Talk:Carnegie Stages: Difference between revisions
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== Carnegie Stage Table == | |||
== Carnegie Stage Table == | == Carnegie Stage Table == | ||
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<center>'''Images<br />'''(not to scale, click image to see original)</center> | <center>'''Images<br />'''(not to scale, click image to see original)</center> | ||
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<center>'''Events'''</center> | <center>'''Events'''</center> | ||
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| width="100" bgcolor="#000000" | | | width="100" bgcolor="#000000" | | ||
<center>[[File:Human_zygote_two_pronuclei_02.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_1]]</center> | <center>[[File:Human_zygote_two_pronuclei_02.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_1]]</center> | ||
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fertilized oocyte, pronuclei | fertilized oocyte, pronuclei | ||
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| width="100" bgcolor="#000000" | | | width="100" bgcolor="#000000" | | ||
<center>[[File:Human_embryo_day_3.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_2]]</center> | <center>[[File:Human_embryo_day_3.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_2]]</center> | ||
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cell division with reduction in cytoplasmic volume, formation of inner and outer cell mass | cell division with reduction in cytoplasmic volume, formation of inner and outer cell mass | ||
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| width="100" bgcolor="#000000" | | | width="100" bgcolor="#000000" | | ||
<center>[[File:Human_embryo_day_5.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_3]]</center> | <center>[[File:Human_embryo_day_5.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_3]]</center> | ||
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loss of zona pellucida, free blastocyst | loss of zona pellucida, free blastocyst | ||
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attaching blastocyst | attaching blastocyst | ||
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implantation | implantation | ||
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| width="100" bgcolor="#000000" | | | width="100" bgcolor="#000000" | | ||
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extraembryonic mesoderm, primitive streak | extraembryonic mesoderm, primitive streak | ||
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| width="100" bgcolor="#000000" | | | width="100" bgcolor="#000000" | | ||
<center>[[File:Stage7_features.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_7]]</center> | <center>[[File:Stage7_features.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_7]]</center> | ||
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gastrulation, notochordal process | gastrulation, notochordal process | ||
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<center>[[File:Stage8_bf4.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_8]]</center> | <center>[[File:Stage8_bf4.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_8]]</center> | ||
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primitive pit, notochordal canal | primitive pit, notochordal canal | ||
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| width="100" bgcolor="#000000" | | | width="100" bgcolor="#000000" | | ||
<center>[[File:Stage9_dorsal.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_9]]</center> | <center>[[File:Stage9_dorsal.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_9]]</center> | ||
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'''Somite Number 1 - 3'''neural folds, cardiac primordium, head fold | '''Somite Number 1 - 3'''neural folds, cardiac primordium, head fold | ||
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<center>[[File:Stage10_bf4b.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_10]]</center> | <center>[[File:Stage10_bf4b.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_10]]</center> | ||
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'''Somite Number 4 - 12'''neural fold fuses | '''Somite Number 4 - 12'''neural fold fuses | ||
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<center>[[File:Stage11 bf7b.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_11]]</center> | <center>[[File:Stage11 bf7b.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_11]]</center> | ||
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'''Somite Number 13 - 20'''rostral neuropore closes | '''Somite Number 13 - 20'''rostral neuropore closes | ||
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<center>[[File:Stage12 bf5b.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_12]]</center> | <center>[[File:Stage12 bf5b.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_12]]</center> | ||
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'''Somite Number 21 - 29'''caudal neuropore closes | '''Somite Number 21 - 29'''caudal neuropore closes | ||
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<center>[[File:Stage13 bf2c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_13]]</center> | <center>[[File:Stage13 bf2c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_13]]</center> | ||
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'''Somite Number 30'''leg buds, lens placode, pharyngeal arches | '''Somite Number 30'''leg buds, lens placode, pharyngeal arches | ||
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<center>[[File:Stage14_bf2c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_14]]</center> | <center>[[File:Stage14_bf2c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_14]]</center> | ||
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lens pit, optic cup | lens pit, optic cup | ||
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<center>[[File:Stage15 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_15]]</center> | <center>[[File:Stage15 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_15]]</center> | ||
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lens vesicle, nasal pit, hand plate | lens vesicle, nasal pit, hand plate | ||
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<center>[[File:Stage16 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_16]]</center> | <center>[[File:Stage16 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_16]]</center> | ||
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nasal pits moved ventrally, auricular hillocks, foot plate | nasal pits moved ventrally, auricular hillocks, foot plate | ||
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<center>[[File:Stage17 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_17]]</center> | <center>[[File:Stage17 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_17]]</center> | ||
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finger rays | finger rays | ||
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<center>[[File:Stage18 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_18]]</center> | <center>[[File:Stage18 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_18]]</center> | ||
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ossification commences | ossification commences | ||
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<center>[[File:Stage19 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_19]]</center> | <center>[[File:Stage19 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_19]]</center> | ||
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straightening of trunk | straightening of trunk | ||
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<center>[[File:Stage20 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_20]]</center> | <center>[[File:Stage20 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_20]]</center> | ||
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upper limbs longer and bent at elbow | upper limbs longer and bent at elbow | ||
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| width="100" bgcolor="#000000" | | | width="100" bgcolor="#000000" | | ||
<center>[[File:Stage21 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_21]]</center> | <center>[[File:Stage21 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_21]]</center> | ||
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hands and feet turned inward | hands and feet turned inward | ||
|- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | ||
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<center>[[File:Stage22 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_22]]</center> | <center>[[File:Stage22 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_22]]</center> | ||
