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{|
{{Talk Page}}
|+ Sexual Development Phases in Female Laboratory Species<ref><pubmed>12866705</pubmed></ref>
 
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
<br>
| Phase
 
| Rat
 
| Dog (beagle)
{{Tanner stages}}
| Primate (monkey)
 
|-
==2018==
| Neonatal
 
| Birth to postnatal Day 7
===Evaluation of characteristics of the craniofacial complex and dental maturity in girls with central precocious puberty===
| Birth–3 weeks
Angle Orthod. 2018 Sep;88(5):582-589. doi: 10.2319/112317-809.1. Epub 2018 Apr 30.
| Birth to 3–4 months
 
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
Lee HK, Choi SH, Fan D, Jang KM, Kim MS, Hwang CJ.
| Infantile
Abstract
| Postnatal Days 8–21
OBJECTIVES:
| 3–5 weeks
To identify unique characteristics of the craniofacial complex and dental maturity in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP).
| Up to 29 months
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
|-
This study included 34 Korean girls with idiopathic CPP (mean age, 8.6 ± .5 years) and 28 normal healthy girls of the same chronological age. An initial evaluation of the growth pattern of the craniofacial complex and dental maturity was conducted by analyzing lateral cephalometric and panoramic radiographs.
| Juvenile/prepubertal
RESULTS:
| Postnatal Days 22–37
The mandibular ramus height (44.4 ± 4.1 mm) and total mandibular length (10.8 ± 4.3 mm) ( P = .004 and .021, respectively) were greater and the lower anterior facial height was lesser (63.2 ± 2.4 mm) ( P = .040) in the CPP group than in the reference group. In addition, the gonial angle (12.9 ± 6.1°; P = .045) and the mandibular plane angle (34.9 ± 4.8°; P = .012) were smaller in girls with CPP than in normal healthy girls. All the mandibular teeth were more mature in girls with CPP ( P < .001). A strong positive correlation was observed between the mandibular tooth formation stages and the presence of CPP in girls ( r = .756 to .957; P < .001).
| 5 weeks–6 months
CONCLUSIONS:
| Up to 43 months
CPP had an effect on the anteroposterior growth of the mandible in the craniofacial complex and the rotation of the mandibular plane angle. Early maturation of the mandibular teeth was observed in girls with CPP.
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
KEYWORDS:
| Pubertal
Bone age; Central precocious puberty; Craniofacial complex; Dental maturity
| Postnatal Days 37–38
PMID: 29708396 DOI: 10.2319/112317-809.1
| 6–8 months
 
| 27–30 months
 
|}
==2015==
===Puberty timing associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and also diverse health outcomes in men and women: the UK Biobank study===
 
Scientific Reports 5, Article number: 11208 doi:10.1038/srep11208
 
Received 09 December 2014 Accepted 20 April 2015 Published 18 June 2015
 
Early puberty timing is associated with higher risks for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease in women and therefore represents a potential target for early preventive interventions. We characterised the range of diseases and other adverse health outcomes associated with early or late puberty timing in men and women in the very large UK Biobank study. Recalled puberty timing and past/current diseases were self-reported by questionnaire. We limited analyses to individuals of White ethnicity (250,037 women; 197,714 men) and to disease outcomes with at least 500 cases (~0·2% prevalence) and we applied stringent correction for multiple testing (corrected threshold P < 7.48 × 10–5). In models adjusted for socioeconomic position and adiposity/body composition variables, both in women and men separately, earlier puberty timing was associated with higher risks for angina, hypertension and T2D. Furthermore, compared to the median/average group, earlier or later puberty timing in women or men was associated with higher risks for 48 adverse outcomes, across a range of cancers, cardio-metabolic, gynaecological/obstetric, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and neuro-cognitive categories. Notably, both early and late menarche were associated with higher risks for early natural menopause in women. Puberty timing in both men and women appears to have a profound impact on later health.
 
http://www.nature.com/srep/2015/150618/srep11208/full/srep11208.html
 
==2012==
 
===Testicular volumes revisited: A proposal for a simple clinical method that can closely match the volumes obtained by ultrasound and its clinical application===
Int J Pediatr Endocrinol. 2012 Jun 8;2012(1):17. doi: 10.1186/1687-9856-2012-17.


Sotos JF1, Tokar NJ.


