Template:Placenta terms: Difference between revisions
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* '''after-birth''' - term used to describe the delivery of placenta and placental membranes following birth of the child. | * '''after-birth''' - term used to describe the delivery of placenta and placental membranes following birth of the child. | ||
* '''allantois''' - An extraembryonic membrane, endoderm in origin extension from the early hindgut, then cloaca into the connecting stalk of placental animals, connected to the superior end of developing bladder. In reptiles and birds, acts as a reservoir for wastes and mediates gas exchange. In mammals is associated/incorporated with connecting stalk/placental cord fetal-maternal interface. | * '''{{allantois}}''' - An extraembryonic membrane, endoderm in origin extension from the early hindgut, then cloaca into the connecting stalk of placental animals, connected to the superior end of developing bladder. In reptiles and birds, acts as a reservoir for wastes and mediates gas exchange. In mammals is associated/incorporated with connecting stalk/placental cord fetal-maternal interface. | ||
* '''amniocentesis''' - Clinical term for a prenatal diagnostic test where an ultrasound guided needle is used to extract a sample of the amniotic fluid. [[Amniocentesis]] | * '''{{amniocentesis}}''' - Clinical term for a prenatal diagnostic test where an ultrasound guided needle is used to extract a sample of the amniotic fluid. [[Amniocentesis]] | ||
* '''anastomosis''' - Term used to describe the connection between two tubes. Applied to describe the connection between peripheral blood vessels without an intervening capillary bed. | * '''anastomosis''' - Term used to describe the connection between two tubes. Applied to describe the connection between peripheral blood vessels without an intervening capillary bed. | ||
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* '''capsularis''' - portion of maternal decidua that covers the conceptus facing towards the uterine cavity. | * '''capsularis''' - portion of maternal decidua that covers the conceptus facing towards the uterine cavity. | ||
* '''cerebroplacental ratio''' - (CPR) a {{doppler ultrasound}} measurement calculated as the simple ratio between the middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (MCA‐PI) and the umbilical artery pulsatility index (UA‐PI). Fetuses with an abnormal ratio are thought to be a predictor of adverse pregnancy outcome. | |||
* '''chorioamnionitis''' - (CA) An intraamniotic puerperal infection described as having 3 forms: histologic, clinical (clinical chorioamnionitis, IAI), and subclinical. Intraamniotic infection is a common (2-4%) event in labor and the systemic inflammatory response can also lead to preterm birth and neonatal complications. | * '''chorioamnionitis''' - (CA) An intraamniotic puerperal infection described as having 3 forms: histologic, clinical (clinical chorioamnionitis, IAI), and subclinical. Intraamniotic infection is a common (2-4%) event in labor and the systemic inflammatory response can also lead to preterm birth and neonatal complications. | ||
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* '''chorionic somatomammotropin''' - (CSH, human lactogen) A hormone synthesized within the placenta by syncytiotrophoblast cells. This protein hormone (190 amino acid) has a structure is similar to pituitary growth hormone. | * '''chorionic somatomammotropin''' - (CSH, human lactogen) A hormone synthesized within the placenta by syncytiotrophoblast cells. This protein hormone (190 amino acid) has a structure is similar to pituitary growth hormone. | ||
* '''chorionic villus sampling''' - (CVS) The taking a biopsy of the placenta, usually at the end of the second month of pregnancy, to test the fetus for genetic abnormalities. | * '''{{chorionic villus sampling}}''' - (CVS) The taking a biopsy of the placenta, usually at the end of the second month of pregnancy, to test the fetus for genetic abnormalities. | ||
* '''coelocentesis''' - A sampling of extracoelomic fluid usually for an early prenatal diagnostic technique. | * '''coelocentesis''' - A sampling of extracoelomic fluid usually for an early prenatal diagnostic technique. | ||
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* '''cotyledon''' - (Greek, ''kotyle'' = a deep cup) In the embryos of seed plants, the "seed leaves," in which nutrients are stored for use after germination. In placental animals, the term is also to describe the leaf-like structure of the placenta surface. | * '''cotyledon''' - (Greek, ''kotyle'' = a deep cup) In the embryos of seed plants, the "seed leaves," in which nutrients are stored for use after germination. In placental animals, the term is also to describe the leaf-like structure of the placenta surface. | ||
