Template:Respiratory terms: Difference between revisions
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* '''alveolar stage''' - Term used to describe lung development, the final histological/developmental stage (Pseudoglandular, Fetal Canalicular, Terminal sac, '''Alveolar'''). This stage occurs from late fetal/neonate with alveoli formation, the final functional sac of the respiratory tree exists, where gas exchange occurs between the alveolar space and the pulmonary capillaries. ({{Lung stages}}) | * '''alveolar stage''' - Term used to describe lung development, the final histological/developmental stage (Pseudoglandular, Fetal Canalicular, Terminal sac, '''Alveolar'''). This stage occurs from late fetal/neonate with alveoli formation, the final functional sac of the respiratory tree exists, where gas exchange occurs between the alveolar space and the pulmonary capillaries. ({{Lung stages}}) | ||
* '''alveolus''' - ( | * '''alveolus''' - (alveolar sacs, plural alveoli, Latin ''alveolus'' = little cavity) Anatomical and functional end of the mammalian lung respiratory tree where gas exchange occurs. In humans, during lung development these are the last features to form from 7 months onwards. The acinus starts approximately 3 to 4 generations proximal of the bronchioalveolar duct junction and ends about 4 generations of alveolar ducts distal of the bronchioalveolar duct junction. | ||
* '''angiogenesis''' - vascular growth by direct extension from pre-existing blood vessels. (see also vasculogenesis). | * '''angiogenesis''' - vascular growth by direct extension from pre-existing blood vessels. (see also vasculogenesis). | ||
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* '''Bochdalek hernia''' - The most common form (80-85%) of the Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) types occurring mainly on the postero-lateral (left) side of the respiratory diaphragm. (More? {{Congenital diaphragmatic hernia}}) | * '''Bochdalek hernia''' - The most common form (80-85%) of the Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) types occurring mainly on the postero-lateral (left) side of the respiratory diaphragm. (More? {{Congenital diaphragmatic hernia}}) | ||
* '''bronchi''' - (Latin, ''bronchos'' = windpipe) Plural of bronchus, the two subdivisions of the trachea carrying air to the lungs. Embryologically form as an endodermal outpocket of the foregut which branch (bronchiole, subdivision of the bronchus) as they grow. | * '''bronchi''' - (Latin, ''bronchos'' = windpipe) Plural of bronchus, the two subdivisions of the trachea carrying air to the lungs. Embryologically form as an endodermal outpocket of the foregut which branch (bronchiole, subdivision of the bronchus) as they grow. Airway: trachea - bronchi - lobar bronchi - segmental bronchi - bronchioles - conducting bronchioles - terminal bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts. | ||
* '''bronchiole''' - A smaller branch subdivision of the respiratory tract bronchus. | * '''bronchiole''' - A smaller branch subdivision of the respiratory tract bronchus, lack supporting cartilage skeletons and have a diameter of about 1 mm. Epithelium is initially ciliated and graduates to simple columnar epithelium and lining no longer contain mucous-producing cells. | ||
* '''bronchopulmonary dysplasia''' - (chronic lung disease in preterm infants) Clinical term for a heterogeneous lung disease seen in preterm (premature) infants and diagnosed within the first months of life. Condition was first described in 1967. (More? {{preterm birth}} [https://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/bronchopulmonary-dysplasia/ American Lung Association]) | * '''bronchopulmonary dysplasia''' - (chronic lung disease in preterm infants) Clinical term for a heterogeneous lung disease seen in preterm (premature) infants and diagnosed within the first months of life. Condition was first described in 1967. (More? {{preterm birth}} [https://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/bronchopulmonary-dysplasia/ American Lung Association]) | ||
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* '''carbon monoxide''' - (CO) A colourless and odorless gas formed mainly as a by-product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons and can cause cytotoxicity by tissue hypoxia. Carbon monoxide enters circulation though the respiratory system, binding to haemoglobin to form carboxy-haemoglobin (COHb), with fetal haemoglobin binding with a greater affinity. | * '''carbon monoxide''' - (CO) A colourless and odorless gas formed mainly as a by-product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons and can cause cytotoxicity by tissue hypoxia. Carbon monoxide enters circulation though the respiratory system, binding to haemoglobin to form carboxy-haemoglobin (COHb), with fetal haemoglobin binding with a greater affinity. | ||
* '''CDH''' - Acronym for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia, a musculoskeletal abnormality of the respiratory diaphragm. The most common form being the [[B#Bochdalek | * '''CDH''' - Acronym for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia, a musculoskeletal abnormality of the respiratory diaphragm. The most common form being the [[B#Bochdalek hernia|Bochdalek hernia]]. | ||
