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| ==GLOSSARY==
| | CHAPTER XVII |
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| | THE EAR |
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| Terms still in common use, though now ‘discardedare included in this list,
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| with a certain number of proper names coming in the same category.
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| | The organ of hearing is divided into three parts—the external, |
| | middle, and internal ear. |
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| Abdomen, a word of uncertain derivation, but possibly from abdo,
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| I hide or conceal.
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| Aberrant, wandering from the normal
| | External Ear. |
| source.
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| Acervulus, a little heap.
| | The external ear consists of the auricle (or pinna) and the external |
| | auditory meatus. The former has been already described (see p. 1294)* |
| | The external auditory meatus extends from the bottom of the |
| | concha to the membrana tympani, and is about 1 inch in length. |
| | It consists of two parts—outer, or cartilaginous, and inner, or osseous. |
| | The cartilaginous part, which is also fibrous, is about J inch in length, |
| | and the osseous part, which lies within the petrous portion of the |
| | temporal bone, is about § inch long. The widest part of the meatus |
| | is its orifice, which is oval, the long measurement being vertica . |
| | The narrowest part is situated in its osseous portion, about T mch |
| | from the tympanic membrane, and it is known as the isthmus. There |
| | is another constriction of the canal situated near the deep end of t e |
| | cartilaginous part, and produced by a projection which is placed |
| | antero-inferiorly. The chief direction of the canal is inwards and |
| | slightly forwards. At first it is also inclined upwards, then backwards, |
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| Acervulus cerebri, brain-sand.
| | and finally downwards. . , |
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| Acetabulum, a vessel for holding
| | The cartilaginous part is continuous with the cartilage of the auricle, |
| vinegar; a juggler’s cup. But
| | and is attached to the external auditory process of the temporal bone. |
| used by Pliny to signify hipsocket.
| | Its cartilage is folded so as to form a deep groove which is open at its |
| | upper and back part, the cartilaginous deficiency being completed |
| | by fibrous tissue. In the anterior wall of the cartilaginous part are |
| | two clefts (called the fissures of Santorini ) which are occupied by fibrous |
| | Ssuf In important and close inferior relation of the cartilaginous |
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| Acinus, any juicy berry with stones
| | meatus is the parotid gland (see Fig. 1027). , |
| — e.g., the grape; the kernel in the
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| berry.
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| Acrocephalous, having a pointed or
| | The osseous part has been described in connection with the temporal |
| conical head.
| | hone (d IQ4) At its deep end there is a narrow groove, called the |
| | sulcus tvmianicus, which forms about five-sixths of a circle, the |
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| Acromion, the point or summit of
| | deficiency being placed superiorly, at the V^femporaf^The |
| the shoulder. | | rinp- ic completed by the squamous part of the temporal bone, me |
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| Acusticus, a, um, pertaining to sound,
| | tympanic membrane is set obliquely within the tympanic sulcus |
| or to the sense of hearing.
| | being inclined in such a way that its front part is nearer the nudd |
| | line of the body than its back, and its lower part nearer the middle |
| | line than the upper. The floor and anterior wall of the meatus |
| | consequently longer than the roof and posterior wall. |
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| Adamantoblast, enamel germ cell.
| | ^ 1671 |
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| Adductor canal, subsartorial canal.
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| Adenoid, glandular.
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| Aditus, an approach or access.
| | 1672 |
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| Adrenal, near to the kidney.
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| Advehens, carrying to.
| | A MANUAL OF ANATOMY |
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| Afferent, carrying to.
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| Agger, a mound or rampart.
| | The meatus is lined with skin, which is continuous with that of |
| | the auricle. In the osseous part of the canal the skin is very thin, |
| | and is provided with vascular papillae, but is destitute of glands and |
| | hairs.. It is reflected over the outer surface of the membrana tympani, |
| | of which it forms the outer layer. In the cartilaginous part of the canal |
| | the skin is thicker, and is provided with hairs, connected with the |
| | follicles of which are sebaceous glands. In addition to these there are |
| | convoluted tubular glands, similar in structure to sweat-glands, and |
| | called the ceruminous glands, which secrete the ear-wax. |
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| Agminated, disposed in columns.
| | Blood-supply.—The arteries are derived from the posterior auricular |
| | of the external carotid, the deep auricular of the first part of the maxil |
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| Ala, a wing.
| | Upper Part ofHelix |
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| Ala cinera, vagal triangle.
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| Albicans, white.
| | Lateral Ligament of the Malleus |
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| Albuginea, whitish.
| | 1 |
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| Alcock’s canal, pudendal canal.
| | Incus |
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| Allantois, sausage-like.
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| Alveolus, a little trough.
| | Semicircular Canals |
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| Alveus, a trough.
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| Amacrine, without a long fibre.
| | Concha |
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| Ambiguus, dark, obscure.
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| Ameloblast, enamel germ.
| | External Auditory |
| | Meatus |
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| Ammonis, cornu, horn of Ammon,
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| who was represented as having
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| the head of a ram.
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| Amphiarthrosis, literally, articulation on both sides. Secondary
| | Malleus |
| cartilaginous joint (fibro-cartilage).
| | Vestibule |
| | __ Cochlea |
| | x , Tympanum |
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| Ampulla, a flask.
| | Tensor Tympani Muscle |
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| Amygdala, an almond.
| | Apex of Pet. Portion |
| | of Temporal Bone |
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| Anastomosis, literally, an outlet; the
| | _Anterior Lig. of |
| communication of branches of
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| vessels with one another.
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| Anconeus, pertaining to the elbow.
| | the Malleus |
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| Ankylosis, bony union between two
| | -Internal Carotid |
| bones which are normally separate.
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| Annulus, a little ring.
| | Artery |
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| Ansa, a handle, loop, or brace.
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| Ansa cervicis, ansa hypoglossi.
| | Lobule |
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| Anserinus, pertaining to a goose.
| | Pharyngotympanic Tube |
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| Antecubital, in front of the elbow.
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| Antibrachium, forearm.
| | Parotid Gland |
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| Anticubital fossa, cubital fossa.
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| Anticus, in front, anterior.
| | Tip of Styloid Process of |
| | Temporal Bone |
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| Antinion, opposite to the inion.
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| Antrum, a cave or cavity.
| | Tympanic Membrane |
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| Antrum of Highmore, maxillary
| | Iug. 1027. General View of the Right Organ of Hearing (after |
| sinus.
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| Antrum, mastoid, tympanic antrum.
| | Hirschfeld and Leveill£). |
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| Anus, a ring.
| | The external ear and middle ear are seen in section. |
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| Aorta, literally, the lower end of the
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| trachea; a carrier.
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| Apertura piriformis, anterior aspect
| | iary, and the anterior auricular branches of the superficial temporal. |
| of nose. | | The veins follow the course of the arteries. |
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| Aponeurosis, an expansion from a
| | Lymphatics. These pass to the mastoid glands and to the preauricular lymphatic glands. |
| tendon.
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| Aponeurosis, lumbar, lumbar fascia.
| | Nerves. The auriculo-temporal nerve gives two branches to the |
| | meatus, upper and lower, which enter it by passing between the |
| | cartilaginous and osseous walls. The upper branch supplies the skin |
| | covering the upper part of the membrana tympani, while the auricular |
| | branch (Arnold s nerve) of the vagus supplies that of the osseous |
| | part of the canal in its lower and back part, and also that covering |
| | the lower part of the membrana tympani. |
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| Aponeurosis, pharyngeal, pharyngobasilar fascia.
| | Early Condition of the Meatus.—At birth the osseous part of the |
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| Apophysis (‘ grow from ’), a process
| | canal is represented by the tympanic annulus and a small portion of |
| or swelling on a bone.
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| Appendix ventriculi laryngis, saccule.
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| Aqueductus cerebri, aqueduct of
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| mid-brain.
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| Aqueductus Fallopii, facial canal.
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| Arachnoid, like a spider’s web.
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| 1698
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| GLOSSARY 1699
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| Arantii, corpus, nodule (in cusps of
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| aortic and pulmonary valves).
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| Archenteron, primitive intestine.
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| Arcuatus, curved.
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| Area acustica, vestibular area.
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| Areola, a small open place.
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| Arnold’s ganglion, otic ganglion.
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| Arnold’s nerve, tympanic nerve.
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| Artery, literally, an air vessel; the
| | THE EAR |
| trachea was known as the arteria
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| aspera; a bloodvessel which carries
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| the blood from the heart.
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| Arthrodia, from the Greek word
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| meaning * a joint ’; applied to a
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| gliding joint.
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| Arthrosis, plane joint.
| | 1673 |
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| Arytenoid, pitcher-like.
| | the squamous part of the temporal bone. It is connected by fibrous |
| | tissue to the cartilaginous framework of the auricle, and within this |
| | fibrous tissue the osseous canal is formed by two outgrowths from the |
| | tympanic annulus. |
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| Ascending frontal convolution, precentral convolution.
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| Ascending parietal convolution, postcentral convolution.
| | Middle Ear. |
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| Aspera, rough.
| | I he middle ear, or tympanum, is an irregular space within the |
| | petrous part of the temporal bone, which lies between the membrana |
| | tympani externally and the outer osseous wall of the internal ear or |
| | labyrinth internally. It is lined with mucous membrane, and it |
| | communicates with the naso-pharynx by means of the pharyngotympanic tube, through which it receives air. It has three parts: |
| | (1) the tympanum proper, or cavum tympani; (2) the attic, or epitympanic recess; and (3) the tympanic or mastoid antrum. |
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| Asterion, a star.
| | The tympanum proper (or cavum tympani) is situated between the |
| | tympanic membrane and the outer wall of the internal ear. Its |
| | contents are as follows: |
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| Astragalus, the ankle-bone; a die
| | 1. A chain of ossicles (malleus, |
| (pi. dice); talus.
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| Atlas, a support; refers to Atlas,
| | incus, and stapes), with |
| who carried the earth on his
| | their ligaments. |
| neck.
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| Atresia, imperforation.
| | 2. Muscles. |
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| Atrium, the hall in a Roman house.
| | The vertical and antero-posterior diameters (inclusive of the attic) |
| | are fully \ inch. The transverse measurement is from | to £ inch, |
| | except opposite the centre of the membrana tympani, where it is |
| | only T V inch, and the shape of its cavity may, perhaps, be visualized |
| | by likening a cast of it to a biconcave disc about the size of a threepenny piece. |
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| Attic, epitympanic recess.
| | The tympanic cavity has six walls—lateral, medial, roof, floor, |
| | anterior, and posterior. |
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| Attollens, raising up, elevating.
| | The lateral wall is formed chiefly by the tympanic membrane, |
| | which has the handle of the malleus fixed to it, and slightly by the |
| | tympanic annulus, within the circumference of which there is a groove, |
| | called the tympanic sulcus, in which the membrane is set. The tympanic annulus and sulcus are interrupted superiorly by a notch, called |
| | the tympanic notch. In front of the tympanic annulus is the open, |
| | inner extremity of the squamo-tympanic fissure, which lodges the |
| | processus gracilis of the malleus, and transmits the tympanic branch |
| | of the internal maxillary artery. At the inner end of the fissure is |
| | the opening of the iter chordce anterius, by which the chorda tympani |
| | nerve leaves the tympanum. |
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| Attrahens, drawing to or towards.
| | The (medial) wall (see Fig. 1028) separates the tympanum from the |
| | internal ear or labyrinth. It is very irregular, and is formed by the |
| | following parts : |
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| Auditory, pertaining to the organ, or
| | 1 The fenestra vestibuli. 3 - The promontory. |
| sense, of hearing.
