Template:Placenta terms: Difference between revisions
From Embryology
mNo edit summary |
mNo edit summary |
||
(13 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
* '''after-birth''' - term used to describe the delivery of placenta and placental membranes following birth of the child. | * '''after-birth''' - term used to describe the delivery of placenta and placental membranes following birth of the child. | ||
* '''allantois''' - An extraembryonic membrane, endoderm in origin extension from the early hindgut, then cloaca into the connecting stalk of placental animals, connected to the superior end of developing bladder. In reptiles and birds, acts as a reservoir for wastes and mediates gas exchange. In mammals is associated/incorporated with connecting stalk/placental cord fetal-maternal interface. | * '''{{allantois}}''' - An extraembryonic membrane, endoderm in origin extension from the early hindgut, then cloaca into the connecting stalk of placental animals, connected to the superior end of developing bladder. In reptiles and birds, acts as a reservoir for wastes and mediates gas exchange. In mammals is associated/incorporated with connecting stalk/placental cord fetal-maternal interface. | ||
* '''amniocentesis''' - Clinical term for a prenatal diagnostic test where an ultrasound guided needle is used to extract a sample of the amniotic fluid. [[Amniocentesis]] | * '''{{amniocentesis}}''' - Clinical term for a prenatal diagnostic test where an ultrasound guided needle is used to extract a sample of the amniotic fluid. [[Amniocentesis]] | ||
* '''anastomosis''' - Term used to describe the connection between two tubes. Applied to describe the connection between peripheral blood vessels without an intervening capillary bed. | * '''anastomosis''' - Term used to describe the connection between two tubes. Applied to describe the connection between peripheral blood vessels without an intervening capillary bed. | ||
Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
* '''capsularis''' - portion of maternal decidua that covers the conceptus facing towards the uterine cavity. | * '''capsularis''' - portion of maternal decidua that covers the conceptus facing towards the uterine cavity. | ||
* '''cerebroplacental ratio''' - (CPR) a {{doppler ultrasound}} measurement calculated as the simple ratio between the middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (MCA‐PI) and the umbilical artery pulsatility index (UA‐PI). Fetuses with an abnormal ratio are thought to be a predictor of adverse pregnancy outcome. | |||
* '''chorioamnionitis''' - (CA) An intraamniotic puerperal infection described as having 3 forms: histologic, clinical (clinical chorioamnionitis, IAI), and subclinical. Intraamniotic infection is a common (2-4%) event in labor and the systemic inflammatory response can also lead to preterm birth and neonatal complications. | * '''chorioamnionitis''' - (CA) An intraamniotic puerperal infection described as having 3 forms: histologic, clinical (clinical chorioamnionitis, IAI), and subclinical. Intraamniotic infection is a common (2-4%) event in labor and the systemic inflammatory response can also lead to preterm birth and neonatal complications. | ||
Line 33: | Line 35: | ||
* '''chorionic somatomammotropin''' - (CSH, human lactogen) A hormone synthesized within the placenta by syncytiotrophoblast cells. This protein hormone (190 amino acid) has a structure is similar to pituitary growth hormone. | * '''chorionic somatomammotropin''' - (CSH, human lactogen) A hormone synthesized within the placenta by syncytiotrophoblast cells. This protein hormone (190 amino acid) has a structure is similar to pituitary growth hormone. | ||
* '''chorionic villus sampling''' - (CVS) The taking a biopsy of the placenta, usually at the end of the second month of pregnancy, to test the fetus for genetic abnormalities. | * '''{{chorionic villus sampling}}''' - (CVS) The taking a biopsy of the placenta, usually at the end of the second month of pregnancy, to test the fetus for genetic abnormalities. | ||
* '''coelocentesis''' - A sampling of extracoelomic fluid usually for an early prenatal diagnostic technique. | * '''coelocentesis''' - A sampling of extracoelomic fluid usually for an early prenatal diagnostic technique. | ||
Line 49: | Line 51: | ||
