Talk:Embryology Statistics

Finland

Finnish developmental biology - Sulo Toivonen, Lauri Saxén, Jorma Wartiovaara, Tapani Vainio and Anto Leikola collected water lizard eggs in Kallvik in the early 1960's to study the development of their embryos.

Korea

Prevalence of birth defects in korean livebirths, 2005-2006

J Korean Med Sci. 2012 Oct;27(10):1233-40. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.10.1233. Epub 2012 Oct 2.

Kim MA, Yee NH, Choi JS, Choi JY, Seo K. Source Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Abstract

We investigated the livebirths prevalence and occurrence pattern of birth defects in Korea. After the survey on birth defects was done in 2,348 medical institutions around the nation, the birth defect prevalence of livebirths in 2005-2006 was calculated. This study was based on the medical insurance claims database of the National Health Insurance Corporation. The number of livebirths in Korea was 883,184 from 2005-2006, and 25,335 cases of birth defects were notified to our study, equivalent to a prevalence of 286.9 per 10,000 livebirths. Anomalies of the circulatory system were the most common defects, accounting for 43.4% of birth defects with a prevalence of 124.5 per 10,000 livebirths. It was followed by the musculoskeletal system anomalies, the digestive system anomalies, and the urinary system anomalies. The five major birth defects based on the ranking of prevalence were atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, hydronephrosis, patent ductus arteriosus, and cleft lip/palate. Birth defects in livebirths were associated with a high proportion of low birthweight, prematurity, multiple births and advanced maternal age. The prevalence of birth defects in Korea is similar to or lower than those reported in developed countries. Our study suggests baseline data to explain the current status of birth defects and to establish a registry system of birth defects in Korea.

PMID 23091323

(July 1998 est.)	Australia	United States	United Kingdom	Germany	China	India
Population	18,613,087	270,311,756	58,970,119	82,079,454	1,236,914,658	984,003,683
Age structure
0-14 years:	21%	22%	19%	16%	26%	34%
15-64 years:	66%	66%	65%	68%	68%	61%
65 years +:	13%	12%	16%	16%	6%	5%
Population growth rate	0.93%	0.87%	0.25%	0.02%	0.83%	1.71%
Birth rate births/1,000 population	13.47	14.4	12.01	8.84	15.73	25.91
Death rate deaths/1,000 population	6.89	8.8	10.72	10.77	6.99	8.69
Sex ratio (male(s)/female)
at birth:	1.06	1.05	1.05	2.08	1.15	1.05
under 15 years:	1.05	1.05	1.05	1.06	1.13	1.06
15-64 years:	1.02	0.99	1.01	1.05	1.07	1.08
65 years +:	0.77	0.7	0.7	0.59	0.88	1.04
Infant mortality rate (deaths/1,000 live births)	5.26	6.44	5.87	5.2	45.46	63.14
Life expectancy at birth (years)
total population:	79.89	76.13	77.19	76.99	69.59	62.9
male:	76.95	72.85	74.57	73.83	68.32	62.11
female:	82.98	79.58	79.96	80.33	71.06	63.73
Total fertility rate (children born/woman)	1.82	2.07	1.7	1.25	1.8	3.24

World Population (version 1)