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| Auerbach’s plexus, myenteric plexus.
| | 2. Projection of the facial canal. 4 - The fenestra cochleae. |
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| Auricle, the external ear.
| | 5. The sinus tympani. |
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| Auricle (O.T.), atrium (heart).
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| Auricular appendix (O.T.), auricle.
| | 3. Nerves. |
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| Azygos, without a pair, single.
| | 4. Bloodvessels. |
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| Bacillary, pertaining to a small staff
| | 5. Air. |
| or rod.
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| Balanus, an acorn.
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| Barba, a beard.
| | A MANUAL OF ANATOMY |
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| Bartholin’s duct (great duct of Rivini),
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| principal sublingual duct.
| | ^74 |
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| Basilar, belonging to the base.
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| Basilic, royal, important.
| | The fenestra vestibuli is situated in a depression, called the fossa |
| | ovalis, at the upper part of the inner wall, and it leads into the cavity |
| | of the vestibule. It is irregularly oval, and is elongated from before |
| | backwards. It is occupied by the foot-piece of the stapes, and the |
| | annular ligament which connects the circumference of the foot-piece |
| | to the margin of the opening, the margin being covered by cartilage. |
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| Basion, base.
| | The projection of the facial canal lies above the fenestra ovalis. |
| | The canal, which contains the facial nerve, is here directed backwards, |
| | and has walls of a paper-like thinness. |
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| | The promontory is seen below the fossa ovalis, between it and the |
| | fossa rotunda, and slightly in front of both. It is a rounded promin |
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| Bechterew, nucleus of, superior
| | Mastoid |
| vestibular nucleus.
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| Bell, nerve of, nerve to serratus
| | Antrum |
| anterior.
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| Bellini, ducts of, terminal collecting
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| tubules of kidney.
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| Biceps, having two heads.
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| Bicornis, two-horned.
| | Sinus Tympam Outlet of Facial Canal at |
| | Stylo-mastoid Foramen |
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| Bicuspid (teeth), pre-molar.
| | kiG. 1028. Section through the Petrous and Mastoid Portions of the |
| | Temporal Bone, showing the Tympanum and Mastoid Cells. |
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| Bigelow, Y-shaped ligament of, iliofemoral ligament.
| | ence made by the first turn of the cochlea, and is grooved by the nerves |
| | of the tympanic plexus. |
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| Biventer, having two bellies.
| | The fenestra cochlese is situated in a funnel-shaped depression |
| | called the fossa rotunda, below and behind the promontory. It leads |
| | into the scala tympani of the cochlea, and in the recent state is closed |
| | by the secondary membrane of the tympanum. |
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| Bowman’s capsule, capsule of glomerulus.
| | 1 he sinus tympani is a depression behind the promontory, and |
| | between the fossa ovalis and fossa rotunda. In close relation to this |
| | is the ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal. |
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| Bowman’s membrane, anterior elastic lamina of cornea.
| | The roof of the tympanum is a thin plate of bone, called the tegmen |
| | tympani, which forms part of the anterior surface of the petrous part |
| | of the temporal bone. |
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| Brachium, the arm.
| | The floor, narrower than the roof, is a thin plate of bone which |
| | separates the tympanum from the jugular fossa. |
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| Brachium conjunctivum, superior
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| cerebellar peduncle.
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| Brachium pontis, middle cerebellar
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| peduncle.
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| Brachycephalic, short-headed.
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| Bregma, from a Greek verb meaning
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| ‘ to moisten/
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| Broca, area of, parolfactory area.
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| Broca, band of, diagonal band.
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| Bronchiole, a little bronchus.
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| Bronchus, literally, a draught; the
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| windpipe.
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| Bryant’s triangle, (1) horizontal line
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| from anterior superior spine;
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| (2) vertical line from top of great
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| trochanter; (3) line joining anterior superior spine to top of
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| great trochanter.
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| Bubonocele, a variety of tumour in
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| the groin.
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| Buccinator, a trumpeter.
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| Bulla, a knob; a bubble.
| | THE EAR |
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| Burdach, fasciculus of, fasciculus
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| cuneatus.
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| Burns, falciform process of (ligament
| | 1675 |
| of Hey), superior cornu of saphenous opening.
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| Burns’ space, suprasternal space.
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| Bursa, a sac containing fluid.
| | The anterior wall is narrow, owing to the descent of the roof, and |
| | the inclination towards each other of the outer and inner walls. In |
| | it are the openings of two canals, the upper of which lodges the tensor |
| | tympani muscle, whilst the lower is the osseous part of the pharyngotympanic tube. The two orifices are separated by the margin of the |
| | processus cochleariformis. The carotid canal lies just in front of the |
| | lower part of the anterior wall. |
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| Bursa omentalis, lesser sac.
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| Cacumen, tip, peak, or end.
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| Caecum, blind.
| | Fig. 1029.—Diagrammatic Outline of Tympanum and Associated |
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| | Recesses. |
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| | The posterior wall is formed by the anterior or tympanic surface |
| | of the petrous part of the temporal bone. From above downwards |
| | the following parts are seen: (1) the opening of the mastoid antrum, |
| | which communicates with the attic of the tympanum, or epitympanic |
| | recess; (2) a depression called the fossa incudis, receiving the short |
| | process of the incus* (3) a small conical projection, called the pyramid, |
| | at the summit of which is an opening for the tendon of the stapedius |
| | muscle (posteriorly the canal within the pyramid, which contains the |
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| | Mastoid Antrum |
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|
| GLOSSARY
| |
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| | Lateral Semicirc.C. ~ * |
| | Pyramid • |
| | Sinus Tympanum — |
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| 1700
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| Caeruleus, dark blue.
| | -Epitympanic Recess |
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| Calamus, a reed-pen.
| | -Site of Geniculate Ganglion |
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| Calcaneum, the heel.
| | Fenestra Vestibuli |
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| Calcar, a spur.
| | Promontory |
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| Calcination, reduction to a powder
| | Fenestra Cochleae |
| (or line) by heat.
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| Calcis, of the heel.
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| Calix, a cup or goblet.
| | Fir jo^o_ Diagram to show Course and Relations of Facial Canal on |
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| Callosal convolution, gyrus cinguli.
| | ' 'the Medial and Posterior Walls of the Tympanum. |
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| Calloso-marginal fissure, sulcus cinguli.
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| Callosum, hard, thick.
| | stapedius muscle, passes downwards in the posterior wall of the |
| | tympanum, and communicates with the descending part of the canal |
| | which contains the facial nerve; this explains how the branch of that |
| | nerve to the stapedius reaches the muscle); and (4) the iter chordae |
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| Calvaria ( calva , the bald scalp), the
| | posterius, for the chorda tympani nerve. . |
| upper part of the skull.
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| Canalis reuniens, ductus reuniens.
| | Tympanic Membrane.-This is the membrane which closes the |
| | inner extremity of the external auditory meatus. It is situated on |
| | the outer wall of the tympanum, of which it forms the chief part, and |
| | it is set for the most part in the sulcus tympamcus, which marks the |
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| Cancellated, lattice-formed, reticulated.
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| Canthus, the angle of the eye.
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| Capillary, pertaining to the hair;
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| a vessel of hair-like minuteness.
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| Capitellum, a small head.
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| Capsular, suprarenal.
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| Caput gallinaginis, urethral crest.
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| Caput medusae, varicose veins radiating from umbilicus in portal
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| obstruction.
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| Cardia, the opening of the stomach;
| | 1676 |
| the heart.
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| Cardiac, pertaining to the heart
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| (originally to the stomach).
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| Cardinal, principal or chief.
| | A MANUAL OF ANATOMY |
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| |
|
| Carina, a keel.
| |
|
| |
|
| Carneae, pertaining to flesh.
| | inner surface of the tympanic annulus. Superiorly, however, where |
| | the ring is wanting, the membrane is attached to the tympanic notch |
| | (of Rivinus). This part of it is thinner and looser than the rest, and |
| | is called the membrana flaccida, or Shrapnell’s membrane. The |
| | attachment of the membrana tympani to the sulcus is by a thickened |
| | ring of fibres, called the annulus fibrosus. This annulus passes from |
| | the extremities of the notch to the short process of the malleus in the |
| | form of two bands, the anterior and lateral ligaments of the malleus, |
| | which form the lower boundary of the membrana flaccida. The membrane is set obliquely in the tympanic sulcus, so that its lower part |
| | forms an acute angle with the floor of the meatus externus, and its |
| | upper part an obtuse angle with the roof of the passage. |
|
| |
|
| Carotid, stupefying; or perhaps from
| |
| two Greek words meaning ‘ head ’
| |
| and ‘ ear.’
| |
|
| |
|
| Carpus, the wrist.
| | Superior Ligament of Malleus |
|
| |
|
| Cartilages, alar, lower lateral cartilage.
| |
|
| |
|
| Cartilages, lateral, upper lateral cartilage (of nose).
| | Head of Malleus |
| | Insertion of Tensor Tympani |
|
| |
|
| Cartilages, Santorini, of, corniculate
| | Chorda Tympani Nerve |
| cartilage.
| |
|
| |
|
| Cartilages, Wrisberg, of, cuneiform
| |
| cartilage.
| |
|
| |
|
| Caruncula, a little piece of flesh.
| | Pharyngo-tympanic |
| | Tube |
|
| |
|
| Caruncula sublingualis, sublingual
| |
| papilla.
| |
|
| |
|
| Carunculae myrtiformes, carunculae
| |
| hymenales.
| |
|
| |
|
| | Superior Ligament of Incus |
| | Body of Incus |
|
| |
|
| Cauda, a tail.
| | Attic of Tympanum |
|
| |
|
| Caudate, tailed.
| | ^ Short Process of |
| | Incus |
|
| |
|
| Caudate lobe (O.T.), tail of caudate
| | L ’\ST ^Posterior Liga^ ment of Incus |
| lobe.
| |
|
| |
|
| Cavernous, full of hollows or cavities.
| | s ^_Long Process of |
|
| |
|
| Centimetre (cm.), § of an English
| |
| inch.
| |
|
| |
|
| Cephalic, pertaining to the head.
| | _Processus Orbicu |
| Cerato, horny.
| | 1 & • laris of Incus |
|
| |
|
| Ceruminous, pertaining to wax.
| | y ' 0 _Handle of Malleus |
| Chiasma, two lines placed like an X.
| |
| Choana, a funnel.
| |
|
| |
|
| Choanse, posterior apertures of nose.
| | — |
| Choledochus, bile-receiving.
| |
| Chondral, pertaining to cartilage.
| |
|
| |
|
| Choroid (Chorioid), like skin.
| | _Membrana Tympani |
| Cinereus, ash-coloured.
| |
|
| |
|
| Cingulum, a small girdle.
| |
| Circumflexus, bent around.
| |
| Circumvallate papillae, vallate papillae.
