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[[Neural System Development|Neural Development]]
[[Neural System Development|Neural Development]]
* '''3DMRI''' Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. A new technique that allows 3D analysis of embryonic structures. (More? [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]])  
* '''3DMRI''' - Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. A new technique that allows 3D analysis of embryonic structures. (More? [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]])  
* '''3rd ventricle''' a fluid-filled space formed from neural tube lumen, located within the diencephalon (from the primary vesicle prosencephalon, forebrain).  
* '''3rd ventricle''' - a fluid-filled space formed from neural tube lumen, located within the diencephalon (from the primary vesicle prosencephalon, forebrain).  
* '''4th ventricle''' a fluid-filled space formed from neural tube lumen, located within the rhombencephalon (from the primary vesicle, hindbrain).  
* '''4th ventricle''' - a fluid-filled space formed from neural tube lumen, located within the rhombencephalon (from the primary vesicle, hindbrain).  
* '''adenohypophysis''' (anterior pituitary) = 3 parts pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis.  
* '''adenohypophysis''' - (anterior pituitary) = 3 parts pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis.  
* '''alar plate''' afferent, dorsal horns  
* '''alar plate''' - afferent, dorsal horns  
* '''anlage''' (German = primordium, structure or cells which will form a future structure.  
* '''anlage''' - (German = primordium, structure or cells which will form a future structure.  
* '''arachnoid''' - (G.) spider web-like  
* '''arachnoid''' - - (G.) spider web-like  
* '''basal ganglia''' -  (basal nuclei) neural structure derived from the secondary vesicle telencephalon (endbrain) structure from the earlier primary vesicle prosencephalon (forebrain)
* '''basal ganglia''' - -  (basal nuclei) neural structure derived from the secondary vesicle telencephalon (endbrain) structure from the earlier primary vesicle prosencephalon (forebrain)
* '''basal plate''' efferent, ventral horns  
* '''basal plate''' - efferent, ventral horns  
* '''brachial plexus''' mixed spinal nerves innervating the upper limb form a complex meshwork (crossing).  
* '''brachial plexus''' - mixed spinal nerves innervating the upper limb form a complex meshwork (crossing).  
* '''brain''' general term for the central nervous system formed from 3 primary vesicles.  
* '''brain''' - general term for the central nervous system formed from 3 primary vesicles.  
* '''buccopharyngeal membrane''' (=oral membrane) at cranial (mouth) end of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) where surface ectoderm and GIT endoderm meet. (see also [#cloacal membrane cloacal membrane])  
* '''buccopharyngeal membrane''' - (=oral membrane) at cranial (mouth) end of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) where surface ectoderm and GIT endoderm meet. (see also [#cloacal membrane cloacal membrane])  
* '''cauda equina''' - (=horse's tail) caudal extension of the mature spinal cord.  
* '''cauda equina''' - - (=horse's tail) caudal extension of the mature spinal cord.  
* '''central canal''' lumen, cavity of neural tube within the spinal cord. Space is continuous with ventricular system of the brain.  
* '''central canal''' - lumen, cavity of neural tube within the spinal cord. Space is continuous with ventricular system of the brain.  
* '''cerebral aqueduct''' ventricular cavity within the mesencephalon.  
* '''cerebral aqueduct''' - ventricular cavity within the mesencephalon.  
* '''cervical flexure''' most caudal brain flexure (of 3) between spinal cord and rhompencephalon. ( sc-'''^'''V^ )
* '''cervical flexure''' - most caudal brain flexure (of 3) between spinal cord and rhompencephalon.
* '''choroid plexus''' specialized vascular plexus responsible for secreting ventricular fluid that with further additions becomes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).  
* '''choroid plexus''' - specialized vascular plexus responsible for secreting ventricular fluid that with further additions becomes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).  
* '''cloacal membrane''' at caudal (anal) end of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) where surface ectoderm and GIT endoderm meet forms the openings for GIT, urinary, reproductive tracts. (see also buccopharyngeal membrane)  
* '''cloacal membrane''' - at caudal (anal) end of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) where surface ectoderm and GIT endoderm meet forms the openings for GIT, urinary, reproductive tracts. (see also buccopharyngeal membrane)  
* '''cortex''' - CNS structure derived from the secondary vesicle telencephalon (endbrain) from the earlier primary vesicle prosencephalon (forebrain).