* '''cotyledon''' - (Greek, ''kotyle'' = a deep cup) In the embryos of seed plants, the "seed leaves," in which nutrients are stored for use after germination. In placental animals, the term is also to describe the leaf-like structure of the placenta surface. | * '''cotyledon''' - (Greek, ''kotyle'' = a deep cup) In the embryos of seed plants, the "seed leaves," in which nutrients are stored for use after germination. In placental animals, the term is also to describe the leaf-like structure of the placenta surface. | ||
* '''cytotrophoblast''' - The "cellular" trophoblast layer surrounding (forming a "shell") the early implanting conceptus. Beginning at uterine adplantation, proliferation and fusion of these cells is thought to form a second outer trophoblast layer, the syncytiotrophoblast. The cytotrophoblast layer contributes to formation of the placental villi, the functional component of the fetal placenta. | * '''{{cytotrophoblast}}''' - The "cellular" trophoblast layer surrounding (forming a "shell") the early implanting conceptus. Beginning at uterine adplantation, proliferation and fusion of these cells is thought to form a second outer trophoblast layer, the syncytiotrophoblast. The cytotrophoblast layer contributes to formation of the placental villi, the functional component of the fetal placenta. | ||
* '''decidua basalis''' - The term given to the uterine endometrium at the site of implantation where signaling transforms the uterine stromal cells (fibroblast-like) into decidual cells. This forms the maternal component of the placenta, the decidualization process gradually spreads through the remainder of the [[U#uterus|uterus]], forming the decidua parietalis. | * '''decidua basalis''' - The term given to the uterine endometrium at the site of implantation where signaling transforms the uterine stromal cells (fibroblast-like) into decidual cells. This forms the maternal component of the placenta, the decidualization process gradually spreads through the remainder of the [[U#uterus|uterus]], forming the decidua parietalis. | ||
Line 57: | Line 59: | ||
* '''decidua capsularis''' - The term given to the uterine endometrium which has been converted to decidua surrounding the conceptus on the smooth chorion side. | * '''decidua capsularis''' - The term given to the uterine endometrium which has been converted to decidua surrounding the conceptus on the smooth chorion side. | ||
* '''decidua parietalis''' - The term given to the remainder of the uterine [[E#endometrium|endometrium]], away from the site of | * '''decidua parietalis''' - The term given to the remainder of the uterine [[E#endometrium|endometrium]], away from the site of {{implantation}}, that gradually becomes comverted to [[D#decidua|decidua]]. | ||
* '''decidual cell''' - The uterine stromal cells (fibroblast-like) that differentiate in response to both steroid hormones (progesterone) and embryonic signals. These cells then alter uterine environment to support further embryonic development as well as producing cytokines related to prolactin (PRL) and have an innate immune function. | * '''decidual cell''' - The uterine stromal cells (fibroblast-like) that differentiate in response to both steroid hormones (progesterone) and embryonic signals. These cells then alter uterine environment to support further embryonic development as well as producing cytokines related to prolactin (PRL) and have an innate immune function. | ||
* '''decidualization''' - (decidualisation) The process by which uterine stromal cells differentiate in response to both steroid hormones and embryonic signals into large epitheliod decidual cells. This process is essential for the progress of implantation and establishing fetal-maternal communication. | * '''decidual reaction''' - maternal endometrial reaction invoked in order to block the rapid extension of the implanting syncytium. | ||
* '''decidualization''' - (decidualisation, decidual reaction) The process by which uterine stromal cells differentiate in response to both steroid hormones and embryonic signals into large epitheliod decidual cells. This process is essential for the progress of implantation and establishing fetal-maternal communication. | |||
