Talk:Endocrine - Placenta Development

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On this website the Discussion Tab or "talk pages" for a topic has been used for several purposes: References - recent and historic that relates to the topic Additional topic information - currently prepared in draft format Links - to related webpages Topic page - an edit history as used on other Wiki sites Lecture/Practical - student feedback Student Projects - online project discussions. Links: Pubmed Most Recent | Reference Tutorial | Journal Searches Glossary Links Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 24) Embryology Endocrine - Placenta Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Talk:Endocrine_-_Placenta_Development

• Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) - like leutenizing hormone, supports corpus luteum in ovary, pregnant state rather than menstrual, maternal urine in some pregnancy testing

• Human chorionic somatommotropin (hCS) - or placental lactogen stimulate (maternal) mammary development
• Human chorionic thyrotropin (hCT)
• Human chorionic corticotropin (hCACTH)
• progesterone and estrogens - support maternal endometrium
• Relaxin

• Placenta - Maternal (decidua) and Fetal (trophoblastic cells, extraembryonic mesoderm) components
• Endocrine function - maternal and fetal precursors, synthesis and secretion
  • Protein Hormones - chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) or placental lactogen (hPL), chorionic thyrotropin (hCT), chorionic corticotropin (hCACTH)
    • hCG - up to 20 weeks, fetal adrenal cortex growth and maintenance
    • hCS – rise through pregnancy, stimulates maternal metabolic processes, breast growth
  • Steroid Hormones - progesterone (maintains pregnancy), estrogens (fetal adrenal/placenta)

2014

Endocrine factors modulating immune responses in pregnancy

Front Immunol. 2014 May 8;5:196. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00196. eCollection 2014.

Schumacher A1, Costa SD2, Zenclussen AC1.

Abstract

How the semi-allogeneic fetus is tolerated by the maternal immune system remains a fascinating phenomenon. Despite extensive research activity in this field, the mechanisms underlying fetal tolerance are still not well understood. However, there are growing evidences that immune-immune interactions as well as immune-endocrine interactions build up a complex network of immune regulation that ensures fetal survival within the maternal uterus. In the present review, we aim to summarize emerging research data from our and other laboratories on immune modulating properties of pregnancy hormones with a special focus on progesterone, estradiol, and human chorionic gonadotropin. These pregnancy hormones are critically involved in the successful establishment, maintenance, and termination of pregnancy. They suppress detrimental maternal alloresponses while promoting tolerance pathways. This includes the reduction of the antigen-presenting capacity of dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and macrophages as well as the blockage of natural killer cells, T and B cells. Pregnancy hormones also support the proliferation of pregnancy supporting uterine killer cells, retain tolerogenic DCs, and efficiently induce regulatory T (Treg) cells. Furthermore, they are involved in the recruitment of mast cells and Treg cells into the fetal-maternal interface contributing to a local accumulation of pregnancy-protective cells. These findings highlight the importance of endocrine factors for the tolerance induction during pregnancy and encourage further research in the field. KEYWORDS: alpha-fetoprotein; estradiol; human chorionic gonadotropin; immune regulation; luteinizing hormone; pregnancy; progesterone

PMID 24847324

2003

Human placenta as an endocrine organ

Growth Horm IGF Res. 2003 Aug;13 Suppl A:S34-7.

Evain-Brion D1, Malassine A.

Abstract

The placenta is a unique, autonomous and transient organ. It ensures maternal-fetal exchanges and is also involved in maternal tolerance of feto-paternal antigens. The human placenta is characterized by the major invasion of the trophoblast, which comes in contact with the maternal blood, and by the intensity and the specificity of its endocrine functions. Placental hormones are required for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, adaptation of the maternal organism to pregnancy, fetal growth and well being, and development of the mechanisms involved in parturition. The endocrine tissue of the placenta is the syncytiotrophoblast, which covers the chorionic villi, and arises from the fusion of the cytotrophoblasts. In this review we will summarize the particulars of human syncytiotrophoblast development and endocrine functions.

PMID 12914725