* '''cortex''' - - CNS structure derived from the secondary vesicle telencephalon (endbrain) from the earlier primary vesicle prosencephalon (forebrain).
* '''cortical plate''' outer neural tube region which post-mitotic neuroblasts migrate too along radial glia to form adult cortical layers.  
* '''cortical plate''' - outer neural tube region which post-mitotic neuroblasts migrate too along radial glia to form adult cortical layers.  
* '''cranial flexure''' (=midbrain flexure) most cranial brain flexure (of 3) between mesencephalon and prosencephalon. ( sc-^V'''^''' )
* '''cranial flexure''' - (=midbrain flexure) most cranial brain flexure (of 3) between mesencephalon and prosencephalon.
* '''diencephalon''' the caudal portion of forebrain after it divides into 2 parts in the 5 secondary vesicle brain (week 5). (cavity- 3rd ventricle) Forms the thalmus and other nuclei in the adult brain. (sc-My-Met-Mes-'''Di'''-Tel)  
* '''diencephalon''' - the caudal portion of forebrain after it divides into 2 parts in the 5 secondary vesicle brain (week 5). (cavity- 3rd ventricle) Forms the thalmus and other nuclei in the adult brain. (sc-My-Met-Mes-'''Di'''-Tel)  
* '''dorsal root ganglia''' (=spinal ganglia) sensory ganglia derived from the neural crest lying laterally paired and dorsally to the spinal cord (in the embryo found ventral to the spinal cord). Connects centrally with the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.  
* '''dorsal root ganglia''' - (=spinal ganglia) sensory ganglia derived from the neural crest lying laterally paired and dorsally to the spinal cord (in the embryo found ventral to the spinal cord). Connects centrally with the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.  
* '''dura mater'''- "tough" (Latin, ''mater'' = mother)  
* '''dura mater'''- "tough" (Latin, ''mater'' = mother)  
* '''ectoderm''' the germ layer which form the nervous system from the neural tube and neural crest.  
* '''ectoderm''' - the germ layer which form the nervous system from the neural tube and neural crest.  
* '''ependyma''' epithelia of remnant cells after neurons and glia have been generated and left the ventricular zone  
* '''ependyma''' - epithelia of remnant cells after neurons and glia have been generated and left the ventricular zone  
* '''floorplate''' early forming thin region of neural tube closest to the notochord.  
* '''floorplate''' - early forming thin region of neural tube closest to the notochord.  
* '''ganglia''' (pl. of ganglion) specialized neural cluster.  
* '''ganglia''' - (pl. of ganglion) specialized neural cluster.  
* '''glia''' supporting, non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. Generated from neuroepithelial stem cells in ventricular zone of neural tube. Form astrocytes, oligodendrocytes.  
* '''glia''' - supporting, non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. Generated from neuroepithelial stem cells in ventricular zone of neural tube. Form astrocytes, oligodendrocytes.  
* '''grey matter''' neural regions containing cell bodies (somas) of neurons. In the brain it is the outer layer, in the spinal cord it is inner layer. (see white matter white matter)  
* '''grey matter''' - neural regions containing cell bodies (somas) of neurons. In the brain it is the outer layer, in the spinal cord it is inner layer. (see white matter white matter)  
* '''growth factor''' usually a protein or peptide that will bind a cell membrane receptor and then activates an intracellular signaling pathway. The function of the pathway will be to alter the cell directly or indirectly by changing gene expression. (eg shh)  
* '''growth factor''' - usually a protein or peptide that will bind a cell membrane receptor and then activates an intracellular signaling pathway. The function of the pathway will be to alter the cell directly or indirectly by changing gene expression. (eg shh)  
* '''hox''' (='''h'''omeob'''ox''') family of transcription factors that bind DNA and activate gene expression. Expression of different Hox genes along neural tube defines rostral-caudal axis and segmental levels.  
* '''hox''' - (='''h'''omeob'''ox''') family of transcription factors that bind DNA and activate gene expression. Expression of different Hox genes along neural tube defines rostral-caudal axis and segmental levels.  
* '''hydrocephalus''' abnormality as the result of an imbalance between the rate at which the CSF is being formed and the rate at which the CSF is passing through the arachnoidal villi back into the blood (hydrocephalus rate is a function of the degree of imbalance in these two). Very small imbalance exhibit subtle, if any, symptoms. Large imbalances will have rapidly evolving symptoms of unmistakable import.