* '''DHEA''' - (dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenolone) Postnatally abundant circulating steroid produced in the {{adrenal}} gland. The fetal adrenal cortex produces dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) used by the placenta to produce estrogens. DHEA, androstenedione, and testosterone can be metabolized to epiandrosterone, and etiocholanolone. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15635500 PMID 15635500 | * '''{{DHEA}}''' - (dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenolone) precursor of sex steroid hormones and is converted to testosterone and estradiol. Postnatally, an abundant circulating steroid produced in the {{adrenal}} gland. The fetal adrenal cortex produces dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) used by the placenta to produce estrogens. DHEA, androstenedione, and testosterone can be metabolized to epiandrosterone, and etiocholanolone. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15635500 PMID 15635500] | ||
* '''fetal drug addiction''' - occurs when drugs used maternally cross the placental barrier and can establish addiction in the unborn fetus. | * '''fetal drug addiction''' - occurs when drugs used maternally cross the placental barrier and can establish neural/physiological addiction in the unborn fetus. {{drugs}} | ||
* '''fetal erythroblastosis''' - (Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn) A clinical term describing an immune response between fetal and maternal blood groups; from fetus Rh+ / maternal Rh-. The leakage of blood from fetus, particularly at birth, causes maternal anti-Rh antibodies, which is then dangerous for a 2nd or future pregnancies. | * '''fetal erythroblastosis''' - (Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn) A clinical term describing an immune response between fetal and maternal blood groups; from fetus Rh+ / maternal Rh-. The leakage of blood from fetus, particularly at birth, causes maternal anti-Rh antibodies, which is then dangerous for a 2nd or future pregnancies. | ||
* '''fibrinoid layer''' - (Nitabuch's layer) A layer formed at maternal/fetal interface during | * '''{{fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix}}''' - (FIUV, umbilical vein varix) focal dilatation of the umbilical venous diameter at the level of cord insertion, the dilatation diameter increases linearly with gestational age. Represent about 4% of umbilical cord abnormalities | ||
with an incidence of about 2.8 per 1,000 pregnancies, there is also a rarer form of extra-abdominal varices.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24883288 PMID 24883288] | |||
* '''fibrinoid layer''' - (Nitabuch's layer) A layer formed at maternal/fetal interface during placentation and is thought to act to prevent excessively deep conceptus implantation. Fibrin-type fibrinoid (maternal blood-clot product) and matrix-type fibrinoid (secreted by invasive extravillous trophoblast cells). | |||
* '''floating chorionic villi''' - Term used to describe the placental microanatomy structure of chorionic villi that '''are not''' attached to the maternal decidua and float in the maternal blood-filled space (lacunae). Structurally the same as anchoring chorionic villi conceptus side that are attached to the maternal decidua.These villi go through the same stages of development: {{primary villi}} - {{secondary villi}} - {{tertiary villi}} | |||
* '''hemotrophic nutrition''' - Term used to describe in late placenta development the transfer of blood-borne nutrition from maternal to embryo/fetuscompared to early histiotrophic nutrition. | * '''hemotrophic nutrition''' - Term used to describe in late placenta development the transfer of blood-borne nutrition from maternal to embryo/fetuscompared to early histiotrophic nutrition. | ||
* ''' | * '''heterotopic pregnancy''' - (Greek, ''heteros'' = other) Clinical term for a very rare pregnancy of two or more embryos, consisting of both a uterine cavity embryo implantation and an ectopic implantation. | ||
* '''Hofbauer cells''' - Cells found within | * '''histiotrophic nutrition''' - Term used to describe in early placenta development the intital transfer of nutrition from maternal to embryo (histiotrophic nutrition) compared to later blood-borne nutrition (hemotrophic nutrition). Histotroph is the nutritional material accumulated in spaces between the maternal and fetal tissues, derived from the maternal endometrium and the uterine glands. This nutritional material is absorbed by phagocytosis initially by blastocyst trophectoderm and then by trophoblast of the placenta. in later placental development nutrition is by the exchange of blood-borne materials between the maternal and fetal circulations, hemotrophic nutrition. | ||
