Talk:Book - The span of gestation and the cause of birth - 1897
https://archive.org/details/spanofgestationc00bear
Contents
page
Preface Ill
Introduction I
I. The Critical Phase II
II. The Critical Period in Mammalia 22
III. Ovulation in Mammals 27
IV. The Critical Unit 34
V. Length of the Critical Unit 36
VI. The Length of Gestation in Eutheria 42
VII. The Duplication of the Critical Unit 56
VIII. The Influence of Lactation 63
IX. The Special Case of Man 67
X. The Meaning of Menstruation 68
XL The Human Critical Unit 77
XII. Abortions 79
XIII. The Cause of Birth 84
XIV. The Rhythm of Reproduction in Mammalia. — A summary 89 Comparative Table of Gestation-periods, Critical Units etc. 98
Appendices.
a) Summary of Tessier's observations 99
b) Remarks on the Table and on Tessier's results . . 99
c) Antithetic versus homologous alternation of generations 101
d) The critical phase or period 102
e) Eutherian versus Metatherian gestation-arrangements . 103
f) Ovulation in the cavy 104
g) The critical period of the horse 106
h) The critical unit of the pig 107
i) The critical units of dog and cat 108
k) The gestation of the hare 109
1) The views of W. Tyler Smith from his own writings no
m) The length of pregnancy in woman 1 12
n) The critical unit of man in its medico-legal aspects . 116
o) Medico-legal aspects of the length of gestation . . . 116
p) Pouchet's work on the ovulation of mammals . . . 117
q) The corpus luteum 118
r) Changes in the mammary gland at the critical period 118
s) Is the ovulation-unit ever approximately equal to the gestation-period in Eutheria? 118
t) Sizes of embryos of the critical period 120
u) Minot on menstruation 121
v) Sobotta on the reproduction of the mouse 123
w) Heape on the menstruation of apes 123
x) Selenka on the reproduction of marsupials .... 124
y) Owen on the gestation of the kangaroo (M. major) . 125
z) Bonnet and Nathusius on the reproduction and gestation of the sheep 125
Index 127
Index
page Abnormal development . . 20 Abortions 79
— connected with unusual ovulations 115
— and critical period . . 81
— and menstrual periods . 80
— in sheep 84
— Klein and Burdach on 80
— periods of 81
— periodicity of many . .81
— tables on 80
— Tyler Smith on .79. 83
— Whitehead on . . . 79 Alteration of critical unit . 41
— of ovulation-unit ... 41 Alternation of generations . 101
— antithetic 101
— homologous 101
Atrophy senile of phorozoon 21
Birth cause of . . . .84. 89
— condition of young at 27. 47. 54 • inhibition at critical period 23 Birth-period of Marsupials . 22 of Perameles ... 26
— — of Trichosurus . . 23 Birth problem of . . . .44 Bischoff on ovulation . .117
— on cavy . . • ... • 105
page Bonnet on corpus luteum 1 18
— on horse -placenta ... 49
— on pig and sheep . . . 108
— on placenta 24
— on sheep 53- I2 5
Bower on alternation of
generations 101
Burdachonmenstruation7l. 123
Cannabalism of larvae . .16
Cause of birth 84
Cat, critical unit of . . .108 Cavy, condition at birth of 27. 47
— gestation-period of . .48
— critical unit of . . 106. 120
— ovulation in 1 04
Cederschjold on pregnancy 117
Celakovski on alternation 101 Chambers on influence of
gestation 56
Climate influence of . . . 30 Cocoon, primary nature of . 14 Condition at birth how determined 60
— at birth of human foetus 54
— at birth of young ... 27 Cope on Phenacodus . . 62 Corpus luteum . . . 82. 118
— 128 —
page
Correspondence of embryo and placenta ...
— of units 34
Corresponding phases possible
Crosses gestation in sheep Critical period . . II. 19,
— — constant characters of
— — characters of . .
— — Duration of .
— — in man ....
— -- of horse ....
— — and mammae
— — placenta at . . .
— — sizes of embryos at Critical phase . . . .11
— — duration of . . .
— — pause at . . . .
— — physiological Critical unit ....
— — alteration of.
— — ancient ....
— — of cat and dog . constancy of
— — and ovulation - unit
34- 41 definition of .
— — differences in
— — duplication of
— — enlargement of
— — of horse .
increase of .
influence of number of
54
— — of large animals .
— — length in various mam mals
— — of man ....
— — of marsupials .
49
medico-legal aspects of 1 16
new
number in gestation
— — of man, sheep, etc.
9 41
55 126 102
7
103
21
77 106 118
43 120
19 21
39 24
34
4i
114
108
40
60
35 40 56 59 52 46
55 62
36
77 40
Critical unit of pig
— — of sheep .