Abstract


== Introduction ==
BACKGROUND:
These notes cover normal Postnatal Development during the puberty period which occurs mainly in the early teenage years. Triggers to puberty include neuroendocrine changes in hypothalamic expression of kisspeptin which is suggested in turn to change gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) levels. (More? [#Kisspeptin Kisspeptin] | [#GnRH Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone] | [../Notes/endocrine16.htm Endocrine Notes - Hypothalamus])
The testicular volumes obtained with the clinical methods, calculated using the ellipsoid equation W2 x L x π/6, correlate with those obtained by ultrasound (US) and are useful clinically, but overestimate ultrasound values, mainly because of the inclusion of the scrotal skin and epididymis, have much variability, and may not be accurate or reproducible.The US measurement is somewhat inconvenient, because it requires another procedure and, mainly, is costly.It would be helpful to have a simple, low cost clinical method that approximates or closely matches the results obtained by ultrasound.Formulas, equivalent to the ellipsoid equations, were developed to calculate testicular volumes with corrections of the width (W), length (L), and height (H) of the testis obtained in the scrotum to avoid the inclusion of the scrotal skin and epididymis.
SUBJECTS & METHODS:
The US observations in our hospital of the width, height, length, height/width, and length/width ratios and volumes of 110 testes from 55 children from 1 month to 17 ½ years of age were reviewed. Based on these observations and those reported by others, formulas to apply to the clinical measurements were developed to approximate the volumes obtained by ultrasound. The validity and accuracy of the formulas were determined. For the clinical application of the formulas, measurements of the width of the testis in the scrotum, with a centimeter ruler, were obtained in 187 study subjects in different stages of puberty and adults, for a total of 374 testicular determinations.
RESULTS:
The widths obtained in the scrotum were corrected by subtracting the values of the double scrotal skin. The formulas were then applied and the testicular volumes determined. The testicular volumes were then compared to the ultrasound values reported in hundreds of subjects by four different groups and statistically analyzed. The volumes obtained by the formulas (means ± SD) closely matched the volumes obtained by ultrasound.
CONCLUSION:
A simple clinical method, based on the width of the testis obtained in the scrotum with a centimeter ruler, which can determine testicular volumes closely matching those reported by ultrasound, is proposed.


<center>[[Image:puberty_growth_sm.jpg]]</center>
PMID 22682237


Male and female sexual differentiation giving the complete sexual phenotype involves two main phases.
==2010==


'''Primary''', the formation of an ovary or a testis from the bipotential gonad in the embryo.  
===Quantification of cranial base growth during pubertal growth===
Malta LA, Ortolani CF, Faltin K.
J Orthod. 2009 Dec;36(4):229-35.
PMID: 19934240


'''Secondary''' is the development of the female and male phenotypes in response to hormones secreted by the ovaries and testes which occurs in the teen years during adolescence. This is initiated by the renewed expression of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) which is minimal in childhood.


Of general interest would be the timing differences between girls and boys when puberty commences (girls before boys). Early onset of puberty (precocious) occurs more frequently in girls than boys, in contrast late onset (delayed) occurs more frquently in boys than girls.
==2004==


'''Other Pages:''' [../Notes/genital.htm Development of the Reproductive System] | [../Notes/skin7a.htm Integumentary Development - Mammary Glands] | [../Notes/skin8.htm Integumentary Development - Hair] | [../Notes/endocrine16.htm Endocrine Development - Hypothalamus] | [../Notes/week1_3a.htm Week 1 - Oogenesis] | [../Notes/week1_3b.htm Week 1 - Spermatogenesis] |
BJU Int. 2004 May;93(7):1015-7.
Correlation of ultrasonographic and orchidometer measurements of testis volume in adults.
Schiff JD1, Li PS, Goldstein M.
Author information
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the correlation between testicular volume measured with an orchidometer or high-resolution scrotal ultrasonography (US) with colour-flow Doppler analysis.
PATIENTS AND METHODS:
In all, 159 men (mean age 36.6 years) presenting for infertility evaluation underwent both a physical examination by a one experienced examiner and high-resolution US with colour-flow Doppler analysis. An orchidometer was also used to measure testicular volume after stretching the scrotal skin tightly over the testis and after warming with a heating pad. The US was interpreted by a radiologist who had no knowledge of the orchidometer estimates. The volume was calculated as 0.71 x length x width x height.
RESULTS:
For the right testes the mean orchidometer and US estimates were 18.4 and 18.3 mL, yielding a correlation coefficient of 0.72 (r (2) = 0.52, P < 0.01). On the left the respective values were 17.1 and 16.9 mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.69 (r (2) = 0.48, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION:
Orchidometer estimates of testicular volume correlate closely and very significantly with US estimates in adults. In the hands of an experienced examiner orchidometer measurements provide an accurate, rapid and inexpensive assessment of testicular volume.
PMID 15142154


