuthis, 252
Zoantharia, 152, 168, 169
Zooea, 465, 468, 471, 474, 482, 483, 484,
486, 504
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
THE OVUM.
General Works.
(1) } Ed. van Beneden. "Recherches sur la composition et la signification de
,A T m ' cour ' d ' l Acad " r y- des Sci <<* de Belgique, Vol. xxxiv. 1870.
/ '%, R- Leuckart. Artikel "Zeugung," R. WagMsfs Handworterbtek d. Physio
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(3 ^ Fr ' L/ydig- , " Die Dotterfurchung nach ihrem Vorkommen in d. Thierwelt
u. n. ihrer Bedeutung." Oken. Isis, 1848.
(4) Ludwig. "Ueber d. Eibildung im Thierreiche." Arbeiten a. d. zool.-zoot
Institiit. Wiirzburg, Vol. I. rSy^.
(5) AllenThomson. Article ' ' Ovum " in Todd's Cyclopedia of Anatomy and
Physiology, Vol. v. 1859.
(6) W. Waldeyer. Eierstock u. EL Leipzig, 1870.
THE OVUM OF CCELENTERATA.
(7) Ed. van Beneden. "De la distinction originelle d. testicule et de
1'ovaire." Bull. Acad. roy. Belgique, f serie, Vol. xxxvu. 1874.
(8) R. and O. Hertwig. Der Organismus d. Medusen. Jena, 1878.
(9) N. Kleinenberg. Hydra. Leipzig, 1872.
THE OVUM OF PLATYELMINTHES.
(10) P. Hallez. Contributions a fHistoire naturelle des Turbellarih. Lille,
1879.
(11) S. MaxSchultze. Beitrdge z. Naturgeschichte d. Turbellarien. Greifswald, 1851.
(12) C. Th. von Siebold. ' ' Helminthologische Beitrage." Miiller's Archiv,
1836.
(13) C. Th. von Siebold. Lehrbuch d. vergleich. Anat.d. wirbellosen Thiere.
Berlin, 1848.
(14) E. Zeller. " Weitere Beitrage z. Kenntniss d. Polystomen." Zeit. f.
wiss. ZooL, Bd. xxvu. 1876.
[Vide also Ed. van Beneden (No. i).]
THE OVUM OF ECHINODERMATA.
(15) C. K. Hoffmann. " Zur Anatomic d. Echiniden u. Spatangen." Niederllindisch. Archiv f. Zoologie, Vol. I. 1871.
(16) C. K. Hoffmann. " Zur Anatomic d. Asteriden. Niederldndisch. Ardiiv
/. Zoologie, Vol. n. 1873.
(17) H. Ludwig. "Beitrage zur Anat. d. Crinoiden." Zeil. f. wiss. Zool.,
Vol. xxvin. 1877.
(18) Job. Miiller. "Ueber d. Canal in d. Eiern d. Holothurien." Miiller's
Archiv, 1854.
(19) C. Semper. Holothurien. Leipzig, 1868.
(20) E. Selenka. Befruchtung d. Eies v. Toxopneustes variegalits, 1878.
[Vide also Ludwig (No. 4), etc.]
1 A very complete and critical account of the literature is contained in this paper.
B. II. a
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
THE OVUM OF MOLLUSC A.
Lamellibranchiata.
(21) II. Lacaze-Duthiers. " Organes genitaux des Acephales Lamellibranches." Ann. Set. Nat., 4 mc serie, Vol. 1 1. 1854.
(22) W. F lemming. " Ueb. d. er. Entwick. am Ei d. Teichmuschel." Archiv
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(23) W. Flamming. "Studien lib. d. Entwick. d. Najaden." Sitz. d. t: Akad.
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(24) Th. von Hassling. " Einige Bemerkungen, etc." Zeit. f. wiss. ZooL,
Bd. v. 1854.
(25) H. von Jhering. "Zur Kenntniss d. Eibildung bei d. Muscheln." Zeit.
f. wiss. ZooL, Vol. xxix. 1877.
(26) Keber. De Introihi Spermatozoorum in ovula, etc. Konigsberg, 1853.
(27) Fr. Leydig. " Kleinere Mittheilung etc." Miiller's Archiv, 1854.
Gasteropoda.
(28) C. Semper. "Beitrage z. Anat. u. Physiol. d. Pulmonaten." Zeit. f.
wiss. ZooL, Vol. vni. 1857.
(29) H. Eisig. " Beitrage z. Anat. u. Entwick. d. Pulmonaten." Zeit.f. wiss.
ZooL, Vol. xix. 1869.
(30) Fr. Leydig. " Ueb. Paludina vivipara." Zeit.f. wiss. ZooL, Vol. u. 1850.
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(31) Al. Kolliker. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Cephalopoden. Zurich, 1844.
(32) E. R. Lankester. "On the Developmental History of the Mollusca."
Phil. Trans., 1875.
THE OVUM OF THE CHJETOPODA.
(33) Ed. Claparede. " Les Annelides Chaetopodes d. Golfe de Naples."
Mem.d. 1. Soctit. phys. eld 1 hist. nat. de Geneve, 1868 9 and 1870.
(34) E. Ehlers. Die Borstcnwiirmer nach system, und anat. Untersuchungen.
Leipzig, 186468.
(35) E. Selenka. " Das Gefass-System d. Aphrodite aculeata." Niedcrldndisches Archiv f. ZooL, Vol. n. 1873.
THE OVUM OF DISCOPHORA.
(36) H. Dorner. " Ueber d. Gattung Branchiobdella." Zeit.f. wiss. ZooL,
Vol. xv. 1865.
(37) R. Leuckart. Die menschlichen Parasiten.
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ZooL, Vol. I. 1849.
(30) C. O. Whitman. "Embryology of Clepsine." Quart. 7. of Alter.
Sci., Vol. xvin. 1878.
THE OVUM OF GEPHYREA.
(40) Keferstein u. Ehlers. Zoologische Beitrage. Leipzig, 1861.
(41) C. Semper. Holothurien, 1868, p. 145.
(42) J. W. Spengel. " Beitrage z. Kenntniss d Gephyreen." Beitriigc a. d.
zool. Stationz. Neapcl, Vol. I. 1879.
(43) J. W. Spengel. " Anatomische Mittheilungen lib. Gephyreen." Tagcbl.
d. Naturf. Vers. Munchen, 1877.
THE OVUM OF NEMATODA.
(44) Ed. Claparede. De la formation ct de la fccondaiiou dcs- n-uf.\ chcz Ics
I'crs Ntmatodcs. (ienevc, 1859.
(J- r )) K. I. (.-nek art. Hif nirnsf/i lichen Paras! ten.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. jjj
d.Nematoden."
^' Nels0n * " On the reproduction of Ascaris mystax, etc." Phil.
(48) A.Schneider. Monographie d.' Nematoden. Berlin, 1866.
THE OVUM OF INSECT A.
Sm ' T? r u n d V Ueb ,?'* a5 Ei u ' seine Bildungsstdtte. Leipzig, 1 878.
(50) T. H. Huxley. " On the agamic reproduction and morphology of Aphis.
Ltnnean Trans., Vol. xxn. 1858. Vide also Manual of Invertebrate* Animals, 1877.
1 * ^ ^ ^ *
(51)
bei den *,++,*
/-a\ ? r ',k ey< MS' Der Eierstock u. die Samentasche d. Insecten. Dresden, 1866.
tSl ~ ub . bock - " The ov a and pseudova of Insects." Phil. Trans. 1850.
(o4) Stem. Die weiblichen Geschlcchtsorgane d. Ktifer. Berlin, 1847.
[Conf. also Glaus, Landois, Weismann, Ludwig (No. 4).]
THE OVUM OF ARANEINA.
(55) Victor Cams. " Ueb. d. Entwick. d. Spinneneies." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. t
Vol. ii. 1850.
(56) v. Wittich. "Die Entstehung d. Arachnideneies im Eierstock, etc."
Miiller s Archiv, 1849.
[Conf. Leydig, Balbiani, Ludwig (No. 4), etc.]
THE OVUM OF CRUSTACEA.
(57) Aug. Weismann. "Ueb. d. Bildung von Wintereiern bei Leptodora
hyalina." Zeit.f. wiss.ZooL, Vol. xxvn. 1876.
[For general literature vide Ludwig, No. 4, and Ed. van Beneden, No. i.]
THE OVUM OF CHORD ATA.
Urochorda (Tunicata).
(58) A. Kowalevsky. " Weitere Studien ii. d. Entwicklung d. Ascidien."
Archiv f. micr. Anat., Vol. VII. 1871.
(59) A. Kowalevsky. "Ueber Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Pyrosoma."
Arch.f. micr. Anat., Vol. xi. 1875.
(60) Kupffer. " Stammverwandtschaft zwischen Ascidien u. Wirbelthieren."
Arch. f. micr. Anat., Vol. VI. 1870.
(61) Giard. " Etudes critiques des travaux, etc. " Archives Zool. experiment.,
Vol. I. 1872.
(62) C. Semper. " Ueber die Entstehung, etc." Arbeiten a. d. zool.-zoot.
Institut Wiirzburg, Bd. II. 1875.
Cephalochorda.
(63) P. Langerhans. "Z. Anatomic d. Amphioxus lanceolatus," pp. 330 3.
Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. xil. 1876.
Craniata.
(64) F. M. Balfour. "On the structure and development of the Vertebrate
Ovary." Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. xvm. 1878.
(65) Th. Eimer. " Untersuchungen ii. d. Eier d. Reptilien." Arckiv f.
mikr. Anat., Vol. vni. 1872.
(66) Pfliiger. Die Eierstbcke d. Sdugethiere u. d. Menschen. Leipzig, 1863.
(67) J. Foulis. " On the development of the ova and structure of the ovary in
Man and other Mammalia." Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. XVI. 1876.
(68) J. Foulis. " The development of the ova, etc." Journal of Anat. and
Phys., Vol. xni. 18789.
a 2
IV BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(69) C. Gegenbaur. " Ueb. d. Bau u. d. Entwicklung d. Wirbelthiereier mit
partieller Dottertheilung." Muller's Archiv, 1861.
(70) Alex. Gotte. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Unke. Leipzig, 1875.
(71) W. His. Untersuchungen iib. d. Ei u. d. Eientwicklung bei Knochenfischcn.
Leipzig, 1873.
(72) A. Kolliker. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Menschen u. hoherer Thicre,
Leipzig, 1878.
(73) J. Miiller. " Ueber d. zahlreichen Porenkanale in d. Eikapsel d. Fische."
Muller's Archiv, 1854.
(74) W. H. Ransom. " On the impregnation of the ovum in the Stickleback."
Pro. K. Society, Vol. vn. 1854.
(75) C. Semper. " Das Urogenitalsystem d. Plagiostomen etc." Arbeiten a.
d. zool.-zoot. Instit. Wiirzburg, Vol. II. 1875.
[Cf. Ludwig, No. 4, Ed. van Beneden, No. i, Waldeyer, No. 6, etc.]
MATURATION AND IMPREGNATION OF THE OVUM.
(76) Auerbach. Organologische Studien, Heft 2. Breslau, 1874.
(77) Bambeke. " Recherches s. Embryologie des Batraciens." Bull, de
royale de Belgique, 2me ser., T. LXI. 1876.
(78) E. van Beneden. " La Maturation de 1'CEufdes Mammiferes." Bull,
de fAcad. royale de Belgique, 2me ser., T. XL. No. 12, 1875.
(79) Id em. " Contributions a 1'Histoire de la Vesicule Germinative, &c." Bull,
de fAcad. royale de Belgique, sme ser., T. XLI. No. i, 1876.
(80) O. Biitschli. Eizelle, Zelltheilung, und Conjugation der Infusorien.
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(81) F. M. Balfour. " On the Phenomena accompanying the Maturation and
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(82) Calberla. " Befruchtungsvorgang beim Ei von Petromyzon Planeri.*'
Zeit. f. iviss. Zool., Vol. xxx.
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Sitz. d. k. Akad. Wiett, B. LXXI. 1875.
(84) H. Fol. "Die erste Entwickelung des Geryonideneies. " Jenaische
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(85) Idem. " Sur le Developpement des Pte"ropodes." Archives de Zoologic
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Morphologisches Jahrbuch, Vol. I. 1876.
(90) Idem. Ibid. Morphologisches Jahrlntch, Vol. ill. Heft i, 1877.
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(93) N. Kleinenberg. Hydra. Leipzig, 1872.
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Neunaugen. Konigsberg, 1878.
(95) J. Oellacher. "Beitrage zur Geschichte des Keimblaschens im Wirbelthicreie." Archiv f. micr. Anat., Bd. VIII. 1872.
(%) W. Salensky. " Befruchtung u. P^urchung d. Sterlets-Eies." Zoologischer Anzeigcr, No. 11, 1878.
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1878.
fl Strasburger. Ucber Zclllnldu n- n. /.clltln ////;/;. Ji-na, 1876.
Idem. Utber Befrvehtung u. Zdlthdhing. Jena, 1X78.
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Science, Vol. xvm. 1878.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
DIVISION OF NUCLEUS.
(101) W. Flamming. "Beitrage z. Kenntniss d. Xclle u. ihrcr Lcbun.scrschcinungen." Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. xvi. 1878.
(102) E. Klein. "Observations on the glandular epithelium and division of
nuclei in the skin of the Newt." Quart, y. of Micr. Science, VoL XIX. 1879.
(103) Peremeschko. "Ueber d. Theilung d. thierischen Zellen." Archiv f.
mikr. Anat., Vol. xvi. 1878.
(104) E. Strasburger. "Ueber ein z. Demonstration geeignetes ZclltheilungsObject." Sitz. d. Jenaischen Gesell.f. Med. u. Naturwiss., July 18, 1879.
SEGMENTATION.
(105) E. Haeckel. "Die Gastrula u. Eifurchung." Jenaische Ztitschrift, Vol.
ix. 1877.
(106) Fr. Leydig. "Die Dotterfurchung nach ihrem Vorkommen in d. Thierwelt u. n. ihrer Bedeutung." Oken. /sis, 1848.
GENERAL WORKS ON EMBRYOLOGY.
(107) K. E. von Baer. " Ueb. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Thiere." Konigsberg, 182837.
(108) C. Glaus. Grundziige d. Zoologie. Marburg und Leipzig, 1879.
(109) C. Gegenbaur. Grundriss d. vergleichenden Anatomie. Leipzig, 1878.
Vide also Translation. Elements of Comparative Anatomy. Macmillan and Co.,
1878.
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animals, and confirming their affinity with the Crustacea." Phil. Trans. 1835. P art
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Ostracoda.
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PCECILOPODA.
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polyphemus)." Jcnaische Zeitschrift, Vol. VI., 1871.
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Boston Soc. Nat. History, Vol. II., 1872.
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a. d. zoologischen Station zu Ncapel, Bd. I. 1878.
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Larvenformen. 1 ' Arbeiten a. d. zool.-zoot. Instit. IViiizburg, Vol. I. 1874.
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Linguatules. Ann. d. Scien. Nat., 3 Ser., Vol. XI.
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Tardigraden." Zeit.f. iviss. Zool., Bd. ill. 1851.
ECHINODERMATA.
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(543) Alex. Agassiz. " North American Starfishes." Memoirs of the Museum
of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. v., No. i. 1877
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(544) J. Barrois. " Embryogenie de 1'Asteriscus verruculatus " Journal de
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(545) A. Baur. Beitrdge zur Naturgeschichte d. Synapta digitata. Dresden,
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(548) P. H. Carpenter. " On the oral and apical systems of the Echinoderms."
Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. xvni. and xix. 1878 9.
(549) A. Gotte. " Vergleichende Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Comatula mediterranea." Arch.fiir micr. Anat., Vol. xn. 1876.
(550) R. Greeff. "Ueber die Entwicklung des Asteracanthion rubens vom Ei
bis zur Bipinnaria u. Brachiolaria." Schriftcn d. Gesellschaft zur Beforderung d. gesarnmlen Natnrwissenschaften zu Marburg, Bd. XII. 1876.
(551) R. Greeff. "Ueber den Bau u. die Entwicklung d. Echinodermen." Sitz.
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(552) T. H. Huxley. "Report upon the researches of Mliller into the anat.
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(553) Koren and Danielssen. "Observations sur la Bipinnaria asterigera."
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(."..",.",) A. Kowalevsky. "Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Holothurien." Aft m. Ac.
Petersburg, Ser. VII., Tom. XI., No. 6.
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A. Krohn. "Beobacht. lib. Echinodermenlarven." Miiller's Archiv,
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1 The dates in this reference are the dates of publication.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. xxiil
(563). E. Selenka. "Zur Entwicklung d. Holothurien." Ztit. f. wiss. Zoo/.,
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ENTEROPNEUSTA.
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CAMBRIDGE : PRINTKD BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. & SON, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRtSS.
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Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. II. A Treatise on Comparative Embryology 1. (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

The Ovum and Spermatozoon | The Maturation and Impregnation of the Ovum | The Segmentation of the Ovum | Dicyemae and Orthonectidae Dicyema | Porifera | Coelenterata | Platyhelminthes | Rotifera | Mollusca | Polyzoa | Brachiopoda | Chilopoda | Discophora | Gephyrea | Chaetognatha | Nemathelminthes | Tracheata | Crustacea | Pcecilopoda | Echinodermata | Enteropneusta | Bibliography
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This historic 1885 book edited by Foster and Sedgwick is the second of Francis Balfour's collected works published in four editions. Francis (Frank) Maitland Balfour, known as F. M. Balfour, (November 10, 1851 - July 19, 1882) was a British biologist who co-authored embryology textbooks.