| |
|
| |
|
| Cisterna, a cistern or reservoir.
| |
| Clarke, posterior vesicular column of,
| |
|
| |
|
| thoracic (dorsal) nucleus.
| |
| Claustrum, a bulwark, barrier, or
| |
| inclosure.
| |
|
| |
|
| Clava, a club; gracile tubercle.
| | Fig. 1031.—The Right Membrana Tympani, Malleus, and Incus |
| Clavicle, from clavis, a key, or possibly a hoop-stick.
| | (Internal, Posterior, and Superior View) (Spalteholz). |
|
| |
|
| Cleido-, pertaining to the clavicle.
| |
| Clinoid, like the knob of a bedpost.
| |
| Clitoris, from a Greek verb meaning
| |
| ‘ I shut up ’ or ‘ enclose.’
| |
|
| |
|
| Clivus, a slope.
| | The tympanic membrane is somewhat oval. In the vertical |
| | direction it measures about 10 mm., and horizontally from 8 to 9 mm. |
| | The handle of the malleus lies between the mucous and fibrous layers |
| | of the membrane, and descends to a point a little below its centre, |
| | where it ends in a small knob, from which the radiating fibres of the |
| | membrane proceed. This knob is firmly attached, and, being directed |
| | inwards, the membrane is consequently drawn inwards at that point, |
| | and its outer surface presents a slight conical depression, the deepest |
| | part of which is called the umbo. |
|
| |
|
| Cloaca, a sewer or drain.
| | Structure.— The membrane consists of three layers—external, |
| | middle, and internal. |
|
| |
|
| Coccyx, a cuckoo.
| | The external or cutaneous layer is very thin, and is derived from |
| | the skin of the external meatus. It contains no glands, is freely provided with bloodvessels and nerves, and is covered by stratified |
| | squamous epithelium. |
|
| |
|
| Cochlea, a snail.
| |
|
| |
|
| Cochlea, membranous, duct of cochlea.
| | / |
|
| |
|
| Cochleariformis, spoon-like.
| |
|
| |
|
| Coeliac, pertaining to the belly.
| |
| Colliculus, a little hill.
| |
|
| |
|
| Colliculus, quadrigeminal body.
| |
| Colliculus seminalis, urethral crest.
| |
| Colon, the great gut.
| |
|
| |
|
| Columns, rectal (Morgagni), anal
| |
| columns.
| |
|
| |
|
| Comes, a companion.
| |
|
| |
|
| Comma tract, semilunar tract.
| |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
Line 479: |
Line 468: |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| GLOSSARY
| |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| Complexus, literally, folded together;
| | THE EAR |
| encompassing.
| |
|
| |
|
| Concatenatae, chained together.
| |
| Concatenate glands, deep cervical
| |
| (lymph) glands.
| |
|
| |
|
| Concha, a shell.
| | 1677 |
|
| |
|
| Condyle (‘ knuckle ’), a small round
| | The middle or fibrous layer forms the proper substance of the |
| prominence covered by cartilage.
| | membrane, and consists of fibrous tissue. The fibres are radial and |
| Coni vasculosi, lobules of epididymis.
| | circular. The radial fibres lie beneath the cutaneous layer, and radiate |
| Conjunctiva, connecting.
| | from the handle of the malleus to the annulus fibrosus. The circular |
| Conniventes, winking or blinking.
| | fibres are deep to the radial fibres, and are most numerous towards the |
| Conoid, cone-like.
| | circumference of the membrane. Both sets of fibres are absent from |
| | the membrana flaccida. |
|
| |
|
| Conoid tubercle, coracoid tuberosity.
| | The internal or mucous layer is continuous with the mucous membrane of the tympanum, and is covered by a single layer of squamous |
| Conus arteriosus, infundibulum.
| | epithelium. |
| Conus elasticus, crico-vocal membrane.
| |
|
| |
|
| Convoluta, rolled together.
| | The membrana flaccida, pars flaccida, or Shrapnell’s membrane, has |
| | cutaneous and mucous layers only. These are united by connective |
| | tissue, which is so loosely arranged that the membrane is flaccid. This |
| | part is very liable to perforation. |
|
| |
|
| Coracoid, like a crow or raven.
| | Cone of Light.—Extending from the knob, in which the handle of |
| | the malleus terminates, downwards and inwards to the antero-inferior |
| | margin of the membrana tympani there is seen a specially bright |
| | reflection, triangular in outline, with the apex towards the umbo. |
| | This is called the cone of light. |
|
| |
|
| Cord, vocal, false, vestibular folds.
| | Arterial Supply of the Tympanic Membrane.—(1) Deep auricular |
| Cord, vocal, true, vocal fold.
| | branch of the maxillary artery. This vessel, which passes through the |
| Cordiform, heart-shaped.
| | anterior wall of the external meatus, supplies the cutaneous layer. It |
| | descends from the skin of the roof of the meatus along the course of the |
| | handle of the malleus to the umbo, where it divides into branches |
| | which radiate towards the circumference of the membrane. (2) The |
| | stylo-mastoid branch of the posterior auricular; and (3) the tympanic |
| | branch of the maxillary. The former artery enters the tympanum from |
| | the facial canal, and the latter through the squamo-tympanic fissure. |
| | Branches from them supply the mucous layer, and form an anastomotic |
| | ring around the circumference of the membrane. The fibrous layer |
| | receives its arterial supply from the vessels of the cutaneous and |
| | mucous layers. |
|
| |
|
| Cords (gangliated, lumbo-sacral,
| | The veins join the external and internal jugular. |
| etc.), trunks.
| |
|
| |
|
| Cornea, horny.
| | Nerve-supply.—(1) The auriculo-temporal of the mandibular, (2) the |
| | auricular branch of the vagus, and (3) branches from the tympanic |
| | plexus. |
|
| |
|
| Corniculum, a little horn.
| | Secondary Membrane of the Tympanum.—This membrane closes |
| | the fenestra cochleae on the inner wall of the tympanum, and separates |
| | the tympanic cavity from the scala tympani of the cochlea. It is |
| | concave towards the tympanum, and, like the membrana tympani, |
| | consists of three layers. The external layer is formed by the tympanic |
| | mucous membrane; the middle layer is fibrous; and the internal layer is |
| | formed by the lining membrane of the cochlea. |
|
| |
|
| Cornu ammonis, hippocampus.
| | The mastoid antrum and mastoid air-cells are described with the |
| Coronal, literally, pertaining to a
| | temporal bone on p. 188, while the Eustachian or pharyngo-tympanic |
| crown; transverse.
| | tube is dealt with on p. 1378. |
|
| |
|
| Coronary, encircling.
| |
|
| |
|
| Coronoid, like a crooked beak.
| | 1678 |
| Corpora albicantia (brain), corpora
| |
| mamillaria.
| |
|
| |
|
| Corpus (of long bone), shaft.
| |
|
| |
|
| Corpus adiposum buccae, buccal pad.
| | A MANUAL OF ANATOMY |
| Corpus arantii, nodule (aortic and
| |
| pulmonary valves).
| |
|
| |
|
| Corpus cavernosum penis, corpus
| |
| cavernosum.
| |
|
| |
|
| Corpus cavernosum urethrae, corpus
| | Lateral Process |
| spongiosum.
| | Long Process |
|
| |
|
| Corrugator, a wrinkler.
| |
|
| |
|
| Cortex, the bark or outer covering.
| |
| Costal, pertaining to a rib.
| |
|
| |
|
| Cotyloid, cup-like.
| | Ant. |
|
| |
|
| Cowper’s gland, bulbo-urethral gland.
| | Process |
| Coxa, the hip.
| |
|
| |
|
| Cranium, the skull.
| |
|
| |
|
| Crassum, thick, dense, or bulky.
| | Plandie |
| Cremaster, a suspender.
| |
|
| |
|
| Cribriform, sieve-like.
| |
|
| |
|
| | Fig. 1032.—The Malleus. |
|
| |
|
| 1701
| | 1. anterior view; 2, posterior view. |
|
| |
|
| Cribrosa, perforated with sieve-like
| |
| pores.
| |
|
| |
|
| Cricoid, like a ring.
| | Ossicles of the Tympanum. |
|
| |
|
| Crista tuberculi majoris, lateral lip
| | The tympanum contains three small bones, arranged in the form |
| of bicipital groove. | | of a chain which extends from the membrana tympani to the fenestra |
| | vestibuli. The bones are the malleus, the incus, and the stapes. The |
| | malleus is related to the membrana tympani, the stapes to the fenestra, |
| | and the incus occupies an intermediate position between these two. |
|
| |
|
| Crista tuberculi minoris, medial lip
| | The malleus is so named from its resemblance to a hammer. It is |
| of bicipital groove. | | composed of a head, neck, handle, and two processes, long and short. |
|
| |
|
| Crucial, pertaining to, or shaped like,
| | T 2 The head is the upper, enlarged, |
| a cross.
| |
|
| |
|
| Crural, pertaining to the leg.
| | Facet for incus rounded end. Posteriorly it has |
|
| |
|
| Crural canal, femoral canal.
| | a saddle-shaped facet, directed |
| | obliquely downwards and inwards, |
| | for articulation with the incus in a |
| | synovial joint. The neck is the |
| | constricted part below the head. |
| | The handle (; manubrium) is directed |
| | downwards, inwards, and backwards |
| | from the neck; it is compressed |
| | from before backwards, slightly |
| | curved, and ends in a knob. It |
| | lies between the fibrous and mucous layers of the membrana tympani, |
| | descending to a point a little below the centre of the membrane. It |
| | is firmly attached to the fibrous layer by its periosteum. The tensor |
| | tympani muscle is inserted into the inner part close to its root. The |
| | long or anterior process (processus gracilis ), which is slender, springs |
| | from the front of the neck, and is directed forwards and downwards to |
| | the petro-tympanic fissure, where it is embedded in fibres which form |
| | part of the anterior ligament of the malleus, and connect it to the |
| | margins of the fissure. The long process is in the adult for the most |
| | part replaced by fibrous tissue except close to the neck of the malleus. |
| | In early life it is continuous with Meckel’s cartilage. The short or |
| | lateral process is situated immediately below the long process. It is |
| | directed laterally to the upper part of the |
| | membrana tympani, with which it is connected by the annulus fibrosus. It is also |
| | connected with the extremities of the notch |
| | by the anterior and posterior malleolar |
| | ligaments. |
|
| |
|
| Crural ring, femoral ring.
| | Ihe incus resembles an anvil. It consists |
| | of a body and two processes—short and |
|
| |
|
| Crural septum, femoral septum.
| | long. The body is thick, somewhat four- ^ ~ Head ° f Sta fu |
|
| |
|
| Crus, cerebral peduncle.
| | sided, and laterally compressed. Anteriorly y^ 08 ' |
|
| |
|
| Crusta, basis pedunculi.
| | it presents a saddle-shaped articular surface |
|
| |
|
| Cryptorchismus, concealment of the
| | for the head of the malleus, with which it forms a synovial joint. |
| testis.
| | The short process is directed backwards, is tipped with cartilage, and |
| | articulates with the fossa incudis on the posterior wall of the tympanum. The long process is directed downwards and medially, behind |
|
| |
|
| Cryptozygous, hidden arches.