== Some Recent Findings ==
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16793957&dopt=Abstract Banerjee I, Trueman JA, Hall CM, Price DA, Patel L, Whatmore AJ, Hirschhorn JN, Read AP, Palmert MR, Clayton PE.] Phenotypic variation in constitutional delay of growth and puberty: relationship to specific leptin and leptin receptor gene polymorphisms. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Jul;155(1):121-6.


"Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) is a variant of normal pubertal timing and progress, often with dominant inheritance. It is likely that one or more genes will be associated with CDGP. Possible candidates are the leptin (L) and the leptin receptor (LR) genes, as the leptin axis links nutritional status to pubertal development. ...There was no association of specific L or LR polymorphisms with CDGP, but L short allele carriage influenced the phenotype within CDGP."


[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16932310&dopt=Abstract Seminara SB.] Mechanisms of Disease: the first kiss-a crucial role for kisspeptin-1 and its receptor, G-protein-coupled receptor 54, in puberty and reproduction. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun;2(6):328-34.


"Ligands for G-protein-coupled receptor 54 (KiSS-1R), including metastin (derived from the parent compound, kisspeptin-1) and metastin's C-terminal peptide fragments, have been shown to be powerful stimulants for GnRH release in vivo via their stimulation of G-protein-coupled receptor 54."


== Puberty ==
== Puberty ==
Line 124: Line 156:
* '''Ready, Set, Grow!: A What's Happening to My Body? Book for Younger Girls''', by Lynda Madaras and Linda Davick  
* '''Ready, Set, Grow!: A What's Happening to My Body? Book for Younger Girls''', by Lynda Madaras and Linda Davick  
* '''What's Happening to My Body? Book for Boys: The New Growing-Up Guide for Parents and Sons''', Third Edition by Lynda Madaras, Area Madaras, Dane Saavedra, and Simon Sullivan  
* '''What's Happening to My Body? Book for Boys: The New Growing-Up Guide for Parents and Sons''', Third Edition by Lynda Madaras, Area Madaras, Dane Saavedra, and Simon Sullivan  
* '''Sex, Puberty, and All That Stuff: A Guide to Growing Up''', by Jacqui Bailey and Jan McCafferty  
* '''Sex, Puberty, and All That Stuff: A Guide to Growing Up''', by Jacqui Bailey and Jan McCafferty
 
== Computer Activities ==
[page3.htm Clinical Growth Charts]
 
== References ==
'''Links:''' [#Reviews Reviews] | [#Articles Articles] | [#OnlineTextbooks Online Textbooks] | [#SearchTextbooks Search Textbooks] | [#SearchPubMed Search PubMed] | [#Glossary Glossary]
 
=== PubMed ===
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=17012487&dopt=Abstract Muir A..] Precocious puberty. Pediatr Rev. 2006 Oct;27(10):373-81.
 
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11397824&dopt=Abstract Palmert MR, Boepple PA.] Variation in the timing of puberty: clinical spectrum and genetic investigation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jun;86(6):2364-8.
 
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16373418&dopt=Abstract Dungan HM, Clifton DK, Steiner RA.] Minireview: kisspeptin neurons as central processors in the regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion. Endocrinology. 2006 Mar;147(3):1154-8.
 
'''Articles'''
 
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16793957&dopt=Abstract Banerjee I, Trueman JA, Hall CM, Price DA, Patel L, Whatmore AJ, Hirschhorn JN, Read AP, Palmert MR, Clayton PE.] Phenotypic variation in constitutional delay of growth and puberty: relationship to specific leptin and leptin receptor gene polymorphisms. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Jul;155(1):121-6.
 
'''Search NCBI Bookshelf:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=puberty puberty]
 
'''Search PubMed'''
 
Search Aug 2006 "puberty" '''23,525''' reference articles of which '''2,915''' were reviews.
 