The Works of Francis Balfour Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. I. Separate Memoirs (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. II. A Treatise on Comparative Embryology 1. (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. III. A Treatise on Comparative Embryology 2 (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

Foster M. and Sedgwick A. The Works of Francis Balfour Vol. IV. Plates (1885) MacMillan and Co., London.

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Vol II. A Treatise on Comparative Embryology (1885)

CHAPTER XXI. ENTEROPNEUSTA

THE larva of Balanoglossus is known as Tornaria. The prselarval development is not known, and the youngest stage (fig. 272) so far described (Gotte, No. 569) has many remarkable points of resemblance to a young Bipinnaria.

A mouth (m\ situated on the ventral surface, leads into an alimentary canal with a terminal anus (an). A prae-oral lobe is well developed, as in Bipinnaria, but there is no post-anal lobe. The bands of cilia have the same general form as in Bipinnaria. There is a prae-oral band, and a longitudinal post-oral band ; and the two bands nearly meet at the apex of the praeoral lobe (fig. 273). A contractile band



an

FIG. 272. EARLY STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TORNARIA. (After Gotte.)

W. so-called watervascular vesicle developing as an outgrowth of the mesenteron; m.

passes from the oesophagus to the apex of mouth; an. anus, the prae-oral lobe, and a diverticulum (fig. 272, W) from the alimentary tract, directed towards the dorsal surface, is present. Contractile cells are scattered in the space between the body wall and the gut.

In the following stage (fig. 274 A) a conspicuous transverse post-oral band of a single row of long cilia is formed, and the original bands become more sinuous. The alimentary diverticulum of the last stage becomes an independent vesicle opening by a pore on the dorsal surface (fig. 274 A, w). The contractile cord is now inserted on this vesicle. Where this cord joins the apex of the prae-oral lobe between the two anterior bands of cilia a thickening of the epiblast (? a ganglion) has become

372


580


ENTEROPNEUSTA.



C.C.


an.

FIG. 273. YOUNG TORNARIA.

(After Miiller.)

m. mouth ; an. anus ; w. watervascular vesicle ; oc. eye-spots ; c.c. contractile cord.


established, and on it are placed two eye-spots (fig. 273 oc, and fig. 274 A). A deep bay is formed on the ventral surface of the larva.

As the larva grows older the original bands of cilia become more sinuous, and a second transverse band with small cilia is formed (in the Mediterranean larva) between the previous transverse band and the anus. The water-vascular vesicle is prolonged into two spurs, one on each side of the stomach. A pulsating vesicle or heart is also formed (fig. 274 B, ht), and arises, according to Spcngel (No. 572), as a thickening of the epidermis. It subsequently becomes enveloped in a pericardium, and is placed in a depression in the water-vascular vesicle. Two pairs of diverticula, one behind the other, grow out (Agassiz, No. 568) from the gastric region of the alimentary canal. The two parts of each pair form flattened compartments, which together give rise to a complete investment of the adjoining parts of the alimentary tract. The two parts of each coalesce, and thus form



FlG. 274. TWO STAGKS IN THK 1 >KY KI.< >I'M KN I

OF TORNARIA. (After Metschnikoff.)

The black lines represent the ciliated hands. m. mouth; an. anus; br. branchial cleft; ///.

heart ; c. Ixxly cavity between splanchnic and

somatic mesoblast layers; 7.-'. watcr-vascvilar vesicle:

v. circular blood-vessel.


ENTEROPNEUSTA.


5 8l


a double-walled cylinder round the alimentary tract, but their cavities remain separated by a dorsal and ventral septum.

Eventually (Spengel) the cavity of the anterior cylinder forms the section of the body cavity in the collar of the adult, and that of the posterior (fig. 274 B, c) the remainder of the body cavity. The septa, separating the two halves of each, remain as dorsal and ventral mesenteries.

The conversion of Tornaria (fig. 274 A) into Balanoglossus (fig. 274 B) is effected in a few hours, and consists mainly in certain changes in configuration, and in the disappearance of the longitudinal ciliated band.

The body of the young Balanoglossus (fig. 274 B) is divided into three regions (i) the proboscidian region, (2) the collar, (3) the trunk proper. The proboscidian region is formed by the elongation of the prae-oral lobe into an oval body with the eyespots at its extremity, and provided with strong longitudinal muscles. The heart (hi) and water-vascular vesicle lie near its base, but the contractile cord connected with the latter is no longer present. The mouth is placed on the ventral side at the base of the prae-oral lobe, and immediately behind it is the collar. The remainder of the body is more or less conical, and is still girt with the larval transverse ciliated band, which lies in the middle of the gastric region in the Mediterranean species, but in the cesophageal region in the American one.

The whole of the body, including the proboscis, becomes richly ciliated.

One of the most important cha- S us WITH FOUR BRANCHIAL racters of the adult Balanoglossus CLEFTS * (After Alex. Agossiz.)

r . m. mouth ; an. anus ; br. bran consists in the presence of respira- chial cleft . hL heart ; IV. watertory structures comparable with the vascular vesicle, vertebrate gill slits. The earliest traces of these structures are distinctly formed while the larva is still in the Tornaria



FIG. 275. LATE STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BALANOGLOS


582 I'N I'KUOl'NKUSTA.


condition, as one pair of pouches from the oesophagus in the Mediterranean species, and four pairs in the American one (fig. 275, br).

In the Mediterranean Tornaria the two pouches meet the skin dorsally, and in the young Balanoglossus (fig. 274 B, br) acquire an external opening on the dorsal side. In the American species the first four pouches are without external openings till additional pouches have been formed. Fresh gill pouches continue to be formed both in the American and probably the Mediterranean species, but the conversion of the simple pouches into the complicated gill structure of the adult has only been studied by Agassiz (No. 568) in the American species. It would seem in the first place that the structure of the adult gill slits is much less complicated in the American than in the Mediterranean species. The simple pouches of the young become fairly numerous. They are at first circular ; they then become elliptical, and the dorsal wall of each slit becomes folded ; subsequently fresh folds are formed which greatly increase the complexity of the gills. The external openings are not acquired till comparatively late.

Our knowledge of the development of the internal organs, mainly derived from Agassiz, is still imperfect. The vascular system appears early in the form of a dorsal and a ventral vessel, both pointed, and apparently ending blindly at their two extremities. The two spurs of the water-vascular vesicle, which in the Tornaria stage rested upon the stomach, now grow round the oesophagus, and form an anterior vascular ring, which Agassiz describes as becoming connected with the heart, though it still communicates with the exterior by the dorsal pore and seems to become connected with the remainder of the vascular system. According to Spengel (No. 572) the dorsal vessel becomes connected with the heart, which remains through life in the proboscis : the cavity of the water-vascular vesicle forms the cavity of the proboscis in the adult, and its pore remains as a dorsal (not, as usually stated, ventral) pore leading to the exterior.

The eye-spots disappear.

Tornaria is a very interesting larval form, since it is intermediate in structure between the larva of an Echinoderm and trochosphere type common to the Mollusca, Chxtopoda, etc. The shape of the body especially the form of the ventral depression, the character of the longitudinal ciliated band, the structure and derivation of the water-vascular vesicle, and the


ENTEROPNEUSTA. 583


formation of the walls of the body cavity as gastric diverticula, are all characters which point to a connection with Echinodcrm larvae.

On the other hand the eye-spots at the end of the prae-oral lobe 1 , the contractile band passing from the oesophagus to the eye-spots (fig. 273), the two posterior bands of cilia, and the terminal anus are all trochosphere characters.

The persistence of the prae-oral lobe as the proboscis is interesting, as tending to shew that Balanoglossus is the surviving representative of a primitive group.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(567) A. Agassiz. "Tornaria." Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist.\u\. New York, 1866.

(568) A. Agassiz. "The History of Balanoglossus and Tornaria." Mem. Amer. Acad. of Arts and Stien., Vol. IX. 1873.

(569) A. Gotte. " Entwicklangsgeschichte d. Comatula Mediterranea." Archiv fur mikr. Anat., Bd. xii., 1876, p. 641.

(570) E. Metschnikoff. " Untersuchungen iib d. Metamorphose, etc. (Tornaria)." Zeit.fiir wiss. ZooL, Bd. xx. 1870.

(571) J. M tiller. " Ueb. d. Larven u. Metamor. d. Echinodermen." Berlin Akad., 1849 and 1850.

(572) J. W. Spengel. "Ban u. Entwicklung von Balanoglossus. Tagebl. d. Naturf. Vers. Miinchen, 1877.

1 It would be interesting to have further information about the fate of the thickening of epiblast in the vicinity of the eye-spots. The thickening should by rights be the supra-oesophageal ganglion, and it does not seem absolutely impossible that it may give rise to the dorso-median cord in the region of the collar, which constitutes, according to Spengel, the main ganglion of the adult.


INDEX.


Abdominalia, 459, 493, 499

Acanthocephala, 379

Acanthosoma, 473, 474, 475

Acarina, 444, 454

Accipenser, 102

Achaeta, 319

Achelia, 538

Achtheres percarum, 490

Acineta, 7, 8

Acraspeda, 152, 165, 167, 178, 179, 182,

185, 186

Actinia, 169, 171, 179 Actinophrys, 9

Actinotrocha, 315, 318, 363, 364 Actinozoa, 26, 102, 152, j66, 170, 171,

172, 176, 178, 179, 181, 182, 186 Actinula, 155 Aculeata, 421 ^Egineta flavescens, 158 yEginidae, 156, 158 ^Eginopsis Mediterranea, 158 /Equorea Mitrocoma, 182 Agalma, 163 Agelena, 436, 450 Agelena labyrinthica, 119, 438 Alciope, 74 Alcippidae, 499 Alcyonaria, 152 Alcyonidse, 167, 168 Alcyonidium mytili, 297, 300, 302 Alcyonium palmatum, 119, 148, 167, 182 Alima, 484, 486 Amoeba, 19, 20 Amphibia, 22, 54, 56, 59, 60, 63, 66, 74,

83, 102

Amphilina, 218

Amphioxus, 54, 56, 59, 61, 66, 93, 426 Amphipoda, 518 Amphiporus lactifloreus, 202 Amphistomum, 31

,, subclavatum, 205

Amphitrochae, 330 Amphiura squamata, 565


Anchorella, 108, 492, 520

Anelasma squalicola, 499

Anguillulidse, 371

Annelida, 14, 25, 98, 503, 525

Anodon, 37, 38, 39, 100, 107, 259, 260,

265, 266, 268 Anopla, 189, 202 Anura, 5

Antedon, 568, 573, 574 Aphides, 15, 16, 76, 79, 116, 428, 429 Aphrodite, 42

Apis, 402, 407, 408, 412, 413 Aplysia, 99, 226, 238, 252, 253 Aplysinidaa, 146 Apoda, 459, 493 Aptera, 395, 420 Apus, 1 6, 79, 460, 463 Arachnida, 22, 114, 119, 413, 4.51, 435,

444, 454, 455, 458, 537, 539 Arachnitis, 171 Araneina, 50, 51, 436 Arbacia, 567 Area, 38 Archigetes, 218 Archizosea gigas, 494 Arenicola, 42

Argiope, 311, 312, 315, 317 Argonauta, 247, 248 Argulus, 492 Armata, 355 Arthropoda, 12, 16, 18, 22, 75, 77,79, 83,

108, no, 221, 382, 383, 434, 448,503,

5 2 5> 534 54', 54 2 Articulata, 311, 313, 316, 317 Ascaridiae, 371 Ascaris nigrovenosa, 16, 82

,, lumbricoides, 375 Ascetta, 144 Ascidia canina, 53 Ascidians, 74, 102, 208, 426 Asellus aquaticus, 112,120, 516 Astacus, 66, 465, 477, 511, 512, 513,

525


586


INDKX.


Asteracanthion, 69, 70, 561

Asterias, 20, 68, 69, 71, 78, 80, 84, 549,

564 Asteroidea, 35, 36, 544, 549, 557, 563,

576 Astnea, 169

Astroides, 169

Atax Bonzi, 445

Atlanta, 231, 240

Atrochae, 330

Aurelia, 167

Auricularia, 553, 554, 562, 574

Autolytus cornutus, 319, 343

Aves, 56, 59, 61, 64, 107. 109

Axolotl, 1 6

Balanoglossus, 576, 579, 581

Balanus balanoides, 75, 493

Belemnites, 252, 253

Bipinnaria, 557, 563, 574, 576, 579

Blatta, 374, 395

Bojanus, organ of, 264, 282

Bonellia, 20, 43, 44, 98, 324, 355, 358,

359 Bothriocephalus salmonis, 211

,, proboscideus, 212

Brachiella, 492 Brachiolaria, 558, 564 Brachiopoda, 311, 317, 318 Brachyura, 466, 480, 483 Branchiobdella, 42, 43, 346 Branchiogasteropoda, 272 Branchiopoda, 79, 459, 523, 524 Branchipus, 463, 524 Branchiura, 459, 492 Branchionus urceolaris, 221 Braula, 396 Uuccinum, 237, 280 Bulimus citrinus, 229 Bunodes, 169, 171 Buthus, 431

Calcispongiae, 138, 148

Calopteryx, 402

Calycophoridce, 152, 159

Calyptoblastic Hydroids, 184, 185

Calyptraea, 223, 280

Campanularidse, 183, 184

Capitclla, 330, 332

Carabidae, 476

Carcinus Mcenas, 481, 483

Cardium, 260, 262

" pygmaeum, 262

Carinaria, 240

Caryophyllium, 168, 171 pea, 165, 167

Cecidomyia, 15, 79, 416, 417, 429

Cephalopoda, 20, 40, 41, 102, 108, 109, 135. "5. 240, 242, 244, 250, 252, 253, 270, 271, 272, 274, 279, 282, 287

Cephalothrix galatheae, 202

Ceratosponguc, 146


Cercariae, 207, 208, 209

Cerianthus, 168, 171

Cestodes, 14, 29, 31, 32, 33, 189, 210, 212, 218, 313, 425, 541

Chsetogaster, 342

Chaetopoda, 5, 18, 23, 41, 43, 44 , 54, 67, 209, 215, 270, 275, 307, 312, 317, 318, 319, 320, 326, 334, 33<S, 342, 346, 349, 350, 351, 364. 369. 33, 36, 408, 448, 457, 458, 521, 576,582

ChiXitopteridte, 333

Cha^tosomoidea, 371

Chelifer, 434, 436, 442, 446, 454

Chermes, 15, 429

Chilognatha, 113, 387, 389, 391, 393,

395

Chilopoda, 387, 392, 394 Chilostomata, 292, 297, 298, 304, 305 Chironomus, 15, 378, 401, 402, 415, 416,

429

Chiton, 254, 256, 257, 273 Chordata, 5 Chrysaora, 165 Chthonius, 436 Cicada, 395

Cirripedia, 459, 492, 496,503, 509, 520 Cladocera, 459, 464, 519 Clausilia, 239 Clavella, 520 Clavularia crassa, 167 Cleodora, 241 Clepsine, 73, 346, 347, 349, 351, 352,

353, 354 Clio, 242, 278 Clubione, 436 Clupeidae, 64 Cobitis barbatula, 378 Coccida;, 429 Coccus, 50 Ccelebogyne, 79 Coelenterata, 3, 5, 13, 18, 26, 27, 2S, 35,

74, 93, 94, 126, 148, 170, 178,179, 1 80,

181, 191, 342

Ccenurus cerebralis, 213, 214 Coleochaete, 1 1

Coleoptera, 396, 402, 409, 412, 420, 421, ^5

Collembola, 395, 426 Comatula, 5, 552, 553 Condracanthus, ill, 120, 520 Conochilus volvox, 22 1 Convoluta, 32 Copepoda, 109, 120, 459, 460, 487, 489,

493, 496, 503, 509, 519 Corallium rubrum, 168, 182 Corethra, 422, 423, 424 Crangoninoe, 476 Crnniiuhv, 311 Craniata, 5, 6, 19, 20, 54, 56, 59, 6l, 62,

6 4 , 74, 102

Crinoidea, 35, 36, 544, 550, 568, 576 Criodilus, 321, 324, 328, 341


INDEX.


