Talk:Rat Development: Difference between revisions

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==2010==
==Generation and characterization of a Tet-On (rtTA-M2) transgenic rat==
===Generation and characterization of a Tet-On (rtTA-M2) transgenic rat===
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20158911
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20158911


Line 12: Line 13:
BACKGROUND: The tetracycline-inducible gene regulation system is a powerful tool that allows temporal and dose-dependent regulation of target transgene expression in vitro and in vivo. Several tetracycline-inducible transgenic mouse models have been described with ubiquitous or tissue-specific expression of tetracycline-transactivator (tTA), reverse tetracycline-transactivator (rtTA) or Tet repressor (TetR). Here we describe a Tet-On transgenic rat that ubiquitously expresses rtTA-M2 driven by the murine ROSA 26 promoter. RESULTS: The homozygous rat line (ROSA-rtTA-M2) generated by lentiviral vector injection, has a single integration site and was derived from the offspring of a genetic mosaic founder with multiple transgene integrations. The rtTA-M2 transgene integrated into an intron of a putative gene on chromosome 2 and does not appear to affect the tissue-specificity or expression of that gene. Fibroblasts from the ROSA-rtTA-M2 rats were transduced with a TetO7/CMV-EGFP lentivirus and exhibited doxycycline dose-dependent expression of the EGFP reporter transgene, in vitro. In addition, doxycycline-inducible EGFP expression was observed, in vivo, when the TetO7/CMV-EGFP lentivirus was injected into testis, kidney and muscle tissues of ROSA-rtTA-M2 rats. CONCLUSIONS: This conditional expression rat model may have application for transgenic overexpression or knockdown studies of gene function in development, disease and gene therapy.
BACKGROUND: The tetracycline-inducible gene regulation system is a powerful tool that allows temporal and dose-dependent regulation of target transgene expression in vitro and in vivo. Several tetracycline-inducible transgenic mouse models have been described with ubiquitous or tissue-specific expression of tetracycline-transactivator (tTA), reverse tetracycline-transactivator (rtTA) or Tet repressor (TetR). Here we describe a Tet-On transgenic rat that ubiquitously expresses rtTA-M2 driven by the murine ROSA 26 promoter. RESULTS: The homozygous rat line (ROSA-rtTA-M2) generated by lentiviral vector injection, has a single integration site and was derived from the offspring of a genetic mosaic founder with multiple transgene integrations. The rtTA-M2 transgene integrated into an intron of a putative gene on chromosome 2 and does not appear to affect the tissue-specificity or expression of that gene. Fibroblasts from the ROSA-rtTA-M2 rats were transduced with a TetO7/CMV-EGFP lentivirus and exhibited doxycycline dose-dependent expression of the EGFP reporter transgene, in vitro. In addition, doxycycline-inducible EGFP expression was observed, in vivo, when the TetO7/CMV-EGFP lentivirus was injected into testis, kidney and muscle tissues of ROSA-rtTA-M2 rats. CONCLUSIONS: This conditional expression rat model may have application for transgenic overexpression or knockdown studies of gene function in development, disease and gene therapy.


PMID: 20158911
PMID 20158911


==Heart==
===Determination of cell types and numbers during cardiac development in the neonatal and adult rat and mouse===


Determination of cell types and numbers during cardiac development in the neonatal and adult rat and mouse.
<pubmed>17604329</pubmed>
<pubmed>17604329</pubmed>


"We observed that the adult murine myocardium is composed of approximately 56% myocytes, 27% fibroblasts, 7% endothelial cells, and 10% vascular smooth muscle cells. Moreover, our morphometric and FACS data demonstrated similar percentages in the three regions examined. During murine neonatal cardiac development, we observed a marked increase in numbers of cardiac fibroblasts and a resultant decrease in percentages of myocytes in late neonatal development (day 15). ...Finally, FACS analyses of the rat heart during development displayed similar results in relation to increases in cardiac fibroblasts during development; however, cell populations in the rat differed markedly from those observed in the mouse."
"We observed that the adult murine myocardium is composed of approximately 56% myocytes, 27% fibroblasts, 7% endothelial cells, and 10% vascular smooth muscle cells. Moreover, our morphometric and FACS data demonstrated similar percentages in the three regions examined. During murine neonatal cardiac development, we observed a marked increase in numbers of cardiac fibroblasts and a resultant decrease in percentages of myocytes in late neonatal development (day 15). ...Finally, FACS analyses of the rat heart during development displayed similar results in relation to increases in cardiac fibroblasts during development; however, cell populations in the rat differed markedly from those observed in the mouse."