Rank	Country	Population
1	China	1,336,718,015
2	India	1,189,172,906
3	United States	313,232,044
4	Indonesia	245,613,043
5	Brazil	203,429,773
6	Pakistan	187,342,721
7	Bangladesh	158,570,535
8	Nigeria	155,215,573
9	Russia	138,739,892
10	Japan	126,475,664
11	Mexico	113,724,226
12	Philippines	101,833,938
13	Ethiopia	90,873,739
14	Vietnam	90,549,390
15	Egypt	82,079,636
16	Germany	81,471,834
17	Turkey	78,785,548
18	Iran	77,891,220
19	Congo, Democratic Republic of the	71,712,867
20	Thailand	66,720,153
21	France	65,312,249
22	United Kingdom	62,698,362
23	Italy	61,016,804
24	Burma	53,999,804
25	South Africa	49,004,031
26	Korea, South	48,754,657
27	Spain	46,754,784
28	Ukraine	45,134,707
29	Sudan	45,047,502
30	Colombia	44,725,543
31	Tanzania	42,746,620
32	Argentina	41,769,726
33	Kenya	41,070,934
34	Poland	38,441,588
35	Algeria	34,994,937
36	Uganda	34,612,250
37	Canada	34,030,589
38	Morocco	31,968,361
39	Iraq	30,399,572
40	Afghanistan	29,835,392
41	Nepal	29,391,883
42	Peru	29,248,943
43	Malaysia	28,728,607
44	Uzbekistan	28,128,600
45	Venezuela	27,635,743
46	Saudi Arabia	26,131,703
47	Ghana	24,791,073
48	Korea, North	24,457,492
49	Yemen	24,133,492
50	Taiwan	23,071,779
51	Mozambique	22,948,858
52	Syria	22,517,750
53	Madagascar	21,926,221
54	Romania	21,904,551
55	Australia	21,766,711
56	Cote d'Ivoire	21,504,162
57	Sri Lanka	21,283,913
58	Cameroon	19,711,291
59	Chile	16,888,760
60	Netherlands	16,847,007
61	Burkina Faso	16,751,455
62	Niger	16,468,886
63	Malawi	15,879,252
64	Kazakhstan	15,522,373
65	Ecuador	15,007,343
66	Cambodia	14,701,717
67	Mali	14,159,904
68	Zambia	13,881,336
69	Guatemala	13,824,463
70	Angola	13,338,541
71	Senegal	12,643,799
72	Zimbabwe	12,084,304
73	Rwanda	11,370,425
74	Cuba	11,087,330
75	Portugal	10,760,305
76	Greece	10,760,136
77	Chad	10,758,945
78	Tunisia	10,629,186
79	Guinea	10,601,009
80	Belgium	10,431,477
81	Burundi	10,216,190
82	Czech Republic	10,190,213
83	Bolivia	10,118,683
84	Hungary	9,976,062
85	Dominican Republic	9,956,648
86	Somalia	9,925,640
87	Haiti	9,719,932
88	Belarus	9,577,552
89	Benin	9,325,032
90	Sweden	9,088,728
91	Azerbaijan	8,372,373
92	Austria	8,217,280
93	Honduras	8,143,564
94	Switzerland	7,639,961
95	Tajikistan	7,627,200
96	Israel	7,473,052
97	Serbia	7,310,555
98	Hong Kong	7,122,508
99	Bulgaria	7,093,635
100	Togo	6,771,993
101	Libya	6,597,960
102	Jordan	6,508,271
103	Laos	6,477,211
104	Paraguay	6,459,058
105	Papua New Guinea	6,187,591
106	El Salvador	6,071,774
107	Eritrea	5,939,484
108	Nicaragua	5,666,301
109	Kyrgyzstan	5,587,443
110	Denmark	5,529,888
111	Slovakia	5,477,038
112	Sierra Leone	5,363,669
113	Finland	5,259,250
114	United Arab Emirates	5,148,664
115	Turkmenistan	4,997,503
116	Central African Republic	4,950,027
117	Singapore	4,740,737
118	Norway	4,691,849
119	Ireland	4,670,976
120	Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,622,163
121	Georgia	4,585,874
122	Costa Rica	4,576,562
123	Croatia	4,483,804
124	Moldova	4,314,377
125	New Zealand	4,290,347
126	Congo, Republic of the	4,243,929
127	Lebanon	4,143,101
128	Puerto Rico	3,989,133
129	Liberia	3,786,764
130	Lithuania	3,535,547
131	Panama	3,460,462
132	Uruguay	3,308,535
133	Mauritania	3,281,634
134	Mongolia	3,133,318
135	Oman	3,027,959
136	Albania	2,994,667
137	Armenia	2,967,975
138	Jamaica	2,868,380
139	Kuwait	2,595,628
140	West Bank	2,568,555
141	Latvia	2,204,708
142	Namibia	2,147,585
143	Macedonia	2,077,328
144	Botswana	2,065,398
145	Slovenia	2,000,092
146	Lesotho	1,924,886
147	Kosovo	1,825,632
148	Gambia, The	1,797,860
149	Gaza Strip	1,657,155
150	Guinea-Bissau	1,596,677
151	Gabon	1,576,665
152	Swaziland	1,370,424
153	Mauritius	1,303,717
154	Estonia	1,282,963
155	Trinidad and Tobago	1,227,505
156	Bahrain	1,214,705
157	Timor-Leste	1,177,834
158	Cyprus	1,120,489
159	Fiji	883,125
160	Qatar	848,016
161	Comoros	794,683
162	Djibouti	757,074
163	Guyana	744,768
164	Bhutan	708,427
165	Equatorial Guinea	668,225
166	Montenegro	661,807
167	Macau	573,003
168	Solomon Islands	571,890
169	Cape Verde	516,100
170	Western Sahara	507,160
171	Luxembourg	503,302
172	Suriname	491,989
173	Malta	408,333
174	Brunei	401,890
175	Maldives	394,999
176	Belize	321,115
177	Bahamas, The	313,312
178	Iceland	311,058
179	French Polynesia	294,935
180	Barbados	286,705
181	New Caledonia	256,275
182	Vanuatu	224,564
183	Samoa	193,161
184	Sao Tome and Principe	179,506
185	Saint Lucia	161,557
186	Curacao	142,180
187	Virgin Islands	109,666
188	Grenada	108,419
189	Micronesia, Federated States of	106,836
190	Aruba	106,113
191	Tonga	105,916
192	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	103,869
193	Kiribati	100,743
194	Jersey	94,161
195	Seychelles	89,188
196	Antigua and Barbuda	87,884
197	Andorra	84,825
198	Isle of Man	84,655
199	Dominica	72,969
200	Bermuda	68,679
201	American Samoa	67,242
202	Marshall Islands	67,182
203	Guernsey	65,068
204	Greenland	57,670
205	Cayman Islands	51,384
206	Saint Kitts and Nevis	50,314
207	Faroe Islands	49,267
208	Northern Mariana Islands	46,050
209	Turks and Caicos Islands	44,819
210	Sint Maarten	37,429
211	Liechtenstein	35,236
212	San Marino	31,817
213	Saint Martin	30,615
214	Monaco	30,539
215	Gibraltar	28,956
216	British Virgin Islands	25,383
217	Palau	20,956
218	Akrotiri	15,700
219	Dhekelia	15,700
220	Wallis and Futuna	15,398
221	Anguilla	15,094
222	Cook Islands	11,124
223	Tuvalu	10,544
224	Nauru	9,322
225	Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha	7,700
226	Saint Barthelemy	7,367
227	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	5,888
228	Montserrat	5,140
229	Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)	3,140
230	Norfolk Island	2,169
231	Svalbard	2,019
232	Christmas Island	1,402
233	Tokelau	1,384
234	Niue	1,311
235	Holy See (Vatican City)	832
236	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	596
237	Pitcairn Islands	48