| |
|
| |
|
| Cubitum, the elbow.
| | Facet |
|
| |
|
| Cucullaris, pertaining to a cowl or
| | for Malleus |
| hood.
| |
|
| |
|
| Culmen, the top or summit.
| | / Short Process |
|
| |
|
| Cuneate, wedge-shaped.
| | / |
| | |
| Cuneiform bone (hand), triquetrum.
| |
| | |
| Cuneus, a wedge.
| |
| | |
| Cupola, a dome.
| |
| | |
| Cymba, a boat or skiff.
| |
|
| |
|
| Cystic, pertaining to the gall-bladder.
| |
| The condition of a thin-walled
| |
| swelling containing fluid or semifluid.
| |
|
| |
|
| Cytoplasm, formative yolk; protoplasm in a cell.
| |
|
| |
|
| Dacryon, a tear.
| | Long Process |
|
| |
|
| Dartos, skinned or flayed.
| |
|
| |
|
| Deciduous, falling away.
| | '*■' Lentiform Nodule for |
| | Head of Stapes |
|
| |
|
| Decussation of lemnisci (fillet), sensory decussation.
| |
|
| |
|
| Deferens, carrying away.
| | THE EAR |
|
| |
|
| Deiters, nucleus of, lateral vestibular
| |
| nucleus.
| |
|
| |
|
| Dens, odontoid process.
| | 1679 |
|
| |
|
| Dens serotinus, wisdom tooth.
| |
|
| |
|
| Dentate fascia, dentate gyrus.
| | and parallel to the handle of the malleus. Its lower extremity is bent |
| | inwards, and becomes narrowed into a neck, upon which is placed a |
| | disc-like knob of bone, called the os orbiculare, which is covered by |
| | cartilage for articulation with the head of the stapes. In early life, |
| | and up to the sixth month of intra-uterine life, this process forms a |
| | separate ossicle. |
|
| |
|
| Descemet’s membrane, posterior elastic lamina of cornea.
| | The stapes resembles a stirrup. It has a head, neck, two crura, |
| | and a foot-piece or base. The head is directed laterally, is concave |
| | and covered by cartilage, and articulates with the processus lenticularis |
| | of the incus. The neck is the constricted part which lies immediately |
| | internal to the head. Posteriorly it gives |
| | insertion to the stapedius muscle. The |
| | crura are anterior and posterior respectively, |
| | and spring from the neck. They diverge as |
| | they pass inwards, and are attached to the |
| | foot-piece near its extremities. The anterior |
| | crus is straighter and shorter than the |
|
| |
|
| Detrusor, from detrudo, I drive away.
| | posterior. The foot-piece or base is some- Malleus |
| | what oval, is directed medially, and occupies incus,, |
| | the fenestra ovalis, which it almost completely fills; its circumference is covered by |
| | cartilage, being attached to the margins of |
| | the fenestra by annular ligamentous fibres. Stapes- |
| | The arch formed by the crura and foot-piece _ ~ |
|
| |
|
| Deutoplasm, literally, wet plasm;
| | is occupied by a delicate membrane, which tympanic Os |
| nutritive yolk.
| | is attached to a slight groove on the inner sicles in Position. |
| | aspect of the arch. |
|
| |
|
| | Development of the Tympanic Ossicles— The malleus and incus are usually |
| | regarded as being developed from the proximal end of Meckel’s cartilage, |
| | which forms the cartilaginous bar of the first or mandibular arch. According to |
| | some authorities, however, the incus is developed from the hyoid bar. The stapes |
| | is developed from the dorsal part of the hyoid bar of the second visceral arch. |
|
| |
|
| | Ligaments of the Ossicles.—The synovial joints between the malleus |
| | and incus and between the incus and stapes are provided with thin |
| | capsular ligaments. The ligaments which connect the ossicles to the |
| | walls of the tympanic cavity are five in number, three of them belonging |
| | to the malleus, one to the incus, and one to the stapes. |
|
| |
|
| | The ligaments of the malleus are anterior, lateral, posterior, and |
| | superior. The anterior ligament is arranged as a fibrous band which |
| | extends from the root of the long process to the petro-tympanic fissure, |
| | through which it passes to be attached to the spine of the sphenoid |
| | bone. The lateral ligament (or malleolar fold) extends from the |
| | short process to the anterior extremity of the tympanic notch. The |
| | posterior ligament extends from the short process to the posterior |
| | extremity of the notch. The superior ligament extends from the head |
| | of the malleus to the roof of the attic or epitympanic recess. |
|
| |
|
| | The ligament of the incus connects the short process, near its |
| | posterior extremity, to the fossa incudis. |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| 1702
| |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| GLOSSARY
| | i68o |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| Dia-, through or between.
| | A MANUAL OF ANATOMY |
|
| |
|
| Diaphragm, a partition.
| |
|
| |
|
| Diaphysis grow between ’), the
| | The annular ligament of the stapes connects the circumference of |
| shaft of a bone, or the part which
| | the foot-piece, which is covered by cartilage, to the margin of the |
| grows between the epiphyses.
| | fenestra vestibuli, which is also covered by cartilage. |
|
| |
|
| Diarthrosis, an ‘ apart ’ joint— i.e.,
| | Muscles of the tympanum are the tensor tympani and the stapedius. |
| a ‘ free ’ joint (the articular surfaces being free to play upon each
| |
| other); synovial joint.
| |
|
| |
|
| Diencephalon, the ’tween-brain or
| | Tensor Tympani— Origin .—(i) The cartilaginous part of the |
| inter-brain; thalamencephalon.
| | pharyngo-tympanic tube; (2) the apex of the petrous part of the |
| | temporal bone; and (3) the wall of the osseous canal through which |
| | the muscle passes. |
|
| |
|
| Digastric, having two bellies.
| | Insertion, —The medial aspect of the handle of the malleus close to |
| | its root. |
|
| |
|
| Diploe, a doubling.
| | Nerve-supply.—A branch from the otic ganglion, and through it |
| | from the internal pterygoid branch of the mandibular division of the |
| | fifth cranial nerve. |
|
| |
|
| Discus proligerus, cumulus ovaricus.
| | The muscle consists of a fleshy belly, about inch long, and a |
| | delicate tendon. In passing backwards to the tympanum it lies in a |
| | canal, the entrance to which is situated within the petro-squamous |
| | angle of the temporal bone. The canal is placed above the osseous |
| | part of the tube, from which it is separated by the processus cochlearifor mis. On entering the tympanum the tendon of the muscle bends |
| | sharply over the edge of the processus cochleariformis, and then passes |
| | laterally to reach its insertion. The tendon forms very nearly a |
| | right angle with the fleshly belly. |
|
| |
|
| Diverticulum, from diverto, ‘ I separate/ or ‘ part/ or ‘ go a different
| | Action. —To render tense the membrana tympani by drawing |
| way.’
| | inwards the handle of the malleus, and along with it the membrane. |
|
| |
|
| Dolichocephalic, long-headed.
| | Stapedius Origin. —The wall of the canal within the pyramid, and |
| | of the continuation of this canal in front of the descending part of the |
| | facial canal. |
|
| |
|
| Dorsal, pertaining to the back
| | The tendon emerges from the canal within the pyramid through a |
| aspect.
| | small orifice on the apex. |
|
| |
|
| Dorsum, the back.
| | Insertion. —The posterior aspect of the neck of the stapes. |
|
| |
|
| Douglas, pouch of, recto-uterine or
| | Nerve-supply. —The facial nerve. |
| recto-vaginal pouch.
| |
|
| |
|
| Douglas, semilunar fold of, arcuate
| | Action. To draw the head of the stapes backwards. The result |
| line.
| | is that the front part of the foot-piece of the stapes is tilted away |
|
| |
|
| Duct, nasal, naso-lacrimal duct.
| | from the vestibule, and its back part is pressed inwards towards the |
| | vestibule. |
|
| |
|
| Ductus deferens, vas deferens.
| | Movements of the Ossicles.—The malleus and incus both act as |
| | levers of the first kind, the fulcra of which are represented by an axis |
| | passing backwards from the slender process of the malleus. When a |
| | sound-wave presses the tympanic membrane inward, the handle of the |
| | malleus travels inward with it, and the head of the malleus, or short |
| | arm of the lever, moves outward. The upper part, or short arm of |
| | the incus lever, must move out too, since it is attached to the head |
| | of the malleus, and the long process moves inward, thus pressing the |
|
| |
|
| Ductus perilymphaticus, aqueduct of
| | stapes into the fenestra ovalis and compressing the perilymph in the |
| cochlea. | | cochlea. |
|
| |
|
| Duodenum, twelve (probably fingerbreadths) .
| | Ihe secondary membrane of the tympanum, stretched across the |
| | fenestra rotunda, is bulged outward by the perilymph, thus allowing |
| | vibrations to travel through that fluid. |
|
| |
|
| Ebur, -oris, ivory.
| |
|
| |
|
| Eburnea, pertaining to ivory.
| | / |
|
| |
|
| Ectopia, a displacement.
| |
|
| |
|
| Efferent, carrying out.
| | THE EAR |
|
| |
|
| Embolif ormis, beak-shaped or wedgeshaped.
| |
|
| |
|
| Emissary, sent out.
| | 1681 |
|
| |
|
| Emulgent, milking, straining out.
| | Mucous Membrane of the Tympanum.—The tympanic mucous |
| | membrane is continuous anteriorly with that of the naso-pharynx |
| | through the pharyngo-tympanic (or Eustachian) tube. Posteriorly it is |
| | prolonged into the mastoid antrum, and thence into the mastoid cells. |
| | It forms the internal layer of the tympanic membrane, and the external |
| | layer of the secondary membrane of the tympanum. It also furnishes |
| | sheaths for the tendons of the tensor tympani and stepedius muscles, |
| | and for the chorda tympani nerve. Two folds extend downwards from |
| | the roof of the attic or epitympanic recess, one in front of and the other |
| | behind the superior ligament of the malleus. The former is connected |
| | with the head of the malleus, and the latter (sometimes described as |
| | the superior ligament of the incus) with the incus. |
|
| |
|
| Enarthrosis, ball-and-socket joint.
| | Attic or Epitympanic Recess and its Pouches.—The part of the |
| | tympanic cavity which lies above the level of the upper margin of the |
| | tympanic membrane is called the attic or epitympanic recess, as distinguished from the atrium or tympanum proper. It contains the |
| | head and neck of the malleus, and the body and short process of the |
| | incus. These divide it incompletely into two compartments—outer |
| | and inner. The outer attic is subdivided into two pouches—superior |
| | and inferior. The superior pouch is partially separated from the |
| | inner attic by the two mucous folds which have been already referred |
| | to as descending from the roof of the attic in front of and behind the |
| | superior ligament of the malleus. The inferior pouch of the outer attic |
| | is known as the pouch of Prussak. It is bounded laterally by the |
| | membrana flaccida, superiorly by the lateral ligament of the malleus, |
| | which partially separates it from the superior pouch, and internally |
| | by the neck of the malleus. The pouch communicates posteriorly |
| | with the tympanic cavity by an opening which is situated a little above |
| | the level of the bottom of the pouch. If fluid, therefore, should |
| | accumulate in Prussak’s pouch, it may readily lead to perforation of |
| | the membrana flaccida. |
|
| |
|
| Encephalon, the contents of the head
| | Two other pouches are present—namely, the anterior and posterior |
| or skull.