Crisia, 304 Crocodilia, 63

Crustacea, 5, 6, 18, 51, 66, 102, 109, 120, 458, 4 6 5> 487* 5<>2, 521, 524, 537, 541 Cryptophialus, 499, 509 Crystalloides, 163 Ctenophora, 26, 93, 102, 152, 173, 175,

177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182 Ctenostomata, 292, 297, 298, 304, 305 Cucullarms elegans, 46, 75, 82, 371, 376 Cucumaria, 546, 556, 574 Cumaceae, 459, 465, 486, 506 Curculio, 421

Cyclas, 259, 260, 261, 265 Cyclops, 376, 377, 418, 489, 503 Cyclostomata, 102, -292, 304 Cymbulia, 241, 242

Cymothoa, 516, 517, 519, 520,524, 528 Cynipidae, 15, 421, 428 Cyphonautes, 297, 301, 304, 306, 308 Cypridina, 500, 502 Cysticercus cellulosce, 214, 217

,, fasciolaris, 216

,, limacis, 213

Daphnia, 79, 464

Dasychone, 331, 336

Decapoda, 66, 248, 459, 465, 469, 504,

511

Dendroccela, 32, 33, 189, 195, 196 Dentalium, 258, 576 Desmacidon, 147 Desor, type of, 196, 197, 201, 202, 204,

212, 424 Diastopora, 304 Dibranchiata, 225, 253 Dicyema, 9, 131, 134, 135, 136 Dimya, 225 Diphyes, 159 Diplozoon, 11, 209, 210 Diporpa, 210 Diptera, 49, 194, 204, 396, 401,402,407,

409, 412, 416, 420, 429 Discina radiata, 317 Discinidse, 311

Discophora, 18, 42, 165, 346, 383 Distomese, 189, 205, 425 Distomum, 31

,, cygnoides, 209

,, globiparum, 207

,, lanceolatum, 205 Dochmius duodenale, 375

,, trigonocephalus, 375 Donacia, 401 Dracunculus, 376, 377

Echinaster fallax, 23

,, Sarsii, 102, 561 Echinodermata, 5, 18, 24, 35, 74, 102,

325, 424, 544, 573, 574, 57 6 > 5 82 Echinoidea, 35, 36, 544, 549, 565, 576 Echinorhyncus, 379, 380


Echinus lividus, 83, 84, 88

Echiurus, 44 , 357, 358

Ectoprocta, 297, 306

Edriophthalmata, 459, 465

Elaphocaris, 473

Elasmobranchii, 23, 56, 59, 61, 62, 64,

67, 105, 106. 107, 108, 109 Enopla, 189, 202 Entoconcha mirabilis, 237 Entomophaga, 421

Entoprocta, 292, 298, 300, 302, 304, 306 Epeira, 436

Ephemera, 395, 409, 420, 422 Ephyra, 186

Epibulia auranliaca, 159, 165 Erichthus, 484, 507 Errantia, 319, 336 Esperia, 147 Estheria, 463, 464 Euaxes, lol, 322, 324, 341, 346,349 Eucharis, 178

,, multicornis, 178

Eucopepoda, 459 Eucope polystyla, 23, 154

Eunice sanguinea, 319

Eupagurus prideauxii, 112, 113, 115, 511, 520

Euphausia, 465, 468, 504, 505, 518, 523

Eurostomata, 176

Eurylepta auriculata, 192

Eurynome, 483

Euspongia, 146, 147

Filaria, 377 Filaridae, 371 Firoloidea, 240 Flagellata, 7, 8 Flustrella, 301, 303 Formica, 396 Fungia, 182, 186 Fusus, 275, 280, 284, 288

Gammarus, 122, 518

,, fluviatilis, 117 ,, locusta, no, 112 Ganoids, 54, 102 Gasteropoda, 39, 41, 98, 225, 226, 229,

230, 232, 233, 240, 258, 260, 261, 270,

272, 275, 279, 283, 324 Gasterosteus, 64, 210 Gastrotricha, 370 Gasterotrochce, 330, 333 Gecarcinus, 465 Geophilus, 392, 393 Gephyrea, 5, 18, 24, 44, 54, 67, 102,

318, 320, 325, 355, 357, 361, 364 Germogen, 134 Geryonia hastata, 156 Geryonidse, 156 Glochidia, 267, 268 Gnathobdellidas, 346, 349 Gordiacea, 94


588


INDEX.


Cimlioidca, 371, 374, 378

nia, 168

Gorgonidce, 181 Gorgoninrc, 181 Gregarinidae, 8 Gryllotalpa, 401, 412, 413 Gunnnineiv, 147, 148 Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 184, 185 Gymnoloemata, 292

Gymnosomata, 225, 240, 241, 242, 270 Gyrodactylus, 210

Halichondria, 147

Ilalisarca, 22, 66, 145

Halistemma, 165

Helicidce, 238

Helioporidae, 182

Helix, 67, 229

Hemiptera, 395, 402, 403, 409, 420, 421

Hessia, 108, 492

Heterakis vermicularis, .374

Heteronereis, 343

Heteropoda, 71, 72, 225, 226, 231, 278

Hexacoralla, 152, 179, 182

Hippopodius gleba, 27, 159

Hirudinea, 74, 84

Hirudo, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354

Holometabola, 420, 422

Holostomum, 205

Holothuria, 19, 25, 35, 549, 558, 576

Holothuroidea, 35, 544, 553, 556

Homarus, 477

Hyaleacea, 273, 275

Hyaleidce, 241

Hydra, 21, 22, 26, 28, 29, 34, 152, 154,

155. 179, 183 Hydractinia, 539 Hydrocoralla, 152, 181, 185 Hydroidea, 152 Hydromedusae, 152, 179, 182, 183, 184,

185, 186, 187 Hydrophilus, 374, 396, 400, 401, 402,

404, 408, 409 Hydrozoa, 14, 19, 26, 27, 67, 102, 152,

155. 165. 179, 1 80, 181, 182, 539 Ilymenoptera, 396, 401, 402, 412, 420,

421, 425

Ichneumon, 396

Inarticulata, 311, 316

Incrmi

Infusoria, 7, 8

Insecta, 5, 15, 18, 19, 25, 46, 395, 396,

4^5, 455. 45 Intoshia gigas, 136 Isidimc, 181 Ixxlyctia, 147 Isopoda, 109, 515, 519, 521, 523, 527

Julus Moneletei, 387, 388, 389 Kochlorine, 499


Lacertilia, 64 Lacinularia, 221, 223

socialis, 75 Lamellibranchiata, 23, 25, 37, 39, 98,

225, 241, 257, 258, 259, 269, 270, 271,

273, 274, 288 Lepadkue, 498

Lepas fascicularis, 224, 493, 494, 495 Lepidoptera, 79, 396, 402, 407, 408, 412,

413, 415, 417, 420, 421, 423, 415, 426.

455

Leptodora, 16, 51 Leptoplana, 74, 189, 192, 193 Lernseopoda, 490, 492, 520 Leucifer, 507

Libellulidae, 402, 403, 409, 420 Limax, 229, 232, 239, 278, 280 Limnadia, 79, 524 Limulus, 534 Lina, 402

Lingulidae, 311, 316 Lithobius, 393 Lobatse, 178

Loligo, 242, 243, 244, 247, 253 Loricata, 507, 514 Lota, 105

Loxosoma, 292, 294, 296, 306, 307 Lucernaria, 185 Lumbricus, 341, 368

,, agricola, 321

,, rubellus, 324

trapczoides, 13, 321, 323 Lumbriconereis, 334 Lymnseus, 82, 98, 226, 227, 232, 238,

281 Lycosa, 436

Macrostomum, 32, 34

Macrura, 476

Malacobdella, 203

Malacodermata, 171

Malacostraca, 66, 459, 462, 465, 504,

505, 506, 511, 523 Mammalia, 56, 58, 59, 64, 66 Marsipobranchii, 59 Mastigopus, 473, 474 Medusoe, 27, 154, 157, i.^s, 16;, 164, 176,

178, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186 Megalopa, 482, 483, 484 Melolontha, 402, 421 Membranipora, 297, 303 Mermithido;, 371 Mesotrochoe, 330 Metachoetoe, 335 Metazoa, Q, 10, 12,67, 86, 125, 135, 14^,

ISO, 179

Millepora, 152, 181

Mitraria, 308, 337

Molgula, 102

Mollusca, 5, 18, 24, 66, 74, 84, 99, 225, 247, 248, 251, 256, 257, 262, 271, 285, 288, 307, 325, 333, 352, 576, 582


INDEX.


589


Monomya, -225 Monostomum capitellum, 205

,, mutabile, 205, 206

Monotrochse, 330 Montacuta, 260, 262 Musca, 396 Muscidae, 420, 423 Myobia, 444, 445 Myrianida, 343 Myriapoda, 22, iir, 113, 387, 394, 395,

4i.3 458 Mynothela, 155 Myrmeleon, 396

Mysis, 120, 469, 472, 486, 504, 509, 525 Mytilus, 260, 261 Myxinoids, 5 Myxispongise, 145 Myzostomea, 369

Nais, 342

Nassa mutabilis, 101, 226, 227, 233, 262,

278, 279, 288, 3^4 Natantia, 487 Natica, 237, 283 Nauplius, 5, 16, 460, 461, 463, 465, 466,

469, 473, 490, 491, 493, 497 Nautilus pompilius, 253, 276 Nebaliadse, 459, 465, 486 Nematoda, 45, 46, 50, 66, 74, 75, 371,

373. 374> 376 Nematogens, 131 Nematoidea, 18, 84, 94, 371, 374 Nematus ventricosus, 13, 427 Nemertea, 94, 189, 196, 202, 204 Nemertines, 30, 31, 33, 93, 136, 195,

202, 328, 333, 424 Nephelis, 82, 346, 349, 350, 351, 352,

354

Nereis, 343

,, diversicolor, 319

,, Dumerilii, 343 Neritina, 229, 237 Neuroptera, 396, 401, 420, 421 Neuroterus ventricularis, 428 Notonecta, 395 Nototrochse, 330, 353 Nudibranchiata, 229, 241

Ocellata, 184

Octocoralla, 152, 179

Octopus, 248

Odontophora, 225, 257, 271

Odontosyllis, 333

Oedogonium, 1 1

Oligochseta, 42, 319, 321, 325, 330, 338,

346, 352 Olynthus, 144 Oniscus murarius, 107, 108, 109, 120,

516, 520, 528 Opercula, 31 Ophiothryx, 36, 549 Ophidia, 64


Ophiuroidea, 136, 544, 553, 562, 565,

576

Ophryotrochoe puerilis, 333 Opisthobranchiata, 225, 232, 237 Ornithodelphia, 109 Orthonectidae, 136

Orthoptera, 395, 414, 420, 421, 425, 426 Ostracoda, 459, 500, 510 Ostrea, 259, 260, 262 Oxyuridse, 46, 373, 374 Oxyurus ambigua, 374 ,, vermicularis, 375

PcEcilopoda, 534 Paguridse, 477 Pakemon, no Palaemonetes, 476 Pakemoninre, 476, 511, 512 Palinurus, 478, 480

Paludina, 66, 227, 229, 235, 270, 278, 280

,, costata, 229

,, vivipara, 226 Pandorina, n Parasita, 489 Pedalion, 221

Pedicellina, 98, 292, 296, 299, 307 Pelagia, 167, 185 Penseinse, 476 Penaeus, no, 113, 465, 469, 473, 474,

504, 518

Pennatulidae, 181 Pentacrinus, 5 Pentastomida, 539, 540 Pentastomum denticulatum, 540, 54!

tsenoicles, 539, 540, 541 Percidae, 64 PerennichaetcE, 335 Peripatus, 5, 386, 411, 412, 413, 542 Petromyzon, 61, 63, 64, 74, 83 Phalangella, 304 Phalangidse, 436 Phallusia, 83

Phascolosoma, 44, 355, 356, 361 Pholcus, 436, 442 Phoronis, 315, 355, 363, 364 Phoxinus laevis, 378 Phryganea, 396, 401, 409 Phylactokemata, 292, 294, 297, 305, 306 Phyllobothrium, 218 Phyllodoce, 329 Phyllopoda, 16, 459, 461, 505 Phyllosoma, 479, 480 Phylloxera, 429 Physophoridoe, 152, 16-2, 164 Pilidium, type of, 196, 200, 201, 202, 704,

424

Pisces, 5 Piscicola, 20, 43 Pisidium, 259, 260, 262, 264 Planaria Neapolitana, 193 Planorbis, 273, 281, 325


590


INDEX.


Platyelminthes, 18, 20, 24, 221, 424 Platygaster, 396, 416, 417, 418, 419 Pleurohrachia, 176, 177, 238 Pneumodermon, 242, 576 Podostomata, 292 Poduridce, 401, 405 Polychaeta, 42, 319, 325, 338 Polydesmus complanatus, 387, 388 Polygordius, 319, 325, 326, 327, 328,

332, 357 386 Polynoe, 42, 331 Polyophthalmus, 328 Polyplacophora, 225, 254, 270, 271, 288 Polystomeas, 189, 205, 209 Polystomum, 209

,, integerrimum, 30, 31, 210

Polytrochne, 330, 333 Polyxenia leucostyla, 158 Polyxenus lagurus, 387 Polyzoa, 98, 303, 305, 306. 30 8 > 3 ! 5. 3^ Porcellana, 483 Porifera, 102, 138, 148 Porthesia, 115 Prorhyncus, 32, 34 Prosobranchiata, 225, 237, 281 Prostomum, 32, 34, 38, 196 Protozoa, 8, 9, lo, n, 86, 135, 149 Protozoaea, 471 Protula Dysteri, 342 Pseudoneuroptera, 426 Pseudoscorpionid;e, 434 Psolinus, 556, 574 Psychidae, 16 Pteraster miliaris, 561 Pteropoda, 98, 225, 226, 229, 230, 232,

240, 258, 270, 272, 279, 283 Pterotrachcea, 71, 229, 240 Pulex, 396

Pulmonata, 39, 225, 232, 238, 281, 282 I'urpura lapillus, 78 Pycnogonida, 538 Pyrosoma, 13, 53, 109

Rana temporaria, 210 Kaspailia, 147 Rcdia, 206, 207, 208, 209 Reniera, 147

Kcptilia, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 109 Rhabditis dolichura, 82 Khabdoccela, 32, 33, iSy, ic/> Khnbdopleura, 294, 306 Rhi/occphala, 459, 493, 499, 500 Klii/.ocrinus, 5 klii/.ostoma, 167 Rhomlx>gens, 131, 134 Khynchoncllidaj, 311 Rhyncdbddlkbe, 346 Rotifera, 5, 12, 18, 75, 76, 77, 79, 83, 102, 221, 308, 325

Saccocirrus, 328, 329, 332, 340 Sacculina, 500


Sagartia, 169, 171

Sagitta, 33, 74, 94, 130, 366, 367, 368

Salmonidrc, 64

Salpa, 102

Sarcia, 164

Seaphopoda, 225, 257, 270, 271

Schistocephalus, 2 1 1

Schizopoda, 459, 465, 466

Scolopendra, 392

Scorpio, 120, 43 r, 44 6, 454, 455, 457

Scrobicularia, 38, 39

Scyllarus, 477

Scyphistoma, 179, 185, 186

Sedentaria, 319, 336

Sepia, 20, 40, 41, 242, 243, 244, 245,

247> 2 49> 253 Sergestidce, 473, 507 Serpula, 319. 325, 331 Sertularia, 152, 183, 184 Silicispongia.', 147 Simulia, 401, 415 Siphonophora, 13, 77, 152, 159, 163,

165, 179, 1 80, 182, 185 Sipunculida, 24 Sipunculus, 44 Sirex, 396 Sitaris, 42!

Spathegaster baccarum, 428 Spjo, 4 2 > 33 2 > 333 Spiroptera obtusa, 376 Spirorbis Pagenstecheri, 319

spirillum, 319, 336 Spirula, 252 Spirulirostra, 252 Spongelia, 147 Spongida, 138, 144, 148, 149 Spongilla, 147, 150 Sporocysts, 206, 207, 208, 209 Squilla, 66, 504, 507 Stephanomia pictum, 162, 165 Stomalopoda, 459, 465, 4X4 Stomodoeum, 413 Strongylidrc, 371, 375 Strongylocentrus, 567 Strongysoloma Guerinii, 3<S7, 388, 390 Stylasterictae, 152, r8r Styliolidic, 24! Stylochopsis ponticus, 193 Sycandra, 93, 138, 144, 145, 147, 150

,, raphanus, i^S, 174 Syllis, 343

vivipara, 319 Sympodium coralloidcs, 168

Taeniatoe, 178 Tardigrada, 541 Teoenaria, 436

'I'clcDsti'i, IS, 25, 5^), 59, C>4. 107, io<) I'r].)troch;i.-, 330 Tcndra, 300 'I '(.'nth reds, 396 Tcrcbdla concliilcga, 332, 333, 337


INDEX.


