Talk:Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessel Development

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessel Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Talk:Cardiovascular_System_-_Blood_Vessel_Development

2010

Specification of arterial, venous, and lymphatic endothelial cells during embryonic development

Kume T. Histol Histopathol. 2010 May;25(5):637-46. Review.

The groundbreaking discovery about arterial and venous expression of ephrinB2 and EphB4, respectively, in early embryonic development has led to a new paradigm for vascular research, providing compelling evidence that arterial and venous endothelial cells are established by genetic mechanisms before circulation begins. For arterial specification, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces expression of Notch signaling genes, including Notch1 and its ligand, Delta-like 4 (Dll4), and Foxc1 and Foxc2 transcription factors directly regulate Dll4 expression. Upon activation of Notch signaling, the Notch downstream genes, Hey1/2 in mice or gridlock in zebrafish, further promote arterial differentiation. On the other hand, the orphan nuclear receptor COUP-TFII is a determinant factor for venous specification by inhibiting expression of arterial specific genes, including Nrp1 and Notch. After arterial and venous endothelial cells differentiate, a subpopulation of venous endothelial cells is thought to become competent to acquire lymphatic endothelial cell fate by progressively expressing the transcription factors Sox18 and Prox1 to differentiate into lymphatic endothelial cells. Therefore, it has now evident that arterial-venous cell fate determination and subsequent lymphatic development are regulated by the multi-step regulatory system associated with the key signaling pathways and transcription factors. Furthermore, new signaling molecules as additional regulators in these processes have recently been identified. As the mechanistic basis for a link between signaling pathways and transcriptional networks in arterial, venous and lymphatic endothelial cells begins to be uncovered, it is now time to summarize the literature on this exciting topic and provide perspectives for future research in the field.

PMID: 20238301 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20238301

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2899674


Fetal anatomy of the human carotid sheath and structures in and around it

Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2010 Mar;293(3):438-45.

Miyake N, Hayashi S, Kawase T, Cho BH, Murakami G, Fujimiya M, Kitano H.

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan. Abstract The aim of this study was to find basic rules governing the morphological development of the typical neurovascular sheath. We carried out histological examination of 15 paraffin-embedded mid-term fetuses at 9-25 weeks of gestation (three fetuses each at 9, 12, 15, 20, and 25 weeks). As the result, the vagus nerve showed a high propensity to change its topographical relationship with the common carotid artery (CCA) during 9-20 weeks of gestation: that is, from a primitive ventral course to a final dorsal course. The adventitia of the great arteries, which was distinct from other fascial structures, became evident by 15 weeks. The carotid sheath appeared at and after 20 weeks: it was clearly separated from the prevertebral lamina of the deep cervical fasciae, but fused with the pretracheal lamina covering the strap muscles. Thus the carotid sheath, as well as the topographical relationships of structures within it, seems to become established much later than the prevertebral and pretracheal laminae of the deep cervical fasciae. However, the adventitia of the cervical great arteries consistently becomes evident much earlier than the sheath, and it seems to be regarded as one of the basic components of the fetal deep cervical fasciae.

PMID: 20169562


<pubmed>17259973</pubmed>"In sprouting angiogenesis, specialized endothelial tip cells lead the outgrowth of blood-vessel sprouts towards gradients of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. ...suggest that Dll4-Notch1 signalling between the endothelial cells within the angiogenic sprout serves to restrict tip-cell formation in response to VEGF, thereby establishing the adequate ratio between tip and stalk cells required for correct sprouting and branching patterns."

<pubmed>16799567</pubmed>"More than 25 years ago, in some of the first endothelial cell culture experiments in vitro, Folkman and Haudenschild described "longitudinal vacuoles" that "appeared to be extruded and connected from one cell to the next" "...Here we use high-resolution time-lapse two-photon imaging of transgenic zebrafish to examine how endothelial tubes assemble in vivo, comparing our results with time-lapse imaging of human endothelial-cell tube formation in three-dimensional collagen matrices in vitro. Our results provide strong support for a model in which the formation and intracellular and intercellular fusion of endothelial vacuoles drives vascular lumen formation."

[1]

2000

Prenatal origins of human intrapulmonary arteries: formation and smooth muscle maturation

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000 Aug;23(2):194-203.

Hall SM, Hislop AA, Pierce CM, Haworth SG.

Unit of Vascular Biology and Pharmacology, Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Institute of Child Health, University College of London, London, United Kingdom.

Abstract Recent studies on the morphogenesis of the pulmonary arteries have focused on nonhuman species such as the chick and the mouse. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we have studied 16 lungs from human embryos and fetuses from 28 d of gestation to newborn, using serial sections stained with a panel of antibodies specific for endothelium, smooth muscle, and extracellular matrix proteins. Cell replication was also assessed. Serial reconstruction showed a continuity of circulation between the heart and the capillary plexus from at least 38 d of gestation. The intrapulmonary arteries appeared to be derived from a continuous expansion of the primary capillary plexus that is from within the mesenchyme, by vasculogenesis. The arteries formed by continuous coalescence of endothelial tubes alongside the newly formed airway. Findings were consistent with the pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells being derived from three sites in a temporally distinct sequence: the earliest from the bronchial smooth muscle, later from the mesenchyme surrounding the arteries, and last from the endothelial cells. Despite their different origins, all smooth muscle cells followed the same sequence of expression of smooth muscle-specific cytoskeletal proteins with increasing age. The order of appearance of these maturing proteins was from the subendothelial cells outward across the vessel wall and from hilum to periphery. The airways would seem to act as a template for pulmonary artery development. This study provides a framework for studying the signaling mechanisms controlling the various aspects of lung development.

intrapulmonary arteries

  • appeared to be derived from a continuous expansion of the primary capillary plexus from within the mesenchyme, by vasculogenesis.
  • arteries formed by continuous coalescence of endothelial tubes alongside the newly formed airway.

pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells derived from three sites in a temporally distinct sequence

  1. earliest from the bronchial smooth muscle
  2. from the mesenchyme surrounding the arteries
  3. last from the endothelial cells.
  • all smooth muscle cells followed the same sequence of expression of smooth muscle-specific cytoskeletal proteins with increasing age.
  • order of appearance of these maturing proteins was from the subendothelial cells outward across the vessel wall and from hilum to periphery.

The airways would seem to act as a template for pulmonary artery development.

PMID: 10919986 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10919986

http://ajrcmb.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/23/2/194

  1. <pubmed>16794034</pubmed>