* '''{{Hofbauer cells}}''' - Cells found within placental villi connective tissue. Have a role as macrophages of mesenchymal origin with potentially additional functions (remodeling, vasculogenesis, regulation of stromal water content). | |||
* '''Human chorionic corticotropin''' - (hCACTH) placental derived hormone equivilant to corticotropin (ACTH) from the pituitary. | * '''Human chorionic corticotropin''' - (hCACTH) placental derived hormone equivilant to corticotropin (ACTH) from the pituitary. | ||
* '''Human chorionic gonadotrophin''' - (hCG) like leutenizing hormone, supports corpus luteum, originally secreted by trophoblast cells. | * '''Human chorionic gonadotrophin''' - (hCG) like leutenizing hormone, supports corpus luteum, originally secreted by trophoblast cells. | ||
* '''Human chorionic somatommotropin ''' - (hCS, placental lactogen) hormone level increases in maternal blood through pregnancy, decreases maternal insulin sensitivity (raising maternal blood glucose levels and decreasing maternal glucose utilization) aiding fetal nutrition. | * '''Human chorionic somatommotropin ''' - (hCS, placental lactogen) hormone level increases in maternal blood through pregnancy, decreases maternal insulin sensitivity (raising maternal blood glucose levels and decreasing maternal glucose utilization) aiding fetal nutrition. | ||
* '''hydatiform mole''' - A uterine tumour with "grape-like" placenta appearance without enclosed embryo formation, arises mainly from a haploid sperm fertilizing an egg without a female pronucleus. It is one form of gestational trophoblastic disease(GTD), a number of abnormalities including [[H#hydatiform mole|hydatiform mole]], invasive mole, choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT). | * '''{{hydatiform mole}}''' - A uterine tumour with "grape-like" placenta appearance without enclosed embryo formation, arises mainly from a haploid sperm fertilizing an egg without a female pronucleus. It is one form of gestational trophoblastic disease(GTD), a number of abnormalities including [[H#hydatiform mole|hydatiform mole]], invasive mole, choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT). | ||
* '''hysterectomy''' – clinical term for the surgical removal of the uterus. | * '''hysterectomy''' – clinical term for the surgical removal of the uterus. | ||
Line 103: | Line 114: | ||
* '''polyhydramnios''' - Clinical term for the accumulation of excess amniotic fluid during pregnancy. See also oligohydramnios, a deficiency of amniotic fluid. | * '''polyhydramnios''' - Clinical term for the accumulation of excess amniotic fluid during pregnancy. See also oligohydramnios, a deficiency of amniotic fluid. | ||
* '''placenta''' - (Greek, ''plakuos'' = flat cake) The developmental organ formed from maternal and fetal contributions in animals with placental development. In human, the placenta at term is a discoid shape "flat cake" shape; 20 cm diameter, 3 cm thick and weighs 500-600 gm. Placenta are classified by the number of layers between maternal and fetal blood (Haemochorial, Endotheliochorial and Epitheliochorial) and shape (Discoid, Zonary, Cotyledenary and Diffuse). The placenta has many different functions including metabolism, transport and endocrine. | * '''{{placenta}}''' - (Greek, ''plakuos'' = flat cake) The developmental organ formed from maternal and fetal contributions in animals with placental development. In human, the placenta at term is a discoid shape "flat cake" shape; 20 cm diameter, 3 cm thick and weighs 500-600 gm. Placenta are classified by the number of layers between maternal and fetal blood (Haemochorial, Endotheliochorial and Epitheliochorial) and shape (Discoid, Zonary, Cotyledenary and Diffuse). The placenta has many different functions including metabolism, transport and endocrine. | ||
