Talk:Brain Awareness Week 2012: Difference between revisions

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==Cerebrum Comparative Anatomy==
==Cerebrum Comparative Anatomy==


The information shown below is a detailed comparison of different species cerebrum development (not part of today's demonstration).
* All brains have a similar mechanism of early development, neural plate, tube, etc.
* All brains will have similar regions with similar functions.
* Each animal brain though will end up a different size, shape and complexity (overall and of regions).
* The information shown below is a detailed comparison of different species '''cerebrum development'''.
 
 
'''''This Information is beyond K12 level and not part of today's demonstration.'''''




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===Primitive vertebrates===
===Primitive vertebrates===
[[File:Lamprey cartoon.jpg|thumb|Lamprey]]
{|
| [[File:Lamprey cartoon.jpg|200px]]
 
Lamprey
|
* (hagfishes and lampreys)  
* (hagfishes and lampreys)  
* cerebrum is a relatively simple structure receiving nerve impulses from the olfactory bulb.
* cerebrum is a relatively simple structure receiving nerve impulses from the olfactory bulb.
 
|}
===Some fish and amphibians===
===Some fish and amphibians===
(Cartilaginous fish (sharks), lobe-finned fish, amphibians)  
(Cartilaginous fish (sharks), lobe-finned fish, amphibians)  
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=== Ray-finned Fish===
=== Ray-finned Fish===
[[File:Zebrafish-icon.png|thumb|Zebrafish]]
{|
| [[File:Zebrafish-icon.png|200px]]
 
Zebrafish
|
* Cerebrum lateral and ventral regions inner surfaces bulge up into the ventricles.
* Cerebrum lateral and ventral regions inner surfaces bulge up into the ventricles.
** these include both the basal nuclei and the various parts of the pallium (complex in structure in teleosts).  
** these include both the basal nuclei and the various parts of the pallium (complex in structure in teleosts).  
* Verebrum dorsal surface is membranous, and does not contain any nervous tissue.
* Verebrum dorsal surface is membranous, and does not contain any nervous tissue.
|}


----


In amniotes, the cerebrum becomes increasingly large and complex.
In amniotes, the cerebrum becomes increasingly large and complex.


===Reptiles===
===Reptiles===
{|
| [[File:Rana_pipiens.jpg|200px]]
Frog
|
* paleopallium is larger than in amphibians, and its growth has pushed the basal nuclei into the central regions of the cerebrum.  
* paleopallium is larger than in amphibians, and its growth has pushed the basal nuclei into the central regions of the cerebrum.  
* Grey matter is generally located beneath the white matter
* Grey matter is generally located beneath the white matter
** in some reptiles, grey matter spreads out to the surface to form a primitive cortex (anterior part of the brain).
** in some reptiles, grey matter spreads out to the surface to form a primitive cortex (anterior part of the brain).
|}


===Birds===
===Birds===
[[File:Chick E12.jpg|thumb|Chicken E12]]
{|
| [[File:Chick E12.jpg|150px]]
 
Chicken E12
|
* enlarged compared to reptiles, due to the basal ganglia.
* enlarged compared to reptiles, due to the basal ganglia.
** other areas remain primitive in structure.  
** other areas remain primitive in structure.  
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* above basal ganglia the HVC develops
* above basal ganglia the HVC develops
** involved with learning complex tasks, such as song.
** involved with learning complex tasks, such as song.
|}


===Mammals===
===Mammals===
{|
| [[File:Dog-adult.jpg|200px]]
Dog
|
* cortex covers almost the whole of the cerebral hemispheres (greatest in primates).  
* cortex covers almost the whole of the cerebral hemispheres (greatest in primates).  
** paleopallium is pushed to the ventral surface of the brain, where it becomes the olfactory lobes
** paleopallium is pushed to the ventral surface of the brain, where it becomes the olfactory lobes
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** corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres.  
** corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres.  
* surface folding found only in higher mammals.
* surface folding found only in higher mammals.
|}