* '''cytotrophoblast''' - The "cellular" trophoblast layer surrounding (forming a "shell") the early implanting conceptus. Beginning at uterine adplantation, proliferation and fusion of these cells is thought to form a second outer trophoblast layer, the syncytiotrophoblast. The cytotrophoblast layer contributes to formation of the placental villi, the functional component of the fetal placenta. | * '''{{cytotrophoblast}}''' - The "cellular" trophoblast layer surrounding (forming a "shell") the early implanting conceptus. Beginning at uterine adplantation, proliferation and fusion of these cells is thought to form a second outer trophoblast layer, the syncytiotrophoblast. The cytotrophoblast layer contributes to formation of the placental villi, the functional component of the fetal placenta. | ||
* '''decidua basalis''' - The term given to the uterine endometrium at the site of implantation where signaling transforms the uterine stromal cells (fibroblast-like) into decidual cells. This forms the maternal component of the placenta, the decidualization process gradually spreads through the remainder of the [[U#uterus|uterus]], forming the decidua parietalis. | * '''decidua basalis''' - The term given to the uterine endometrium at the site of implantation where signaling transforms the uterine stromal cells (fibroblast-like) into decidual cells. This forms the maternal component of the placenta, the decidualization process gradually spreads through the remainder of the [[U#uterus|uterus]], forming the decidua parietalis. | ||
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* '''fetal erythroblastosis''' - (Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn) A clinical term describing an immune response between fetal and maternal blood groups; from fetus Rh+ / maternal Rh-. The leakage of blood from fetus, particularly at birth, causes maternal anti-Rh antibodies, which is then dangerous for a 2nd or future pregnancies. | * '''fetal erythroblastosis''' - (Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn) A clinical term describing an immune response between fetal and maternal blood groups; from fetus Rh+ / maternal Rh-. The leakage of blood from fetus, particularly at birth, causes maternal anti-Rh antibodies, which is then dangerous for a 2nd or future pregnancies. | ||
* '''{{fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix}}''' - (FIUV, umbilical vein varix) focal dilatation of the umbilical venous diameter at the level of cord insertion, the dilatation diameter increases linearly with gestational age. Represent about 4% of umbilical cord abnormalities | |||
with an incidence of about 2.8 per 1,000 pregnancies, there is also a rarer form of extra-abdominal varices.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24883288 PMID 24883288] | |||
* '''fibrinoid layer''' - (Nitabuch's layer) A layer formed at maternal/fetal interface during placentation and is thought to act to prevent excessively deep conceptus implantation. Fibrin-type fibrinoid (maternal blood-clot product) and matrix-type fibrinoid (secreted by invasive extravillous trophoblast cells). | * '''fibrinoid layer''' - (Nitabuch's layer) A layer formed at maternal/fetal interface during placentation and is thought to act to prevent excessively deep conceptus implantation. Fibrin-type fibrinoid (maternal blood-clot product) and matrix-type fibrinoid (secreted by invasive extravillous trophoblast cells). | ||
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* '''heterotopic pregnancy''' - (Greek, ''heteros'' = other) Clinical term for a very rare pregnancy of two or more embryos, consisting of both a uterine cavity embryo implantation and an ectopic implantation. | * '''heterotopic pregnancy''' - (Greek, ''heteros'' = other) Clinical term for a very rare pregnancy of two or more embryos, consisting of both a uterine cavity embryo implantation and an ectopic implantation. | ||
* '''histiotrophic nutrition''' - Term used to describe in early placenta development the intital transfer of nutrition from maternal to embryo (histiotrophic nutrition) compared to later blood-borne nutrition ( | * '''histiotrophic nutrition''' - Term used to describe in early placenta development the intital transfer of nutrition from maternal to embryo (histiotrophic nutrition) compared to later blood-borne nutrition (hemotrophic nutrition). Histotroph is the nutritional material accumulated in spaces between the maternal and fetal tissues, derived from the maternal endometrium and the uterine glands. This nutritional material is absorbed by phagocytosis initially by blastocyst trophectoderm and then by trophoblast of the placenta. in later placental development nutrition is by the exchange of blood-borne materials between the maternal and fetal circulations, hemotrophic nutrition. | ||