* '''chorioamnionitis''' - (amnionitis, intra-amniotic infection) intrauterine bacterial infection/inflammation that can cause {{preterm birth}} and affect respiratory development directly as well as thought the underdeveloped brainstem, resulting in reduced respiratory drive. | |||
* '''chronic lung disease''' - (CLD) Clinical term, a neonatal chronic lung disease can be caused by prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) and oxygen-rich gas with premature infants. | * '''chronic lung disease''' - (CLD) Clinical term, a neonatal chronic lung disease can be caused by prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) and oxygen-rich gas with premature infants. | ||
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* '''Clara cell secretory protein''' - (CCSP) A protective lung protein secreted from non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells in the conducting airways of mammals. The protein increases in expression level post-natally and is thought to have antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anticarcinogenic properties. | * '''Clara cell secretory protein''' - (CCSP) A protective lung protein secreted from non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells in the conducting airways of mammals. The protein increases in expression level post-natally and is thought to have antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anticarcinogenic properties. | ||
* '''connective tissue fibers''' - form a continuous alveolar support with axial, peripheral and septal fibers. | |||
* '''{{congenital diaphragmatic hernia}}''' - Abnormality due to failure of the pleuroperitoneal foramen (foramen of Bochdalek) to close (left side), allows viscera into thorax Intestine, stomach or spleen can enter the pleural cavity, compressing the lung. Rarer (Morgagni hernia) is an opening in the front of the diaphragm. (More? {{congenital diaphragmatic hernia}} | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1359 GeneReviews] | * '''{{congenital diaphragmatic hernia}}''' - Abnormality due to failure of the pleuroperitoneal foramen (foramen of Bochdalek) to close (left side), allows viscera into thorax Intestine, stomach or spleen can enter the pleural cavity, compressing the lung. Rarer (Morgagni hernia) is an opening in the front of the diaphragm. (More? {{congenital diaphragmatic hernia}} | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1359 GeneReviews] | ||
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* '''cystic fibrosis''' - Inherited disease of the mucus and sweat glands, causes mucus to be thick and sticky. Clogging the lungs, causing breathing problems and encouraging bacterial grow. (Covered elsewhere in the course) | * '''cystic fibrosis''' - Inherited disease of the mucus and sweat glands, causes mucus to be thick and sticky. Clogging the lungs, causing breathing problems and encouraging bacterial grow. (Covered elsewhere in the course) | ||
* '''diaphragm''' - A general term for a membranous sheet, used to describe the respiratory diaphragm. The muscular sheet separating chest from abdomen with several different embryonic origins. Regular contraction of the diaphragm is required in respiration. The diaphragm forms initially at the lower end of the [[P#pleuroperitoneal canal|pleuroperitoneal canal]]. (Embryonic origins: [[T#transverse septum|transverse septum]] (septum transversum) - tendon of the diaphragm, 3rd to 5th | * '''diaphragm''' - A general term for a membranous sheet, used to describe the respiratory diaphragm. The muscular sheet separating chest from abdomen with several different embryonic origins. Regular contraction of the diaphragm is required in respiration. The diaphragm forms initially at the lower end of the [[P#pleuroperitoneal canal|pleuroperitoneal canal]]. (Embryonic origins: [[T#transverse septum|transverse septum]] (septum transversum) - tendon of the diaphragm, 3rd to 5th {{somite}} pairs - musculature of diaphragm, ventral pleural sac - connective tissue, mesentry of oesophagus - connective tissue around oesophasus and inferior vena cava, and pleuroperitoneal membranes - connective tissue around [[C#central tendon|central tendon]]) | ||
* '''endoderm''' - (Greek, ''endo'' = inside + ''derma'' = skin) One of the initial 3 germ cell layers ( | * '''endoderm''' - (Greek, ''endo'' = inside + ''derma'' = skin) One of the initial 3 germ cell layers ({{ectoderm}}, {{mesoderm}}, {{endoderm}}) formed by the process of {{gastrulation}}. The endoderm forms the epithelial lining glands and of the respiratory tract. | ||
* '''epaxial muscle''' - Anatomical term describing [[S#skeletal muscle|skeletal muscles]] which lie dorsal (posterior) to the vertebral column developing from the [[S#somitic|somite]] [[M#myotome|myotome]]. At the ribcage level the levatores costarum muscles involved with rib elevation during respiration. | * '''epaxial muscle''' - Anatomical term describing [[S#skeletal muscle|skeletal muscles]] which lie dorsal (posterior) to the vertebral column developing from the [[S#somitic|somite]] [[M#myotome|myotome]]. At the ribcage level the levatores costarum muscles involved with rib elevation during respiration. | ||
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* '''Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation''' - (ECMO) an invasive therapy that has been investigated and utilized in newborn infants with cardiorespiratory failure. | * '''Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation''' - (ECMO) an invasive therapy that has been investigated and utilized in newborn infants with cardiorespiratory failure. | ||