591


Terebella nebulosa, 332, 333 Terebratula, 311, 315 Terebratulina, 311, 315, 316

,, septentrionalis, 315, 316

Teredo, larva of, 262 Tergipes, 232, 238

,, Edwardsii, 238 ,, lacinulatus, 238 Tethya, 147 Tetrabranchiata, 225 Tetranychus telarius, 116 Tetrastemma varicolor, 203 Thalassema, 44, 355, 357 Thalassinidae, 477 Thallophytes, n Thecidium, 311, 312, 315, 316 Thecosomata, 225 Thoracica, 459, 493, 499, 500 Thysanozoon, 192, 193 Thysanura, 395, 408, 425, 458 Tichogonia, 39 Tipula, 396 Tipulidae, 420, 421 Toenia cosnurus, 214

,, echinococcus, 215, 217

solium, 217 Tornaria, 579, 581 Toxopneustes, 22, 24, 35, 85, 88, 89 Tracheata, 385, 426, 432, 44 8, 455, 457,

458, 538, 54i

Trachymedusae, 152, 156, 179, 185 Trematodes, 14, 16, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,

46, 94, 189, 205, 208, 210, 212, 216


Trichina, 377, 378

Trichinidse, 371

Trichocepha'lus affinis, 374

Trochosphsera aequatorialis, 221

TubiporidcE, 182

Tubularia, 34, 38, 152, 154, 158

Tubularidse, 29, 179, 183

Tunicata, 5, I 4 , 53

Turbellaria, 5, 30, 31, 33, 74, 98, 102,

136, 179, 189, 193, 333 Tyroglyphus, 445

Unio, 37, 38, 39, 100, 101, 259, 260,265, 266, 445

Vaginulus luzonicus, 229

Vermes, 5, 74, 102, 223, 324, 352

Verongia rosea, 146

Vertebrata, 14, 18, 19, 24, 59, 64, 83,

272, 349. 397' 4^6 Vesiculata, 184 Vitrina, 229 Vorticella, 8, 9, 10

Wilsia, 164 Xiphoteuthis, 252

Zoantharia, 152, 168, 169 Zooea, 465, 468, 471, 474, 482, 483, 484, 486, 504


BIBLIOGRAPHY.


THE OVUM.

General Works.

(1) } Ed. van Beneden. "Recherches sur la composition et la signification de ,A T m ' cour ' d ' l Acad " r y- des Sci <<* de Belgique, Vol. xxxiv. 1870.

/ '%, R- Leuckart. Artikel "Zeugung," R. WagMsfs Handworterbtek d. Physio logte, Vol. iv. 1853.

(3 ^ Fr ' L/ydig- , " Die Dotterfurchung nach ihrem Vorkommen in d. Thierwelt u. n. ihrer Bedeutung." Oken. Isis, 1848.

(4) Ludwig. "Ueber d. Eibildung im Thierreiche." Arbeiten a. d. zool.-zoot Institiit. Wiirzburg, Vol. I. rSy^.

(5) AllenThomson. Article ' ' Ovum " in Todd's Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology, Vol. v. 1859.

(6) W. Waldeyer. Eierstock u. EL Leipzig, 1870.

THE OVUM OF CCELENTERATA.

(7) Ed. van Beneden. "De la distinction originelle d. testicule et de 1'ovaire." Bull. Acad. roy. Belgique, f serie, Vol. xxxvu. 1874.

(8) R. and O. Hertwig. Der Organismus d. Medusen. Jena, 1878.

(9) N. Kleinenberg. Hydra. Leipzig, 1872.

THE OVUM OF PLATYELMINTHES.

(10) P. Hallez. Contributions a fHistoire naturelle des Turbellarih. Lille, 1879.

(11) S. MaxSchultze. Beitrdge z. Naturgeschichte d. Turbellarien. Greifswald, 1851.

(12) C. Th. von Siebold. ' ' Helminthologische Beitrage." Miiller's Archiv, 1836.

(13) C. Th. von Siebold. Lehrbuch d. vergleich. Anat.d. wirbellosen Thiere. Berlin, 1848.

(14) E. Zeller. " Weitere Beitrage z. Kenntniss d. Polystomen." Zeit. f. wiss. ZooL, Bd. xxvu. 1876.

[Vide also Ed. van Beneden (No. i).]

THE OVUM OF ECHINODERMATA.

(15) C. K. Hoffmann. " Zur Anatomic d. Echiniden u. Spatangen." Niederllindisch. Archiv f. Zoologie, Vol. I. 1871.

(16) C. K. Hoffmann. " Zur Anatomic d. Asteriden. Niederldndisch. Ardiiv /. Zoologie, Vol. n. 1873.

(17) H. Ludwig. "Beitrage zur Anat. d. Crinoiden." Zeil. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxvin. 1877.

(18) Job. Miiller. "Ueber d. Canal in d. Eiern d. Holothurien." Miiller's Archiv, 1854.

(19) C. Semper. Holothurien. Leipzig, 1868.

(20) E. Selenka. Befruchtung d. Eies v. Toxopneustes variegalits, 1878.

[Vide also Ludwig (No. 4), etc.]

1 A very complete and critical account of the literature is contained in this paper. B. II. a


BIBLIOGRAPHY.


THE OVUM OF MOLLUSC A. Lamellibranchiata.

(21) II. Lacaze-Duthiers. " Organes genitaux des Acephales Lamellibranches." Ann. Set. Nat., 4 mc serie, Vol. 1 1. 1854.

(22) W. F lemming. " Ueb. d. er. Entwick. am Ei d. Teichmuschel." Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. x. 1874.

(23) W. Flamming. "Studien lib. d. Entwick. d. Najaden." Sitz. d. t: Akad. Wiss. men, Vol. LXXI. 1875.

(24) Th. von Hassling. " Einige Bemerkungen, etc." Zeit. f. wiss. ZooL, Bd. v. 1854.

(25) H. von Jhering. "Zur Kenntniss d. Eibildung bei d. Muscheln." Zeit. f. wiss. ZooL, Vol. xxix. 1877.

(26) Keber. De Introihi Spermatozoorum in ovula, etc. Konigsberg, 1853.

(27) Fr. Leydig. " Kleinere Mittheilung etc." Miiller's Archiv, 1854.

Gasteropoda.

(28) C. Semper. "Beitrage z. Anat. u. Physiol. d. Pulmonaten." Zeit. f. wiss. ZooL, Vol. vni. 1857.

(29) H. Eisig. " Beitrage z. Anat. u. Entwick. d. Pulmonaten." Zeit.f. wiss. ZooL, Vol. xix. 1869.

(30) Fr. Leydig. " Ueb. Paludina vivipara." Zeit.f. wiss. ZooL, Vol. u. 1850.

Cephalopoda.

(31) Al. Kolliker. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Cephalopoden. Zurich, 1844.

(32) E. R. Lankester. "On the Developmental History of the Mollusca." Phil. Trans., 1875.

THE OVUM OF THE CHJETOPODA.

(33) Ed. Claparede. " Les Annelides Chaetopodes d. Golfe de Naples." Mem.d. 1. Soctit. phys. eld 1 hist. nat. de Geneve, 1868 9 and 1870.

(34) E. Ehlers. Die Borstcnwiirmer nach system, und anat. Untersuchungen. Leipzig, 186468.

(35) E. Selenka. " Das Gefass-System d. Aphrodite aculeata." Niedcrldndisches Archiv f. ZooL, Vol. n. 1873.

THE OVUM OF DISCOPHORA.

(36) H. Dorner. " Ueber d. Gattung Branchiobdella." Zeit.f. wiss. ZooL, Vol. xv. 1865.

(37) R. Leuckart. Die menschlichen Parasiten.

(38) Fr. Leydig. "Zur Anatomie v. Piscicola eeometrica, etc." Zeit. f. wiss. ZooL, Vol. I. 1849.

(30) C. O. Whitman. "Embryology of Clepsine." Quart. 7. of Alter. Sci., Vol. xvin. 1878.

THE OVUM OF GEPHYREA.

(40) Keferstein u. Ehlers. Zoologische Beitrage. Leipzig, 1861.

(41) C. Semper. Holothurien, 1868, p. 145.

(42) J. W. Spengel. " Beitrage z. Kenntniss d Gephyreen." Beitriigc a. d. zool. Stationz. Neapcl, Vol. I. 1879.

(43) J. W. Spengel. " Anatomische Mittheilungen lib. Gephyreen." Tagcbl. d. Naturf. Vers. Munchen, 1877.

THE OVUM OF NEMATODA.

(44) Ed. Claparede. De la formation ct de la fccondaiiou dcs- n-uf.\ chcz Ics I'crs Ntmatodcs. (ienevc, 1859.

(J- r )) K. I. (.-nek art. Hif nirnsf/i lichen Paras! ten.


BIBLIOGRAPHY. jjj


d.Nematoden."

^' Nels0n * " On the reproduction of Ascaris mystax, etc." Phil. (48) A.Schneider. Monographie d.' Nematoden. Berlin, 1866. THE OVUM OF INSECT A.


Sm ' T? r u n d V Ueb ,?'* a5 Ei u ' seine Bildungsstdtte. Leipzig, 1 878. (50) T. H. Huxley. " On the agamic reproduction and morphology of Aphis. Ltnnean Trans., Vol. xxn. 1858. Vide also Manual of Invertebrate* Animals, 1877.

1 * ^ ^ ^ *


(51) bei den *,++,*

/-a\ ? r ',k ey< MS' Der Eierstock u. die Samentasche d. Insecten. Dresden, 1866. tSl ~ ub . bock - " The ov a and pseudova of Insects." Phil. Trans. 1850. (o4) Stem. Die weiblichen Geschlcchtsorgane d. Ktifer. Berlin, 1847. [Conf. also Glaus, Landois, Weismann, Ludwig (No. 4).]

THE OVUM OF ARANEINA.

(55) Victor Cams. " Ueb. d. Entwick. d. Spinneneies." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. t Vol. ii. 1850.

(56) v. Wittich. "Die Entstehung d. Arachnideneies im Eierstock, etc." Miiller s Archiv, 1849.

[Conf. Leydig, Balbiani, Ludwig (No. 4), etc.]

THE OVUM OF CRUSTACEA.

(57) Aug. Weismann. "Ueb. d. Bildung von Wintereiern bei Leptodora hyalina." Zeit.f. wiss.ZooL, Vol. xxvn. 1876.

[For general literature vide Ludwig, No. 4, and Ed. van Beneden, No. i.]

THE OVUM OF CHORD ATA.

Urochorda (Tunicata).

(58) A. Kowalevsky. " Weitere Studien ii. d. Entwicklung d. Ascidien." Archiv f. micr. Anat., Vol. VII. 1871.

(59) A. Kowalevsky. "Ueber Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Pyrosoma." Arch.f. micr. Anat., Vol. xi. 1875.

(60) Kupffer. " Stammverwandtschaft zwischen Ascidien u. Wirbelthieren." Arch. f. micr. Anat., Vol. VI. 1870.

(61) Giard. " Etudes critiques des travaux, etc. " Archives Zool. experiment., Vol. I. 1872.

(62) C. Semper. " Ueber die Entstehung, etc." Arbeiten a. d. zool.-zoot. Institut Wiirzburg, Bd. II. 1875.

Cephalochorda.

(63) P. Langerhans. "Z. Anatomic d. Amphioxus lanceolatus," pp. 330 3. Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. xil. 1876.

Craniata.

(64) F. M. Balfour. "On the structure and development of the Vertebrate Ovary." Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. xvm. 1878.

(65) Th. Eimer. " Untersuchungen ii. d. Eier d. Reptilien." Arckiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. vni. 1872.

(66) Pfliiger. Die Eierstbcke d. Sdugethiere u. d. Menschen. Leipzig, 1863.

(67) J. Foulis. " On the development of the ova and structure of the ovary in Man and other Mammalia." Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. XVI. 1876.

(68) J. Foulis. " The development of the ova, etc." Journal of Anat. and Phys., Vol. xni. 18789.

a 2


IV BIBLIOGRAPHY.


(69) C. Gegenbaur. " Ueb. d. Bau u. d. Entwicklung d. Wirbelthiereier mit partieller Dottertheilung." Muller's Archiv, 1861.

(70) Alex. Gotte. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Unke. Leipzig, 1875.

(71) W. His. Untersuchungen iib. d. Ei u. d. Eientwicklung bei Knochenfischcn. Leipzig, 1873.

(72) A. Kolliker. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Menschen u. hoherer Thicre, Leipzig, 1878.

(73) J. Miiller. " Ueber d. zahlreichen Porenkanale in d. Eikapsel d. Fische." Muller's Archiv, 1854.

(74) W. H. Ransom. " On the impregnation of the ovum in the Stickleback." Pro. K. Society, Vol. vn. 1854.

(75) C. Semper. " Das Urogenitalsystem d. Plagiostomen etc." Arbeiten a. d. zool.-zoot. Instit. Wiirzburg, Vol. II. 1875.

[Cf. Ludwig, No. 4, Ed. van Beneden, No. i, Waldeyer, No. 6, etc.]


MATURATION AND IMPREGNATION OF THE OVUM.

(76) Auerbach. Organologische Studien, Heft 2. Breslau, 1874.

(77) Bambeke. " Recherches s. Embryologie des Batraciens." Bull, de royale de Belgique, 2me ser., T. LXI. 1876.

(78) E. van Beneden. " La Maturation de 1'CEufdes Mammiferes." Bull, de fAcad. royale de Belgique, 2me ser., T. XL. No. 12, 1875.

(79) Id em. " Contributions a 1'Histoire de la Vesicule Germinative, &c." Bull, de fAcad. royale de Belgique, sme ser., T. XLI. No. i, 1876.

(80) O. Biitschli. Eizelle, Zelltheilung, und Conjugation der Infusorien. Frankfurt, 1876.

(81) F. M. Balfour. " On the Phenomena accompanying the Maturation and Impregnation of the Ovum." Quart. J. of Micros. Science, Vol. xvm. 1878.

(82) Calberla. " Befruchtungsvorgang beim Ei von Petromyzon Planeri.*' Zeit. f. iviss. Zool., Vol. xxx.

(83) W. Flemming. "Studien in d. Entwickelungsgeschichte der Najaden." Sitz. d. k. Akad. Wiett, B. LXXI. 1875.

(84) H. Fol. "Die erste Entwickelung des Geryonideneies. " Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. vn. 1873.

(85) Idem. " Sur le Developpement des Pte"ropodes." Archives de Zoologic Experimental et Gtnerale, Vol. iv. and v. 1875 6.

(86) Idem. " Sur le Commencement de 1'Henog^nie." Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles. Geneve, 1877.

(87) Idem. Recherches s. I. Ftcondation etl. comrnen. d. rHcnogcnic. Geneve, 1879.

(88) R. Greeff. " Ueb. d. Bau u. d. Entwickelung d. Echinodermen." Sitzun. der Gesellschaft z. Befonlerung d. gesammten Naturwiss. z. Marburg, No. 5, 1876.

(89) Oscar Hertwig. " Beit. z. Kenntniss d. Bildung, &c., d. thier. Eies." Morphologisches Jahrbuch, Vol. I. 1876.

(90) Idem. Ibid. Morphologisches Jahrlntch, Vol. ill. Heft i, 1877.

(91) Idem. " Weitere Beitrage, &c." Morphologisches Jahrbuch, Vol. in. 1877. Heft 3.

(92) Idem. "Beit. z. Kenntniss, &c." Morphologisches Jahrbuch, Vol. iv. Heft i and 2. 1878.

(93) N. Kleinenberg. Hydra. Leipzig, 1872.

(94) C. Kupffer u. B. Benecke. Der Vorgang d. llcfnichtinig am Eie d. Neunaugen. Konigsberg, 1878.

(95) J. Oellacher. "Beitrage zur Geschichte des Keimblaschens im Wirbelthicreie." Archiv f. micr. Anat., Bd. VIII. 1872.

(%) W. Salensky. " Befruchtung u. P^urchung d. Sterlets-Eies." Zoologischer Anzeigcr, No. 11, 1878.

(97) E. Selenka. Befruchtung des Eies von Toxopncustcs variegatus. Leipzig, 1878.

fl Strasburger. Ucber Zclllnldu n- n. /.clltln ////;/;. Ji-na, 1876.

Idem. Utber Befrvehtung u. Zdlthdhing. Jena, 1X78.

(HiO) C. (). \V hi tin.in. "Tlic- Kniliryology of Clepsine." Quart. J. of A/i<r. Science, Vol. xvm. 1878.


BIBLIOGRAPHY.


DIVISION OF NUCLEUS.

(101) W. Flamming. "Beitrage z. Kenntniss d. Xclle u. ihrcr Lcbun.scrschcinungen." Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. xvi. 1878.

(102) E. Klein. "Observations on the glandular epithelium and division of nuclei in the skin of the Newt." Quart, y. of Micr. Science, VoL XIX. 1879.

(103) Peremeschko. "Ueber d. Theilung d. thierischen Zellen." Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. xvi. 1878.

(104) E. Strasburger. "Ueber ein z. Demonstration geeignetes ZclltheilungsObject." Sitz. d. Jenaischen Gesell.f. Med. u. Naturwiss., July 18, 1879.

SEGMENTATION.

(105) E. Haeckel. "Die Gastrula u. Eifurchung." Jenaische Ztitschrift, Vol. ix. 1877.

(106) Fr. Leydig. "Die Dotterfurchung nach ihrem Vorkommen in d. Thierwelt u. n. ihrer Bedeutung." Oken. /sis, 1848.

GENERAL WORKS ON EMBRYOLOGY.

(107) K. E. von Baer. " Ueb. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Thiere." Konigsberg, 182837.

(108) C. Glaus. Grundziige d. Zoologie. Marburg und Leipzig, 1879.

(109) C. Gegenbaur. Grundriss d. vergleichenden Anatomie. Leipzig, 1878. Vide also Translation. Elements of Comparative Anatomy. Macmillan and Co., 1878.