— — of small forms . Critical units, table of
page
. 107
• 49 . 61
Dalziel on mammary func
tion
Definition of critical unit Degeneration of phorozoon
— of yolk-sac .... Development of placenta
— regularity of the . Dog, critical unit of . Duplication of critical unit 49 Duration of pregnancy . Duval on Carnivora .
— on yolk-sac of rabbit .
119
35 19 19 43 37 108
56 112 109
19
100
53
Ectoplacenta 18
Egg-purse of Elasmobranchs 14 Egg-white, nature and history
of 15
Embryos destroyed by lactation 65
— sacrifice of . . . . .47
— sizes at critical period . 120
Epigenesis 18. 116
Eutheria v. Metatheria . . 103 Eutherian gestation-length . 42 Evolution 116
— of egg-case 14
Ewart on horse-embryos
49. 107 Extinction of "kangaroo" . 103
Fleischmann on rodents 119 Flower and Lydekker
on hare 109
40 24
85 66
Food-yolk, influence of . Formation of placenta Foster on parturition . Franck on the "Ong-te"
— i2g
page
Gardner case . . 113. 116 Gastrulation, meaning of G e d d e s and Thomson
on size and gestation . Gestation abnormal . 100
— of cavy .... 48
— correspondence with menstrual cycles
— of cow 51
— duration in man
— Eutherian v. Metatherian
— fixed nature of .
— frequency in mouse etc
— of hare
— Harvey on
— of horse .... 50
— Kielmeyer on .
— length of, in Eutheria
— lengthening of .
— in man . . . • • 53
— in mouse 32
— medico-legal aspects of
— non-influence of length
— of pig . . .
— prolongation of
— prolonged
— of rabbit .
— of sheep .
— supposed irregularity of
— table of lengths of
— Tessieron
— of two ovulation-units
53- 99
Hare, gestation of .
H e a p e on menstruation 69
— on ovulation . . .74 Heat in mares ....
-• and menstruation .
— Pouchet on .
— Tyler Smith on Hensen on cavy. . 104
— on pregnancy . Hill on Perameles .
Beard, Span of Gestation.
16
62 113
I05
112
I03
44
31
109
78
99 62 42
59 112 123 117
48
99 46
113
99
125
6
99 46
109 124 124
51 118 117 no 106
"3 26
page
His on human embryos
53- 74-H5 Horse, Bonnet on placenta of 49. 106
— critical unit of . . . -49
— critical period of . . . 106
— ovulation-unit of . . .49
— E wart on 107
— gestation of. . 51. 99. 114
— small size of ancestors of 62 Human critical unit 49. 5 1 - 77
— embryos, ages of . . . 115
— ovulation-unit . . .50. 77
— pregnancy and the law . 116
Influence of climate . . 30. 66
— of food-yolk 40
— of lactation 63
Keibel on the pig . . . 108 Kielmeyer on gestationlength 62
Lactation in cat and dog . 65
— effect on embryos ... 65
— influence of 63
— in kangaroo 104
— in man 66
— in marsupials .... 104
— in mouse 123
— in pig 65
— prolonged in marsupials . 104
— Ryder on 66
Length of gestation in Eutheria 42
Loewenhardton menstruation 75
Macropus, Owen on 40. 125 Mammae and critical period 118
— limitations of . . . .28 Mammals, critical period in 22
— original 30
— ovulation in 27
9
13° —
Mammals regularity of de velopment in ...
— rhythmic development in
37 Man, special case of . Mares heat in . . . .51 Marsupials, birth-period of 22
— critical units of .
— lactation in .
— precritical nutrition of Marsupium how lost . Menstruation an abortion 71
— Burdach on .
— H e a p e on . . . .69
— Loewenhardt on .
— meaning of . . . .68
— M ino t on .
page
— nature of 71
— and ovulation .
— phenomena of .
— relation to rut of . .69
— Tyler Smith on
— Webster on.
— unusual effects of . Merino sheep, gestation of Mi not on menstruation . Metamorphosis abrupt o
Phoronis Monstrosities Mouse, gestation of
— and marsupials .
— ovulation in .
— ovulation-unit of
— Sobottaon .