:[[Brain_Awareness_Week_2012#Comparative_Brain_Anatomy|Back to - '''BAW''' Comparative Anatomy]]
:[[Brain_Awareness_Week_2012#Comparative_Brain_Anatomy|Back to - '''BAW''' Comparative Anatomy]]
==Neural Tube Development==
{{Template:Neural Table}}


==Terms==
==Terms==
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* '''Diencephalon''' - At the level of the diencephalon that the optic stalks (optic nerve) extends from the brain. The diencephalon lumen (cavity of the neural tube) will form the third ventricles.
* '''Diencephalon''' - At the level of the diencephalon that the optic stalks (optic nerve) extends from the brain. The diencephalon lumen (cavity of the neural tube) will form the third ventricles.
* '''Encephalon''' - brain.
* '''Encephalon''' - brain.
* '''Medulla''' - (medulla oblongata) A brain stem region within the central nervous system, this is the last part of the brain before becoming the spinal cord. It lies beneath the medulla.
* '''Midbrain''' -  The embryonic neural tube region that will form midbrain structures of the tectum (roof of the midbrain, auditory and visual reflexes) and tegmentum (floor of the midbrain, several brain nuclei) in the adult brain. The mesencephalon is the middle of the 5 secondary brain vesicles formed from the mesencephalon of the primary brain vesicle (there are 3 primary brain vesicles). The mesencephalon lumen (cavity of the neural tube) will form the midbrain aqueduct.
* '''Midbrain''' -  The embryonic neural tube region that will form midbrain structures of the tectum (roof of the midbrain, auditory and visual reflexes) and tegmentum (floor of the midbrain, several brain nuclei) in the adult brain. The mesencephalon is the middle of the 5 secondary brain vesicles formed from the mesencephalon of the primary brain vesicle (there are 3 primary brain vesicles). The mesencephalon lumen (cavity of the neural tube) will form the midbrain aqueduct.
* '''Pons''' - (Latin, ''pons'' = "bridge") A brain stem region within the central nervous system,  it lies above the medulla.
* '''Telencephalon''' - (endbrain) The embryonic neural tube region that will form cerebral hemispheres (neocortex, basal nuclei, palaeocortex, archicortex). The telencephalon is the most anterior of the 5 secondary brain vesicles formed from division of the prosencephalon (forebrain) primary brain vesicle (there are 3 primary brain vesicles). The telencephalon lumen (cavity of the neural tube) will form the lateral ventricles.
* '''Telencephalon''' - (endbrain) The embryonic neural tube region that will form cerebral hemispheres (neocortex, basal nuclei, palaeocortex, archicortex). The telencephalon is the most anterior of the 5 secondary brain vesicles formed from division of the prosencephalon (forebrain) primary brain vesicle (there are 3 primary brain vesicles). The telencephalon lumen (cavity of the neural tube) will form the lateral ventricles.
Pons -
Medulla -

Latest revision as of 16:11, 14 March 2012

Cerebrum Comparative Anatomy

  • All brains have a similar mechanism of early development, neural plate, tube, etc.
  • All brains will have similar regions with similar functions.
  • Each animal brain though will end up a different size, shape and complexity (overall and of regions).
  • The information shown below is a detailed comparison of different species cerebrum development.


This Information is beyond K12 level and not part of today's demonstration.


Back to - BAW Comparative Anatomy

Primitive vertebrates

Lamprey cartoon.jpg

Lamprey

  • (hagfishes and lampreys)
  • cerebrum is a relatively simple structure receiving nerve impulses from the olfactory bulb.

Some fish and amphibians

(Cartilaginous fish (sharks), lobe-finned fish, amphibians)

  • remains mainly devoted to olfactory sensation.
  • Cerebrum divided into 3 regions.
  1. ventral - forms the basal nuclei, and contains fibres connecting the rest of the cerebrum to the thalamus.
  2. lateral - forms the paleopallium.
  3. dorsal - forms the archipallium.