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eyelids, external ears | eyelids, external ears | ||
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<center>[[File:Stage23 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_23]]</center> | <center>[[File:Stage23 bf1c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_23]]</center> | ||
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rounded head, body and limbs | rounded head, body and limbs | ||
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<center>Following this stage [[Fetal Development]] occurs until birth (approx 40 weeks)</center> | <center>Following this stage [[Fetal Development]] occurs until birth (approx 40 weeks)</center> | ||
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== Carnegie Stage Table v2== | == Carnegie Stage Table v2== |
Revision as of 05:11, 13 April 2011
Carnegie Stage Table
Carnegie Stage Table
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(not to scale, click image to see original) |
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0.1-0.15 |
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fertilized oocyte, pronuclei |
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0.1-0.2 |
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cell division with reduction in cytoplasmic volume, formation of inner and outer cell mass |
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0.1-0.2 |
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loss of zona pellucida, free blastocyst |
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0.1-0.2 |
attaching blastocyst | |
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(week 2) |
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implantation | |
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extraembryonic mesoderm, primitive streak | |
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gastrulation, notochordal process |
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primitive pit, notochordal canal |
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Somite Number 1 - 3neural folds, cardiac primordium, head fold |
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Somite Number 4 - 12neural fold fuses |
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Somite Number 13 - 20rostral neuropore closes |
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Somite Number 21 - 29caudal neuropore closes |
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Somite Number 30leg buds, lens placode, pharyngeal arches |
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lens pit, optic cup |
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lens vesicle, nasal pit, hand plate |
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nasal pits moved ventrally, auricular hillocks, foot plate |
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finger rays |
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ossification commences |
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straightening of trunk |
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upper limbs longer and bent at elbow |
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hands and feet turned inward |
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eyelids, external ears |
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rounded head, body and limbs |
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Carnegie Stage Table v2
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(not to scale, click image to see original) |
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0.1-0.15 |
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fertilized oocyte, pronuclei |
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0.1-0.2 |
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cell division with reduction in cytoplasmic volume, formation of inner and outer cell mass |
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0.1-0.2 |
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loss of zona pellucida, free blastocyst |
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0.1-0.2 |
attaching blastocyst | |
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(week 2) |
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implantation | |
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extraembryonic mesoderm, primitive streak | |
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gastrulation, notochordal process |
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primitive pit, notochordal canal |
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Somite Number 1 - 3neural folds, cardiac primordium, head fold |
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Somite Number 4 - 12neural fold fuses |
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Somite Number 13 - 20rostral neuropore closes |
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Somite Number 21 - 29caudal neuropore closes |
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Somite Number 30leg buds, lens placode, pharyngeal arches |
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lens pit, optic cup |
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lens vesicle, nasal pit, hand plate |
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nasal pits moved ventrally, auricular hillocks, foot plate |
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finger rays |
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ossification commences |
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straightening of trunk |
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upper limbs longer and bent at elbow |
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hands and feet turned inward |
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eyelids, external ears |
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rounded head, body and limbs |
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Carnegie Stage Table
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(not to scale, click image to see original) |
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0.1-0.15 |
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fertilized oocyte, pronuclei |
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0.1-0.2 |
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cell division with reduction in cytoplasmic volume, formation of inner and outer cell mass |
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0.1-0.2 |
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loss of zona pellucida, free blastocyst |
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0.1-0.2 |
attaching blastocyst | |
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(week 2) |
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implantation | |
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extraembryonic mesoderm, primitive streak | |
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gastrulation, notochordal process |
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primitive pit, notochordal canal |
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Somite Number 1 - 3neural folds, cardiac primordium, head fold |
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Somite Number 4 - 12neural fold fuses |
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Somite Number 13 - 20rostral neuropore closes |
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Somite Number 21 - 29caudal neuropore closes |
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Somite Number 30leg buds, lens placode, pharyngeal arches |
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lens pit, optic cup |
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lens vesicle, nasal pit, hand plate |
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nasal pits moved ventrally, auricular hillocks, foot plate |
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finger rays |
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ossification commences |
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straightening of trunk |
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upper limbs longer and bent at elbow |
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hands and feet turned inward |
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eyelids, external ears |
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rounded head, body and limbs |
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(Source: Rothenburger and Gay, 1995. and others)
Embryo Stages
A standard system to study vertebrate embryos
PLoS One. 2009 Jun 12;4(6):e5887.