| | recesses or pouches of Troltsch. These lie one in front of and the other |
| | behind the handle of the malleus, and are produced by the fold of |
| | mucous membrane which invests the chorda tympani nerve. |
|
| |
|
| Endocardium, ‘ within the heart ’;
| | The tympanic mucous membrane is covered for the most part by |
| the lining membrane of the cardiac | | columnar ciliated epithelium, except over the ossicles and membrana |
| chambers.
| | tympani, where the epithelium consists of a single layer of squamous, |
| | non-ciliated cells. |
|
| |
|
| Endognathion, literally, inner jaw.
| | The tympanic or mastoid antrum is supplementary to the tympanum proper, or cavum tympani, behind which it is situated. It |
| | communicates by a large irregular opening with the attic, and is |
| | lined with mucous membrane, which is continuous with that of the |
| | attic and cavum tympani. Opening from the antrum there are the |
| | mastoid cells, which are lined with mucous membrane, continuous |
| | with that of the antrum. |
|
| |
|
| Endosteum, ‘ within a bone ’; the
| | The average measurements of the antrum are as follows: vertical, |
| medullary membrane.
| | about Q millimetres; antero-posterior, about n millimetres; and |
|
| |
|
| Ensiform, sword-like.
| | 106 |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| Ensiform process, xiphoid process.
| | 1682 |
|
| |
|
| Entomion, a notch.
| |
|
| |
|
| Ependyma, from Greek words meaning ' clothing upon/
| | A MANUAL OF ANATOMY |
|
| |
|
| Ephippium, a saddle.
| |
|
| |
|
| Epi-, upon or over, above.
| | transverse, about 8 millimetres. The roof is formed by the thin |
| | tegmen tympani, which enters into the formation of the middle fossa |
| | of the base of the skull, and is consequently related to the temporal |
| | lobe of the cerebrum and its meninges. The genu and descending |
| | limb of the sigmoid sinus lie behind the antrum, and a little farther |
| | back is the cerebullum. The facial nerve, as it traverses the descending part of its canal, lies in the posterior wall of the cavum tympani, |
| | close to the medial wall and in front of the mastoid antrum. This |
| | part of the nerve is on a plane anterior to the mastoid process, and is |
| | nearly flush with the opening of the antrum. The ampulla of the |
| | lateral semicircular canal of the internal ear gives rise to a slight |
| | eminence on the medial wall at its anterior part. |
|
| |
|
| Epicardium, upon the heart.
| | The lateral wall corresponds on the surface with the area of the |
| | suprameatal triangle of Macewen, and is formed by the postmeatal |
| | plate of the squamous portion of the temporal bone. For a description |
| | of this triangle, which is the region selected for mastoidectomy , and also |
| | for the mastoid cells, see the description of the temporal bone. |
|
| |
|
| Epididymis, upon the testicle.
| | Summary of Important Structures closely related to the Mastoid Antrum. |
|
| |
|
| Epiglottis, cushion of, tubercle of
| | 1. Temporal lobe of cerebrum and its meninges (roof). |
| epiglottis.
| |
|
| |
|
| Epiotic, upon or over the ear.
| | 2. Genu and descending limb of sigmoid sinus, and farther back the cerebellum (posterior wall). |
|
| |
|
| Epiphysis (‘ grow upon ’); a process
| | 3 - Facial nerve (posterior wall of cavum tympani, close to medial wall and |
| of a bone which has a secondary | | nearly flush with antral opening). |
| centre of ossification.
| |
|
| |
|
| Epiploon, from a Greek verb meaning
| | 4 - Lateral semicircular canal (anterior part of medial wall). |
| ‘ to float upon/
| |
|
| |
|
| Epipteric, upon a wing.
| | The upper part of the antrum communicates, as stated, with the |
| | attic of the cavum tympani, but the lower part is shut off by bone from |
| | the cavity of the cavum tympani. |
|
| |
|
| Epipteric bone, sutural bone at
| | The mucous membrane of the mastoid antrum is continuous with |
| pterion.
| | that which lines the mastoid cells. Anteriorly it is also continuous |
| | with the mucous membrane of the attic and cavum tympani or tympanum proper. The mucous membrane of the cavum tympani is |
| | continuous anteriorly with that of the pharyngo-tympanic tube, and |
| | the mucous membrane of the tube is continuous with that of the |
| | naso-pharynx. This extensive and continuous tract of mucous |
| | membrane is covered by columnar ciliated epithelium except in the |
| | following regions: (1) the promontory; (2) the tympanic ossicles; |
| | (3) the tympanic membrane; (4) the mastoid antrum; and (5) the |
| | mastoid cells. In these regions the epithelium consists of a single |
| | layer of squamous, non-ciliated cells. |
|
| |
|
| Epistropheus, axis.
| | It is of considerable importance to note that micro-organisms |
| | may pass from the naso-pharynx through the tube into the cavum |
| | tympani and attic, and thence into the mastoid antrum and mastoid |
| | cells. Purulent affections of these regions may therefore readily be |
| | caused in this manner. Such affections may subsequently involve |
| | (1) the temporal lobe of the cerebrum and its meninges, (2) the genu |
| | and descending limb of the sigmoid sinus, and (3) the internal ear or |
| | labyrinth. |
|
| |
|
| Epoophoron, above the egg-bearing
| |
| organ.
| |
|
| |
|
| Erythroblast, red (cell) germ.
| | / |
|
| |
|
| Ethmoid, like a strainer.
| |
|
| |
|
| Eustachian cushion, tubal elevation.
| | THE EAR |
|
| |
|
| Eustachian spine (of medial pterygoid plate), processus tubarius.
| |
|
| |
|
| Eustachian tube, pharyngo-tympanic
| | 1683 |
| tube.
| |
|
| |
|
| Eustachian valve, valve of inferior
| | Arteries of the Tympanum. —The principal arteries are: (1) the tympanic |
| | branch of the maxillary, and (2) the stylo-mastoid branch of the posterior |
| | auricular. The tympanic artery enters through the petro-tympanic fissure, and |
| | supplies the membrana tympani and front part of the tympanum. The stylomastoid artery enters the facial canal through the stylo-mastoid foramen, and |
| | passes from the descending part of the canal into the tympanum. It supplies |
| | the back part of the cavity and the mastoid cells, and it forms, with the tympanic |
| | artery, a ring round the circumference of the membrana tympani. |
|
| |
|
| vena cava.
| | In addition to the foregoing two arteries, the following three arteries enter |
| | the tympanic cavity: (1) the petrosal branch of the middle meningeal, which |
| | enters from the facial canal, into which it passes through the hiatus; (2) the |
| | tympanic branch of the ascending pharyngeal, which accompanies the nerve |
| | through the tympanic canaliculus; and (3) the tympanic branch of the internal |
| | carotid, which enters by a minute foramen on the posterior wall of the ascending |
| | part of the carotid canal in company with a sympathetic twig from the carotid |
| | plexus. |
|
| |
|
| Exognathion, literally, outer jaw.
| | The veins of the tympanum pass to the pterygoid plexus, the superior petrosal |
| | sinus, the internal jugular vein, and the pharyngeal plexus. |
|
| |
|
| Exomphalos, out of the navel.
| | Nerves of the tympanum are described on pp. 1325 and 1400. |
|
| |
|
| Facet (French, facette, a little face),
| | Internal Ear. |
| a small plane surface, usually
| |
| articular.
| |
|
| |
|
| Falciform, sickle-like.
| | The internal ear is the essential part of the organ of hearing, and |
| | is known as the labyrinth from its remarkable complexity. It consists |
| | of two parts—namely, the osseous labyrinth and the membranous |
| | labyrinth. |
|
| |
|
| Fallopian tube, uterine tube.
| | Osseous Labyrinth. |
|
| |
|
| Falx, a sickle.
| | The osseous labyrinth is a cavity situated within the petrous part |
| | of the temporal bone, and is divided into three parts—namely, the |
| | vestibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. These divisions |
| | are lined with a delicate periosteum, between which and the contained |
| | membranous labyrinth there is a clear fluid, called the perilymph. |
|
| |
|
| Falx aponeurotica inguinalis, conjoint tendon.
| | Vestibule.—The vestibule is the central division of the osseous |
| | labyrinth. The semicircular canals lie behind it, and the cochlea is |
| | situated in front of it. In the lateral wall is the fenestra vestibuii, which |
| | is occupied by the foot-piece of the stapes and its annular ligament. |
| | The medial wall has anteriorly a depression called the fovea spherica |
| | or spherical recess, which corresponds to the lamina cribrosa at the |
| | deep end of the meatus auditorius internus. It is pierced by apertures |
| | for the passage of filaments of the auditory nerve to the saccule. |
| | Behind and above the fovea spherica there is a ridge, called the vestibular crest, which lies obliquely. Posteriorly it bifurcates, and |
| | between its two divisions there is a small depression, called the cochlear |
| | recess, in which are openings for nerve filaments to the canalis cochlese. |
| | Anteriorly it becomes somewhat triangular, and forms a pyramid, |
| | which is pierced by nerves to the utricle. |
|
| |
|
| Fascia, a bandage, or a bundle of
| | The roof of the vestibule, behind and above the crista vestibuii, |
| reeds.
| | has an oval depression, called the elliptical recess, which encroaches on |
| | the inner wall and lodges the recess of the utricle. It is pierced by |
| | nerves to the ampulke of the superior and external semicircular canals. |
| | Below the fovea elliptica is the opening of the aqueduct of the vesti |
|
| |
|
| Fascia bulbi, fascial sheath of eyeball.
| | 1684 |
|
| |
|
| Fascia, Camper’s, superficial layer of
| |
| superficial fascia of anterior abdominal wall.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fascia, Colies’, deep layer of superficial fascia of perineum.
| | A MANUAL OF ANATOMY |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| | bule, which leads to the posterior surface of the petrous part of the |
| | temporal bone about J inch external to the orifice of the meatus |
| | auditorius internus. It transmits the ductus endolymphaticus and |
| | a minute vein. |
|
| |
|
| | Anteriorly the vestibule communicates with the scala vestibuli |
| | of the cochlea, and posteriorly are the five openings of the semicircular |
| | canals. |
|
| |
|
| /
| | Semicircular Canals.—The osseous semicircular canals are situated |
| | behind the vestibule. They are three in number—superior, posterior, |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| | Cupola of Cochlea |
| | Petrous part of Tern- 5 |
|
| |
|
| | poral Bone |
|
| |
|
| GLOSSARY
| |
|
| |
|
| | Facial Canal |
| | A |
|
| |
|
| 1703
| |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| Fascia, coraco-clavicular, clavi-pec
| | Superior Semicircular Canal |
| toral fascia.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fascia infundibular, internal spermatic fascia.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fascia intercolumnar, external spermatic fascia.
| | Fenestra Vestibuli |
|
| |
|
| Fascia, Scarpa’s, deep layer of superficial fascia of anterior abdominal
| | Lateral Semicircular |
| wall.
| | Canal |
|
| |
|
| Fascia, Sibson’s, suprapleural membrane.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fasciculus, a small bundle.