* '''hydrocephalus''' - abnormality as the result of an imbalance between the rate at which the CSF is being formed and the rate at which the CSF is passing through the arachnoidal villi back into the blood (hydrocephalus rate is a function of the degree of imbalance in these two). Very small imbalance exhibit subtle, if any, symptoms. Large imbalances will have rapidly evolving symptoms of unmistakable import.
* '''isthmus'''- (G. narrow passage)  
* '''isthmus'''- (G. narrow passage)  
* '''lamina terminalis''' anterior region of brain where cranial neuropore closes.  
* '''lamina terminalis''' - anterior region of brain where cranial neuropore closes.  
* '''lumbar plexus''' mixed spinal nerves innervating the lower limb form a complex meshwork (crossing).  
* '''lumbar plexus''' - mixed spinal nerves innervating the lower limb form a complex meshwork (crossing).  
* '''mantle layer''' layer of cells generated by first neuroblasts migrating from the ventricular zone of the neural tube. Layers are rearranged during development of the brain and spinal cord. (Ven-'''Man'''-Mar-CP)  
* '''mantle layer''' - layer of cells generated by first neuroblasts migrating from the ventricular zone of the neural tube. Layers are rearranged during development of the brain and spinal cord. (Ven-'''Man'''-Mar-CP)  
* '''marginal zone''' layer of processes from neuroblasts in mantle layer. (Ven-Man-'''Mar'''-CP)  
* '''marginal zone''' - layer of processes from neuroblasts in mantle layer. (Ven-Man-'''Mar'''-CP)  
* '''mater''' (Latin, ''mater'' = mother)  
* '''mater''' - (Latin, ''mater'' = mother)  
* '''meninges''' mesenchyme surrounding neural tube forms 3 layer (Dura-, pia-, arachnoid- mater) connective tissue sheath of nervous system. (D-P-A-cns)  
* '''meninges''' - mesenchyme surrounding neural tube forms 3 layer (Dura-, pia-, arachnoid- mater) connective tissue sheath of nervous system. (D-P-A-cns)  
* '''mesencephalon''' (=midbrain), the middle portion of the 3 primary vesicle brain (week 4). (sc-R-'''M'''-P)  
* '''mesencephalon''' - (=midbrain), the middle portion of the 3 primary vesicle brain (week 4). (sc-R-'''M'''-P)  
* '''metencephalon''' the cranial portion of hindbrain after it divides into 2 parts in the 5 secondary vesicle brain (week 5). Forms the pons and cerebellum in the adult brain. (sc-My-'''Met'''-Mes-Di-Tel)  
* '''metencephalon''' - the cranial portion of hindbrain after it divides into 2 parts in the 5 secondary vesicle brain (week 5). Forms the pons and cerebellum in the adult brain. (sc-My-'''Met'''-Mes-Di-Tel)  
* '''myelencephalon''' the caudal portion of hindbrain after it divides into 2 parts in the 5 secondary vesicle brain (week 5). Forms the medulla in the adult brain. (sc-'''My'''-Met-Mes-Di-Tel)  
* '''myelencephalon''' - the caudal portion of hindbrain after it divides into 2 parts in the 5 secondary vesicle brain (week 5). Forms the medulla in the adult brain. (sc-'''My'''-Met-Mes-Di-Tel)  
* '''neural tube''' neural plate region of ectoderm pinched off to form hollow ectodermal tube above notochord in mesoderm.  
* '''neural tube''' - neural plate region of ectoderm pinched off to form hollow ectodermal tube above notochord in mesoderm.  
* '''neural tube defect''' (NTD) any developmental abnormality that affects neural tube development. Commonly failure of neural tube closure.  
* '''neural tube defect''' - (NTD) any developmental abnormality that affects neural tube development. Commonly failure of neural tube closure.  
* '''neuroblast''' undifferentiated neuron found in ventricular layer of neural tube.  
* '''neuroblast''' - undifferentiated neuron found in ventricular layer of neural tube.  
* '''neurohypophysis''' (=posterior pituitary=pas nervosa)  
* '''neurohypophysis''' - (=posterior pituitary=pas nervosa)  
* '''neuron''' The cellur "unit" of the nervous system, transmitting signals between neurons and other cells. The post-mitotic cells generated from neuroepithelial stem cells (neuroblasts) in ventricular zone of neural tube.  