Werneburg I.
Paläontologisches Museum und Institut der Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. ingmar_werneburg@yahoo.de
Abstract
Staged embryonic series are important as reference for different kinds of biological studies. I summarise problems that occur when using 'staging tables' of 'model organisms'. Investigations of developmental processes in a broad scope of taxa are becoming commonplace. Beginning in the 1990s, methods were developed to quantify and analyse developmental events in a phylogenetic framework. The algorithms associated with these methods are still under development, mainly due to difficulties of using non-independent characters. Nevertheless, the principle of comparing clearly defined newly occurring morphological features in development (events) in quantifying analyses was a key innovation for comparative embryonic research. Up to date no standard was set for how to define such events in a comparative approach. As a case study I compared the external development of 23 land vertebrate species with a focus on turtles, mainly based on reference staging tables. I excluded all the characters that are only identical for a particular species or general features that were only analysed in a few species. Based on these comparisons I defined 104 developmental characters that are common either for all vertebrates (61 characters), gnathostomes (26), tetrapods (3), amniotes (7), or only for sauropsids (7). Characters concern the neural tube, somite, ear, eye, limb, maxillary and mandibular process, pharyngeal arch, eyelid or carapace development. I present an illustrated guide listing all the defined events. This guide can be used for describing developmental series of any vertebrate species or for documenting specimen variability of a particular species. The guide incorporates drawings and photographs as well as consideration of species identifying developmental features such as colouration. The simple character-code of the guide is extendable to further characters pertaining to external and internal morphological, physiological, genetic or molecular development, and also for other vertebrate groups not examined here, such as Chondrichthyes or Actinopterygii. An online database to type in developmental events for different stages and species could be a basis for further studies in comparative embryology. By documenting developmental events with the standard code, sequence heterochrony studies (i.e. Parsimov) and studies on variability can use this broad comparative data set.
PMID: 19521537 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19521537
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693928
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0005887
A history of normal plates, tables and stages in vertebrate embryology
Int J Dev Biol. 2007;51(1):1-26.
Hopwood N.
Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, UK. ndh12@cam.ac.uk Abstract Developmental biology is today unimaginable without the normal stages that define standard divisions of development. This history of normal stages, and the related normal plates and normal tables, shows how these standards have shaped and been shaped by disciplinary change in vertebrate embryology. The article highlights the Normal Plates of the Development of the Vertebrates edited by the German anatomist Franz Keibel (16 volumes, 1897-1938). These were a major response to problems in the relations between ontogeny and phylogeny that amounted in practical terms to a crisis in staging embryos, not just between, but (for some) also within species. Keibel's design adapted a plate by Wilhelm His and tables by Albert Oppel in order to go beyond the already controversial comparative plates of the Darwinist propagandist Ernst Haeckel. The project responded to local pressures, including intense concern with individual variation, but recruited internationally and mapped an embryological empire. Though theoretically inconclusive, the plates became standard laboratory tools and forged a network within which the Institut International d'Embryologie (today the International Society of Developmental Biologists) was founded in 1911. After World War I, experimentalists, led by Ross Harrison and Viktor Hamburger, and human embryologists, especially George Streeter at the Carnegie Department of Embryology, transformed Keibel's complex, bulky tomes to suit their own contrasting demands. In developmental biology after World War II, normal stages-reduced to a few journal pages-helped domesticate model organisms. Staging systems had emerged from discussions that questioned the very possibility of assigning an embryo to a stage. The historical issues resonate today as developmental biologists work to improve and extend stage series, to make results from different laboratories easier to compare and to take individual variation into account.
PMID: 17183461
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1885287
http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/web/paper.php?doi=10.1387/ijdb.062189nh