| | Posterior Semicircular |
| | Canal |
|
| |
|
| Fasciola cinerea, splenial gyrus.
| | Vestibule |
|
| |
|
| Fastigium, a roof.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fauces, the throat.
| | Fenestra Cochleae |
|
| |
|
| Fauces, anterior pillar, glosso-palatine arch.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fauces, posterior pillar, pharyngopalatine arch.
| | _ Superior Semicircular Canal |
|
| |
|
| Fel, the gall-bladder.
| |
|
| |
|
| Femur, the thigh.
| | Inner Wall of Canal ' |
| | of Cochlea |
|
| |
|
| Fenestra, an opening, a window.
| | Helicotrema |
|
| |
|
| Fenestra ovalis, fenestra vestibuli.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fenestra rotunda, fenestra cochleae.
| | Lamina Spiralis |
|
| |
|
| Ferruginea, pertaining to iron-rust.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fibula, a buckle, clasp, or brace.
| | Crus Commune of Sup. and |
| | Post. SemicircularCanals |
|
| |
|
| Fillet, lemniscus.
| |
|
| |
|
| Filum, a thread.
| | Posterior Semicircular |
| | Canal |
|
| |
|
| Fimbria, a fringe.
| | Lateral Semicircular |
| | Canal |
| | Elliptical Recess |
| | \ Crista Vestibuli |
| | Spherical Recess |
|
| |
|
| Fimbriatum, fringed.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fissure, a cleft or slit.
| | 1 \ . |
|
| |
|
| Fistula, .a pipe or tube.
| | 1 ' |
|
| |
|
| Flechsig, tract of, posterior spinocerebellar tract.
| | > Orifice of Aqueductus Vestibuli |
| | Recessus Cochlearis |
|
| |
|
| Flocculus, a little lock of wool.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fold, bloodless (Treves), ileo-caecal
| | Fenestra Cochleae |
| fold.
| | Scala T.ympani Scala Vestibuli |
|
| |
|
| Fold, ileo-colic, vascular fold of
| | Fig. 1035. —The Osseous Labyrinth of the Left Side (Lateral View). |
| caecum.
| | A, entire; B opened (Hirschfeld and Leveille; B, modified). |
|
| |
|
| Fold, recto-vesical, sacro-genital fold.
| |
|
| |
|
| Follicle, a small bag or sac.
| | and lateral—and they open into the vestibule by five circular apertures, |
| | the contiguous ends of the superior and posterior canals having a |
| | common orifice. Each canal forms about two-thirds of a circle, and |
| | each presents at one end an enlargement, called the ampulla. The |
| | superior semicircular canal occupies a vertical position, and lies transversely as regards the long axis of the petrous part of the temporal |
| | bone, giving rise to the eminentia arcuata on its superior surface. |
| | Its ampullary end (antero-external) opens independently into the upper |
| | part of the vestibule above the ampullary orifice of the external canal. |
|
| |
|
| Fontana, spaces of, spaces of iridocorneal angle.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fontanelle, a small spring.
| |
|
| |
|
| Foramen, an aperture or a hole.
| |
|
| |
|
| Forceps, a claw of a beetle.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fornicatus, pertaining to an arch.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fornix, an arch or a vault.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fossa, a ditch or trench.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fossa, antecubital, cubital.
| |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| Fossa ovalis, saphenous opening.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fossa, rhomboid, floor of fourth
| |
| ventricle.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fossa, spheno-maxillary, pterygopalatine fossa.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fourchette, a fork.
| | THE EAR |
|
| |
|
| Fovea, a small pit.
| |
|
| |
|
| Foveola, a very small pit.
| | 1685 |
|
| |
|
| Frenulum, a small bridle.
| |
|
| |
|
| Frenum, a bridle.
| | Its non-ampullary end unites with the non-ampullary end of the |
| | posterior canal to form the crus commune, and the two open by a |
| | common orifice into the vestibule. The posterior semicircular canal |
| | arches backwards towards the posterior surface of the pars petrosa, |
| | with which it is almost parallel, and, like the superior, it occupies a |
| | vertical position. Its ampullary end (inferior) opens independently |
| | into the lower and back part of the vestibule, and its non-ampullary |
| | end, as just stated, joins that of the superior canal. The lateral |
| | semicircular canal arches outwards, and occupies a horizontal position. |
| | Its extremities are independent of those of the other two canals, |
| | and they open by separate apertures into the upper and back part |
| | of the vestibule. Its ampullary end is in front. |
|
| |
|
| Frontal, pertaining to the forehead.
| | Cochlea.—The osseous cochlea is situated in front of the vestibule. |
| | It consists of a tube coiled spirally upon itself, like a snail s shell, |
|
| |
|
| Frontal spine (of frontal), nasal spine.
| |
|
| |
|
| Fundiform, sling-like.
| |
|
| |
|
| Funicular, pertaining to a cord.
| | Fig. 1036. _Median Section of the Left Osseous Cochlea of Man |
|
| |
|
| Funiculus, a slender rope, a cord.
| | from Apex to Base (Arnold). |
|
| |
|
| Furcalis, pertaining to a two-pronged
| |
| fork.
| |
|
| |
|
| Furcula, a small two-pronged fork.
| | S.V. Scala Vestibuli |
| | S.T. Scala Tympani |
|
| |
|
| Fusca, dark or dusky.
| |
|
| |
|
| Galactophorous, milk-carrying.
| | L.S.O. Lamina Spiralis Ossea |
| | C.C. Central Canal of Modiolus |
|
| |
|
| Galea, a helmet.
| |
|
| |
|
| Galea aponeurotica, epicranial aponeurosis.
| | M.A.I. Internal Auditory Meatus |
|
| |
|
| Galen, great vein of, great cerebral
| |
| vein.
| |
|
| |
|
| Galen, veins of, internal cerebral
| | and is conical. Its base is opposite the lamina cribrosa at the deep |
| veins.
| | end of the meatus auditorius interims; and its apex, known as the |
| | cupola is directed outwards and slightly forwards towards the canal |
| | which contains the tensor tympani muscle. Its length from base to |
| | apex is about i inch. It consists of (1) a winding tube, called the |
| | spiral canal of the cochlea ; (2) a central pillar, called the modiolus, |
| | round which the spiral canal turns; and (3) a thin plate of bone, called |
| | the osseous spiral lamina, which winds spirally round the modiolus |
| | and projects into the spiral canal of the cochlea. . . |
|
| |
|
| Gallinaginis, of a woodcock.
| | The spiral canal of the cochlea (cochlear canal or tube) winds round |
| | the modiolus which forms its inner wall. It describes two and threenuarter turns, and its basal turn or coil gives rise to the promontory on |
| | the inner wall of the tympanum. At the cupola it ends in a blind |
| | extremity. It gradually diminishes in size from base to cupola; its |
|
| |
|
| Gallus, a cock.
| |
|
| |
|
| Ganglion, a swelling or excrescence.
| |
|
| |
|
| Ganglion, aortico-renal, lower part
| | i686 |
| of coeliac ganglion.
| |
|
| |
|
| Ganglion, Gasserian, trigeminal ganglion.
| |
|
| |
|
| Ganglion, jugular (O.T.), superior
| | A MANUAL OF ANATOMY |
| ganglion of ninth.
| |
|
| |
|
| Ganglion, jugular (B.N.A.), superior
| |
| ganglion of tenth.
| |
|
| |
|
| Ganglion, lenticular, ciliary ganglion.
| | length is about 32 millimetres; and its diameter is about 2 millimetres |
| | at the base, where it is greatest. |
|
| |
|
| Ganglion, Meckel’s, spheno-palatine
| | The modiolus is the central pillar round which the spiral canal of |
| ganglion. | | the cochlea turns, and it forms the inner wall of that canal. It commences at the cochlear area of the lamina cribosa at the deep end of the |
| | internal auditory meatus, and extends almost to the cupola, gradually |
| | tapering. It is traversed by minute canals for branches of the cochlear |
| | division of the auditory nerve. One of these canals occupies the |
| | centre of the modiolus, and is called the central canal of the modiolus. |
| | This canal begins at the foramen centrale of the cochlear area of the |
| | lamina cribrosa, and it transmits the nerve-filaments for the apical |
| | coil. The other canals, which have no special name, commence at |
| | the tractus spiralis foraminosus of the cochlear area of the lamina |
| | cribrosa, and they transmit the nerve-filaments for the other coils— |
| | middle and basal. At successive levels these canals change their |
| | direction, and pass outwards to the attached margin of the lamina |
| | spiralis, to be presently described. Here they coalesce and form a |
| | winding canal, called the spiral canal of the modiolus, which lodges |
| | the spiral ganglion or ganglion of Corti. From this canal secondary |
| | canals for nerve-filaments pass into the lamina spiralis. |
|
| |
|
| Ganglion nodosum (B.N.A.), inferior ganglion of tenth.
| | The osseous spiral lamina is a thin plate of bone, which winds |
| | spirally round the modiolus, to which it is attached. It projects from |
| | the modiolus into the spiral canal of the cochlea throughout the windings |
| | of the latter, and it extends for about half-way towards the outer wall |
| | of the cochlear canal. It divides that canal incompletely into two |
| | passages or scalar —an upper or scala vestibuli, and a lower or scala |
| | tympani, the commencement of which is at the fenestra cochleae. |
| | Close to the cupola the lamina spiralis terminates in a hook-like process, |
| | called the hamulus. The spiral lamina consists of two plates of bone, |
| | between which there are canals for nerve-filaments, these canals being |
| | offsets of the spiral canal of the modiolus, which, as has been said, |
| | contains the spiral ganglion or ganglion of Corti. They extend to the |
| | free margin of the spiral lamina. The free margin of the lamina |
| | spiralis is, in the recent state, attached to the outer wall of the spiral |
| | canal of the cochlea by means of the basilar membrane or basilar |
| | lamina, and the scala vestibuli and scala tympani are now completely |
| | separated, except in the region of the hamulus, where they communicate |
| | through an opening, called the helicotrema. |
|
| |
|
| Ganglion, ophthalmic, ciliary ganglion.
| | The lamina cribrosa, at the deep end of the internal auditory |
| | meatus, will be found described in connection with the temporal |
| | bone (p. 190). |
|
| |
|
| Ganglion, petrous (O.T. and B.N.A.),
| | At the lower end of the scala tympani is the upper opening of the |
| | aqueductus cochleae, which passes downwards and medially to the |
| | posterior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone. It transmits |
| | a small vein to the inferior petrosal sinus, and establishes a communication between the scala tympani and the subarachnoid space. |
|
| |
|
| inferior ganglion of ninth.
| |
|
| |
|
| Ganglion, semilunar, trigeminal ganglion.