(110) E. Haeckel. Studien z. Gastrcea-Theorie. Jena, 1877, and also Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vols. vni. and ix.

(111) E. Haeckel. Schopfungsgeschichte. Leipzig. Vide also Translation. The History of Creation. King and Co., London, 1876.

(112) E. Haeckel. Anthropogenie. Leipzig. Vide also Translation. Anthropogeny (Translation). Kegan Paul and Co., London, 1878.

(113) Th. H.Huxley. The Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals. Churchill, 1877.

(114) E. R. Lankester. "Notes on Embryology and Classification." Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. xvi I. 1877.

(115) A. S. P. Packard. Life Histories of Animals, including Man, or Outlines of Comparative Embryology. Holt and Co., New York, 1876.

(116) H. Rathke. Abhandlungen z. Bildung- und Entwicklungsgesch. d. Menschen u. d. Thiere. Leipzig, 1833.

DICYEMID.E.

(117) E van Beneden. "Recherches sur les Dicyemides." Bull. d. FAcadtmie roy. de Belgique, f ser. T. XLI. No. 6 and T. XLII. No. 7, 1876. Vide this paper for a full account of the literature.

(118) A. K 611 ike r. Ueber Dicyema paradoxum den Schmarotzer der Venenanhiinge der Cephalopoden. ,

(119) Aug. Krohn. "Ueb. d. Vorkommen von Entozoen, etc. Fronep

Notizen, vn. 1839.

ORTHONECTID^E.

(120) A If. Giard. "Les Orthonectida classe nouv. d. Phylum des Vers." journal de tAnat. et de la Physiol., Vol. XV. 1879.

(121) El. Metschnikoff. "Zur Naturgeschichte d. OrthonecUdae." Zoologi scher Anzeiger, No. 40 43 l8 79 PORIFERA. '(122) C Barrois. " Embryologie de quelques eponges de la Manche. " An ""$) & &ZS^^'<t*>* SP"6es." A~* ^ M g . cf Nat. Hist., 4th series, Vol. xiv. 1874.




vi BIBLIOGRAPHY.


(124) Ganin 1 . " Zur Entwicklung d. Spongilla fluviatilis." Zoologischer Anzeigtr, Vol. i. No. 9, 1878.

(125) Robert Grant. "Observations and Experiments on the Structure and Functions of the Sponge." Edinburgh Phil. jf., Vol. xm. and XIV., 1825, 1816.

(126) E. Haeckel. Die Kalkschwamme, 1872.

(127) E. Haeckel. Studien zur Gastraa- Theorie. Jena, 1877.

(128) C. Keller. Unterstichungen iiber Anatomic und Entwicklungsgeschichte einiger Spongien. Basel, 1876.

(129) C. Keller. "Studien lib. Organisation u. Entwick. d. Chalineen." Zeit. f. wiss. Zoo/., Bd. xxvin. 1879.

(130) LieberkUhn. "Beitr. z. Entwick. d. Spongillen." Muller's Archiv, 1856.

(131) LieberkUhn. "Neue Beitrage zur Anatomie der Spongien." Miiller's Archiv, 1859.

(132) El. Metschnikoff. " Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Kalkschwamme. " Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxiv. 1874.

(133) El. Metschnikoff. "Beitrage zur Morphologic der Spongien." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxvii. 1876.

(134) El. Metschnikoff. " Spongeologische Studien." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxxn. 1879.

(135) Miklucho Maklay. "Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Spongien." Jenaische Zeitschrift, Bd. iv. 1868.

(136) O. Schmidt. "Zur Orientirung iiber die Entwicklung der Schwamme." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxv. 1875.

(137) O. Schmidt. "Nochmals die Gastrula der Kalkschwamme." Archiv fur mikrosk. Anat., Bd. XII. 1876.

(138) O. Schmidt. "Das Larvenstadium von Ascetta primordialis und Asc. clathrus." Archiv fur mikrosk. Anatomie, Bd. xiv. 1877.

(139) F. E. Schulze. "Ueber den Bau und die Entwicklung von Sycandra raphanus." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxv. 1875.

(140) F. E. Schulze. "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte von Sycandra." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. XXVII. 1876.

(141) F. E. S chulze. " Untersuchung Ub. d. Bau, etc. Die Gattung Halisarca." Zeit.f. wiss. Zoo/., Bd. xxvin. 1877.

(142) F. E. Schulze. "Untersuchungen iib. d. Bau, etc. Die Metamorphose von Sycandra raphanus." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxxi. 1878.

(143) F. E. Schulze. "Untersuchungen u. d. Bau, etc. Die Familie Aplysinidae." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxx. 1878.

(144) F. E. Schulze. "Untersuchungen u. d. Bau, etc. Die Gattung Spongelia." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxxn. 1878.

CCELENTERATA. General.

(145) Alex. Agassi z. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Anatomy at Harvard College, No. II. American Acalephac. Cambridge, U. S., 1865.

(140) O. and R. Hertwig. Der Organismus d. Medusa: u, seine Stellung z. Keimblattertheorie. Jena, 1878.

(147) A. Kowalevsky. "Untersuchungen lib. d. Entwicklung d. Coelenteraten." Nachrichten d. kaiser. Gcsell. d. Freunde d. Nattirerkenntniss d. Antliropologie u. Ethnographie. Moskau, 1873. (Russian). For abstract vide Jahresberichtc d. Anat. u. Phys. (Hoffman u. Schwalbe), 1873.

Hydrozoa.

(148) L. A gas si z. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. Boston, 1862. Vol. IV.

(149) G. J. Allman. A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydrotds. Ray Society, 1871-2.

1 There is a Russian paper by the same author, containing a full account, with clear illustrations, of his observations.


BIBLIOGRAPHY, vii


(150) G. J. All man. "On the structure and development of Myriothela." Phil. Trans., Vol. CLXV. p. 2.

(Iff), P - J- van Beneden. "Mem. sur les Campanulaires de la Cote d'Ostende consideres sous le rapport physiologique, embryogenique, et zoologique." Nouv. Mini. de PAcad. de Brux., Tom. xvn. 1844.

(^ 2 ) p - J- van Beneden. "Recherches sur 1'Embryogenie des Tubulaires et 1 histoire naturelle des differents genres de cette famille qui habitent la Cote d'Ostende." Nouv. Mem. de P Acad. de Brux., Tom. xvii. 1844.

(153) C. Claus. "Polypen u. Quallen d. Adria." Denk. d. math.-naturwiss. Classe d. k. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, Vol. xxxvin. 1877.

(154) J. G. Dal yell. Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland. London, 1847.

(* 55 ) , H - Fo1 - " Die er ste Entwicklung d. Geryonideneies." J 'enaische Zeit schrift, Vol. vn. 1873.

(156) Carl Gegenbaur. Zur Lehre vom Generationswechsel und der Fortpfianzung bei Medusen und Polypen. Wiirzburg, 1854.

(157) Thomas Hincks. "On the development of the Hydroid Polypes, Clavatella and Stauridia ; with remarks on the relation between the Polype and the Medusoid, and between the Polype and the Medusa." Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1861.

(158) E. Haeckel. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Siphonophoren. Utrecht, 1869.

(159) Th. H. Huxley. Oceanic Hydrozoa. Ray Society, 1858.

(160) Geo. Johnston. A History of British Zoophytes. Edin. 1838. 2nd Edition, 1847.

(161) N. Kleinenberg. Hydra, eine anatomisch-entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchung. Leipzig, 1872.

(162) El. Metschnikoff. "Ueber die Entwicklung einiger Ccelenteraten." Bull, de FAcad. de St Petersbourg, XV. 1870.

(163) El. Metschnikoff. "Studien liber Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Medusen u. Siphonophoren." Zeit.f. wiss. ZooL, Bd. xxiv. 1874.

(164) H. N. Moseley. "On the structure of the Sty lasteridse." Phil. Trans.,

(165) F. E. Schulze. Ueber den Bau und die Entwicklung von Cordylophora lacustris. Leipzig, 1871.

Actinozoa.

(166) Al. Agassiz. "Arachnitis (Edwarsia) brachiolata." Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Society, 1860.

(167) Koch. "Das Skelet d. Alcyonarien." Morpholog. Jahrbuch, Bd. iv. 1878.

(168) A. Kowalevsky. "Z. Entwicklung d. Alcyoniden, Sympodium coralloides und Clavularia crassa." Zoologischer Anzeiger, No. 38, 1879.

(169) H. Lacaze Duthiers. Histoire nat.du Cor ail. Paris, 1864.

(170) H. Lacaze Duthiers. " Developpement des Coralliaires." Archives de Zoologie experimental et generate, Vol. I. 1872 and Vol. u. 1873.

(171) C. Semper. " Ueber Generationswechsel bei Steinkorallen etc." Zeit. f. wiss. ZooL, Bd. xxii. 1872.

Ctenophora.

(172) Alex. Agassiz. "Embryology of the Ctenophorae." Mem. of the Anur. Acad. of Arts and Sciences, Vol. X. No. 1 1 1. 1874.

(173) G. J. All man. "Contributions to our knowledge of the structure and development of the Beroidse." Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. IV. 1862.

(174) C. Chun. "Das Nervensystem u. die Musculatur d. Rippenquallen." Abhand. d. Senkenberg. Gesellsch., B. XI. 1879.

(175) C. Claus. "Bemerkungen u. Ctenophoren u. Medusen." Zeit. f. wiss. ZooL, xiv. 1864.

(176) H. Fol. Ein Beitrag z. Anat. u. Entwickl. einiger Rippenquallen. 1869.

(177) C. Gegenbaur. "Studien u. Organis. u. System d. Ctenophoren." Archiv f. Naturgesch., xxii. 1856.

(178) A. Kowalevsky. " Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Rippenquallen. " Mtm. Acad. St Petersbourg, vii. serie, Tom. x. No. 4. 1866.


Vlii BIBLIOGRAPHY.


(179) J. Price. "Embryology of Ciliogrades." Proceed, of British Assoc., 1846.

(180) C. Semper. "Entwicklung d. Eucharis multicornis." Zeit. f. wtss. Zool., Vol. IX. 1858.

PLATYELMINTHES. Turbellaria.

(181) Alex. Agassiz. "On the young stages of a few Annelids" (Planaria angitlata). Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist, of Neiv York, Vol. vin. 1866.

(182) Dalyell. "Powers of the Creator."

(183) C. Girard. "Embryonic development of Planocera elliptica." J our. of Acad. of Nat. Set., Philadelphia. New Series, Vol. II. 1854.

(184) Alex. Gotte. "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Seeplanarien." Zoologischer Anzeiger, No. 4, 1878.

(185) P. Halle z. Contributions a Thistoire naturelle des Turbellarits. Thesis a la facult^ des Sciences p. le grade d. Docteur es-sciences naturelles. Lille, 1879.

(186) Knappert. "Bijdragen tot de Ontwikkelings-Geschiedenis der Zoetwater-Planarien." Provinciaal Ulrechtsch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. Utrecht, 1865.

(187) W. Keferstein. " Beitrage z. Anat. u. Entwick. ein. Seeplanarien von St. Malo." Abh. d. konig. Gesell. d. Wiss. zu Gottingcn. Bd. XI v. 1868.

(188) El. Metschnikoff. " Untersuchungen lib. d. Entwicklung d. Planarien." Notizen d. neurussischen Gesellschaft d. Naturforscher. Odessa, Bd. V. 1877. Vide Hoffman and Schwalbe's Bericht for 1878.

(189) H. N. Moseley. "On Stylochus pelagicus and a new species of pelagic Planarian, with notes on other pelagic species, on the larval forms of Thysanozoon, etc." Quart. Journ. of Micr. Science, Vol. xvn. 1877.

(190) J. Miiller. "Ueber eine eigenthiimliche Wurmlarva a. d. Classe d. Turbellarien, etc." Miiller's Archiv f. Anat. u. Phys. 1850.

(191) J. Miiller. "Ueber verschiedene Formen von Seethieren." Miiller's Archiv f. Anat. und Phys. 1854.

Nemertea.

(192) J. Barrois. " L'Embryologie des Nemertes." An. Sci. Nat., Vol. VI. 1877.

(193) O. BUtschli. Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, 1873.

(194) A. Krohn. "Ueb. Pilidium u. Actinotrocha." Miiller's Archiv, 1 858.

(195) E. Desor. "Embryology of Nemertes." Proceedings of the Boston Nat. History Society, Vol. VI. 1848.

(196) G. Dieck. "Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Nemertinen." Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. vin. 1874.

(197) C. Gegenbaur. "Bemerkungen lib. Pilidium gyrans, etc." Zeitschrift furwiss. Zool., Bd. v. 1854.

(198) C. K. Hoffman. "Entwicklungsgeschichte von Tetrastemma tricolor." Niederldndisches Archiv, Vol. ill. 1876, 1877.

(199) C. K. Hoffman. "Zur Anatomie und Ontogenie von Malacobdella." Niederldndisches Archiv, Vol. IV. 1877.

(200) W. C. M c Intosh. British Annelids. The Nemerteans. Ray Society, J873-4.

(201) Leuckart u. Pagenstecher. "Untersuchungen lib. niedere Seethiere." Miiller's Archiv, 1858.

(202) E. Metschnikoff. "Studien lib. die Entwicklung d. Echinodermen u. Nemertinen." Mhn. Acad. imp. Pttersbourg, vn. Ser., Tom. xiv. No. 8, 1869.

Trematoda.

(203) T. S. Cobbold. Kntozoa. Groombridge and Son, 1864.

(204) T. S. Cobbold. Parasites; a Treatise on the Entozoa, etc. Churchill, 1879.

(205) F i 1 i p p i. " Mem. p. servir a 1'histoire geneHique des Tre"matodes." Ann. Scien. Nat., 4th Series, Vol. II. 1854, and Mem. Accad. Torino, 1855-1859.


BIBLIOGRAPHY. ix


206) R. Leuckart. Die menschlichen Parasilen, Vol. I. 1863, p. 485 ct seq.

207) H. A. Pagenstecher. Trematodtn u. Trematodenlarven. Heidelberg,

1857.

(208) C. Th. von Siebold. Lehrbuch d. vergleich. Anat. wirbelloser Thicre. Berlin, 1848.

( 209 ) J- J- S. Steenstrup. Generationswechsel. 1842.

(210) R. v. Willemoes-Suhm. "Zur Naturgeschichte d. Polystomuiu intcgerrimum, etc." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxn. 1872.

(211) R. v. Willemoes-Suhm. Helminthologische Notizcn III." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxiii. 1873. Vide this paper for a summary of known observations and literature.

(212) G. R. Wagener. Beitrdge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Eingeweidewiirmer. Haarlem, 1855.

(213) G. R. W age n e r. " Helminthologische Bemerkungen, etc." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. ix. 1850.

(214) G. R. Wagener. "Ueb. Gyrodactylus elegans." Archiv f. Anat. u. Phys. 1860.

(215) E. Zeller. " Untersuchungen ub. d. Entwicklung d. Diplozoon paradoxum." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxn. 1872.

(216) E. Zeller. "Untersuchungen u. d. Entwick. u. Bau d. Polystomum integerrimum." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxn. 1872.

(217) E. Zeller. "Weitere Beitrage z. Kenntniss d. Polystomen." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxvn. 1876.

Cestoda.

(218) Ed. van Beneden. "Recherches sur la composition et la signification d. 1'oeuf." Mem. cour. Acad. roy. Belgique. Vol. xxxiv. 1868.

(219) P. J. van Beneden. "Les vers Cestoi'des consideres sous le rapport physiologique embryogenique, etc." Bull. Acad. Scien. Bruxelles. Vol. xvn. 1850.

(220) T. S. Cobbold. Entozoa. Groombridge and Son, 1864.

(221) T. S. Cobbold. Parasites; a treatise on the Entozoa, etc. Churchill, 1879.

(222) Th. H. Huxley. "On the Anatomy and Development of Echinococcus veterinorum." Proc. Zool. Soc. Vol. xx. 1852.

(223) J. Knoch. "Die Naturgesch. d. breiten Bandwiirmer." Mem. Acad. Imp. Petersbourg, Vol. v. Ser. 7, 1863.

(224) F. Kiichenmeister. "Ueber d. Umwandlung d. Finnen Cysticerci in Bandwiirmer (Tsenien)." Prag. Vierteljahrsschr. 1852.

(225) F. Kiichenmeister. "Experimente iib. d. Entstehung d. Cestoden. 2 Stufe zunachst d. Ccenurus cerebralis." Giinsburg, Zeitsch. klin. Med. iv. 1853.

(226) R. Leuckart. Die menschlichen Parasiten, Vol. I. Leipzig, 1863. Vide also additions at the end of the ist and 2nd volume.

(227) R. Leuckart. "Archigetes Sieboldii, eine geschlechtsreife Cestodenamme." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxx. Supplement, 1878.

(228) El. Metschnikoff. "Observations sur le developpement de quelques animaux (Bothriocephalus proboscideus). " Bull. Acad. Imp. St Petersbourg, Vol.

(229) 'w. Salensky. "Ueb. d. Bau u. d. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Amphilina." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxiv. 1874.

(230) Von Siebold. Burdach's Physiologie.

(231) R. von Willemoes-Suhm. "Helminthologische Notizen." Zfit. /. wiss. Zool., Vol. xix. xx. xxn. 1869, 70 and 73.

