Talk:Intermediate - Cardiac Abnormalities

--Mark Hill 13:24, 28 October 2009 (EST) Have another go at the formatting for this page please. See my modification below. I would also like all the image files to be renamed from the existing "HeartILP_draft_vsd.jpg" to a more consistent nomenclature so the images can be used in other pages/projects. Also there should be information on the image page that opens.

For example: "HeartILP_draft_vsd.jpg" would become "Heart abnormality - ventricular septal defect 001.jpg" (do not use ampersands in file names)

--Phoebe Norville 11:23, 29 September 2009 (EST) Content added:

Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is a broad term for a variety of cardiac and vasculature pre-natal defects. They affect about 8-10 of every 1 000 births in the United States. Heart and vascular abnormalities make up around 20% of all congenital malformations. Some of the more common abnormalities are outlined in the table below, in order of frequency.

Diagram	Abnormality	Epidemiology	Description
File:HeartILP draft vsd.jpg	Ventricular Septal Defect	25% of CHD; more frequent in males	Growth failure of the membranous IV septum or endocardial cushions resulting in a lack of closure of the IV foramen. 30-50% close spontaneously; large VSDs result in dyspnoea and cardiac failure in infancy.
File:HeartILP draft tetralogyoffallot.jpg	Tetralogy of Fallot	9-14% of CHD	Classic group of defects: pulmonary stenosis, VSD, dextroposition of aorta, RV hypertrophy. Results in cyanosis.
File:HeartILP draft transposition.jpg	Transposition of the Great Vessels	10-11% of CHD	Aorta arises from the RV with the pulmonary trunk arising from the left. Most common cause of cyanotic heart disease in newborns; surgically corrected.
File:HeartILP draft asd.jpg	Atrial Septal Defect	6-10% of CHD; more common in females	Most commonly patent foramen ovale; can also be an ostium secundum defect, and endocardial cushion defect with ostium primum defect, sinus venosus defect, common atrium. Results in cyanosis due to right-to-left shunt.
File:HeartILP draft pulmonaryatresia.jpgFile:HeartILP draft pulmonarystenosis.jpg	Pulmonary Atresia & Pulmonary Stenosis	10% of CHD	Unequal division of trunks causes cusps to fuse to form a dome with a narrow/non existent lumen. Heart-lung transplantation may be the only therapy
File:HeartILP draft patentda.jpg	Patent Ductus Arteriosus	6-8% of CHD; 2-3 times more common in females; common in preterm newborns	Failure of contraction of the muscular wall of the DA. Spontaneous or surgical closure.
File:HeartILP draft aorticstenosis.jpg	Aortic Stenosis	7% of CHD	Persistence of tissue that normally degenerates. Results in LV hypertrophy, heart murmurs.
File:HeartILP draft hlh.jpg	Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome	4-8% of CHD	RV maintains both pulmonary and systemic circulations aided by an ASD. Infants usually die within weeks.
	Coarctation of the Aorta	5-7% of CHD	Aortic constriction. Treatment aims at maintaining the ductus arteriosus via prostaglandins.
File:HeartILP draft papvd.jpgFile:HeartILP draft tapvc.jpg	Partial/Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection	<4% of CHD; more common in females	Total or partial lack of connection of the pulmonary veins with LA. They open into RA, one of the systemic veins or both. The overloaded pulmonary circuit leads to cyanosis, tachypnoea and dyspnoea. Treatment is via surgical redirection
File:HeartILP draft tricuspidatresia.jpg	Tricuspid Atresia	1-3% of CHD	Complete lack of formation of the tricuspid valve with absence of direct connection between the right atrium and right ventricle. Results in cyanosis.
File:HeartILP draft dorv.jpg	Double Outlet Right Ventricle	1-1.5% of CHD	Both great arteries arise wholly or in large part from the right ventricle. Arrangement of the atrioventricular valves and the ventriculoarterial connections are variable. Clinical manifestations variable.
	Interrupted Aortic Arch	Very rare	Gap in ascending and descending thoracic aorta. Treated with prostaglandin to maintain ductus arteriosus followed by surgery.