* '''neuron''' - The cellur "unit" of the nervous system, transmitting signals between neurons and other cells. The post-mitotic cells generated from neuroepithelial stem cells (neuroblasts) in ventricular zone of neural tube.  
* '''neuropore''' opening at either end of neural tube: cranial=rostral=anterior, caudal=posterior. The cranial neuropore closes (day 25) approx. 2 days (human) before caudal.  
* '''neuropore''' - opening at either end of neural tube (rostral, anterior) neuropore closes (day 25) about 2 days before caudal (posterior) that closes at somite level 32 to 34. Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) can be due to failure of these two neuropores to close.
* '''notochord''' rod of cells lying in mesoderm layer ventral to the neural tube, induces neural tube and secretes sonic hedgehog which "ventralizes" the neural tube.  
* '''notochord''' - rod of cells lying in mesoderm layer ventral to the neural tube, induces neural tube and secretes sonic hedgehog which "ventralizes" the neural tube.  
* '''olfactory bulb''' (=cranial nerve I, CN I) bipolar neurons from nasal epithelium project axons through cribiform palate into olfactory bulb of the brain.  
* '''olfactory bulb''' - (=cranial nerve I, CN I) bipolar neurons from nasal epithelium project axons through cribiform palate into olfactory bulb of the brain.  
* optic cup-  
* optic cup-  
* '''optic nerve''' (=cranial nerve II, CN II) retinal ganglion neurons project from the retina as a tract into the brain (at the level of the diencephalon).  
* '''optic nerve''' - (=cranial nerve II, CN II) retinal ganglion neurons project from the retina as a tract into the brain (at the level of the diencephalon).  
* '''otocyst''' (=otic vesicle) sensory [#placode placode] which sinks into mesoderm to form spherical vesicle (stage 13/14 embryo) that will form components of the inner ear.  
* '''otocyst''' - (=otic vesicle) sensory [#placode placode] which sinks into mesoderm to form spherical vesicle (stage 13/14 embryo) that will form components of the inner ear.  
* '''pars''' (L. part of)  
* '''pars''' - (L. part of)  
* '''pharyngeal arches''' (=branchial arches, Gk. gill) form structures of the head. Six arches form but only 4 form any structures. Each arch has a pouch, membrane and cleft.  
* '''pharyngeal arches''' - (=branchial arches, Gk. gill) form structures of the head. Six arches form but only 4 form any structures. Each arch has a pouch, membrane and cleft.  
* '''pharynx''' uppermost end of GIT, beginning at the buccopharyngeal membrane and at the level of the pharyngeal arches.  
* '''pharynx''' - uppermost end of GIT, beginning at the buccopharyngeal membrane and at the level of the pharyngeal arches.  
* pia mater-  
* pia mater-  
* '''placode''' specialized regions of ectoderm which form components of the sensory apparatus.  
* '''placode''' - specialized regions of ectoderm which form components of the sensory apparatus.  
* '''pontine flexure''' middle brain flexure (of 3) between cervical and cranial flexure in opposite direction, also generates thin roof of rhombencephalon and divides it into myelencephalon and metencephalon. ( sc-^'''V'''^ )  
* '''pontine flexure''' - middle brain flexure (of 3) between cervical and cranial flexure in opposite direction, also generates thin roof of rhombencephalon and divides it into myelencephalon and metencephalon. ( sc-^'''V'''^ )  
* '''prosencephalon''' (=forebrain), the most cranial portion of the 3 primary vesicle brain (week 4).  (sc-R-M-'''P''')  
* '''prosencephalon''' - (=forebrain), the most cranial portion of the 3 primary vesicle brain (week 4).  (sc-R-M-'''P''')  
* '''Rathke's pouch''' a portion of the roof of the pharynx pushes upward towards the floor of the brain forming the anterior pituirary (adenohypophysis, pars distalis, pars tuberalis pars intermedia). Where it meets a portion of the brain pushing downward forming the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis, pars nervosa). Rathke's pouch eventually looses its connection with the pharynx. (Martin Heinrich Rathke 1973-1860, embryologist and anatomist)  
* '''Rathke's pouch''' - a portion of the roof of the pharynx pushes upward towards the floor of the brain forming the anterior pituirary (adenohypophysis, pars distalis, pars tuberalis pars intermedia). Where it meets a portion of the brain pushing downward forming the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis, pars nervosa). Rathke's pouch eventually looses its connection with the pharynx. (Martin Heinrich Rathke 1973-1860, embryologist and anatomist)  
* '''rhombencephalon''' (=hindbrain), the most caudal portion of the 3 primary vesicle brain (week 4). (sc-'''R'''-M-P)  
* '''rhombencephalon''' - (=hindbrain), the most caudal portion of the 3 primary vesicle brain (week 4). (sc-'''R'''-M-P)  
* '''roofplate''' early forming thin region of neural tube closest to the overlying ectoderm.  