| |
|
| |
|
| | THE EAR |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| | 1687 |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| | Membranous Labyrinth. |
|
| |
|
| | The membranous labyrinth is situated within the osseous labyrinth, |
| | and its constituent parts receive the terminal branches of the auditory |
| | nerve. It is separated from the periosteal lining of the osseous labyrinth by the perilymph, and it contains the fluid known as the endolymph. In the case of the vestibule and the osseous semicircular |
| | canals the. membranous labyrinth corresponds more or less with |
| | them; but in the case of the osseous cochlea it forms part of the septum |
| | between the scala tympani and scala vestibuli, and contains a passage |
| | called the membranous canal of the cochlea (ductus cochleae). |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| 1704
| |
|
| |
|
| | Fig. 1037. —Diagram of Membranous Labyrinth. |
|
| |
|
| GLOSSARY
| | Vestibular Part of the Membranous Labyrinth.—The vestibule |
| | contains two membranous sacs—namely, the utricle and the saccule |
|
| |
|
| | _which are in close contact, but do not communicate with each other |
|
| |
|
| Ganglion, stellate, first thoracic
| | directly. These sacs contain endolymph. |
| ganglion.
| |
|
| |
|
| Ganglion, submaxillary, submandibular ganglion.
| | The utricle is the larger of the two sacs, and into it the membranous |
| | semicircular ducts open. It occupies the upper and back part of the |
| | vestibule, a portion of it, known as the recessus utriculi, lying in the |
| | fovea elliptica. Near the crista vestibuli the wall of this recess receives |
| | fibres of the auditory nerve and is thickened, this part of it being called |
| | the macula utriculi. From the anterior and medial part of the utricle |
| | a minute canal, called the ductus utriculi («ductus utriculo-saccularis ), |
| | passes to join the ductus sacculi, and so form the ductus endolymphaticus (see Fig. 1037). |
|
| |
|
| Gartner’s duct, duct of epoophoron.
| |
| Gastric, pertaining to the stomach.
| |
|
| |
|
| Gastrocnemius, the belly of the
| |
| leg.
| |
|
| |
|
| Gemellus, paired or double.
| |
|
| |
|
| Geminus, twin or twofold.
| |
|
| |
|
| Geniculate, knee-like.
| |
|
| |
|
| Genio-, pertaining to the chin.
| |
| Gennari, stria of, visual stria.
| |
|
| |
|
| Genu, the knee.
| |
|
| |
|
| Gerota’s capsule, renal fascia.
| | 1688 |
| Giacomini, banderella or frenulum,
| |
| tail of dentate gyrus.
| |
|
| |
|
| Gimbernat’s ligament, pectineal part
| |
| of inguinal ligament.
| |
|
| |
|
| Ginglymus, a hinge.
| | A MANUAL OF ANATOMY |
|
| |
|
| Ginglymus, hinge-joint.
| |
|
| |
|
| Giraldes, organ of, paradidymis.
| | The saccule, which is somewhat oval, lies in front of the utricle, |
| Glabella, without hair; smooth.
| | and occupies the fovea spherica, where it is near the opening leading |
| Gladiolus, a small sword.
| | into the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. Through the openings of the |
| | fovea spherica it receives filaments of the auditory nerve, and this |
| | portion of the saccule, being thickened, is known as the macula sacculi. |
| | Interiorly the saccule is connected with a small canal, called the |
| | ductus reuniens, which opens into the canal of the cochlea, or ductus |
| | cochlearis, not far from its closed vestibular end. From the posterior |
| | part of the saccule a minute canal, called the ductus sacculi, passes off, |
| | which is soon joined by the ductus utriculi, and so the ductus endolymphaticus is formed. This latter duct traverses the aqueductus |
| | vestibuli, and, having reached the posterior surface of the petrous |
| | part of the temporal bone, it ends in a small blind dilatation, called the |
| | saccus endolymphaticus , which lies beneath the dura mater. The saccule |
| | and utricle are thus indirectly connected by means of the ductus sacculi |
| | and ductus utriculi; and the saccule communicates with the ductus |
| | cochlearis by means of the ductus reuniens. |
|
| |
|
| Gladiolus, body of sternum.
| | Semicircular Ducts.—The membranous semicircular ducts correspond in outline to the osseous semicircular canals, within which they |
| | lie; they form about two-thirds of a circle, and each has an ampulla |
| | at one end, which is situated within the ampulla of the osseous canal. |
| | They are elliptical in transverse section, and open into the utricle by |
| | five orifices, the non-ampullated ends of the superior and posterior |
| | canals being united, so that these two open by a common orifice |
| | forming the crus commune. The convex wall of each canal is attached |
| | to the periosteal lining of the osseous canal, whilst the concave wall is |
| | practically free from the osseous wall, and is bathed by the perilymph. |
| | These canals contain endolymph. |
|
| |
|
| Gland, Bartholin’s, greater vestibular
| | Structure.—The walls of the utricle, saccule, and membranous |
| gland.
| | semicircular canals consist of three layers: an outer or fibrous layer, |
| | which is vascular; a middle layer, or membrana propria, which is translucent; and an inner or epithelial layer. In each ampulla the middle |
| | layer, or membrana propria, projects into the cavity of the canal from |
| | the peripheral wall, this projecting part being known as the septum |
| | transversum. It partially divides the interior of the ampulla into two |
| | compartments, and its free margin, which is covered by the auditory |
| | epithelium, is called the crista acustica or ampullaris. The epithelial |
| | layer consists of a single stratum of squamous cells, except in those |
| | regions to which the filaments of the auditory nerve are distributed. These regions are as follows: (i) the macula (acustica) |
| | utriculi; (2) the macula (acustica) sacculi; and (3) the crista of each |
| | ampulla. |
|
| |
|
| Gland, Cowper’s, bulbo-urethral
| | The macula utriculi is the thickened part of the antero-inferior wall |
| gland.
| | of the recessus utriculi, and is lined with auditory epithelium. The |
| | macula is covered by calcareous particles, called otoconia, which |
| | consist of crystals of calcium carbonate. The macula sacculi is the |
| | thickened part of the anterior wall of the saccule, and is also lined with |
| | auditory epithelium covered by otoconia. The crista ampullaris, as |
|
| |
|
| Glenoid, like a shallow socket.
| |
| Glisson’s capsule, hepato-biliary capsule.
| |
|
| |
|
| Globosus, round or spherical.
| | THE EAR |
| Globus, a globe or sphere.
| |
| Glomerulus, a small ball of thread.
| |
| Glosso-, pertaining to the tongue.
| |
| Glottis, the mouthpiece of a flute.
| |
| Gluteal, pertaining to the buttock.
| |
|
| |
|
| Gnathic, pertaining to the jaw.
| |
| Gnathion, the jaw.
| |
|
| |
|
| Gomphosis, a bolting together.
| | 1689 |
| Gonion, an angle.
| |
|
| |
|
| Gracilis, slender.
| |
|
| |
|
| Grisea, grey.
| | we have seen, is the free margin of the septum trailsversum in each |
| | ampulla, and is covered by auditory epithelium. |
|
| |
|
| Gubernaculum, a rudder.
| | The auditory epithelium is of the columnar variety, and consists of |
| | two kinds of cells, auditory and sustentacular. The auditory cells are |
| | nucleated, and each is provided at its free extremity with a slender, |
| | tapering, hair-like filament, which projects into the cavity. These |
| | filaments are sometimes spoken of collectively as auditory hairs, and |
| | the cells are hence called hair-cells. Their deep extremities fall short |
| | of the membrana propria. The sustentacular cells lie between the haircells, and are elongated and nucleated. Their deep extremities are |
| | attached to the membrana propria, and their free extremities give rise |
| | to a kind of limiting membrane. The auditory nerve-fibres pierce |
| | the membrana propria, and, having lost their medullary sheaths, the |
| | axons end in arborizations round the deep ends of the auditory or |
| | hair cells. |
|
| |
|
| Gula, the gullet.
| | Superior Semicircular Duct |
|
| |
|
| Gustatory, pertaining to taste.
| |
| Guttural, pertaining to the throat.
| |
| Gyrus, a circle; a crook.
| |
|
| |
|
| | Lateral Semicircular Duct i |
|
| |
|
| Habenula, a small thong or rein.
| |
| Hsemorrhoidal, associated with
| |
| haemorrhoids.
| |
|
| |
|
| Hallux, the great toe.
| | Posterior Semicircular Duct |
|
| |
|
| Ham, a thing bent or crooked.
| |
| Hamular, hook-shaped.
| |
|
| |
|
| Harmonia, a fitting together.
| |
| Hartmann’s pouch, sacculation at
| |
| junction of neck and body of gallbladder.
| |
|
| |
|
| Hassall, corpuscles of (thymus), concentric corpuscles.
| | Facial Nerve |
|
| |
|
| Haustrum, a machine for drawing
| |
| water.
| |
|
| |
|
| Heister’s valves, spiral valve.
| | Crus Commune of Superior and |
| Helicine, spiral.
| | ' l Posterior Semicircular Ducts |
|
| |
|
| Helicotrema, hole of a spiral.
| | j r Ampulla |
|
| |
|
| Helix, a coil or spiral.
| | _ l Nerve to Ampulla |
| | Nerve to Utricle |
| | ~ . Nerve to Saccule |
| | _ Cochlear Nerve |
|
| |
|
| Hepar, the liver.
| |
|
| |
|
| Hepatic, pertaining to the liver.
| | Fig. 1038. —The Membranous Semicircular Ducts, showing the Distribution of the Branches of the Auditory Nerve to their Ampullae |
| Hernia, a sprout; a rupture.
| |
| Hesselbach’s triangle, inguinal triangle.
| |
|
| |
|
| Hiatus, a gap.
| | (Breschet). |
|
| |
|
| Hiatus Fallopii, hiatus for superficial
| | Membranous Cochlea.—The membranous cochlea is situated within |
| petrosal nerve.
| | the osseous cochlea, and fills the gap which is left by the lamina |
| | spiralis. It consists of two membranes, the basilar membrane and the |
| | vestibular membrane (membrane of Reissner, Fig. 1040), which enclose |
| | between them the ductus cochlearis, or scala media. 1 he osseous |
| | cochlea in the recent state is therefore divided into three spiral |
| | passages—the scala tympani, the scala vestibuli, and the ductus |
| | cochlearis. The scala vestibuli is continuous with the scala tympani |
| | at the cupola through an aperture, called the helicotrema ; and at the |
| | base of the cochlea it opens upon the anterior wall of the vestibule. |
| | The scala tympani begins at the fenestra cochleae, and in the recent |
| | state is separated from the tympanic cavity by the secondary membrane of the tympanum. The scala media, or ductus cochlearis, |
| | communicates near its lower end with the saccule by means of the ductus |
| | reuniens. The scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain perilymph, |
| | which is continuous with the perilymph of the vestibule and osseous |
| | semicircular canals. The scala media contains endolymph, which is |
| | continuous with that of the saccule, |
|
| |
|
| Highmore, antrum of, maxillary
| |
| sinus.
| |
|
| |
|
| Hilum, a little thing; a trifle.
| |
|
| |
|
| Hippocampus, a seahorse.
| |
| Hippocampus major, hippocampus.
| |
| Hippocampus minor, calcar avis.
| |
| Hircina, pertaining to a goat.
| |
|
| |
|
| His, bundle of, atrio-ventricular
| | 1690 |
| bundle.
| |
|
| |
|
| Homodynamic]
| |
|
| |
|
| Homogenesis see Chapter I.
| | A MANUAL OF ANATOMY |
| Homologous )
| |
|
| |
|
| Houston’s valves, horizontal folds of
| |
| rectum.