* '''fetal breathing movements''' - (FBM) Occur in the | * '''fetal breathing movements''' - (FBM) Occur in the {{third trimester}} preparing both the skeletomuscular and neural system, and lungs mechanically and the amount of liquid within the developing lungs. | ||
* '''fistula''' - An abnormal communication between 2 structures (organs, vessels, cavities) that do not normally connect, can occur between the trachea and oesophagus. | * '''fistula''' - An abnormal communication between 2 structures (organs, vessels, cavities) that do not normally connect, can occur between the trachea and oesophagus. | ||
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* '''hyaline membrane disease''' - (Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome) Abnormality due to a membrane-like substance from damaged pulmonary cells. | * '''hyaline membrane disease''' - (Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome) Abnormality due to a membrane-like substance from damaged pulmonary cells. | ||
* '''hypopharynx''' - connects the oropharynx to the oesophagus and the larynx, the region of pharynx below the hyoid bone. | |||
* '''laryngeal cleft''' - (LC, laryngeal-tracheo-oesophageal cleft) A rare foregut abnormality allowing digestive tract and the airway to communicate causing chronic cough, aspiration and respiratory distress. The downward extension of the cleft determines the classification of the abnormality. | * '''laryngeal cleft''' - (LC, laryngeal-tracheo-oesophageal cleft) A rare foregut abnormality allowing digestive tract and the airway to communicate causing chronic cough, aspiration and respiratory distress. The downward extension of the cleft determines the classification of the abnormality. | ||
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* '''meconium aspiration syndrome''' - (MAS) Fetal stress in the third trimester, prior to/at/ or during parturition can lead to premature meconium discharge into the amniotic fluid and sunsequent ingestion by the [[F#fetus|fetus]] and damage to respiratory function. | * '''meconium aspiration syndrome''' - (MAS) Fetal stress in the third trimester, prior to/at/ or during parturition can lead to premature meconium discharge into the amniotic fluid and sunsequent ingestion by the [[F#fetus|fetus]] and damage to respiratory function. | ||
* '''medullary respiratory centres''' - {{medulla oblongata}} collection of nuclei organised into ventral and dorsal respiratory groups. The ventral respiratory nuclei pre-Bötzinger complex (pBÖTC) required for respiratory rhythmogenesis. | |||
* '''mitochondria''' - Double membraned cell organelle located in the cytoplasm, a cell may contain 100's or more mitochondria, the number can relate to the metabolic activity of that cell. Functions in cell respiration, providing energy to the cell and also has a role in the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death). | * '''mitochondria''' - Double membraned cell organelle located in the cytoplasm, a cell may contain 100's or more mitochondria, the number can relate to the metabolic activity of that cell. Functions in cell respiration, providing energy to the cell and also has a role in the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death). | ||
* '''newborn respiratory distress syndrome''' - (respiratory distress syndrome, RDS, hyaline membrane syndrome) - surfactant deficiency at {{birth}} more common in {{preterm birth}}. [https://bettersafercare.vic.gov.au/resources/clinical-guidance/maternity-and-newborn-clinical-network/respiratory-distress-syndrome-rds-in-neonates RDS Info] | |||
* '''nitrofen''' - A diphenyl ether herbicide [[T#teratogen|teratogen]] used in rodent development to generate a range of developmental abnormalities, including congenital diaphragmatic hernia. | * '''nitrofen''' - A diphenyl ether herbicide [[T#teratogen|teratogen]] used in rodent development to generate a range of developmental abnormalities, including congenital diaphragmatic hernia. | ||
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* '''respiratory''' - Term used in relation to breathing (in and out) or associated with the lungs. Anatomically used to describe the lungs, air pathways and associated muscles. In cell biology used in relation to mitochondrial use of oxygen to produce energy and carbon dioxide waste. | * '''respiratory''' - Term used in relation to breathing (in and out) or associated with the lungs. Anatomically used to describe the lungs, air pathways and associated muscles. In cell biology used in relation to mitochondrial use of oxygen to produce energy and carbon dioxide waste. | ||
* '''respiratory bronchioles''' - may contain alveoli and have surface surfactant-producing Respiratory bronchioles can contain alveoli and surfactant-producing cells, and give rise to between 2 to 11 alveolar ducts. | |||
* '''respiratory sinus arrhythmia''' - (RSA) Clinically used as an index of cardiac vagal activity, measured breath-by-breath by subtracting the minimum heart rate (HR) during expiration from the maximum HR during inspiration. | * '''respiratory sinus arrhythmia''' - (RSA) Clinically used as an index of cardiac vagal activity, measured breath-by-breath by subtracting the minimum heart rate (HR) during expiration from the maximum HR during inspiration. | ||