* '''roofplate''' - early forming thin region of neural tube closest to the overlying ectoderm.  
* '''spinal cord''' caudal end of neural tube that does not contribute to brain. Note: the process of secondary neuralation contributes the caudal end of the spinal cord.  
* '''spinal cord''' - caudal end of neural tube that does not contribute to brain. Note: the process of secondary neuralation contributes the caudal end of the spinal cord.  
* '''spinal ganglia''' (=dorsal root ganglia, drg) sensory ganglia derived from the neural crest lying laterally paired and dorsally to the spinal cord (in the embryo found ventral to the spinal cord). Connects centrally with the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.  
* '''spinal ganglia''' - (=dorsal root ganglia, drg) sensory ganglia derived from the neural crest lying laterally paired and dorsally to the spinal cord (in the embryo found ventral to the spinal cord). Connects centrally with the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.  
* '''spinal nerve''' mixed nerve (motor and sensory) arising as latera pairs at each vertebral segmental level.  
* '''spinal nerve''' - mixed nerve (motor and sensory) arising as latera pairs at each vertebral segmental level.  
* '''sonic hedgehog''' (=shh) secreted growth factor that binds patched (ptc) receptor on cell membrane. SHH function is different for different tissues in the embryo. In the nervous system, it is secreted by the notochord, ventralizes the neural tube, inducing the floor plate and motor neurons.  
* '''sonic hedgehog''' - (=shh) secreted growth factor that binds patched (ptc) receptor on cell membrane. SHH function is different for different tissues in the embryo. In the nervous system, it is secreted by the notochord, ventralizes the neural tube, inducing the floor plate and motor neurons.  
* '''sulcus''' (L. furrow) groove  
* '''sulcus''' - (L. furrow) groove  
* '''sulcus limitans''' longitudinal lateral groove in neural tube approx. midway between roofplate and floorplate. Groove divides alar (dorsal) and basal (ventral) plate regions.  
* '''sulcus limitans''' - longitudinal lateral groove in neural tube approx. midway between roofplate and floorplate. Groove divides alar (dorsal) and basal (ventral) plate regions.  
* '''sympathetic ganglia'''-  
* '''sympathetic ganglia'''-  
* '''telencephalon''' the cranial portion of forebrain after it divides into 2 parts in the 5 secondary vesicle brain (week 5). (cavity- lateral ventricles and some of 3rd ventricle) Forms the cerebral hemispheres in the adult brain. (sc-My-Met-Mes-Di-'''Tel''')  
* '''telencephalon''' - the cranial portion of forebrain after it divides into 2 parts in the 5 secondary vesicle brain (week 5). (cavity- lateral ventricles and some of 3rd ventricle) Forms the cerebral hemispheres in the adult brain. (sc-My-Met-Mes-Di-'''Tel''')  
* '''thalamus''' (G. ''thalamos''= bedchamber) cns nucleus, lateral to 3rd ventricle, paired (pl thalami).
* '''thalamus''' - (G. ''thalamos''= bedchamber) cns nucleus, lateral to 3rd ventricle, paired (pl thalami).
* '''transcription factor''' a factor (protein or protein with steroid) that binds to DNA to alter gene expression, usually to activate. (eg steroid hormone+receptor, Retinoic acid+Receptor, Hox, Pax, Lim, Nkx-2.2)  
* '''transcription factor''' - a factor (protein or protein with steroid) that binds to DNA to alter gene expression, usually to activate. (eg steroid hormone+receptor, Retinoic acid+Receptor, Hox, Pax, Lim, Nkx-2.2)  
* '''trigeminal ganglion''' (=cranial nerve V, CN V) first arch ganglion, very large and has 3 portions.  