==Neural==
==1985==


===Cerebellum===
===Embryonic development of the rat cerebellum. III. Regional differences in the time of origin, migration, and settling of Purkinje cells===


* Embryonic development of the rat cerebellum. III. Regional differences in the time of origin, migration, and settling of Purkinje cells. Altman J, Bayer SA. J Comp Neurol. 1985 Jan 1;231(1):42-65. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3968228 PMID: 3968228]
Altman J, Bayer SA. J Comp Neurol. 1985 Jan 1;231(1):42-65. PMID 3968228


:"The time of origin, site of origin, migratory path and settling pattern of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar hemispheres, anterior vermis, and posterior vermis were investigated in thymidine radiograms and plastic-embedded materials from rat embryos ranging in age from 15 to 22 days. In the hemispheres there is a rostral-to-caudal cytogenetic gradient: the Purkinje cells of lobulus simplex, crus I, and crus II are produced earlier than the Purkinje cells of the paramedian lobule and paraflocculus, followed by the Purkinje cells of the flocculus. The Purkinje cells of the vermis, in general, are generated later than those of the hemispheres, and with a reverse gradient from caudal to rostral: the Purkinje cells of the posterior vermis (lobules X-VI) being produced ahead of the Purkinje cells of the anterior posteriorly directed wedge of early-produced Purkinje cells through the vermis. Evidence was obtained that the Purkinje cells of the hemispheres derive from the lateral cerebellar primordium capping the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle anteriorly. The Purkinje cells of the anterior vermis originate from the subisthmal cerebellar primordium medially lining the isthmal canal. The Purkinje cells of the posterior vermis originate in the postisthmal cerebellar primordium overlying the tela choroidea caudally. The young Purkinje cells migrate from the neuroepithelium to the surface of the cerebellum in a strictly caudal-to-rostral order, paralleling the spread of the EGL superficially from posteroventral to anterodorsal. This pattern is independent of the time of origin of Purkinje cells. In the posterior vermis the earliest-settling Purkinje cells of the uvula follow a short radial course, and a discrete Purkinje layer is formed 3 days after they are generated. In the anterior vermis the Purkinje cells of lobulus centralis, which follow an anterodorsal migratory course, are still settling on day E22, 7 days after their production, presumably awaiting the fusion of the cerebellar base anteriorly. The fissura prima forms medially at the interface region of Purkinje cells derived from the postisthmal and subisthmal cerebellar primordia. For 1-2 days after their settling, the Purkinje cells of the newly forming lobules can be distinguished by certain cytological criteria from the Purkinje cells in the more caudally-situated, earlier-settled lobules."
:"The time of origin, site of origin, migratory path and settling pattern of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar hemispheres, anterior vermis, and posterior vermis were investigated in thymidine radiograms and plastic-embedded materials from rat embryos ranging in age from 15 to 22 days. In the hemispheres there is a rostral-to-caudal cytogenetic gradient: the Purkinje cells of lobulus simplex, crus I, and crus II are produced earlier than the Purkinje cells of the paramedian lobule and paraflocculus, followed by the Purkinje cells of the flocculus. The Purkinje cells of the vermis, in general, are generated later than those of the hemispheres, and with a reverse gradient from caudal to rostral: the Purkinje cells of the posterior vermis (lobules X-VI) being produced ahead of the Purkinje cells of the anterior posteriorly directed wedge of early-produced Purkinje cells through the vermis. Evidence was obtained that the Purkinje cells of the hemispheres derive from the lateral cerebellar primordium capping the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle anteriorly. The Purkinje cells of the anterior vermis originate from the subisthmal cerebellar primordium medially lining the isthmal canal. The Purkinje cells of the posterior vermis originate in the postisthmal cerebellar primordium overlying the tela choroidea caudally. The young Purkinje cells migrate from the neuroepithelium to the surface of the cerebellum in a strictly caudal-to-rostral order, paralleling the spread of the EGL superficially from posteroventral to anterodorsal. This pattern is independent of the time of origin of Purkinje cells. In the posterior vermis the earliest-settling Purkinje cells of the uvula follow a short radial course, and a discrete Purkinje layer is formed 3 days after they are generated. In the anterior vermis the Purkinje cells of lobulus centralis, which follow an anterodorsal migratory course, are still settling on day E22, 7 days after their production, presumably awaiting the fusion of the cerebellar base anteriorly. The fissura prima forms medially at the interface region of Purkinje cells derived from the postisthmal and subisthmal cerebellar primordia. For 1-2 days after their settling, the Purkinje cells of the newly forming lobules can be distinguished by certain cytological criteria from the Purkinje cells in the more caudally-situated, earlier-settled lobules."
Line 57: Line 57:




===Sympathetic neurons===
===The relationship of the birth date of rat sympathetic neurons to the target they innervate (p NA)===


* The relationship of the birth date of rat sympathetic neurons to the target they innervate (p NA) D. P. Chubb, C. R. Anderson Published Online: Feb 3 2010 10:35AM DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22240 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123272243/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
D. P. Chubb, C. R. Anderson Published Online: Feb 3 2010 10:35AM DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22240 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123272243/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0





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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Rat Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Talk:Rat_Development

2010

Generation and characterization of a Tet-On (rtTA-M2) transgenic rat

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20158911

BMC Dev Biol. 2010 Feb 16;10:17.

Sheng Y, Lin CC, Yue J, Sukhwani M, Shuttleworth JJ, Chu T, Orwig KE.

Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Abstract BACKGROUND: The tetracycline-inducible gene regulation system is a powerful tool that allows temporal and dose-dependent regulation of target transgene expression in vitro and in vivo. Several tetracycline-inducible transgenic mouse models have been described with ubiquitous or tissue-specific expression of tetracycline-transactivator (tTA), reverse tetracycline-transactivator (rtTA) or Tet repressor (TetR). Here we describe a Tet-On transgenic rat that ubiquitously expresses rtTA-M2 driven by the murine ROSA 26 promoter. RESULTS: The homozygous rat line (ROSA-rtTA-M2) generated by lentiviral vector injection, has a single integration site and was derived from the offspring of a genetic mosaic founder with multiple transgene integrations. The rtTA-M2 transgene integrated into an intron of a putative gene on chromosome 2 and does not appear to affect the tissue-specificity or expression of that gene. Fibroblasts from the ROSA-rtTA-M2 rats were transduced with a TetO7/CMV-EGFP lentivirus and exhibited doxycycline dose-dependent expression of the EGFP reporter transgene, in vitro. In addition, doxycycline-inducible EGFP expression was observed, in vivo, when the TetO7/CMV-EGFP lentivirus was injected into testis, kidney and muscle tissues of ROSA-rtTA-M2 rats. CONCLUSIONS: This conditional expression rat model may have application for transgenic overexpression or knockdown studies of gene function in development, disease and gene therapy.

PMID 20158911

Determination of cell types and numbers during cardiac development in the neonatal and adult rat and mouse

<pubmed>17604329</pubmed>

"We observed that the adult murine myocardium is composed of approximately 56% myocytes, 27% fibroblasts, 7% endothelial cells, and 10% vascular smooth muscle cells. Moreover, our morphometric and FACS data demonstrated similar percentages in the three regions examined. During murine neonatal cardiac development, we observed a marked increase in numbers of cardiac fibroblasts and a resultant decrease in percentages of myocytes in late neonatal development (day 15). ...Finally, FACS analyses of the rat heart during development displayed similar results in relation to increases in cardiac fibroblasts during development; however, cell populations in the rat differed markedly from those observed in the mouse."