ROTIFERA.

(232) F. Cohn. "Ueb. d. Fortpflanzung von Raderthiere." Zeit.f. wiss.

^(233) F. Cohn. "Bemerkungen u. Raderthiere." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. IX. 1858, and Vol. xn. 1862.

(234) T. H. Huxley. "Lacinularia socialis." Trans, of the Microscopical

Society, 1853.


BIBLIOGRAPHY.


(235) Fr. Leyclig. " Ueb. d. Bau u. d. systematische Stelluny; d. Radcrthiere." Ztit.f. unss. Zool., Vol. vi. 1854.

(236) W. Salensky. "Beit. z. Entwick. von Brachionus urceolaris." Zeit. /. itnss. Zool., Vol. xxn. 1872.

(237) C. Semper. " Zoologische Aphorismen. Trochosphuera axjuatorialis." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxn. 1872.

MOLLUSCA.

General.

(238) T. H. Huxley. "On the Morphol. of the Cephal. Mollusca." Phil. Trans., 1853.

(239) E. R. Lankester. "On the developmental history of the Mollusca." Phil. Trans., 1875.

(240) H. G. Bronn and W. Keferstein. Die Klasscn u. Ordnungcn d. Thierreichs, Vol. III. 1862-1866.

Gasteropoda and Pteropoda.

(241) J. Alder and A. Hancock. "Devel. of Nudibr." Ann. and Magaz. Nat. Hist., Vol. XH. 1843.

(242) N. Bobretzky. "Studien iiber die embryonale Entwicklung d. Gasteropoden." Archivf. micr. Anat., Vol. xin.

(243) W. K. Brooks. "Preliminary Observations on the Development of Marine Gasteropods." Chesapeake Zoological Laboratory, Session of 1878. Baltimore, 1879.

(244) O. Biitschli. " Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Beitrage (Paludina vivipara)." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxix. 1877.

(245) W. Carpenter. "On the devel. of the embr. of Purpura lapillus." Trans. Micros. Soc., 2 d series, Vol. ill. 1855.

(246) W. Carpenter. "On the devel. of the Purpura." Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 2 d series, Vol. xx. 1857.

(247) E. Claparede. "Anatomic u. Entwickl. der Neritina fluviatilis." MUller's Archiv, 1857.

(248) H. Eisig. "Beitr. z. Anat. u. Entwickl. der Geschlechtsorg. von Lymnieus." Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xix. 1869.

(249) H. Fol. " Sur le developpement des Pteropodes." Archives de Zool. experim. et gtntrale, Vol. iv. 1875.

(250) H. Fol. " Sur le developpement des Gasteropodes pulmones." Compt. rend., 1875, pp. 523526.

(251) H. Fol. "Sur le developpement des Heteropodes." Archives de Zool. expe"rim.etgtn<b-ale,\o\.v. 1876.

(252) C. Gegenbaur. "Beit. z. Entwicklungsgesch. der Landgasteropoden." Zeitschr. f. w. Zool., Vol. ill. 1851.

(253) C. Gegenbaur. Untersuch. iib. Pteropoden u. Hetcropoden. Leipzig, '855.

(254) H. von Jhering. "Entwicklungsgeschichte von Helix." Jcnaische Zcitschrift, Vol. IX. 1875.

(255) W. Keferstein and E. Ehlers. "Beob. lib. d. Entwick. v. Molis peregr." Zool. Beitr., 1861.

(256) J. Koren and D. C. Danielssen. "Benuerk. til Mollusk. Udvikling." NytMag.f. Naturvidensk., Vol. v. 1847. -^"j P- 2O2> '848.

(257) J. Koren and D. C. Danielssen. liidrag til Pectinibr. Udvikl. licrgcn, 1851 (supplement, 1852). Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1857.

(258) A. Krohn. "Beobacht. aus d. Entwickl. der Pteropoden u. Heterop." Muller's Archiv, 1856 and 1857.

(259) A. Krohn. Beitr. zur Entwickl. der Pteropoden u. Heteropoden. Leipzig, 1860.

(260) H. de Lacaze-Duthiers. "Mem. sur 1'anat.et 1'embryog. des Vermets." 2 partie. Ann. sc. not., 4" srie, T. xm. 1860.

(261) P. Langerhans. "Zur Entwickl. der Gasterop. Opisthobr." Zeitschr. f. w. Zool., Vol. xxni. 1873.


BIBLIOGRAPHY. xi


. E. R. Lankester. "On the development of the Pond-Snail." Quart.

J. of Micr. Scie., Vol. xiv. 1874.

(263) E. R. Lankester. "On the coincidence of the blastopore and anus in Paludina vivipara." Quart. J. of Micr. Scie., Vol. XVI. 1876.

(264) F. Leydig. "Ueber Paludina vivipara." Zeitschr. f. w. Zool., Vol. 11. 1850.

(265) J. MUller. Ueber Synapta dig. u. iib. d. Erzeug. v. Schnecken in Holoth., 1852.

(266) J. Miiller. "Bemerk. aus d. Entwickl. der Pteropoden." Monatsber. Berl. Akad., 1857.

(267) C. Rabl. "Die Ontogenie d. Siisswasser-Pulmonaten." Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. IX. 1875.

(268) C. Rabl. "Ueb. d. Entwick. d. Tellerschnecke (Planorbis)." Morph. Jahrbuch, Vol. v. 1879.

(269) W. Salensky. " Beitr. zur Entwickl. d. Prosobr." Zeitschr. f. iv. Zool. , Vol. xxii. 1872.

(270) O. Schmidt. "Ueb. Entwick. von Limax agrestis." Miillcr's Archiv, 1851.

(271) Max S. Schultze. "Ueber d. Entwick. des Tergipes lacinulatus." Arch. f. Naturg., Jahrg. XV. 1849.

(272) E. Selenka. "Entwick. von Tergipes claviger." Niederl. Arch.f. Zool., Vol. I. 1871.

(273) E. Selenka. "Die Anlage d. Keimbl. bei Purpura lapillus." Niederl. Arch.f. Zool., Vol. i. 1872.

(274) C. Semper. "Entwickl. der Ampullaria polita, etc." Natuurk. Verhandl. Utrechts Genootsch., 1862.

(275) An. Stecker. "Furchung u. Keimblatterbildung bei Calyptraa." Morphol. Jahrbuch, Vol. n. 1876.

(276) A.Stuart. " Ueb. d. Entwickl. einiger Opisthobr." Zeitschr. f. w. Zool., Vol. XV. 1865.

(277) N. A. Warneck. "Ueber d. Bild. u. Entwick. d. Embryos bei Gasterop." Bullet. Soc. natural, de Moscou, T. xxm. 1850.

Cephalopoda.

(278) P. J. van Beneden. " Recherches sur 1'Embryogenie des Sepioles." Nouv. Mem. Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles, Vol. xiv. 1841.

(279) N. Bobretzky. Observation on the Development of the Cephalopoda (Russian). Nachrichten d. kaiserlichen Gesell. d. Freunde der Naturwiss. Anthropolog. Rthnogr. bei d. Universitdt Moskau.

(280) H. Grenacher. " Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Cephalopoden." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxiv. 1874.

(281) A. K6 Hiker. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Cephalopoden. Zurich, 1844.

(282) E. R. Lankester. "Observations on the development of the Cephalopoda." Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. xv. 1875.

(283) E. Metschnikoff. " Le developpement des Sepioles." Archives d. Sc. phys. et nat., Vol. xxx. Geneve, 1867.

Polyplacophora.

(284) A. Kowalevsky. "Ueb. d. Entwick. d. Chitonen." Zoologischer Anzeiger, No. 37. 1879.

(285) S L. Loven. " Om utvecklingen hos sliigtet Chiton." Stockholm ofversigt, xn. 1855. [Vide also Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., Vol. xvii. 1856, ami Archivf. Naturgeschichte, 1856.]

Scaphopoda.

(286) H. Lacaze-Duthiers. "Developpement du Dentale." Ann. d. Sci.

Nat., Series iv. Vol. VII. 1857.

Lamellibranchiata.

(287) M. Braun. " Postembryonale Entwicklung d. Susswasser-Muscheln."

Zoologischer Garten.


xii BIBLIOGRAPHY.


(288) C. G. Carus. " Neue Untersuch. lib. d. Entvvickl. unscrer FlussmuVcrh. Leop.-Car. Akad., Vol. xvi. 1832.

(289) W. Flemming. " Studien in d. Entwicklungsgeschichte der Najadcn." Sit*, d. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Vol. LXXI. 1875.

(290) F. Ley dig. " Ueber Cyclas Cornea." Miiller's Archiv, 1855.

(2111) S. L. Loven. " Bidrag til Kanned. om Utveckl. af Moll. Acephala I^amellibr." Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 1848. [FiVfcalso Arch. f. Naturg., 1849.]

(292) C. Rabl. "Ueber d. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Malermuschel." Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. X. 1876.

(293) W. Salensky. " Bemerkungen uber Haeckels Gastraea-Theorie (Ostrea)." Arch. f. Naturg., 1874.

(294) O. Schmidt. " Ueb. d. Entwick. von Cyclas calyculata." Muller's Arch., 1854.

(295) O. Schmidt. "Zur Entwickl. der Najaden." Wien. Sitzungsber. math.-nat. C!., Vol. xix. 1856.

(296) P. Stepanoff. " Ueber die Geschlechtsorgane u. die Entwicklung von Cyclas." Archivf. Naturgeschichte, 1865.

(297) H. Lacaze-Duthiers. " Ueveloppement d. branchies d. Mollusques Acephales." An. Sc. Nat., Ser. iv. Vol. v. 1856.

POLYZOA. General.

(298) J. Barrois. Recherches sur Cembi yologie des Bryozoaires. Lille, 1877.

Entoprocta.

(299) B. Hatschek. " Embryonalentwicklung u. Knospung d. Pedicellina echinata." Zeitschrift fiir wiss. Zool., Bd. xxix. 1877.

(300) M. Salensky. " Etudes sur les Bryozoaires entoproctes." Ann. Scien. Nat., Ser. vi. Tom. v. 1877.

(301) O. Schmidt. "Die Gattung Loxosoma." Archivf. mik. Anat.,Rd. xii. 1876.

(302) C. Vogt. "Sur le Loxosome des Phascolosomes." Archives de Zool. cxptr. et gtnfr., To.n. v. 1876.

(303) C. Vogt. "Bemerkungen zu Dr Hatschek's Aufsatz lib. Embryonalentwicklung u. Knospung von Pedicellina echinata." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. XXX. 1878.

Ectoprocta.

(304) G. J. A 11 man. Monograph of fresh water Polyzoa. Ray Society.

(305) G. J. Allman. " On the structure of Cyphonautes." Quart. J. of Micr. Scie., Vol. xii. 1872.

(306) G. J. Allman. "On the structure and development of the Phylactola> matous Polyzoa." Journal of the Linnean Society, Vol. xiv. No. 77. 1878.

(307) J. Barrois. " Le developpement d. Bryozoaires Chilostomes." Comptes rendus, Sept. 23, 1878.

(308) E. Claparede. " Beitrage zur Anatomic u. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Seebryozoen." Zeit. fiir wiss. Zool., Bd. xxi. 1871.

(309) E. Claparede. "Cyphonautes." Anat. u. Entwick. wirbell. Thiere. Leipzig, 1864.

(310) R. E. Grant. "Observations on the structure and nature of Flustrae." Edinburgh New Philosoph. Journal, 1827.

(311) B. Hatschek. "Embryonalentwicklung u. Knospung d. Pedicellina echinata" (Description of Cyphonautes). Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxix. 1877.

(312) T. II. Huxley. "Note on the reproductive organs of the Cheilostome Polyzoa." Quart. Jour, of Micr. Science, Vol. IV. 1856.

(313) L. Joliet. "Contributions a 1'histoire naturelle des Bryozoaires des cotes de France." Archives ie Zoologic Experimental, Vol. VI. 1877.

(314) E. Metschnikoff. " Ueber d. Metamorphose einiger Seethiere." Gottingische Nachrichten, 1869.


BIBLIOGRAPHY. xiii


(315) E. Metschnikoff. Bull. deTAcad. de St Pttersbourg, XV. 1871, p. 507.

(316) H. Nitsche. " Beitrage zur Kenntniss d. Bryozoen." Zrit. f. wiss.

Zool., Bd. xx. 1870.

(317) W. Repiachoff. "Zur Naturgeschichte d. chilostomen Seebryozoen." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxvi. 1876.

(318) W. Repiachoff. " Ueber die ersten Entwicklungsvorgange bei Tendra zostericola. Zeit. f. wiss. Zoo!., Bd. xxx. 1878. Supplement.

(319) W. Repiachoff. "Zur Kenntniss der Bryozoen." Zoologischer Anzeiger, No. 10, Vol. i. 1878.

(320) W. Repiachoff. " Bemerkungen lib. Cyphonautes. " Zoologischer Anzeiger, Vol. n. 1879.

(321) M. Salensky. " Untersuchung an Seebryozoen." Zeit. fur wiss. Zool.. Bd. xxiv. 1874.

(322) A. Schneider. "Die Entwicklung u. syst. Stellung d. Bryozoen u. Gephyreen." Archiv f. mikr. Anaf., Vol. v. 1869.

(323) Smitt. " Om Hafsbryozoernas utveckling och fettkroppar. " Aftryck ur ofvers. of Kong. Vet. Akad. Fork. Stockholm, 1865.

(324) T. Hincks. British Marine Polyzoa. Van Voorst, 1880. [Conf. also works by Farre, Hincks, Van Beneden, Dalyell, Nordmann.]

BRACHIOPODA.

(325) W. K. Brooks. " Development of Lingula." Chesapeake Zoological Laboratory, Scientific Results of the Session of 1878. Baltimore, J. Murphy and Co.

(326) A. Kowalevsky. "Development of the Brachiopoda." Protocol of the First Session of the United Sections of Anatomy, Physiology, and Comparative Anatomy at the Meeting of Russian Naturalists in Kasan, 1873. (Russian.)

(327) H. Lacaze-Duthiers. " Histoire de la Thecidie." Ann. Scien. Nat. etc. Ser. 4, Vol. xv. 1861.

(328) Morse. " On the Early Stages of Terebratulina septentrionalis." Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. History, Vol. n. 1869, also Ann. &> Mag. of Nat. Hist. Series 4, Vol. vm. 1871.

(329) Morse. "On the Embryology of Terebratulina." Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. History, Vol. ill. 1873.

(330) Morse. " On the Systematic Position of the Brachiopoda." Proceedings of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1873.

(331) Fritz Miiller. " Beschreibung einer Brachiopoden-Larve." Miiller's Archiv, 1860.

CKLETOPODA.

(332) Alex. Agassiz. "On the young stages of a few Annelids." Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist, of New York, Vol. vm. 1866.

(333) Alex. Agassiz. " On the embryology of Autolytus cornutus and alternations of generations, etc." Boston Journal of Nat. History, Vol. VH. 1859-63.

(334) W. Busch. Beobachtungen it. Anaf. u. Entwick. einiger wirbelloser Seethiere, 1851.

(335) Ed. Claparede. Beobachtungen u. Anat. u. Entwick. 'wirbelloser Thiert an d. Kiiste von Normandie. Leipzig, 1 863.

(336) Ed. Claparede u. E. Metschnikoff. "Beitrage z. Kenntniss lib. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Chsetopoden." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xix. 1869.

(337) E. Grube. Untersuchungen ub. Entivicklung d. Anneliden. Komgsberg,

4 (338) B. Hatschek. " Beitrage z. Entwick. u. Morphol. d Anneliden." Si/*. d. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Vol. LXXIV. 1876.

(339) B. Hatschek. "Studien liber Entwicklungsgeschichte der Anneliden. Arbeiten aus d. zoologischcn Institute d. Universitiit Wien. Von C. Claus. Heft in.

OwQ

(340) Th. H. Huxley. "On hermaphrodite and fissiparous species of tubicolar Annelidse (Protula)." Edinburgh New Phil. Journal, Vol. I. 1855.

(341) N. Kleinenberg. "The development of the earthworm Lumbncus trapezoides." Quart. J, of Micr. Science, Vol. xix. 1879 Sullo ariAtfff del tn<

bricus trapezoides. Napoli, 1878.


XIV BIBLIOGRAPHY.


(342) A. Kowalevsky. " Embryologische Studien an Wiirmern u. Arthropoden." Mem. Acad. Pttersbourg, Series VH. Vol. xvi. 1871.

(343) A. Krohn. " Ueber die Erscheinungen bei d. Fortpfianzung von Syllis prolifera u. Autolytus prolifer." Archiv f. Naturgesch. 1852.

(344) R. Leuckart. " Ueb. d. Jugendzustande ein. Anneliden, etc." Archiv f. Naturgesch. 1855.

(345) S. Love"n. " Beobachtungen ii. die Metamorphose von Anneliden." Wiegmann's Archiv, 1842.

(346) E. Metschnikoff. "Ueber die Metamorphose einiger Seethiere (Mitraria)." Zeit.f. tuiss. Zool., Vol. XXI. 1871.