'''Search PubMed:''' term = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=puberty puberty]
 
== Glossary of Terms ==
 
{| class="prettytable"
| [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=A A] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=B B] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=C C] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=D D] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=E E] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=F F] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=G G] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=H H] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=I I] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=J J] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=K K] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=L L] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=M M] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=N N] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=O O] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=P P] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Q Q] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=R R] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=S S] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=T T] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=U U] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=V V] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=W W] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=X X] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Y Y] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Z Z] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Numbers Numbers]
 
|}
== Quick Links ==
Normal Dev Page: [page1.htm Normal Dev Page 1] | 2 | [page3.htm Normal Dev Page 3] | [page4.htm Normal Dev Page 4] | [page5.htm Normal Dev Page 5] | [link.htm Normal Dev Page WWW]
 
 
 
 
 
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=== Navigation ===
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=== Child Links ===
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=== External Links ===
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=== Page Details ===
==== [mailto:m.hill@unsw.edu.au Email]Copyright: Dr Mark HillCreated: 24.03.2000Updated:#BeginDate format:Ge1 13.06.2007#EndDate UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G ====
=== Comments ===
[[Image:mhicon08.jpg]]
 
Who can understand a teenager? Well it turns out they are undergoing many physiological changes (growth and differentiation) beyond their own control, they don't even understand whats happening to them.
 
This section of notes covers early teenager, where hormonal changes trigger changes that lead to growth and reproductive maturation.
 
Note this current project focuses on prenatal development, so postnatal content is not as detailed.
 
Please [mailto:m.hill@unsw.edu.au email Dr Mark Hill] if you wish to make a comment about this current project.©M.A. Hill, 2007

Latest revision as of 15:32, 31 August 2018

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Puberty Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Talk:Puberty_Development



Tanner stages

2018

Evaluation of characteristics of the craniofacial complex and dental maturity in girls with central precocious puberty

Angle Orthod. 2018 Sep;88(5):582-589. doi: 10.2319/112317-809.1. Epub 2018 Apr 30.

Lee HK, Choi SH, Fan D, Jang KM, Kim MS, Hwang CJ. Abstract OBJECTIVES: To identify unique characteristics of the craniofacial complex and dental maturity in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 34 Korean girls with idiopathic CPP (mean age, 8.6 ± .5 years) and 28 normal healthy girls of the same chronological age. An initial evaluation of the growth pattern of the craniofacial complex and dental maturity was conducted by analyzing lateral cephalometric and panoramic radiographs. RESULTS: The mandibular ramus height (44.4 ± 4.1 mm) and total mandibular length (10.8 ± 4.3 mm) ( P = .004 and .021, respectively) were greater and the lower anterior facial height was lesser (63.2 ± 2.4 mm) ( P = .040) in the CPP group than in the reference group. In addition, the gonial angle (12.9 ± 6.1°; P = .045) and the mandibular plane angle (34.9 ± 4.8°; P = .012) were smaller in girls with CPP than in normal healthy girls. All the mandibular teeth were more mature in girls with CPP ( P < .001). A strong positive correlation was observed between the mandibular tooth formation stages and the presence of CPP in girls ( r = .756 to .957; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: CPP had an effect on the anteroposterior growth of the mandible in the craniofacial complex and the rotation of the mandibular plane angle. Early maturation of the mandibular teeth was observed in girls with CPP. KEYWORDS: Bone age; Central precocious puberty; Craniofacial complex; Dental maturity PMID: 29708396 DOI: 10.2319/112317-809.1


2015

Puberty timing associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and also diverse health outcomes in men and women: the UK Biobank study

Scientific Reports 5, Article number: 11208 doi:10.1038/srep11208

Received 09 December 2014 Accepted 20 April 2015 Published 18 June 2015

Early puberty timing is associated with higher risks for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease in women and therefore represents a potential target for early preventive interventions. We characterised the range of diseases and other adverse health outcomes associated with early or late puberty timing in men and women in the very large UK Biobank study. Recalled puberty timing and past/current diseases were self-reported by questionnaire. We limited analyses to individuals of White ethnicity (250,037 women; 197,714 men) and to disease outcomes with at least 500 cases (~0·2% prevalence) and we applied stringent correction for multiple testing (corrected threshold P < 7.48 × 10–5). In models adjusted for socioeconomic position and adiposity/body composition variables, both in women and men separately, earlier puberty timing was associated with higher risks for angina, hypertension and T2D. Furthermore, compared to the median/average group, earlier or later puberty timing in women or men was associated with higher risks for 48 adverse outcomes, across a range of cancers, cardio-metabolic, gynaecological/obstetric, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and neuro-cognitive categories. Notably, both early and late menarche were associated with higher risks for early natural menopause in women. Puberty timing in both men and women appears to have a profound impact on later health.