* '''placenta accreta''' - The abnormal placental adherence, either in whole or in part of the placenta with absence of decidua basalis, leading to retention as an after-birth to the underlying uterine wall. The incidence of placenta accreta also significantly increases in women with previous cesarean section compared to those without a prior surgical delivery. | * '''{{placenta accreta}}''' - The abnormal placental adherence, either in whole or in part of the placenta with absence of decidua basalis, leading to retention as an after-birth to the underlying uterine wall. The incidence of placenta accreta also significantly increases in women with previous cesarean section compared to those without a prior surgical delivery. | ||
* '''placental arteries''' - (umbilical arteries) In placental animals, the blood vessels which develop within the placental cord carrying relatively deoxygenated blood from the embryo/fetus to the placenta. In humans, there are two placental arteries continuous with the paired internal iliac arteries (hypogastric arteries) arising off the [[D#dorsal aorta|dorsal aortas]]. At birth this vessel regresses and form the remnant medial umbilical ligament. | * '''placental arteries''' - (umbilical arteries) In placental animals, the blood vessels which develop within the placental cord carrying relatively deoxygenated blood from the embryo/fetus to the placenta. In humans, there are two placental arteries continuous with the paired internal iliac arteries (hypogastric arteries) arising off the [[D#dorsal aorta|dorsal aortas]]. At birth this vessel regresses and form the remnant medial umbilical ligament. | ||
* '''placental cord''' - (umbilical cord) The placental cord is the structure connecting the embryo/fetus to the placenta. It is initially extra-embryonic mesoderm forming the connecting stalk within which the placental blood vessels (arteries and veins) form. In human placental cords the placental blood vessels are initially paired, later in development only a single placental vein remains with a pair of placental arteries. This structure also contains the allantois, an extension from the hindgut cloaca then urogenital sinus. Blood collected from the placental cord following delivery is a source of cord blood stem cells.) | * '''{{placental cord}}''' - (umbilical cord) The placental cord is the structure connecting the embryo/fetus to the placenta. It is initially extra-embryonic mesoderm forming the connecting stalk within which the placental blood vessels (arteries and veins) form. In human placental cords the placental blood vessels are initially paired, later in development only a single placental vein remains with a pair of placental arteries. This structure also contains the allantois, an extension from the hindgut cloaca then urogenital sinus. Blood collected from the placental cord following delivery is a source of cord blood stem cells.) | ||
* '''placental diameter''' - is measured in the transverse section by calculating the maximum dimensions of the chorionic surface. | * '''placental diameter''' - is measured in the transverse section by calculating the maximum dimensions of the chorionic surface. | ||
* '''placental growth factor''' - ( | * '''placental growth factor''' - (PlGF) A growth factor of the vascular endothelial growth factor ({{VEGF}}) family, released from the placental trophoblast cells and other sources that stimulates blood vessel growth. | ||
* '''placental malaria''' - The malarial infection of the placenta by sequestration of the infected red blood cells. This condition can be common in regions where malaria is endemic with women carrying their first pregnancy ([[P#primigravida|primigravida]]). | * '''placental {{malaria}}''' - The malarial infection of the placenta by sequestration of the infected red blood cells. This condition can be common in regions where malaria is endemic with women carrying their first pregnancy ([[P#primigravida|primigravida]]). | ||
* '''placental membranes''' - [[C#chorionic membrane|chorionic membrane]] [[A#amniotic membrane]]) General term to describe the membrane bound extra-embryonic fluid-filled cavities surrounding the embryo then fetus. In humans the [[A#amniotic membrane]] and [[C#chorionic membrane|chorionic membrane]] fuse. | * '''placental membranes''' - [[C#chorionic membrane|chorionic membrane]] [[A#amniotic membrane]]) General term to describe the membrane bound extra-embryonic fluid-filled cavities surrounding the embryo then fetus. In humans the [[A#amniotic membrane]] and [[C#chorionic membrane|chorionic membrane]] fuse. | ||
Line 121: | Line 132: | ||