.32
37
67
91
9i
40
104
22
47
95
123
124
69
95 121
95
7i
69
118
no
69
115
125
121
20
39 123 119
32 123 123
Nathusius on sheep-gestation 125
— on crossing 126
Opossum, critical unit of . .36
— Selenka on . . .40. 124 Origin of large-yolked egg . 16 Ovary, rhythm connected with
82. 97
page Ovulation, Bischoff on . 1 17
— and birth 89. 95
— in cavy 120
— effect of gestation on 28. 30
— following birth . 30. 89. 95
— Hensenon . . . .73
— lunar correspondence of . 3
— in mammals 27
— in man 73
— and menstruation . .71. 115
— in mouse 32. 120
— Pouchet on ... . 117
— suspension in gestation
28. 30. 94
— unusual . . . . 113. 115
— interval in cavy . . . 104
— — of man 78
— — of mouse 32
— unit . 41
— — alteration of. . . 41. 42 ■ ancient 114
— — and critical unit . 33. 41
— — gestation of two . . 46
— — table of 98
Owen on Macropus 40. 57. 125
Parturition, cause of . . 89. 95
— Fo ster on 85
— Harvey on . . . .86
— Spiegelbergon . . 86
— Tanner on . . . -85
— Werth on 85
Perameles, birth-period of . 26
— placenta of 44
Phenacodus 62
Phorozoon 26
— degeneration of ... 19
— life-span of . . . .21. 22
— motive of existence of .12
— as a parasite .... 17
— organisation of . . . . 13 Pig, gestation of . 53. 99
— critical unit of . . . . 107
— sizes of embryos . . .121
i3i
page Placenta, Bonnet on . . 24
— consequence of . 25. 44. 91
— development of ... 43
— and its embryo .... 9
— formation of .... 24
— functional period of . .26
— inadequate at critical period 43
— period of formation of . 25
— supposed degeneration of 44
— variations in functional period 27
Placental - span fraction of
total gestation .... 26 Pouchet on ovulation . -117
— on rut 117
Pregnancy, length of, in woman . . . . . 112. 117
Purse, evolution of ... 14
Rabbit, critical unit of .98. 120
— and hare 109
— and kangaroo .... 103
— ovulation in 120
— .sizes of embryos of . .121 Racib o rs ki on ovulation 117 Reproduction, rhythm of 89. 97
— limitations of 28. 29
Rhythm of reproduction
Robinson on degeneration
of yolk-sac
89. 97
19. 119
Sacrifice of embryos . .47. 113 Selenka on marsupial development 124
— on opossum . . . 40. 124 Semnopithecus, menstruation
of 124
Senile atrophy of phorozoon
21. 90 Sheep, Bonnet on . .53. 125
— critical period in . . .84
— critical unit of . . . 49. 98
page Sheep, gestation of 125
— Nathusius on . . .125
— gestation of merino . . 126
— ovulation-unit of . . 49. 98 Smith, W. Tyler, on menstruation . . . . no. 122
— — views of no
— - works of no
Sobotta on corpus luteum 118
— on mouse 123
— on ovulation . . . .123 Southdown sheep, gestation
of 126
Table of gestation-lengths . 98
— of critical units . . 36. 57. 98
— of number of critical units in development .
— of ovulation-units
— remarks on . Tables of Tessier Tanner on mammae
57- 98
• 99
• 99
. 118.
— on parturition .... 85 Teats in Didelphys . . 29. 124
— number of 29
— in pig 29
— reservation of . . . .29 Temperature in development 38 Tessier on gestation .50. 99
— — of cow . . . .53. 101
of horse . . . .53. 101
of pig .... 53. 101
Tessier's tables .... 99 Trickbsurus, birth-period of 23
Trochophore 102
Trophoblast 18. 90
— in mammals . . . . 22. 90
Unfolding or evolution . .116
Yariations in development and number of critical units 51
— in mammalian development 37. 100
9*
132 —
page
Webster, J. C., on menstruation 69
Woman, length of pregnancy in 112
Yolk, acquisition of . . .16 — loss of 17
page Yolk-sac, degeneration of 19. 119
— — of mouse . . . . 19. 1 19
placenta . . . . 18. 22
Young, condition at birth of 27
— excessive number of . 28. 29
— limitations in number . . 29
6 line 12 line 25 last 33 line 36 line 44 line 48 line 88 line 125 line
Errata.
16 for being read
13
line
7
5
10
20
30
5
an
Par am eles
marsupial
Parameles
Parameles
Parameles
Marsupial
Beuteltiere
bring.
a transient.
Perameles.
mammal.
Perameles.
Perameles.
Perameles.
non-placental.
Beutelfuchs.
p. 127 2 nd column for cannabalism read cannibalism.
2 line 18 following 8 insert after. 12 line 12 delete a transient.
15 line 3 „ the comma.
16 line 4 „ the first comma.
18 line 27 before phorozoon insert the. 18 line 29 delete the comma. 49 line 9 „ the comma after "with". 71 line 10 ,, the comma after "point". 71 line 15 „ the comma.