1985

Embryonic development of the rat cerebellum. III. Regional differences in the time of origin, migration, and settling of Purkinje cells

Altman J, Bayer SA. J Comp Neurol. 1985 Jan 1;231(1):42-65. PMID 3968228

"The time of origin, site of origin, migratory path and settling pattern of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar hemispheres, anterior vermis, and posterior vermis were investigated in thymidine radiograms and plastic-embedded materials from rat embryos ranging in age from 15 to 22 days. In the hemispheres there is a rostral-to-caudal cytogenetic gradient: the Purkinje cells of lobulus simplex, crus I, and crus II are produced earlier than the Purkinje cells of the paramedian lobule and paraflocculus, followed by the Purkinje cells of the flocculus. The Purkinje cells of the vermis, in general, are generated later than those of the hemispheres, and with a reverse gradient from caudal to rostral: the Purkinje cells of the posterior vermis (lobules X-VI) being produced ahead of the Purkinje cells of the anterior posteriorly directed wedge of early-produced Purkinje cells through the vermis. Evidence was obtained that the Purkinje cells of the hemispheres derive from the lateral cerebellar primordium capping the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle anteriorly. The Purkinje cells of the anterior vermis originate from the subisthmal cerebellar primordium medially lining the isthmal canal. The Purkinje cells of the posterior vermis originate in the postisthmal cerebellar primordium overlying the tela choroidea caudally. The young Purkinje cells migrate from the neuroepithelium to the surface of the cerebellum in a strictly caudal-to-rostral order, paralleling the spread of the EGL superficially from posteroventral to anterodorsal. This pattern is independent of the time of origin of Purkinje cells. In the posterior vermis the earliest-settling Purkinje cells of the uvula follow a short radial course, and a discrete Purkinje layer is formed 3 days after they are generated. In the anterior vermis the Purkinje cells of lobulus centralis, which follow an anterodorsal migratory course, are still settling on day E22, 7 days after their production, presumably awaiting the fusion of the cerebellar base anteriorly. The fissura prima forms medially at the interface region of Purkinje cells derived from the postisthmal and subisthmal cerebellar primordia. For 1-2 days after their settling, the Purkinje cells of the newly forming lobules can be distinguished by certain cytological criteria from the Purkinje cells in the more caudally-situated, earlier-settled lobules."
  • Embryonic development of the rat cerebellum. II. Translocation and regional distribution of the deep neurons. Altman J, Bayer SA. J Comp Neurol. 1985 Jan 1;231(1):27-41. PMID: 3968227
  • Embryonic development of the rat cerebellum. I. Delineation of the cerebellar primordium and early cell movements. Altman J, Bayer SA. J Comp Neurol. 1985 Jan 1;231(1):1-26. PMID: 3968224



Thalamus

  • Development of the rat thalamus: VI. The posterior lobule of the thalamic neuroepithelium and the time and site of origin and settling pattern of neurons of the lateral geniculate and lateral posterior nuclei. Altman J, Bayer SA. J Comp Neurol. 1989 Jun 22;284(4):581-601. PMID: 2768553
  • Development of the rat thalamus: V. The posterior lobule of the thalamic neuroepithelium and the time and site of origin and settling pattern of neurons of the medial geniculate body. Altman J, Bayer SA. J Comp Neurol. 1989 Jun 22;284(4):567-80. PMID: 2768552
  • Development of the rat thalamus: IV. The intermediate lobule of the thalamic neuroepithelium, and the time and site of origin and settling pattern of neurons of the ventral nuclear complex. Altman J, Bayer SA. J Comp Neurol. 1989 Jun 22;284(4):534-66. PMID: 2768551
  • Development of the rat thalamus: III. Time and site of origin and settling pattern of neurons of the reticular nucleus. Altman J, Bayer SA. J Comp Neurol. 1988 Sep 15;275(3):406-28. PMID: 3225345
  • Development of the rat thalamus: II. Time and site of origin and settling pattern of neurons derived from the anterior lobule of the thalamic neuroepithelium.