* '''placenta membranacea''' - rare placental abnormality characterized by the presence of chorionic villi directly attached to and covering the fetal membranes. [[Placenta_-_Abnormalities#Placenta_Membranacea|Placenta Membranacea]] | * '''placenta membranacea''' - rare placental abnormality characterized by the presence of chorionic villi directly attached to and covering the fetal membranes. [[Placenta_-_Abnormalities#Placenta_Membranacea|Placenta Membranacea]] | ||
* '''placenta percreta''' - abnormal placentation where the villi penetrate myometrium. | * '''{{placenta percreta}}''' - abnormal placentation where the villi penetrate myometrium. | ||
* '''{{placenta previa}}''' - placenta overlies internal os of uterus, abnormal bleeding, may require cesarian delivery. | |||
* '''placental thickness''' - is measured at its mid-portion from the chorionic plate to the basilar plate, on a longitudinal plane (less than 4 cm at term). Excludes any abnormalities (fibroids, myometrial contractions, or venous lakes). The placental thickness approximates in millimeters to the weeks of gestation. | * '''placental thickness''' - is measured at its mid-portion from the chorionic plate to the basilar plate, on a longitudinal plane (less than 4 cm at term). Excludes any abnormalities (fibroids, myometrial contractions, or venous lakes). The placental thickness approximates in millimeters to the weeks of gestation. | ||
* '''placental vein''' - ([[U#umbilical vein|umbilical vein]]) In placental animals, the blood vessels which develop within the placental cord carrying relatively oxygenated blood from the placenta to the embryo/fetus. In humans, there are initially two placental veins which fuse to form a single vein. The resence of paired veins in the placental cord can be indicative of developmental abnormalities. | * '''placental vein''' - ([[U#umbilical vein|umbilical vein]]) In placental animals, the blood vessels which develop within the placental cord carrying relatively oxygenated blood from the placenta to the embryo/fetus. In humans, there are initially two placental veins which fuse to form a single vein. The resence of paired veins in the placental cord can be indicative of developmental abnormalities. | ||
* '''placentophagia''' - Term used to descrbe the maternal ingestion of afterbirth materials (placental membranes and amniotic fluid) that can occur following mammalian parturition (birth). | * '''placentophagia''' - Term used to descrbe the maternal ingestion of afterbirth materials (placental membranes and amniotic fluid) that can occur following mammalian parturition (birth). | ||
* ''' | * '''{{primary villi}}''' - (primary chorionic villi) Term describing the earliest stage of embryonic placenta development. In humans, the conceptus during week 2 this first stage of [[C#chorion|chorionic]] villi development consists of only the [[T#trophoblast|trophoblastic shell cells]] ([[S#syncitiotrophoblast|syncitiotrophoblasts]] and [[C#cytotrophoblast|cytotrophoblasts]]) forming finger-like extensions into maternal decidua. Initially these finger-like projections cover the entire surface of chorionic sac and later become restricted to the placental surface. The villi stages are ongoing as the placenta continues to grow through both the embryonic and fetal development. | ||
* '''Placental villi stages:''' {{primary villi}} - {{secondary villi}} - {{tertiary villi}} | |||
* '''pre-eclampsia''' - During pregnancy a combination of high blood pressure, protein in urine and fluid retention resulting in maternal sudden excessive swelling of the face, hands and feet. Eclampsia is the subsequent development of convulsions, kidney failure, liver failure, clotting problems or mortality. | * '''pre-eclampsia''' - During pregnancy a combination of high blood pressure, protein in urine and fluid retention resulting in maternal sudden excessive swelling of the face, hands and feet. Eclampsia is the subsequent development of convulsions, kidney failure, liver failure, clotting problems or mortality. | ||