* '''{{Hofbauer cells}}''' - Cells found within placental villi connective tissue. Have a role as macrophages of mesenchymal origin with potentially additional functions (remodeling, vasculogenesis, regulation of stromal water content). | * '''{{Hofbauer cells}}''' - Cells found within placental villi connective tissue. Have a role as macrophages of mesenchymal origin with potentially additional functions (remodeling, vasculogenesis, regulation of stromal water content). | ||
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* '''Human chorionic somatommotropin ''' - (hCS, placental lactogen) hormone level increases in maternal blood through pregnancy, decreases maternal insulin sensitivity (raising maternal blood glucose levels and decreasing maternal glucose utilization) aiding fetal nutrition. | * '''Human chorionic somatommotropin ''' - (hCS, placental lactogen) hormone level increases in maternal blood through pregnancy, decreases maternal insulin sensitivity (raising maternal blood glucose levels and decreasing maternal glucose utilization) aiding fetal nutrition. | ||
* '''hydatiform mole''' - A uterine tumour with "grape-like" placenta appearance without enclosed embryo formation, arises mainly from a haploid sperm fertilizing an egg without a female pronucleus. It is one form of gestational trophoblastic disease(GTD), a number of abnormalities including [[H#hydatiform mole|hydatiform mole]], invasive mole, choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT). | * '''{{hydatiform mole}}''' - A uterine tumour with "grape-like" placenta appearance without enclosed embryo formation, arises mainly from a haploid sperm fertilizing an egg without a female pronucleus. It is one form of gestational trophoblastic disease(GTD), a number of abnormalities including [[H#hydatiform mole|hydatiform mole]], invasive mole, choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT). | ||
* '''hysterectomy''' – clinical term for the surgical removal of the uterus. | * '''hysterectomy''' – clinical term for the surgical removal of the uterus. | ||
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* '''placental arteries''' - (umbilical arteries) In placental animals, the blood vessels which develop within the placental cord carrying relatively deoxygenated blood from the embryo/fetus to the placenta. In humans, there are two placental arteries continuous with the paired internal iliac arteries (hypogastric arteries) arising off the [[D#dorsal aorta|dorsal aortas]]. At birth this vessel regresses and form the remnant medial umbilical ligament. | * '''placental arteries''' - (umbilical arteries) In placental animals, the blood vessels which develop within the placental cord carrying relatively deoxygenated blood from the embryo/fetus to the placenta. In humans, there are two placental arteries continuous with the paired internal iliac arteries (hypogastric arteries) arising off the [[D#dorsal aorta|dorsal aortas]]. At birth this vessel regresses and form the remnant medial umbilical ligament. | ||
* '''placental cord''' - (umbilical cord) The placental cord is the structure connecting the embryo/fetus to the placenta. It is initially extra-embryonic mesoderm forming the connecting stalk within which the placental blood vessels (arteries and veins) form. In human placental cords the placental blood vessels are initially paired, later in development only a single placental vein remains with a pair of placental arteries. This structure also contains the allantois, an extension from the hindgut cloaca then urogenital sinus. Blood collected from the placental cord following delivery is a source of cord blood stem cells.) | * '''{{placental cord}}''' - (umbilical cord) The placental cord is the structure connecting the embryo/fetus to the placenta. It is initially extra-embryonic mesoderm forming the connecting stalk within which the placental blood vessels (arteries and veins) form. In human placental cords the placental blood vessels are initially paired, later in development only a single placental vein remains with a pair of placental arteries. This structure also contains the allantois, an extension from the hindgut cloaca then urogenital sinus. Blood collected from the placental cord following delivery is a source of cord blood stem cells.) | ||