Terms

• absolute risk - measures the probability of an event or outcome occurring in the study group, comparison of two or more groups can use the term absolute risk reduction.
• absolute risk reduction - difference in the risk of an event occurring between two groups in a study.
• applicability - extent the results of a study or review can be applied to the target population for a clinical guideline.
• bias - influences on a study that can lead to invalid conclusions about a treatment or intervention.
• blinding or masking - The practice of keeping the investigators or subjects of a study ignorant of the group to which a subject has been assigned.
• causal relationship - describes the relationship between two variables whenever it can be established that one causes the other.
• Cochrane Collaboration - international organisation that find, appraise and review randomised controlled trials. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews contains regularly updated reviews on a variety of health issues and is available electronically as part of the Cochrane Library.
• Cochrane Library - a regularly updated collection of evidence-based medicine databases including the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (reviews of randomised controlled trials prepared by the Cochrane Collaboration).
• cohort study - group (cohort) of patients progress over time in order to measure outcomes such as disease or mortality rates and make comparisons according to the treatments or interventions that patients received.
• co-morbidity - co-existence of a disease or diseases in the people being studied in addition to the health problem that is the subject of the study.
• confidence interval - expressing certainty about the findings from a study using statistical techniques.
• control group - group recruited into a study that receives no treatment, a treatment of known effect, or a placebo (dummy treatment).
• double blind study - neither the subject (patient) nor the observer (investigator/clinician) is aware of which treatment or intervention the subject is receiving. The purpose of blinding is to protect against bias.
• efficacy - extent to which a specific treatment or intervention, under ideally controlled conditions has a beneficial effect on the course or outcome of disease compared to no treatment or other routine care.
• elective - clinical procedures that are regarded as advantageous to the patient but not urgent.
• epidemiology - study of diseases within a population, covering the causes and means of prevention.
• extrapolation - application of research evidence based on studies of a specific population to another population with similar characteristics.
• gold standard - procedure, measurement or method that is widely accepted as being the best available.
• guideline - systematically developed tool (recommendation) which describes aspects of a patient’s condition and the care to be given.
• internal validity - the integrity of a study design.
• meta analysis - a collection of independent studies are pooled, using statistical techniques to synthesise their findings into a single estimate of an effect.
• odds ratio - a way of representing probability, have become widely used in reports of clinical studies.
• outcome - end result of care and treatment and/ or rehabilitation, outcomes to measure should be determined before a study begins.
• peer review - review by those with similar interests and expertise to the people who produced the study findings or recommendations.
• prospective study - when subjects are followed up over a period of time with future events recorded as they happen. This contrasts with studies that are retrospective.
• P value - probability of whether an effect can be regarded as statistically significant or not, by convention where the value of p is below 0.05 (less than 5%) the result is seen as statistically significant.
• qualitative research - generates non-numerical data, used in focus groups and in depth interviews.
• quantitative research - generates numerical data or data that can be converted into numbers, as in clinical trials.
• randomised controlled trial - study where people are randomly assigned to the experimental or control group.
• relative risk - (risk ratio) represents the ratio of the risk of a given event or outcome in one group of compared to another group.
• reliability - method of measurement that consistently gives the same results.
• retrospective study - deals with the present/ past and does not involve studying future events, contrasts with studies that are prospective.
• risk ratio - risk of an undesirable outcome occurring in experimental group compared with a comparison (control) group. Relative risk is sometimes used as a synonym of risk ratio.
• sample - subjects selected from a target population for study recruitment. Sampling refers to the way participants are selected for inclusion in a study.
• selection bias - characteristics of sample differ from those of the wider population from which the sample has been drawn or the systematic differences between comparison groups in terms of prognosis or responsiveness to treatment.
• statistical power - ability to demonstrate an association or causal relationship between two variables, given that an association exists.
• survey - study in which information is systematically collected from people (usually from a sample within a defined population).
• systematic review - evidence from scientific studies has been identified, appraised and synthesised in a methodical way according to predetermined criteria.
• target population - people to whom recommendations are intended to apply based on age, disease state, and or social background.
• validity - assessing how well a tool or instrument measures what it is intended to measure.