* '''secondary villi''' - (secondary chorionic villi) Term describing the second stage of embryonic placenta development. In humans, the conceptus during week 3 onward this stage of [[C#chorion|chorionic]] villi development consists of the [[T#trophoblast|trophoblastic shell cells]] (syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblasts) filled with extraembryonic mesoderm forming finger-like extensions into maternal decidua. Initially these finger-like projections cover the entire surface of chorionic sac and later become restricted to the placental surface. The villi stages are ongoing as the placenta continues to grow through both the embryonic and fetal development. '''Placental villi stages:''' | * '''Rh alloimmunization''' - feto-maternal haemorrhage generally in late pregnancy results in an Rh-negative woman becoming sensitised to Rh-positive fetal cells that enter her circulation. Clinically treated with anti-D immune globulin prophylaxis, alloimmunization occurs in 9–10% of at-risk pregnancies. {{immune}} | ||
* '''{{secondary villi}}''' - (secondary chorionic villi) Term describing the second stage of embryonic placenta development. In humans, the conceptus during week 3 onward this stage of [[C#chorion|chorionic]] villi development consists of the [[T#trophoblast|trophoblastic shell cells]] (syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblasts) filled with extraembryonic mesoderm forming finger-like extensions into maternal decidua. Initially these finger-like projections cover the entire surface of chorionic sac and later become restricted to the placental surface. The villi stages are ongoing as the placenta continues to grow through both the embryonic and fetal development. '''Placental villi stages:''' {{primary villi}} - {{secondary villi}} - {{tertiary villi}} | |||
* '''syncytiotrophoblast''' - A multinucleated cell currently thought to form by the fusion of another trophoblast cell the | * '''{{syncytiotrophoblast}}''' - A multinucleated cell currently thought to form by the fusion of another trophoblast cell the {{cytotrophoblast}}s, within the trophoblast layer (shell) of the implanting [[C#conceptus|conceptus]]. In early development, these cells mediate implantation of the conceptus into the uterine wall and secrete the hormone ({{human Chorionic Gonadotrophin}}, {{hCG}}) responsible for feedback maintainance of the corpus luteum (in maternal [[O#ovary|ovary]]) and therefore maintaining early pregnancy. | ||
* '''tertiary | * '''{{tertiary villi}}''' - (tertiary chorionic villi) Term describing the final stage of embryonic placenta development. In humans, the conceptus after week 3 the [[C#chorion|chorionic]] [[S#secondary villi|secondary villi]] now develop placental blood vessels within the core [[E#extraembryonic mesoderm|extraembryonic mesoderm]]. The villi form finger-like extensions that are either [[A#anchoring chorionic villi|anchoring chorionic villi]] attached to the maternal decidua or [[F#floating chorionic villi|floating chorionic villi]] in maternal lacunae. The villi stages are ongoing as the placenta continues to grow through both the embryonic and fetal development. '''Placental villi stages:''' {{primary villi}} - {{secondary villi}} - {{tertiary villi}} | ||
* '''{{trophoblast}}''' - (trophectoderm, Greek, trophe = "nutrition" and blast = a primordial cell) cells that firstly support adplantation, implantation and endocrine support of pregnancy. Contribute to the extraembryonic tissues, fetal placenta and membranes. Initially form 2 populations individual cytotrophoblast cells and their fused multinucleate syncytiotrophoblast cells. | * '''{{trophoblast}}''' - (trophectoderm, Greek, trophe = "nutrition" and blast = a primordial cell) cells that firstly support adplantation, implantation and endocrine support of pregnancy. Contribute to the extraembryonic tissues, fetal placenta and membranes. Initially form 2 populations individual cytotrophoblast cells and their fused multinucleate syncytiotrophoblast cells. | ||
Line 143: | Line 160: | ||
* '''{{twin-twin transfusion syndrome}}''' - (TTTS) in monozygotic twins with monochorionic and diamniotic placenta, with intrauterine blood transfusion from one twin (donor) to another twin (recipient) where there is an imbalance of blood flow from the donor twin to the recipient twin. Clinically diagnosed by the alternate presence of polyhydramnios in one fetus and oligohydramnios in the co-twin, occurs in about 10% of monochorionic twins. | * '''{{twin-twin transfusion syndrome}}''' - (TTTS) in monozygotic twins with monochorionic and diamniotic placenta, with intrauterine blood transfusion from one twin (donor) to another twin (recipient) where there is an imbalance of blood flow from the donor twin to the recipient twin. Clinically diagnosed by the alternate presence of polyhydramnios in one fetus and oligohydramnios in the co-twin, occurs in about 10% of monochorionic twins. | ||