* '''trigeminal ganglion''' - (=cranial nerve V, CN V) first arch ganglion, very large and has 3 portions.  
* '''vagal ganglion- '''(=cranial nerve X, CN X) fourth and sixth arch ganglion, innervates the viscera and heart.  
* '''vagal ganglion- '''(=cranial nerve X, CN X) fourth and sixth arch ganglion, innervates the viscera and heart.  
* '''ventricles''' the fluid-filled interconnected cavity system with the brain. Fluid (cerebrospinal fluid, CSF) is generated by the specialized vascular network, the choroid plexus. The ventricles are directly connected to the spinal canal (within the spinal cord).  
* '''ventricles''' - the fluid-filled interconnected cavity system with the brain. Fluid (cerebrospinal fluid, CSF) is generated by the specialized vascular network, the choroid plexus. The ventricles are directly connected to the spinal canal (within the spinal cord).  
* '''ventricular zone''' Neuroepithelial cell layer of neural tube closest to lumen. Neuroepithelial cells generate neurons, glia and ependymal cells. ('''Ven'''-Man-Mar-CP)  
* '''ventricular zone''' - Neuroepithelial cell layer of neural tube closest to lumen. Neuroepithelial cells generate neurons, glia and ependymal cells. ('''Ven'''-Man-Mar-CP)  
* '''vestibulocochlear nerve''' (=cranial nerve VIII, CN VIII, also called statoacoustic)  
* '''vestibulocochlear nerve''' - (=cranial nerve VIII, CN VIII, also called statoacoustic)  
* '''white matter''' - neural regions containing processes (axons) of neurons. In the brain it is the inner layer, in the spinal cord it is outer layer. (see grey matter)
* '''white matter''' - - neural regions containing processes (axons) of neurons. In the brain it is the inner layer, in the spinal cord it is outer layer. (see grey matter)


{{Terms lists}}
{{Terms lists}}

Revision as of 15:33, 16 August 2016

Neural Development

  • 3DMRI - Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. A new technique that allows 3D analysis of embryonic structures. (More? Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
  • 3rd ventricle - a fluid-filled space formed from neural tube lumen, located within the diencephalon (from the primary vesicle prosencephalon, forebrain).
  • 4th ventricle - a fluid-filled space formed from neural tube lumen, located within the rhombencephalon (from the primary vesicle, hindbrain).
  • adenohypophysis - (anterior pituitary) = 3 parts pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis.
  • alar plate - afferent, dorsal horns
  • anlage - (German = primordium, structure or cells which will form a future structure.
  • arachnoid - - (G.) spider web-like
  • basal ganglia - - (basal nuclei) neural structure derived from the secondary vesicle telencephalon (endbrain) structure from the earlier primary vesicle prosencephalon (forebrain)
  • basal plate - efferent, ventral horns
  • brachial plexus - mixed spinal nerves innervating the upper limb form a complex meshwork (crossing).
  • brain - general term for the central nervous system formed from 3 primary vesicles.
  • buccopharyngeal membrane - (=oral membrane) at cranial (mouth) end of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) where surface ectoderm and GIT endoderm meet. (see also [#cloacal membrane cloacal membrane])
  • cauda equina - - (=horse's tail) caudal extension of the mature spinal cord.
  • central canal - lumen, cavity of neural tube within the spinal cord. Space is continuous with ventricular system of the brain.
  • cerebral aqueduct - ventricular cavity within the mesencephalon.
  • cervical flexure - most caudal brain flexure (of 3) between spinal cord and rhompencephalon.
  • choroid plexus - specialized vascular plexus responsible for secreting ventricular fluid that with further additions becomes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • cloacal membrane - at caudal (anal) end of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) where surface ectoderm and GIT endoderm meet forms the openings for GIT, urinary, reproductive tracts. (see also buccopharyngeal membrane)
  • cortex - - CNS structure derived from the secondary vesicle telencephalon (endbrain) from the earlier primary vesicle prosencephalon (forebrain).
  • cortical plate - outer neural tube region which post-mitotic neuroblasts migrate too along radial glia to form adult cortical layers.
  • cranial flexure - (=midbrain flexure) most cranial brain flexure (of 3) between mesencephalon and prosencephalon.