(347) M. Milne- Ed\vards. " Recherches zoologiques, etc." Ann. Scie. Natur. HI. Se"rie, Vol. ill. 1845.

(348) J. Miiller. "Ueb. d. Jugendzustande einiger Seethiere." Monats. d. k.Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1851.

(349) Max Miiller. "Ueber d. weit. Entwick. von Mesotrocha sexoculata." Miiller's Archiv, 1855.

(350) Quatrefages. " Memoire s. 1'embryogenie des Annelides." Ann. Scie. Natur. HI. Serie, Vol. x. 1848.

(351) M. Sars. " Zur Entwicklung d. Anneliden." Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, Vol. xi. 1845.

(352) A. Schneider. " Ueber Bau u. Entwicklung von Polygordius." Miiller's Archiv, 1868.

(353) A. Schneider. "Entwicklung u. system. Stell. d. Bryozoen u. Gephyreen (Mitraria)." Archiv f. mikr. Anat. Vol. v. 1869.

(354) M. Schultze. Ueb. die Entwicklung von Arcnicola piscatorum u. anderer Kiemenwurmer. Halle, 1856.

(355) C. Semper. "Die Verwandschaftbeziehungen d. gegliederten Thiere." Arbeiten a. d. zool.-zoot. Instit. Wiirzburg, Vol. in. 1876-7.

(356) C. Semper. "Beitrage z. Biologie d. Oligochjeten." Arbeiten a. d. zool.-zoot. Instit. Wiirzburg, Vol. IV. 1877-8.

(357) M. Stossich. " Beitrage zur Entwicklung d. Chaetopoden." Sitz. d. k. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, B. LXXVII. 1878.

(358) R. v. Willemoes-Suhm. " Biologische Beobachtungen ii. niedrige Meeresthiere." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool. Bd. xxi. 1871.

DlSCOPHORA.

(359) O. BUtschli. " Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Beitrage (Nephelis)." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Vol. xxix. 1877.

(360) E. Grube. Untersuchungen ub. d. Entwicklung d. Anneliden. Konigsberg, 1844.

(361) C. K. Hoffmann. "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Clepsineen." NICderland. Archiv f. Zool. Vol. IV. 1877.

(362) R. Leuckart. Die menschlichen Parasiten (Hirudo}, Vol. I. p. 686, et seq.

(363) H. Rathke. Beit. z. Entwicklungsgesch. d. Hirudineen. Leipzig, 1862.

(364) Ch. Robin. Mem. snr le Developpement embryogenique des Ilirndiih'c*. Paris, 1875.

(365) C. O. Whitman. "Embryology of Clepsine." Quart. J. of Micro. Science, Vol. xvm. 1878.

[ Vide also C. Semper (No. 355) and Kowalevsky (No. 342) for isolated observations.]

GEPHYREA. GepJiyrea nuda.

(366) A. Kowalevsky. Sitz. d. zool. Abth. d. Iff. Versam. rtiss. Naturf (Thalassema). Zeit.f. wiss. Zool. Vol. xxn. 1872, p. 284.

(367) A. Krohn. "Ueb. d. Larve d. Sipunculus nudus ncbst I'.c UK iknii^cn, ' etc. Miiller's Archiv, 1857.


BIBLIOGRAPHY. xv


(368) M. Salensky. " Ueber die Metamorphose d. Echiurus." Morfhohgisches Jahrbuch, Bd. 11.

(369) E. Selenka. "Eifurchung u. Larvenbilflung von Phascolosoma elongatum." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool. 1875, Bd- xxv. p. i.

(370) J. W. Spengel. " Beitrage z. Kenntniss d. Gephyreen (lionellia)." MitlheiL a. d. zool. Station z. Neapel, Vol. i. 1879.

Gephyrea tubicola (Actinotroc/ia).

(371) A. Krohn. " Ueb. Pilidium u. Actinotrocha." Muller's Archiv, 1858.

(372) A. Kowalevsky. " On anatomy and development of Phoronis," Petersburg, 1867. i PI. Russian. Vide Leuckart's Bcricht, 1866-7.

(373) E. Metschnikoff. " Ueber d. Metamorphose einiger Seethiere (Actinotrocha)." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool. Bd. XXI. 1871.

(374) J. Miiller. " Bericht ub. ein. Thierformen d. Nordsee." Muller's Archiv, 1846.

(375) An. Schneider. "Ueb. d. Metamorphose d. Actinotrocha branchiata." Muller's Arch. 1862.

CH^TOGNATHA.

(376) O. Butschli. " Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Sagitta." Zeilschrifl f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxin. 1873.

(377) C. Gegenbaur. "Ueber die Entwicklung der Sagitta." Abhand. d. natiirforschenden Gesellschaft in Halle, 1857.

(378) A. Kowalevsky. " Embryologische Studien an Wiirmern u. Arthropoden." Mem. Acad. Petersbourg, vn. ser., Tom. xvi., No. 12. 1871.

MYZOSTOMEA.

(379) L.Graff. Das Genus Myzostoma. Leipzig, 1877.

(380) E. Metschnikoff. "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Myzostomum." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xvi. 1866.

(381) C. Semper. "Z. Anat. u. Entwick. d. Gat. Myzostomum." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. IX. 1858.

GASTROTRICHA.

(382) H. Ludwig. " Ueber die Ordnung Gastrotricha Metschn." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxvi. 1876.

NEMATELMINTHES.

(383) O. Butschli. "Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Cucullanus elegans." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., B. xxvi. 1876.

(384) T. S. Cobbold. Entozoa. Groombridge and Son, 1864.

(385) T. S. Cobbold. Parasites; a Treatise on the Entozoa of Man and Animals. Churchill, 1879.

(386) O. Caleb. "Organisation et developpement des Oxyurides, etc. Archives de Zool. exper. et gener., Vol. VII. 1878.

(387) R. Leuckart. Untersuchungeniib. Trichina spiralis. 2nd ed. Leipzig, 1866.

(388) R. Leuckart. Die menschlichen Parasiten, Bd. u. 1876.

(389) H. A. Pagenstecher. Die Trichinen nach Versuchen dargestellt.

(390) A.Schneider. Monographie d. Nematoden. Berlin, 1866.

(391) A. Villot. " Monographie des Dragoneaux " (Gordioidea). Archives de Zool. exptr. et gtner., Vol. in. 1874.

ACANTHOCEPHALA.

(392) R. Greeff. " Untersuchungen u. d. Ban u. Entwicklung des Echin. miliarius." Archiv f. Naturgesch. 1864.

(393) R. Leuckart. Die menschlichen Parasiten. Vol. 11. p Soi ol


xvi BIBLIOGRAPHY.


(394) An. Schneider. " Ueb. d. Bau d. Acanthocephalen." Archiv f. Anat. w. Phys. 1868.

(395) G. R. Wagener. Beitrdge z. Entrvicklungsgeschichte d. Eingeweidewiirmer. Haarlem, 1865.

TRACHEATA.

PRO TO TRA CHE A TA .

(396) H. N. Moseley. "On the Structure and Development of Peripatus capensis." Phil. Trans. Vol. 164, 1874.

MYRIAPODA.

(397) G. Newport. "On the Organs of Reproduction and Development of the Myriapoda." Philosophical Transactions, 1841.

(398) E. Metschnikoff. " Embryologie der doppeltfiissigen Myriapoclen (Chilognatha)." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxiv. 1874.

(399) E. Metschnikoff. " Embryologisches iiber Geophilus." Zeit. f. wiss. 'Zool., Vol. xxv. 1875.

(400) Anton Stecker. "Die Anlage d. Keimblatter bei den Diplopoden." Archiv f. mik. Anatomic, Bd. xiv. 1877.

INSECTA.

(401) M Balbiani. " Observations s. la reproduction d. Phylloxera du Chene." An. Sc. Nat. Ser. v. Vol. xix. 1874.

(402) E. Bessels. "Studien u. d. Entwicklung d. Sexualdrtisen bei den Lepidoptera." Zeit.f. miss. Zool. Bd. xvn. 1867.

(403) Alex. Brandt. " Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Libellulida u. Hemiptera, mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung d. Embryonalhiillen derselben." Mem. Ac. Pttersbourg, Ser. vn. Vol. xin. 1869.

(404) Alex. Brandt. Ueber das Ei u. seine Bildungsstdtte. Leipzig, 1878.

(405) O. Butschli. " Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Biene." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. xx. 1870.

(406) H. Dewitz. "Bau u. Entwicklung d. Stachels, etc." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool. Vols. xxv. and xxvin. 1875 and 1877.

(407) H. Dewitz. "Beitrage zur Kenntniss d. Postembryonalentwicklung d. Gliedmassen bei den Insecten." Zeit. /. wiss. Zool. xxx. Supplement. 1878.

(408) A. Dohrn. "Notizen zur Kenntniss d. Insectenentwicklung." Zeitschriftf. wiss. Zool. Bd. xxvi. 1876.

(409) M. Fabre. " L'hypermetamorphose et les mceurs des Meloides." An. Sci. Nat. Series iv. Vol. vn. 1857.

(410) Ganin. "Beitrage zur Erkenntniss d. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Insecten." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. xix. 1869.

(411) V. Graber. Die Insecten. Miinchen, 1877.

(412) V. Graber. " Vorlauf. Ergeb. lib. vergl. Embryologie d. Insecten." Archiv f. mikr. Anat. Vol. XV. 1878.

(413) O.v.Grimm. " Ungeschlechtliche Fortpflanzung einer Chironomus-Art u. deren Entwicklung aus dem unbefruchteten Ei." Mhn. Acad. Pttcrsbourg. 1X70.

(414) B. Ilatschek. " Beitrage zur Entwicklung d. Lepidopteren." Jenaischc Zeitschrift, Bd. xi.

(415) A. Kollikcr. " Observationes de prima insectorum gcnese, etc. " Ann. Sc. Nat. Vol. xx. 1843.

(11(5) A. Kowalevsky. " Embryologische Studien an Wiirmern u. Arthropoden." Mtm. Ac. imp. J\'(,-rstn>nr, Ser. VII. Vol. XVI. iSji.

(417) C. Kraepelin. " Untersuchungen lib. d. Bau, Mechanismus u. d. Entwick. des Stachels d. l.icnartigai Tliicrc." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool. Vol. xxm. 1X7.5.

(418) C. Kupffcr. " Faltcnblatt nn d. Embryoncn d. Gattung Chirononnis." Arch.f. mikr. Anat. Vol. n. iS66.

(419) R. Leuckart. Zur Kemituiss d. Gi'ncratiomxi'ffhscls it. d. /'/; -Ihetii^ , < b. d. Insecten. Frankfurt, iH.nS.


BIBLIOGRAPHY. xvii


(420) Lubbock. Origin and Metamorphosis of Insi-cts. 1874.

(421) Lubbock. Monograph on Collembola ami Thysanura. Ray Society, 1873 (422) Melnikow. " Beitrage z. Embryonalentwicklung d. Insecten." Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, Bd. XXXV. 1869.

(423) E. Metschnikoff. ' ' Embryologische Studien an Insecten." '/.fit. /. wiss. Zool Bd. xvi. 1866.

(424) P. Meyer. " Ontogenie und Phylogenie d. Insecten." Jcnaischt Zfitschrift, Vol. X. 1876.

(425) Fritz Miiller. " Beitrage z. Kenntniss d. Termiten." Jcnaische Zeitschrift, Vol. IX. 1875.

(426) A. S. Packard. " Embryological Studies on Diplex, Perithemis, and the Thysanurous genus Isotoma." Mem. Pea body Acad. Science, \. 2. 1871.

(427) Suckow. " Geschlechtsorgane d. Insecten." Heusinger's Zeitschrift f. organ. Physik, Bd. II. 1828.

(428) Tichomiroff. " Ueber die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Seidenwiirms." Zoologischer Anzeigcr, n. Jahr. No. 20 (Preliminary Notice).

(429) Aug. Weismann. "Zur Embryologie d. Insecten." Arehiv f. Anat. und Phys. 1864.

(430) Aug. Weismann. " Entwicklung d. Dipteren." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Vols. xni. and xiv. Leipzig, 1863 4.

(431) Aug. Weismann. " Die Metamorphose d. Corethra plumicornis." Ztit. f. unss. Zool. Vol. xvi. 1866.

(432) N. Wagner. " Beitrag z. Lehre d. Fortpflanzung d. Insectenlarven." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool. Vol. Xlll. 1860.

(433) Zaddach. Untersuchnngen tib. d. Bau u. d. Enhuicklung d. Gliederlhifre. Berlin, 1854.

ARACHNID A. Scorpionidce.

(434) El. Metschnikoff. " Embryologie des Scorpions." Zeit.f. unss. Zool. Bd. xxi. 1870.

(435) H. Rathke. Reisebemerknngen aus Taurien (Scorpio), Leipzig, 1837.

Pseudoscorpionidce.

(436) El. Metschnikoff. " Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Chelifer." Zeit.f. unss. Zool. Bd. xxi. 1870.

(437) A. Stecker. "Entwicklung der Chthonius-Eier im Mutterleibe und c Bildung des Blastoderms." Sitzung. konigl. bohmisch. Gesellschaft Wissensch. t 1876, 3. Heft, and Annal. and Mag. Nat. History, 1876, xvill. 197.

Phalangida.

(438) M. Balbiani. " Memoire sur le developpement des Phalangides." Ann. Scien. Nat. Series v. Vol. xvi. 1872.

Araneina.

(439) M. Balbiani. "Memoire sur le developpement des Araneides." Ann. Scien. Nat. Series v. Vol. xvn. 1873. /->./

(440) F. M. Balfour. "Notes on the development of the Arane

Journ. of Micr. Science, Vol. XX. 1880. v ,

(441) J. Barrois. " Recherches s. 1. developpement des Araign^es.

de I' Anat. et de la Physiol. 1878. , , fiA

(442) E. Claparede. Recherches s. revolution des Aratgnees. Jtrecht, 1862.

(443) Her old. De generation Araneorum in Ovo. Marburg, 1824.

(444) H. Ludwig. "Ueber die Bildung des Blastoderms bei den Zeit.f. wiss. Zool. Vol. xxvi. 1876.

B. II. b


xviii BIBLIOGRAPHY.


Acariua.

(445) P. van Beneden. " Developpement de 1'Atax ypsilophora." Acad. Bruxelles, t. xxiv.

(446) Ed. Claparede. "Studien uber Acarinen." Zeit. /. wits. Zoo/., Bd. xvin. 1868.

CRUSTACEA. General Works.

(447) C. Spence Bate. " Report on the present state of our knowledge of the Crustacea." Report of the British Association for 1878.

(448) C. Claus. Untersuchungen zur Erforschung der genealogischen Grundlage des Crustaceen -Systems. Wien, 1876.

(449) A. Dohrn. "Geschichte des Krebsstammes. " Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. vi. 1871.

(450) A. Gerstaecker. Bronris Thierreich, Bd. v. Arthropoda, 1866.

(451) Th. II. Huxley. The Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals. London, 1877.

(452) Fritz Miiller. Fiir Darwin, 1864. Translation, Facts for Darwin. London, 1869.

Branchiopoda.

(453) Brauer. "Vorlaufige Mittheilung iiber die Entwicklung u. Lebensweise des Lepidurus (Apus) productus." Sitz. der Ak. d. Wiss. Wien, Vol. LXIX., 1874.

(454) C. Claus. ' Zur Kenntniss d. Baues u. d. Entwicklung von Branchipus stagnalisu. Apuscancriformis." Abh. d. konig. Gesell. der Wiss. Gbttingen, Vol. xviii.

l8 '3-_

(455) C. Grobben. "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Moina rectirostris." Arbeit, a. d. zoologisch. Institute Wier., Vol. II., 1879.

(456) E. Grube. " Bemerkungen iiber die Phyllopoden nebst einer Uebersicht etc." Archivf. Naturgcschichte, Vol. xix., 1853.

(457) N. Joly. " Histoire d'un petit Crustace (Artemia salina, Leach) etc." Annales d. Sciences Natur., 2nd ser., Vol. xiir., 1840.

(458) N. Joly. " Recherches zoologiques anatomiques et physiologiques sur 1' I sauracy clad oides ( = Esther ia) nouveau genre, etc." Annales d. Sciences Nat., 2nd ser., Vol. xvii., 1842.

(459) Lereboullet. " Observations sur la generation et le de veloppement de la Limnadia de Hermann." Annales d. Sciences Nattir., ^th ser., Vol. v., 1866.

(460) F. Ley dig. " Ueber Artemia salina u. Branchipus stagnalis." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. in., 1851.

(461) G. O. Sars. "Om en dimorph Udvikling samt Generationsvexel hos I^eptodora." Vidensk. Selskab. For hand, 1873.

(462) G. Zaddach. De apodis cancrefortnis Schaeff. anatome ct historia evolutionis. Dissertatio inanguralis zootomica. Bonnae, 1841.


Nebaliadce.

(463) C. Claus. " Ueber den Bau u. die systematische Stellung von Nebalia." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., 15d. xxn. 1872.

(464) E.Metschnikoff. Development of Nebalia ( Russian), 1 868.

Schizopoda.

(465) E. van Beneden. "Recherches sur 1'Embryogenie des Crustace's. u. Developpement des Mysis." liullet. de rAcadc ! mie roy. de Belgique, second series, Tom. xxvin. 1869.

