Talk:Brain Awareness Week 2012: Difference between revisions

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===Birds===
===Birds===
[[File:Chick E12.jpg|thumb|Chicken E12]]
* enlarged compared to reptiles, due to the basal ganglia.
* enlarged compared to reptiles, due to the basal ganglia.
** other areas remain primitive in structure.  
** other areas remain primitive in structure.  

Revision as of 10:48, 14 March 2012

Cerebrum Comparative Anatomy

The information shown below is a detailed comparison of different species cerebrum development (not part of today's demonstration).


Back to - BAW Comparative Anatomy

Primitive vertebrates

  • (hagfishes and lampreys)
  • cerebrum is a relatively simple structure receiving nerve impulses from the olfactory bulb.

Some fish and amphibians

(Cartilaginous fish (sharks), lobe-finned fish, amphibians)

  • remains mainly devoted to olfactory sensation.
  • Cerebrum divided into 3 regions.
  1. ventral - forms the basal nuclei, and contains fibres connecting the rest of the cerebrum to the thalamus.
  2. lateral - forms the paleopallium.
  3. dorsal - forms the archipallium.

Ray-finned Fish

  • Cerebrum lateral and ventral regions inner surfaces bulge up into the ventricles.
    • these include both the basal nuclei and the various parts of the pallium (complex in structure in teleosts).
  • Verebrum dorsal surface is membranous, and does not contain any nervous tissue.


In amniotes, the cerebrum becomes increasingly large and complex.

Reptiles

  • paleopallium is larger than in amphibians, and its growth has pushed the basal nuclei into the central regions of the cerebrum.
  • Grey matter is generally located beneath the white matter
    • in some reptiles, grey matter spreads out to the surface to form a primitive cortex (anterior part of the brain).

Birds

Chicken E12
  • enlarged compared to reptiles, due to the basal ganglia.
    • other areas remain primitive in structure.
    • no expansion of the cerebral cortex
  • above basal ganglia the HVC develops
    • involved with learning complex tasks, such as song.

Mammals

  • cortex covers almost the whole of the cerebral hemispheres (greatest in primates).
    • paleopallium is pushed to the ventral surface of the brain, where it becomes the olfactory lobes
    • archipallium becomes rolled over at the medial dorsal edge to form the hippocampus.
    • corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres.
  • surface folding found only in higher mammals.


Back to - BAW Comparative Anatomy

Terms

  • Cerebral cortex - (grey matter, cortex) Embryonic structure that will form the cerebral cortex of the brain. Formed in sequence from neural tube, prosencephalon (primary vesicle), telencephalon (secondary vesicle) then cerebrum or cortex.
  • Cerebellum - (Latin, cerebellum = little brain) Formed from the rhombencephalon (hindbrain), it is required for coordinated motor activities.
  • Diencephalon - At the level of the diencephalon that the optic stalks (optic nerve) extends from the brain. The diencephalon lumen (cavity of the neural tube) will form the third ventricles.
  • Encephalon - brain.
  • Midbrain - The embryonic neural tube region that will form midbrain structures of the tectum (roof of the midbrain, auditory and visual reflexes) and tegmentum (floor of the midbrain, several brain nuclei) in the adult brain. The mesencephalon is the middle of the 5 secondary brain vesicles formed from the mesencephalon of the primary brain vesicle (there are 3 primary brain vesicles). The mesencephalon lumen (cavity of the neural tube) will form the midbrain aqueduct.
  • Telencephalon - (endbrain) The embryonic neural tube region that will form cerebral hemispheres (neocortex, basal nuclei, palaeocortex, archicortex). The telencephalon is the most anterior of the 5 secondary brain vesicles formed from division of the prosencephalon (forebrain) primary brain vesicle (there are 3 primary brain vesicles). The telencephalon lumen (cavity of the neural tube) will form the lateral ventricles.

Pons -

Medulla -