  • diencephalon - the caudal portion of forebrain after it divides into 2 parts in the 5 secondary vesicle brain (week 5). (cavity- 3rd ventricle) Forms the thalmus and other nuclei in the adult brain. (sc-My-Met-Mes-Di-Tel)
  • dorsal root ganglia - (=spinal ganglia) sensory ganglia derived from the neural crest lying laterally paired and dorsally to the spinal cord (in the embryo found ventral to the spinal cord). Connects centrally with the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
  • dura mater- "tough" (Latin, mater = mother)
  • ectoderm - the germ layer which form the nervous system from the neural tube and neural crest.
  • ependyma - epithelia of remnant cells after neurons and glia have been generated and left the ventricular zone
  • floorplate - early forming thin region of neural tube closest to the notochord.
  • ganglia - (pl. of ganglion) specialized neural cluster.
  • glia - supporting, non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. Generated from neuroepithelial stem cells in ventricular zone of neural tube. Form astrocytes, oligodendrocytes.
  • grey matter - neural regions containing cell bodies (somas) of neurons. In the brain it is the outer layer, in the spinal cord it is inner layer. (see white matter white matter)
  • growth factor - usually a protein or peptide that will bind a cell membrane receptor and then activates an intracellular signaling pathway. The function of the pathway will be to alter the cell directly or indirectly by changing gene expression. (eg shh)
  • hox - (=homeobox) family of transcription factors that bind DNA and activate gene expression. Expression of different Hox genes along neural tube defines rostral-caudal axis and segmental levels.
  • hydrocephalus - abnormality as the result of an imbalance between the rate at which the CSF is being formed and the rate at which the CSF is passing through the arachnoidal villi back into the blood (hydrocephalus rate is a function of the degree of imbalance in these two). Very small imbalance exhibit subtle, if any, symptoms. Large imbalances will have rapidly evolving symptoms of unmistakable import.
  • isthmus- (G. narrow passage)
  • lamina terminalis - anterior region of brain where cranial neuropore closes.
  • lumbar plexus - mixed spinal nerves innervating the lower limb form a complex meshwork (crossing).
  • mantle layer - layer of cells generated by first neuroblasts migrating from the ventricular zone of the neural tube. Layers are rearranged during development of the brain and spinal cord. (Ven-Man-Mar-CP)
  • marginal zone - layer of processes from neuroblasts in mantle layer. (Ven-Man-Mar-CP)
  • mater - (Latin, mater = mother)
  • meninges - mesenchyme surrounding neural tube forms 3 layer (Dura-, pia-, arachnoid- mater) connective tissue sheath of nervous system. (D-P-A-cns)
  • mesencephalon - (=midbrain), the middle portion of the 3 primary vesicle brain (week 4). (sc-R-M-P)
  • metencephalon - the cranial portion of hindbrain after it divides into 2 parts in the 5 secondary vesicle brain (week 5). Forms the pons and cerebellum in the adult brain. (sc-My-Met-Mes-Di-Tel)
  • myelencephalon - the caudal portion of hindbrain after it divides into 2 parts in the 5 secondary vesicle brain (week 5). Forms the medulla in the adult brain. (sc-My-Met-Mes-Di-Tel)
  • neural tube - neural plate region of ectoderm pinched off to form hollow ectodermal tube above notochord in mesoderm.
  • neural tube defect - (NTD) any developmental abnormality that affects neural tube development. Commonly failure of neural tube closure.
  • neuroblast - undifferentiated neuron found in ventricular layer of neural tube.
  • neurohypophysis - (=posterior pituitary=pas nervosa)
  • neuron - The cellur "unit" of the nervous system, transmitting signals between neurons and other cells. The post-mitotic cells generated from neuroepithelial stem cells (neuroblasts) in ventricular zone of neural tube.
  • neuropore - opening at either end of neural tube (rostral, anterior) neuropore closes (day 25) about 2 days before caudal (posterior) that closes at somite level 32 to 34. Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) can be due to failure of these two neuropores to close.
  • notochord - rod of cells lying in mesoderm layer ventral to the neural tube, induces neural tube and secretes sonic hedgehog which "ventralizes" the neural tube.
  • olfactory bulb - (=cranial nerve I, CN I) bipolar neurons from nasal epithelium project axons through cribiform palate into olfactory bulb of the brain.