Ray-finned Fish

Zebrafish-icon.png

Zebrafish

  • Cerebrum lateral and ventral regions inner surfaces bulge up into the ventricles.
    • these include both the basal nuclei and the various parts of the pallium (complex in structure in teleosts).
  • Verebrum dorsal surface is membranous, and does not contain any nervous tissue.

In amniotes, the cerebrum becomes increasingly large and complex.

Reptiles

Rana pipiens.jpg

Frog

  • paleopallium is larger than in amphibians, and its growth has pushed the basal nuclei into the central regions of the cerebrum.
  • Grey matter is generally located beneath the white matter
    • in some reptiles, grey matter spreads out to the surface to form a primitive cortex (anterior part of the brain).

Birds

Chick E12.jpg

Chicken E12

  • enlarged compared to reptiles, due to the basal ganglia.
    • other areas remain primitive in structure.
    • no expansion of the cerebral cortex
  • above basal ganglia the HVC develops
    • involved with learning complex tasks, such as song.


Mammals

Dog-adult.jpg

Dog

  • cortex covers almost the whole of the cerebral hemispheres (greatest in primates).
    • paleopallium is pushed to the ventral surface of the brain, where it becomes the olfactory lobes
    • archipallium becomes rolled over at the medial dorsal edge to form the hippocampus.
    • corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres.
  • surface folding found only in higher mammals.


Back to - BAW Comparative Anatomy

Neural Tube Development

Neural Tube Development
Neural Tube Primary Vesicles Secondary Vesicles Adult Structures
week 3 week 4 week 5 adult
neural plate
neural groove
neural tube

Brain
prosencephalon (forebrain) telencephalon Rhinencephalon, Amygdala, hippocampus, cerebrum (cortex), hypothalamus‎, pituitary | Basal Ganglia, lateral ventricles
diencephalon epithalamus, thalamus, Subthalamus, pineal, posterior commissure, pretectum, third ventricle
mesencephalon (midbrain) mesencephalon tectum, Cerebral peduncle, cerebral aqueduct, pons
rhombencephalon (hindbrain) metencephalon cerebellum
myelencephalon medulla oblongata, isthmus
spinal cord, pyramidal decussation, central canal

Terms

  • Cerebral cortex - (grey matter, cortex) Embryonic structure that will form the cerebral cortex of the brain. Formed in sequence from neural tube, prosencephalon (primary vesicle), telencephalon (secondary vesicle) then cerebrum or cortex.
  • Cerebellum - (Latin, cerebellum = little brain) Formed from the rhombencephalon (hindbrain), it is required for coordinated motor activities.
  • Diencephalon - At the level of the diencephalon that the optic stalks (optic nerve) extends from the brain. The diencephalon lumen (cavity of the neural tube) will form the third ventricles.
  • Encephalon - brain.
  • Medulla - (medulla oblongata) A brain stem region within the central nervous system, this is the last part of the brain before becoming the spinal cord. It lies beneath the medulla.
  • Midbrain - The embryonic neural tube region that will form midbrain structures of the tectum (roof of the midbrain, auditory and visual reflexes) and tegmentum (floor of the midbrain, several brain nuclei) in the adult brain. The mesencephalon is the middle of the 5 secondary brain vesicles formed from the mesencephalon of the primary brain vesicle (there are 3 primary brain vesicles). The mesencephalon lumen (cavity of the neural tube) will form the midbrain aqueduct.
  • Pons - (Latin, pons = "bridge") A brain stem region within the central nervous system, it lies above the medulla.
  • Telencephalon - (endbrain) The embryonic neural tube region that will form cerebral hemispheres (neocortex, basal nuclei, palaeocortex, archicortex). The telencephalon is the most anterior of the 5 secondary brain vesicles formed from division of the prosencephalon (forebrain) primary brain vesicle (there are 3 primary brain vesicles). The telencephalon lumen (cavity of the neural tube) will form the lateral ventricles.