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* '''{{surfactant}}''' - ('''surf'''ace '''act'''ive '''a'''ge'''nt''' ; pulmonary surfactant) A mixture of lipids and proteins secreted by Type 2 alveolar cells between alveolar epithelium that reduces surface tension (detergent) at the air-liquid interface. The function is to prevent collapse of the lung at the end of expiration. In humans, these cells and their secretion develop towards the very end of the third trimester, just before birth. Clinical surfactants used for surfactant replacement therapy are animal-derived preparations, commonly bovine (beractant, bovactant, BLES) or less common porcine (butantan, poractant-α and surfacen) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30728009 PMID30728009]. | * '''{{surfactant}}''' - ('''surf'''ace '''act'''ive '''a'''ge'''nt''' ; pulmonary surfactant) A mixture of lipids and proteins secreted by Type 2 alveolar cells between alveolar epithelium that reduces surface tension (detergent) at the air-liquid interface. The function is to prevent collapse of the lung at the end of expiration. In humans, these cells and their secretion develop towards the very end of the third trimester, just before birth. Clinical surfactants used for surfactant replacement therapy are animal-derived preparations, commonly bovine (beractant, bovactant, BLES) or less common porcine (butantan, poractant-α and surfacen) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30728009 PMID30728009]. | ||
* '''{{surfactant}} replacement therapy''' - (surfactant therapy) A clinical birth term referring to the endotracheal instillation of a surface-active suspension for treating [[S#surfactant|surfactant]] deficiency due to either preterm birth or pulmonary injury resulting in respiratory distress (respiratory distress syndrome). | * '''surfactant protein D''' - (SP-D) a multimeric collectin (collagen-containing C-type lectin) involved in innate immunity (anti-microbial) and expressed in pulmonary and non-pulmonary epithelia. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29473039 PMID 29473039] | ||
* '''{{surfactant}} replacement therapy''' - (surfactant therapy) A clinical birth term referring to the endotracheal instillation of a surface-active suspension for treating [[S#surfactant|surfactant]] deficiency due to either preterm birth or pulmonary injury resulting in respiratory distress (newborn respiratory distress syndrome). | |||
* '''tachypnea''' - (Greek, ''tachypnea'' = rapid breathing) Clinical term describing an increased respiratory rate of greater than 60 breaths/minute in a quiet resting baby. | * '''tachypnea''' - (Greek, ''tachypnea'' = rapid breathing) Clinical term describing an increased respiratory rate of greater than 60 breaths/minute in a quiet resting baby. | ||
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* '''terminal sac stage''' - ({{saccular stage}}, terminal sac phase, immature alveoli) Term used to describe the second last histological/developmental stage ({{Pseudoglandular stage}}, Fetal Canalicular, '''{{saccular stage}}''', Alveolar) of lung development. This stage occurs from late fetal week 24 to 36. During this stage branching and growth of the terminal sacs occurs, with cellular differentiation of the type -II pneumonocytes and type - I pneumonocytes The final functional sac of the respiratory tree occurs at the next neonatal period, where gas exchange occurs between the alveolar space and the pulmonary capillaries. ({{Lung stages}}) | * '''terminal sac stage''' - ({{saccular stage}}, terminal sac phase, immature alveoli) Term used to describe the second last histological/developmental stage ({{Pseudoglandular stage}}, Fetal Canalicular, '''{{saccular stage}}''', Alveolar) of lung development. This stage occurs from late fetal week 24 to 36. During this stage branching and growth of the terminal sacs occurs, with cellular differentiation of the type -II pneumonocytes and type - I pneumonocytes The final functional sac of the respiratory tree occurs at the next neonatal period, where gas exchange occurs between the alveolar space and the pulmonary capillaries. ({{Lung stages}}) | ||
* '''trachea''' - (windpipe) In the embryo, a ventral out-pocket of pharynx endoderm that branches in week 4 [[Carnegie stage 13|stage 13]] into the right and left bronchi within the lung buds. The endoderm has associated mesoderm that later differentiates to form most structures outside the respiratory epithelium. In the adult, the trachea forms the functional connection between the pharynx and larynx to the lungs. | * '''trachea''' - (windpipe) In the embryo, a ventral out-pocket of pharynx endoderm that branches in week 4 [[Carnegie stage 13|stage 13]] into the right and left bronchi within the lung buds. The endoderm has associated mesoderm that later differentiates to form most structures outside the respiratory epithelium. In the adult, the trachea forms the functional connection between the pharynx and larynx to the lungs. Adult trachea is a ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium supported by C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage. | ||
* '''tracheoesophageal fistula''' - Abnormal connection between the trachea and oesophagus. | * '''tracheoesophageal fistula''' - Abnormal connection between the trachea and oesophagus. |
Latest revision as of 08:32, 25 February 2019
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