http://www.nature.com/srep/2015/150618/srep11208/full/srep11208.html

2012

Testicular volumes revisited: A proposal for a simple clinical method that can closely match the volumes obtained by ultrasound and its clinical application

Int J Pediatr Endocrinol. 2012 Jun 8;2012(1):17. doi: 10.1186/1687-9856-2012-17.

Sotos JF1, Tokar NJ.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The testicular volumes obtained with the clinical methods, calculated using the ellipsoid equation W2 x L x π/6, correlate with those obtained by ultrasound (US) and are useful clinically, but overestimate ultrasound values, mainly because of the inclusion of the scrotal skin and epididymis, have much variability, and may not be accurate or reproducible.The US measurement is somewhat inconvenient, because it requires another procedure and, mainly, is costly.It would be helpful to have a simple, low cost clinical method that approximates or closely matches the results obtained by ultrasound.Formulas, equivalent to the ellipsoid equations, were developed to calculate testicular volumes with corrections of the width (W), length (L), and height (H) of the testis obtained in the scrotum to avoid the inclusion of the scrotal skin and epididymis. SUBJECTS & METHODS: The US observations in our hospital of the width, height, length, height/width, and length/width ratios and volumes of 110 testes from 55 children from 1 month to 17 ½ years of age were reviewed. Based on these observations and those reported by others, formulas to apply to the clinical measurements were developed to approximate the volumes obtained by ultrasound. The validity and accuracy of the formulas were determined. For the clinical application of the formulas, measurements of the width of the testis in the scrotum, with a centimeter ruler, were obtained in 187 study subjects in different stages of puberty and adults, for a total of 374 testicular determinations. RESULTS: The widths obtained in the scrotum were corrected by subtracting the values of the double scrotal skin. The formulas were then applied and the testicular volumes determined. The testicular volumes were then compared to the ultrasound values reported in hundreds of subjects by four different groups and statistically analyzed. The volumes obtained by the formulas (means ± SD) closely matched the volumes obtained by ultrasound. CONCLUSION: A simple clinical method, based on the width of the testis obtained in the scrotum with a centimeter ruler, which can determine testicular volumes closely matching those reported by ultrasound, is proposed.

PMID 22682237

2010

Quantification of cranial base growth during pubertal growth

Malta LA, Ortolani CF, Faltin K. J Orthod. 2009 Dec;36(4):229-35. PMID: 19934240


2004

BJU Int. 2004 May;93(7):1015-7. Correlation of ultrasonographic and orchidometer measurements of testis volume in adults. Schiff JD1, Li PS, Goldstein M. Author information Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between testicular volume measured with an orchidometer or high-resolution scrotal ultrasonography (US) with colour-flow Doppler analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 159 men (mean age 36.6 years) presenting for infertility evaluation underwent both a physical examination by a one experienced examiner and high-resolution US with colour-flow Doppler analysis. An orchidometer was also used to measure testicular volume after stretching the scrotal skin tightly over the testis and after warming with a heating pad. The US was interpreted by a radiologist who had no knowledge of the orchidometer estimates. The volume was calculated as 0.71 x length x width x height. RESULTS: For the right testes the mean orchidometer and US estimates were 18.4 and 18.3 mL, yielding a correlation coefficient of 0.72 (r (2) = 0.52, P < 0.01). On the left the respective values were 17.1 and 16.9 mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.69 (r (2) = 0.48, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Orchidometer estimates of testicular volume correlate closely and very significantly with US estimates in adults. In the hands of an experienced examiner orchidometer measurements provide an accurate, rapid and inexpensive assessment of testicular volume. PMID 15142154



Puberty

Can occur over a broad range of time and differently for each sex: girls (age 7 to 13) boys (age 9 to 15).

The physical characteristics that can be generally measured are: genital stage, pubic hair, axillary hair, menarche, breast, voice change and facial hair.