* '''placental diameter''' - is measured in the transverse section by calculating the maximum dimensions of the chorionic surface. | * '''placental diameter''' - is measured in the transverse section by calculating the maximum dimensions of the chorionic surface. | ||
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* '''placental growth factor''' - (PlGF) A growth factor of the vascular endothelial growth factor ({{VEGF}}) family, released from the placental trophoblast cells and other sources that stimulates blood vessel growth. | * '''placental growth factor''' - (PlGF) A growth factor of the vascular endothelial growth factor ({{VEGF}}) family, released from the placental trophoblast cells and other sources that stimulates blood vessel growth. | ||
* '''placental malaria''' - The malarial infection of the placenta by sequestration of the infected red blood cells. This condition can be common in regions where malaria is endemic with women carrying their first pregnancy ([[P#primigravida|primigravida]]). | * '''placental {{malaria}}''' - The malarial infection of the placenta by sequestration of the infected red blood cells. This condition can be common in regions where malaria is endemic with women carrying their first pregnancy ([[P#primigravida|primigravida]]). | ||
* '''placental membranes''' - [[C#chorionic membrane|chorionic membrane]] [[A#amniotic membrane]]) General term to describe the membrane bound extra-embryonic fluid-filled cavities surrounding the embryo then fetus. In humans the [[A#amniotic membrane]] and [[C#chorionic membrane|chorionic membrane]] fuse. | * '''placental membranes''' - [[C#chorionic membrane|chorionic membrane]] [[A#amniotic membrane]]) General term to describe the membrane bound extra-embryonic fluid-filled cavities surrounding the embryo then fetus. In humans the [[A#amniotic membrane]] and [[C#chorionic membrane|chorionic membrane]] fuse. | ||
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* '''{{twin-twin transfusion syndrome}}''' - (TTTS) in monozygotic twins with monochorionic and diamniotic placenta, with intrauterine blood transfusion from one twin (donor) to another twin (recipient) where there is an imbalance of blood flow from the donor twin to the recipient twin. Clinically diagnosed by the alternate presence of polyhydramnios in one fetus and oligohydramnios in the co-twin, occurs in about 10% of monochorionic twins. | * '''{{twin-twin transfusion syndrome}}''' - (TTTS) in monozygotic twins with monochorionic and diamniotic placenta, with intrauterine blood transfusion from one twin (donor) to another twin (recipient) where there is an imbalance of blood flow from the donor twin to the recipient twin. Clinically diagnosed by the alternate presence of polyhydramnios in one fetus and oligohydramnios in the co-twin, occurs in about 10% of monochorionic twins. | ||
* '''umbilical cord''' (placental cord) fetal attachment cord 1-2 cm diameter, 30-90cm long, covered with amniotic attached to chorionic plate, umbilical vessels (artery, vein) branch into chorionic vessels. Vessels anastomose within the placenta. | * '''umbilical cord''' ({{placental cord}}) fetal attachment cord 1-2 cm diameter, 30-90cm long, covered with amniotic attached to chorionic plate, umbilical vessels (artery, vein) branch into chorionic vessels. Vessels anastomose within the placenta. | ||
* '''umbilical vein varix''' - (fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix, FIUV) focal dilatation of the umbilical venous diameter at the level of cord insertion, the dilatation diameter increases linearly with gestational age. Represent about 4% of umbilical cord abnormalities | |||
with an incidence of about 2.8 per 1,000 pregnancies, there is also a rarer form of extra-abdominal varices. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24883288 PMID 24883288] | |||
* '''vasculogenesis''' - formation of first blood vessels by differentiation of pluripotent mesenchymal cells (extraembryonic mesoderm) followed by angiogenesis which is the development of new vessels from already existing vessels. | * '''vasculogenesis''' - formation of first blood vessels by differentiation of pluripotent mesenchymal cells (extraembryonic mesoderm) followed by angiogenesis which is the development of new vessels from already existing vessels. |
Latest revision as of 12:47, 5 June 2019
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with an incidence of about 2.8 per 1,000 pregnancies, there is also a rarer form of extra-abdominal varices.PMID 24883288
with an incidence of about 2.8 per 1,000 pregnancies, there is also a rarer form of extra-abdominal varices. PMID 24883288
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