* '''umbilical cord''' (placental cord) fetal attachment cord 1-2 cm diameter, 30-90cm long, covered with amniotic attached to chorionic plate, umbilical vessels (artery, vein) branch into chorionic vessels. Vessels anastomose within the placenta. | * '''umbilical cord''' ({{placental cord}}) fetal attachment cord 1-2 cm diameter, 30-90cm long, covered with amniotic attached to chorionic plate, umbilical vessels (artery, vein) branch into chorionic vessels. Vessels anastomose within the placenta. | ||
* '''umbilical vein varix''' - (fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix, FIUV) focal dilatation of the umbilical venous diameter at the level of cord insertion, the dilatation diameter increases linearly with gestational age. Represent about 4% of umbilical cord abnormalities | |||
with an incidence of about 2.8 per 1,000 pregnancies, there is also a rarer form of extra-abdominal varices. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24883288 PMID 24883288] | |||
* '''vasculogenesis''' - formation of first blood vessels by differentiation of pluripotent mesenchymal cells (extraembryonic mesoderm) followed by angiogenesis which is the development of new vessels from already existing vessels. | * '''vasculogenesis''' - formation of first blood vessels by differentiation of pluripotent mesenchymal cells (extraembryonic mesoderm) followed by angiogenesis which is the development of new vessels from already existing vessels. | ||
* '''vasculosyncytial membranes''' - localised areas of the placental villous membrane where the barrier thickness separating maternal and fetal circulations is reduced to as little as 1-2 microns. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1287078 PMID 1287078] | |||
* '''villi''' - Plural of villus, which is a thin projection from a surface. The term in development is used to describe the individual functional units together of the fetal placenta. | * '''villi''' - Plural of villus, which is a thin projection from a surface. The term in development is used to describe the individual functional units together of the fetal placenta. | ||
Line 151: | Line 173: | ||
* '''virus''' - small infectious agents that may cross the placental barrier. Can infect embryo and/or placenta and cause developmental abnormalities. (e.g. cytomegalovirus, rubella, measles). | * '''virus''' - small infectious agents that may cross the placental barrier. Can infect embryo and/or placenta and cause developmental abnormalities. (e.g. cytomegalovirus, rubella, measles). | ||
* '''Wharton's jelly''' - | * '''Wharton's jelly''' - {{Placental cord}} (umbilical cord) gelatinous connective tissue composed of myofibroblast-like stromal cells, collagen fibers, and proteoglycans. Increases in volume (myxomatous, connective tissue embedded in mucus) at parturition (birth) to assist closure of placental blood vessels. Matrix cells from Wharton's jelly have recently been identified as a potential source of [[M#mesenchymal stem cell|mesenchymal stem cells]] (MSC), also called mesenchymal stromal cell. This placental cord substance is named after Thomas Wharton (1614-1673) an English physician and anatomist who first described this placental tissue. | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{Terms lists}}<noinclude>[[Category:Placenta]][[Category:Terms]][[Category:Glossary]][[Category:Template]]</noinclude> | {{Terms lists}}<noinclude>[[Category:Placenta]][[Category:Terms]][[Category:Glossary]][[Category:Template]]</noinclude> |
Latest revision as of 12:47, 5 June 2019
Placenta Terms (expand to view) |
---|
with an incidence of about 2.8 per 1,000 pregnancies, there is also a rarer form of extra-abdominal varices.PMID 24883288
with an incidence of about 2.8 per 1,000 pregnancies, there is also a rarer form of extra-abdominal varices. PMID 24883288
|
Other Terms Lists |
---|
Terms Lists: ART | Birth | Bone | Cardiovascular | Cell Division | Endocrine | Gastrointestinal | Genital | Genetic | Head | Hearing | Heart | Immune | Integumentary | Neonatal | Neural | Oocyte | Palate | Placenta | Radiation | Renal | Respiratory | Spermatozoa | Statistics | Tooth | Ultrasound | Vision | Historic | Drugs | Glossary |