Altman J, Bayer SA. J Comp Neurol. 1988 Sep 15;275(3):378-405. PMID: 3225344

Precerebellar Nuclei

  • Development of the precerebellar nuclei in the rat: IV. The anterior precerebellar extramural migratory stream and the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and the basal pontine gray. Altman J, Bayer SA. J Comp Neurol. 1987 Mar 22;257(4):529-52. PMID: 3693597
  • Development of the precerebellar nuclei in the rat: I. The precerebellar neuroepithelium of the rhombencephalon. Altman J, Bayer SA. J Comp Neurol. 1987 Mar 22;257(4):477-89. PMID: 3693594


The relationship of the birth date of rat sympathetic neurons to the target they innervate (p NA)

D. P. Chubb, C. R. Anderson Published Online: Feb 3 2010 10:35AM DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22240 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123272243/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0


peak time of withdrawal from the cell cycle for sympathetic postganglionic neurons was calculated to be between E15.25 and E17.0 for all classes of sympathetic neuron

Type Pilomotor Cut Vaso Sudomotor Iridomotor Periosteal Thermomotor Secretomotor Musc vaso

Peak E15.27 E15.29 E15.42 E15.57 E15.65 E15.80 E16.35 E16.99


Microscopic anatomy of brachial plexus branches in Wistar rat

Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2007 May;290(5):477-85.

Santos AP, Suaid CA, Fazan VP, Barreira AA.

Department of Neurology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Abstract In the present study, we analyze the morphology and morphometry of the lateral proper digital nerve of the third finger, and of the proximal and distal segments of the ulnar, median, and radial nerves, in Wistar rats 4 or 7 weeks old. The fascicular area and diameter were generally significantly greater in the proximal compared to distal segments and tended to be larger in 7-week-old compared to 4-week-old rats (e.g., median nerve area of 0.13 mm(2) for the proximal and 0.07 mm(2) for distal segments in 4-week-old rats, and 0.17 and 0.10 mm(2), respectively, for the proximal and distal segments of 7-week-old rats). The number of fascicles was significantly greater while the number of myelinated fibers was significantly less in the distal segments (e.g., 1,359 and 509 myelinated fibers, respectively, in the proximal and distal segments of the radial nerve 4-week-old rats). There was no significant difference in these parameters between the two age groups. The diameter of the myelinated fibers and their respective axons increased from 4 to 7 weeks of age (e.g., myelinated fiber diameter of 4.10 microm in 4-week-old animals and 4.7 microm in the ulnar nerve proximal segment of 7-week-old rats). The g-ratio regression line (axon diameter vs. fiber diameter quotient) was outlined for all the nerves studied here. Differences in myelinated fiber density were detected between the segments of the radial nerve, accompanying the number of myelinated fibers. Detailed knowledge of the microscopic anatomy of rat forelimb nerves provides control data for comparison with studies of experimentally induced neuropathies, which can shed more light on human neuropathies.

(c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 17436315

Ovulation

Superovulatory response, oocyte spontaneous activation, and embryo development in WMN/Nrs inbred rats. Kito S, Yano H, Ohta Y, Tsukamoto S. Exp Anim. 2010;59(1):35-45. PMID: 20224168

Some Recent Findings

Generation and characterization of a Tet-On (rtTA-M2) transgenic rat. Sheng Y, Lin CC, Yue J, Sukhwani M, Shuttleworth JJ, Chu T, Orwig KE. BMC Dev Biol. 2010 Feb 16;10:17. PMID: 20158911

"This conditional expression rat model may have application for transgenic overexpression or knockdown studies of gene function in development, disease and gene therapy."

Sonic Hedgehog gene delivery to the rodent heart promotes angiogenesis via iNOS/netrin-1/PKC pathway. Ahmed RP, Haider KH, Shujia J, Afzal MR, Ashraf M. PLoS One. 2010 Jan 5;5(1):e8576. PMID: 20052412

"Reprogramming of stem cells with Shh maximizes their survival and angiogenic potential in the heart via iNOS/netrin-1/PKC signaling."