  • optic cup-
  • optic nerve - (=cranial nerve II, CN II) retinal ganglion neurons project from the retina as a tract into the brain (at the level of the diencephalon).
  • otocyst - (=otic vesicle) sensory [#placode placode] which sinks into mesoderm to form spherical vesicle (stage 13/14 embryo) that will form components of the inner ear.
  • pars - (L. part of)
  • pharyngeal arches - (=branchial arches, Gk. gill) form structures of the head. Six arches form but only 4 form any structures. Each arch has a pouch, membrane and cleft.
  • pharynx - uppermost end of GIT, beginning at the buccopharyngeal membrane and at the level of the pharyngeal arches.
  • pia mater-
  • placode - specialized regions of ectoderm which form components of the sensory apparatus.
  • pontine flexure - middle brain flexure (of 3) between cervical and cranial flexure in opposite direction, also generates thin roof of rhombencephalon and divides it into myelencephalon and metencephalon. ( sc-^V^ )
  • prosencephalon - (=forebrain), the most cranial portion of the 3 primary vesicle brain (week 4). (sc-R-M-P)
  • Rathke's pouch - a portion of the roof of the pharynx pushes upward towards the floor of the brain forming the anterior pituirary (adenohypophysis, pars distalis, pars tuberalis pars intermedia). Where it meets a portion of the brain pushing downward forming the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis, pars nervosa). Rathke's pouch eventually looses its connection with the pharynx. (Martin Heinrich Rathke 1973-1860, embryologist and anatomist)
  • rhombencephalon - (=hindbrain), the most caudal portion of the 3 primary vesicle brain (week 4). (sc-R-M-P)
  • roofplate - early forming thin region of neural tube closest to the overlying ectoderm.
  • spinal cord - caudal end of neural tube that does not contribute to brain. Note: the process of secondary neuralation contributes the caudal end of the spinal cord.
  • spinal ganglia - (=dorsal root ganglia, drg) sensory ganglia derived from the neural crest lying laterally paired and dorsally to the spinal cord (in the embryo found ventral to the spinal cord). Connects centrally with the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
  • spinal nerve - mixed nerve (motor and sensory) arising as latera pairs at each vertebral segmental level.
  • sonic hedgehog - (=shh) secreted growth factor that binds patched (ptc) receptor on cell membrane. SHH function is different for different tissues in the embryo. In the nervous system, it is secreted by the notochord, ventralizes the neural tube, inducing the floor plate and motor neurons.
  • sulcus - (L. furrow) groove
  • sulcus limitans - longitudinal lateral groove in neural tube approx. midway between roofplate and floorplate. Groove divides alar (dorsal) and basal (ventral) plate regions.
  • sympathetic ganglia-
  • telencephalon - the cranial portion of forebrain after it divides into 2 parts in the 5 secondary vesicle brain (week 5). (cavity- lateral ventricles and some of 3rd ventricle) Forms the cerebral hemispheres in the adult brain. (sc-My-Met-Mes-Di-Tel)
  • thalamus - (G. thalamos= bedchamber) cns nucleus, lateral to 3rd ventricle, paired (pl thalami).
  • transcription factor - a factor (protein or protein with steroid) that binds to DNA to alter gene expression, usually to activate. (eg steroid hormone+receptor, Retinoic acid+Receptor, Hox, Pax, Lim, Nkx-2.2)
  • trigeminal ganglion - (=cranial nerve V, CN V) first arch ganglion, very large and has 3 portions.
  • vagal ganglion- (=cranial nerve X, CN X) fourth and sixth arch ganglion, innervates the viscera and heart.
  • ventricles - the fluid-filled interconnected cavity system with the brain. Fluid (cerebrospinal fluid, CSF) is generated by the specialized vascular network, the choroid plexus. The ventricles are directly connected to the spinal canal (within the spinal cord).
  • ventricular zone - Neuroepithelial cell layer of neural tube closest to lumen. Neuroepithelial cells generate neurons, glia and ependymal cells. (Ven-Man-Mar-CP)
  • vestibulocochlear nerve - (=cranial nerve VIII, CN VIII, also called statoacoustic)
  • white matter - - neural regions containing processes (axons) of neurons. In the brain it is the inner layer, in the spinal cord it is outer layer. (see grey matter)
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