(46H) C. Claus. " Ueber einige Schizopoden u. niedere Malakostraken." Zeit. /. -t'tss. Zoologie, Bd. XIII., 1863.


BIBLIOGRAPHY. xix


(467) A. Dohrn. " Untersuchungen iib. Bau u. Entwicklung d. Arthropoden." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxi., 1871, p. 375. Peneus zoaea (larva of Euphausia).

(468) E. Metschnikoff. " Ueber ein Larvenstadium von Euphausia." Zeit. fiir wiss. Zool., Bd. xix., 1869.

(469) E. Metschnikoff. " Ueber den Naupliuszustand von Euphausia." Zeit. fiir wiss. Zool., Bd. xxi., 1871.

Decapoda.

(470) Spence Bate. "On the development of Decapod Crustacea." Phil. Trans., 1858.

(471) Spence Bate. " On the development of Pagurus." Ann. and Mag. Nat. History, Series 4, Vol. 1 1., 1868.

(472) N. Bobretzky. Development of Astacus and Paluemon. Kiew, 1873. (Russian.)

(473) C. Claus. "Zur Kenntniss d. Malakostrakenlarven." Wiirzb. naturw. Zeitschrift, 1861.

(474) R. Q. Couch. "On the Metamorphosis of the Decapod Crustaceans." Report Cornwall Polyt. Society, 1848.

(475) Du Cane. "On the Metamorphosis of Crustacea." Ann. and Mag. of Nat. History, 1839.

(476) Walter Faxon. " On the development of Paloemonetes vulgaris." Bull. of the Mus. of Comp. Anat. Harvard, Cambridge, Mass., Vol. V., 1879.

(477) A. Dohrn. " Untersuchungen iib. Bau u. Entwicklung d. Arthropoden." " Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Panzerkrebse. Scyllarns Palinurus." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xix., 1870.

(478) A. Dohrn. "Untersuchungen iib. Bau u. Entwicklung d. Arthropoden. Erster Beitrag z. Kenntniss d. Malacostrakcn u. ilirer Larven Amphion Reynaudi, Lophogaster, Portunus, Porcellanus, Elaphocaris. " Zeit. f. ^viss. Zool., Bd. XX., 1870.

(479) A. Dohrn. "Untersuchungen iib. Bau u. Entwicklung d. Arthropoden. Zweiter Beitrag, etc." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. XXI., 1871.

(480) N. J oly. " Sur la Caridina Desmarestii." Ann. Scien. Nat., Tom. xix., 1843.

(481) Lereboullet. " Recherches d. 1'embryologie comparee sur le developpement du Brochet, de la Perche et de 1'Ecrevisse." Mem. Savuns Etrang. Paris, Vol. xvii., 1862.

(482) P. Mayer. "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Dekapoden." Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. XI., 1877.

(483) Fritz Miiller. '* Die Verwandlung der Porcellana." Archivf. Naturgeschichte, 1862.

(484) Fritz Miiller. " Die Verwandlungen d. Garneelen." Archivf. Naturgesch., Tom. xxix.

(485) Fritz Miiller. " Ueber die Naupliusbrut d. Garneelen." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxx., 1878.

(486) T. J. Parker. "An account of Reichenbach's researches on the early development of the Fresh-water Crayfish." Quart. J. of M. Science, Vol. xvui., 1878.

(487) H. Rathke. Ueber die Bildung u. Entwicklung d. Flusskrebses. Leipzig, 1829.

(488) H. Reichenbach. " Die Embryoanlage u. erste Entwicklung d. Flusskrebses." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxix., 1877.

(489) F. Richters. "Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Loricaten." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxiii., 1873.

(490) G. O. Sars. " Om Hummers postembryonale Udvikling." Vidcnsk Selsk. Forh. Christiania, 1874.

(491) Sidney J. Smith. " The early stages of the American Lobster. " Tratts. of the Connecticut Acad. of Arts and Sciences, Vol. II., Part i, 1873.

(492) R. v. Willemoes Suhm. " Preliminary note on the development of some pelagic Decapoda." Proc. of Royal Society, 1876.


XX BIBLIOGRAPHY.


Stomatopoda.

(41KI) \V. K. Brooks. " On the larval stages of Squilla empusa. Chesapeake Zoological Laboratory^ Scientific results of the Session ^1878. Baltimore, 1879.

(494) C. Claus. "Die Metamorphose der Squilliden." Abhand. dcr konigl. Gesell. der IViss. ztt Gottingen^ 1*7-.

( 1 '.!">) Fr. M tiller. 4i Bruchstuck a. der Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Maulfiisser I. und II." Archivf. Naturgeschichte, Vol. xxvni., 1862, and Vol. XXIX., 1863.

Cumacea*

( 1%) A. Dohrn. " Ueber den Bau u. Entwicklung d. Cumaceen." Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. v., 1870.

hopoda.

(497) Ed. van Beneden. " Recherches sur 1'Embryogenie des Crustaces. i. Asellus aquaticus." BiuL de FAcad. roy. Belgique, 2me serie, Tom. XXVIII., No. 7, 1869.

(498) N. Bobretzky. "Zur Embryologie des Oniscus murarius." Ztit. fur wiss. Zool., Bd. xxiv., 1874.

(4119) J. F. Bullar. "On the development of the parasitic Isopoda." Phil. Trans., Part n., 1878.

(500) A. Dohrn. " Die embryonale Entwicklung des Asellus aquaticus." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xvii., 1867.

(501) II. Rathke. Untersuchungen iibcr die Bildung und Entwicklung der VVasser-Assel. Leipzig, 1832.

(5u2) H. Rathke. Zur Morphologic. Reisebemerkungen aus J^aurien. Riga u. Leipzig, 1837. (Bopyrus, Idothea, Ligia, lanira.)

. A mphipoda.

(503) Ed. van Beneden and E. Bessels. "Memoire sur la formation du blastoderme chez les Amphipodes, les Lerneens et les Copepodes." Classe des Sciences de F Acad. roy. de Belgiqtie, Vol. xxxiv., 1868.

(004) De la Valette St George. " Studien liber die Entwicklung der Amphipoden." Abhand. d. naturfor. Gesell. zu Halle, Bd. v., 1860.

Copcpoda.

(505) E. van Beneden and E. Bessels. "Memoire sur la formation du blastoderme chez les Amphipodes, les Lerneens et Copepodes." Classe des Sciences dc FAcad. roy. de Bel^ique, Vol. xxxiv., 1868.

(">(Hi) E. van Beneden. " Recherches sur 1'Embryoge'nie des Crustaces I v. Anchorella, Lerneopoda, Branchiella, Hessia." Bull, de FAcad. roy. de Belgique^ sme serie, T. xxix., 1870.

(507) C. Claus. Zur Anatomie u. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Copepoden.

("iii.S) C. Claus. " Untcrsuchungen iiber die Organisation u. N'crwaiulschaft d. Copepoden." Witrzburger nalttnviss. Zeitschrift, Bd. ill., 1862.

(.")('.() C. Claus. ' Ueber den Bau u. d. Entwicklung von Achtheres percarum." '/.cit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. XI., 1862.

I ."> 1 ( i ) C . (' 1 a u s. Die frcilcbcnden Copepoden mit bcsonderer Beritcksichtigiing der Fauna Dcutschlands, der Nordsec u. des Mitteltnecres. Leip/.i.^, 1863.

(511) C. C laus. " Ueber d. Entwicklung, Organisation u. systematische Stellung d. Arguliihv." /.eit. f. wiss. tool., P>d. xxv., 1875.

(51^) P. P. C. Hoek. "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Entomostracen." Niederliindischcs Archiv, Vol. IV., 1877.

(513) N o rd m a n n. Mikrographische Beitrdge zur Naturgeschichte der ivirbcllosen Thiert Z\\ cites Heft. 1832.

|.">M) Salensky. " Sphseronella Leuckartii." Archivf. Naturgcschichtc, 1868.

(515) F. Vejdovsky. "Untersuchnngen lib. d. Anat. u. Mctamorph. v. Trachcliastes polycolpus " Zcit.f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxix., 1877.


BIBLIOGRAPHY. xxi


Cirripedia.

(516) C. Spence Bate. "On the development of the Cirripedia." Annals and Mag. of Natur. History. Second Series, vm., 1851.

(517) E. van Beneden. " Developpement des Sacculines." Bull, de F Acad. roy. de Belg., 1870.

(518) C. Claus. Die Cypris-dhnliehe Larve der Cirripedien. Marburg, 1869.

(519) Ch. Darwin. A monograph of the sub-class Cirripedia, i Vols., Kay Society, 1851 4.

(520) A. Dohrn. " Untersuchungen iibcr Bau u. Entwicklung d. Arthropoden ix. Eine neue Naupliusform (Archizoea gigas)." Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. XX., 1870.

(521) P. P. C. Hoek. "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Entomostraken I. Embryologie von Balanus." Wiederlandisches Archiv fur Zoologic, Vol. III., 1876 7.

(522) R. Kossmann. " Suctoria u. Lepadidze. Arbeiten a. d. zool.-zoot. Instituted. Univer. Wiirz., Vol. I., 1873.

(523) Aug. Krohn. " Beobachtungen iiber die Entwicklung der Cirripedien." Wiegmanrfs Archiv fur Naturgesch., xxvi., 1860.

(524) E. Metschnikoff. Sitzungsberichte d. Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher zu Hannover ; 1865. (Balanus balanoides.)

(525) Fritz Muller. "Die Rhizocephalen." Archiv /. Naturgeschichte, 18623.

(526) F. C. Noll. "Kochlorine hamata, ein bohrendes Cirriped." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxv., 1875.

(527) A. Pagenstecher. " Beitrage zur Anatomic und Entwicklungsgeschichte von Lepas pectinata." Zeit.f. wiss. Zoo/., Vol. xin., 1863.

(52tt) J. V. Thompson. Zoological Researches and Illustrations, Vol. I., Part I. Memoir iv. On the Cirripedes or Barnacles. 8vo. Cork, 1830.

(529) J. V. Thompson. " Discovery of the Metamorphosis in the second type of the Cirripedes, viz. the Lepades completing the natural history of these singular animals, and confirming their affinity with the Crustacea." Phil. Trans. 1835. P art n.

(530) R. von Willemoes Suhm. "On the development of Lepas fascicularis." Phil. Trans., Vol. 166, 1876.

Ostracoda.

(531) C. Claus. " Zur naheren Kenntniss der Jugendformen von Cypris ovum." Zeit.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. XV., 1865.

(532) C. Claus. "Beitrage zur Kenntniss d. Ostracoden. Entwicklungsgeschichte von Cypris ovum." Schriften d. Gesell. zur Bejorderung d. gesamm. Naturwiss. zu Marburg, Vol. IX., 1868.

PCECILOPODA.

(533) A. Dohrn. "Untersuch. lib. Bau u. Entwick. d. Arthropoden (Limulus polyphemus)." Jcnaische Zeitschrift, Vol. VI., 1871.

(534) A. S. Packard. "The development of Limulus polyphemus." Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. History, Vol. II., 1872.

PYCNOGONIDA.

(535) G. C a van n a. " Studie e ricerche sui Picnogonidi." PiMIicazioni del R. Instittito di Studi super iori in Firenze, 1877.

(536) An. Dohrn. " Ueber Entwicklung u. Bau d. Pycnogoniden." Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. v. 1870, and "Neue Untersuchungen ub. Pycnogoniden." Mittheil. a. d. zoologischen Station zu Ncapel, Bd. I. 1878.

(537) G. Hodge. " Observations on a species of Pycnogon, etc." Annal. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. Vol. ix. 1862.

(538) C. Semper. " Ueber Pycnogoniden u. ihre in Hydroiden schmarotzenden Larvenformen. 1 ' Arbeiten a. d. zool.-zoot. Instit. IViiizburg, Vol. I. 1874.


xxii BIBLIOGRAPHY.


PENTASTOMIDA.

(539) P. T. van Ben e den. " Recherches s. 1'organisation et le developpement d. Linguatules. Ann. d. Scien. Nat., 3 Ser., Vol. XI.

("I'M R. Leuckart. " Bau u. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Pentastomen." Leipzig and Heidelberg. 1860.

TARDIGRADA.

(541) J. Kaufmann. " Ueber die Entwicklung u. systematische Stellung d. Tardigraden." Zeit.f. iviss. Zool., Bd. ill. 1851.

ECHINODERMATA.

(542) Alex. Agassiz. Revision of the Echini. Cambridge, U.S. 1872 74.

(543) Alex. Agassiz. " North American Starfishes." Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. v., No. i. 1877 (originally published in 1864).

(544) J. Barrois. " Embryogenie de 1'Asteriscus verruculatus " Journal de VAnat. et Phys. 1879.

(545) A. Baur. Beitrdge zur Naturgeschichte d. Synapta digitata. Dresden, 1864.

(546) H. G. Bronn. Kiassen u. Ordnungen etc. Strahlenthiere, Vol. II. 1860.

(547) W. B. Carpenter. "Researches on the structure, physiology and development of Antedon." Phil. Trans. CLVI. 1866, and Proceedings of the Roy. Soc., No. 166. 1876.

(548) P. H. Carpenter. " On the oral and apical systems of the Echinoderms." Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. xvni. and xix. 1878 9.

(549) A. Gotte. " Vergleichende Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Comatula mediterranea." Arch.fiir micr. Anat., Vol. xn. 1876.

(550) R. Greeff. "Ueber die Entwicklung des Asteracanthion rubens vom Ei bis zur Bipinnaria u. Brachiolaria." Schriftcn d. Gesellschaft zur Beforderung d. gesarnmlen Natnrwissenschaften zu Marburg, Bd. XII. 1876.

(551) R. Greeff. "Ueber den Bau u. die Entwicklung d. Echinodermen." Sitz. d. Gesell. z. Beforderung d. gesam. Naturwiss. zu Marburg, No. 4. 1879.

(552) T. H. Huxley. "Report upon the researches of Mliller into the anat. and devel. of the Echinoderms." Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 2nd Ser., Vol. vin.

(553) Koren and Danielssen. "Observations sur la Bipinnaria asterigera." Ann. Scien. Nat., Ser. in., Vol. VII. 1847.

i-">l) Koren and Uanielssen. "Observations on the development of the Starfishes." Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., Vol. XX. 1857.

(."..",.",) A. Kowalevsky. "Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Holothurien." Aft m. Ac. Petersburg, Ser. VII., Tom. XI., No. 6.

("'"><') A. Krohn. "Beobacht. a. d. Entwick. d. Holothurien u. Seeigel." M tiller's Archiv, 1851.

(Vi7) A. Krohn. " Ueb. d. Entwick. d. Seesterne u. Holothurien." Muller's Ardiir,

A. Krohn. "Beobacht. lib. Echinodermenlarven." Miiller's Archiv, 18(4.

('>'>'.)} II. Ludwig. "Ueb. d. primar. Steinkanal d. Crinoideen, nebst vergl. anat. Bemerk. ub. d. Echinodermen." Zeit.f. wiss. Zoo/., Vol. xxxiv. iSSo.

(">r,n) K. Metschnikoff. "Studien lib. d. Entwick. d. Echinodermen u. Nemertinen." Mem. .!< . J', : /i'rsfa>nr?. Scries VII., Tom. XIV., No. 8. 1869.

(501)' Joh. Miillcr. " Ueb. d. Larven u. d. Metamorphose d. EchinodcM men.' Alhandlnng,-n d. />>///'. Akad. (Five Memoirs), 1848, 49, 50. 52 (two Mnnoirs).

Joh. Miiller. " Allgemeincr Plan d. Entwicklung d. Echinodermen. Abhandl. d. Berlin. Akad., 1853.

1 The dates in this reference are the dates of publication.


BIBLIOGRAPHY. xxiil


(563). E. Selenka. "Zur Entwicklung d. Holothurien." Ztit. f. wiss. Zoo/., Ed. xxvn. 1876.

(564) E. Selenka. "Keimblatter u. Organanlage bei Echiniden." Zeit.f.wiss. Zool.t Vol. xxxni. 1879.

(565) Sir Wyville Thomson. " On the Embryology of the Echinodcrmata." Natural History Review, 1864.

(566) Sir Wyville Thomson. "On the Embryogeny of Antedon rosacetw." Phil. Trans. 1865.

ENTEROPNEUSTA.

(567) A. Agassiz. "Tornaria." Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. vin. New York, 1866.

(568) A. Agassiz. "The History of Balanoglossus and Tornaria." Mem. Amer. Acad. of Arts and Scien., Vol. IX. 1873.

(569) A. Gotte. " Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Comatula Mediterranea. " Archiv fur mikr. Anat., Bd. XII., 1876, p. 641.

(570) E. Metschnikoff. " Untersuchungen lib. d. Metamorphose, etc. (Tornaria)." Zeit.fiir wiss. Zool., Bd. XX. 1870.

(571) J. M tiller. " Ueb. d. Larven u. Metamor. d. Echinodermen." Berlin. Akad., 1849 and 1850.

(572) J. W. Spengel. "Bau u. Entwicklung von Balanoglossus." Tagebl.d. Naturf. Vers. Mtinchen, 1877.


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