The physiological process is initiated by the hypothalmus releasing gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) which signals the pituitary to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) which in turn signals throughout the body sexual development.

Links: Endocrinology - Puberty | Endocrinology - Endocrine changes in puberty | Endocrinology - Gonad | Clinical Methods - The Adolescent Patient | Clinical Methods - Staging Criteria for Secondary Sexual Development | NICHD - Puberty | UCSF - Male Development |

Precocious Puberty

Premature development of the signs of puberty which can occur in both girls (before age 7 or 8) and in boys (before age 9).

Links: Endocrinology - Precocious sexual development | NICHD - Precocious Puberty | Nemours Foundation - Precocious Puberty | MedlinePlus - Obesity May Trigger Earlier Puberty for Girls | Time Magazine - Teens Before Their Time |

Delayed Puberty

Determined in boys by a lack of increase in testicular volume by the age of 14 years. In girls, no breast development by the age of 13.5 years and a lack of menstruation by the age of 16 years. There can also be a "pubertal arrest" where there is no progress in puberty over 2 year period.

Links: Endocrinology - Delayed puberty | Endocrinology - Definitions and causes of delayed puberty | Nemours Foundation - Delayed Puberty

Kisspeptin

While the hypothalamic expression of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is a known puberty trigger, it was not known what initiated the GnRH secretion. Recent research suggests that an earlier signal could come from increased neuronal and hypothalamic expression of a peptide family (kisspeptins) and their receptor (G protein-coupled receptor GPR54) in the hypothalamus. A single gene (Kiss1) encodes these 145 amino acid kisspeptins and it was originally identified as a human metastasis suppressor gene (suppresses melanomas and breast carcinomas without affecting tumorigenicity).

Two hypothalamic nuclei, the arcuate nucleus and anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV), are thought to contain the kisspeptin secreting neurons.

The anteroventral periventricular nucleus differs in males and females (sexually dimorphic). The arcuate nucleus (and medial preoptic area, MPOA) is linked into the olfactory system, through the vomeronasal organ, perhaps in relation to the influence of pheromones on sexual behavior and neuroendocrine function (in mice).


File:Chockiss.jpeg Why Kisspeptin?

The original discovery of the peptide was made by scientists located in Hershey, PA, USA and named the gene "Kiss1" after the "Hershey chocolate kiss".

References: Seminara SB. Mechanisms of Disease: the first kiss-a crucial role for kisspeptin-1 and its receptor, G-protein-coupled receptor 54, in puberty and reproduction. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun;2(6):328-34. | Dungan HM, Clifton DK, Steiner RA. Minireview: kisspeptin neurons as central processors in the regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion. Endocrinology. 2006 Mar;147(3):1154-8.

Links: OMIM - KISS1 METASTASIS SUPPRESSOR | OMIM - G-protein-coupled receptor 54 |

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (and other nuclei) synthesise this hormone along with gonadotrophin associated peptide (GAP), which are both released and transported by hypophyseal portal capillaries to the anterior pituitary and bound by a membrane receptor.

GnRH increases during early puberty, followed by an increased pituitary responsiveness, then increasing sex steroid levels and then increased nocternal Luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion.

Links: Endocrinology - GnRH and the control of gonadotrophin synthesis and secretion | Endocrinology - Synthesis of GnRH and its actions on pituitary gonadotrophs |

Australian

HealthInsite Puberty

eMJA - Adolescent medicine

Child and Youth Health (SA) - Puberty

American

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Puberty | Precocious Puberty

American Academy of Family Physicians Puberty: What to Expect When Your Child Goes through Puberty

Nemours Foundation Precocious Puberty | Delayed Puberty |

Reading

Most embryology textbooks (by definition) do not cover postnatal developmenty in any detail. The links below are to useful scientific external online resources.

The links below are to general public external text resources (this listing is for information purposes only and is not intended as an endorsement of a commercial product).

  • Ready, Set, Grow!: A What's Happening to My Body? Book for Younger Girls, by Lynda Madaras and Linda Davick
  • What's Happening to My Body? Book for Boys: The New Growing-Up Guide for Parents and Sons, Third Edition by Lynda Madaras, Area Madaras, Dane Saavedra, and Simon Sullivan
  • Sex, Puberty, and All That Stuff: A Guide to Growing Up, by Jacqui Bailey and Jan McCafferty