| |
|
| |
|
| Huguier, canal of, anterior canaliculus for chorda tympani.
| | Basilar Membrane.—The basilar membrane extends from the free |
| | margin of the lamina spiralis to the crista basilaris, or lower part of |
| | the spiral ligament, a thickening of the periosteum of that part of the |
| | outer wall of the cochlea which forms the outer wall of the scala media, |
| | or ductus cochlearis. It separates the ductus cochlearis from the scala |
| | tympani, and is divisible into two zones, inner and outer. The inner |
| | is called the zona arcuata, and supports the spiral organ. The outer |
| | is known as the zona pectinata, and extends from the foot-plates of |
| | the outer rods of this organ to the crista basilaris. The basilar membrane consists of a homogeneous membrana propria, with fibres embedded in it, the fibres being most numerous in the zona pectinata. |
|
| |
|
| Humerus, the upper part of the arm;
| | Vestibular Membrane, or Membrane of Reissner.—This is a delicate |
| the shoulder. | | membrane which extends from the upper surface of the lamina spiralis |
| | a short distance from its free margin to the outer wall of the cochlea, |
| | where it is attached to the periosteum a little above the outer attachment of the basilar membrane. It separates the cochlear duct from the |
| | scala vestibuli, and consists of very delicate connective tissue lined on |
| | each side with a single layer of squamous epithelium. |
|
| |
|
| Hunter’s canal, subsartorial canal.
| |
| Hyaline, glassv.
| |
|
| |
|
| Hyaloid, like glass.
| | Osseous Spiral Lamina |
|
| |
|
| Hydatid, a watery vesicle.
| |
|
| |
|
| Hydrocele, a watery tumour.
| | Vestibular Membrane |
| | Basilar Membiane |
|
| |
|
| Hymen, the marriage deity.
| |
|
| |
|
| | Scala Vestibuli |
|
| |
|
| /
| | Ductus Cochlearis |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| | Sc' NYll ESy/: ,'-.; |
|
| |
|
| | | Scala Tympan* |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| GLOSSARY
| | Fig. 1039. |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| 1705
| | -Vertical Section of the Cochlea of a Fcetal Calf, showing |
| | THE SCALAE AND MODIOLUS (KoLLIKER). |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| Hyoid, like the Greek letter upsilon.
| | The scala media, or ductus cochlearis, is situated between the |
| | basilar membrane and the vestibular membrane. It is triangular in |
| | transverse section, and has a roof, an outer wall, and a floor. The |
| | roof is formed by the vestibular membrane (see Fig. 1040). The |
| | outer wall is the wall of the cochlea and its periosteum, between the |
| | external attachments of the basilar membrane and the vestibular |
| | membrane. The periosteum in this region is much thickened, and |
| | forms the spiral ligament of the cochlea, the lower part of which gives |
| | rise to the crista basilaris. The floor is formed by the basilar membrane, and a part of the upper surface of the lamina spiralis. It has |
| | been seen that the basilar membrane separates the ductus cochlearis |
| | from the scala tympani. The ductus ends above in a closed extremity |
| | at the cupola, and it has a similar ending at the base of the cochlea. |
| | Near its lower blind extremity it receives the ductus reuniens, by |
| | which it communicates with the saccule. |
|
| |
|
| Hypo-, beneath or under.
| | It has just been shown that part of the floor of the cochlear duct |
| | is formed by some of the lamina spiralis. In the recent state it is |
| | of some thickness, which is due to a thickening of its periosteal |
|
| |
|
| Hypophysis, ‘ grow beneath.’
| |
|
| |
|
| Hypothenar, beneath the palm of the
| | / |
| hand.
| |
|
| |
|
| Ileum, implying twists or coils.
| |
|
| |
|
| Ilium, literally of the soft parts—
| |
| i.e., of the flank; os ilium, the bone
| |
| of the flank.
| |
|
| |
|
| Ima, lowest.
| |
|
| |
|
| Impar, dissimilar (in number), unequal.
| | THE EAR |
|
| |
|
| Incisivus, cutting into.
| |
|
| |
|
| Incisura jugularis, suprasternal notch.
| | 1691 |
|
| |
|
| Incisura scapularis, suprascapular
| |
| notch.
| |
|
| |
|
| Incisura semilunaris (ulna), trochlear
| | covering. This fibrous thickening forms the limbus laminae spiralis |
| notch.
| | (see Fig. 1040). |
|
| |
|
| Infundibuliform, funnel-shaped.
| | Its outer margin is crescentic, the deep notch being called the sulcus lamince |
| | spiralis. The sulcus has two lips, upper and lower. The upper is called the |
| | labium vestibulare, the upper surface of which is marked by several interlacing |
| | prominences and grooves. At the free margin of this labium the prominences |
| | assume the form of tooth-like projections, which are known as the auditory |
| | teeth. The lower lip of the sulcus is called the labium tympanicum. It is continued into the basilar membrane, and is perforated by a great number of apertures |
| | for the branches of the cochlear division of the auditory nerve. |
|
| |
|
| Infundibulum, a funnel.
| | Spiral Organ (of Corti).—Over the upper surface of the inner part |
| | (zona arcuata) of the basilar membrane the epithelium undergoes |
|
| |
|
| Inguinal, pertaining to the groin.
| |
|
| |
|
| Inion, literally, the occiput.
| |
|
| |
|
| Innominatum, unnamed.
| | Fig. 1040.—The Organ of Corti (Wiedersheim, after Lavdowsky). |
|
| |
|
| Insula, an island.
| |
|
| |
|
| Intercalary, inserted.
| | 1. Spiral Ligament |
|
| |
|
| Internodium, the space between two
| | 2. Limbus |
| knots or joints.
| |
|
| |
|
| Interparietal bone, membranous part
| | 3. Sulcus Spiralis |
| of occipital as a separate bone.
| |
|
| |
|
| Interpositum, placed between.
| | 4. Inner Rod of Corti |
|
| |
|
| Interstitial, belonging to interstices
| | 5. Outer Rod of Corti |
| or small parts between the main
| |
| parts of bodies.
| |
|
| |
|
| Intertubercular sulcus, bicipital
| | 6. Tunnel of Corti |
| groove.
| |
|
| |
|
| Intumescentia, enlargement (spinal
| | 7. Phalangeal Process of Outer Rod |
| cord).
| |
|
| |
|
| Iris, the rainbow.
| | 8. Inner Hair-cells |
|
| |
|
| Ischiatic, pertaining to the hip.
| |
|
| |
|
| Ischium, the hip.
| | 9. Outer Hair-cells |
|
| |
|
| Isthmus, faucium, oro-pharyngeal
| | 10. Cells of Deiters |
| isthmus.
| |
|
| |
|
| Isthmus rhombencephali, upper constricted end of fourth ventricle.
| | 11. Lamina Reticularis |
|
| |
|
| Iter, a passage or road.
| | 12. Cells of Hensen |
|
| |
|
| Jacobson, cartilage of, sub-vomerine
| | 13. Cells o Claudius |
| cartilage.
| |
|
| |
|
| Jacobson, organ of, vomero-nasal
| | 14. Spiral Ganglion |
| organ.
| |
|
| |
|
| | 15. Cochlear Nerve |
|
| |
|
| Jacobson’s nerve, tympanic nerve.
| | 16. Nerve-fibres to Hair-cells |
|
| |
|
| Jejunum, empty or hungry.
| |
|
| |
|
| Jugal, yolking.
| | remarkable modification, and gives rise to the spiral organ or organ |
| | of Corti. The constituent parts of this very complicated organ are as |
|
| |
|
| Jugular, pertaining to the throat.
| | follows: |
|
| |
|
| Jugular notch (B.N.A.), suprasternal
| | 1 The rods of Corti. 4. The cells of Hensen and of Claudius. |
| notch.
| |
|
| |
|
| Jugum, a yolk.
| | 2 The auditory or hair cells. 5 - The lamina reticularis. |
|
| |
|
| Kerckring, ossicle, occasional centre
| | 3! The cells of Deiters. 6. The membrana tectona. |
| in posterior margin of foramen
| |
| magnum.
| |
|
| |
|
| Key and Retzius, foramina of
| | The rods of Corti are arranged in two rows, inner and outer (see |
| | Fig 1041). Each rod consists of a foot-plate or base, an intermediate |
| | portion, and a head. The foot-plate, which is expanded, rests upon |
| | the zona arcuata of the basilar membrane, and the foot-plates of the |
| | inner rods are separated from those of the outer rods by a slight |
| | interval. As the rods rise the intermediate portions of the inner and |
|
| |
|
| (Luschka), lateral apertures of
| |
| fourth ventricle.
| |
|
| |
|
| Kobelt’s tubes, epoophoron.
| |
|
| |
|
| Labbe, vein of, inferior anastomotic
| |
| vein (connects superficial middle
| |
| cerebral with transverse sinus).
| |
|
| |
|
| Labrum, a basin.
| |
|
| |
|
| Lacertus fibrosus, bicipital aponeurosis.
| |
|
| |
|
| Laciniosum, full of folds, indented,
| | 1692 |
| jagged.
| |
|
| |
|
| Lacrimal, pertaining to tears.
| |
|
| |
|
| Lacteal, pertaining to milk.
| | A MANUAL OF ANATOMY |
|
| |
|
| Lactiferous, milk-carrying.
| |
|
| |
|
| Lacuna, a hollow or cavity.
| | outer rods incline towards each other, and the heads of the two sets |
| | of rods come into contact. In this manner a triangular tunnel is |
| | enclosed between the two sets of rods and the basilar membrane, |
| | which is called the tunnel of Corti. This extends along the entire |
| | length of the ductus cochlearis. |
|
| |
|
| Lacunee (of sagittal sinus), lacunae
| |
| laterales.
| |
|
| |
|
| Lacunar, pertaining to a hollow or
| | phalangeal |
| gap.
| |
|
| |
|
| Lacunar ligament, pectineal part of
| | PROCESS |
| inguinal ligament.
| |
|
| |
|
| Lamella, a small plate.
| |
|
| |
|
| Lamina, a plate.
| | IfSNER ROD |
|
| |
|
| Lamina cinerea, lamina terminalis.
| |
|
| |
|
| Lamina cribrosa, medial boundary
| |
| of internal auditory meatus.
| |
|
| |
|
| Lamina papyracea, orbital plate of
| | BASILAR. MEMBRANE |
| ethmoid.
| |
|
| |
|
| Lamina quadrigemina, tectum.
| |
|
| |
|
| Lateral, on the side of. Used in
| | The inner rods are more numerous than the outer, there being from |
| reference to the sagittal plane of
| | 5,000 to 6,000 of the former and about 4,000 of the latter. They |
| the body.
| | incline upwards and outwards. The head of each has a concavity on |
| | its outer side, above and below which there is a projecting portion, so |
|
| |
|
| Lateral mass (ethmoid), labyrinth.
| | that it resembles the upper extremity |
| | of the ulna, with its great sigmoid |
| | cavity and olecranon and coronoid |
| | processes. The concavity on the head |
| | of the inner rod receives the round |
| | head of the outer rod. Finally, the |
| | tic. 1041. A Pair of Rods of inner rods are shorter than the outer. |
| | Corti from the Rabbit’s Coch- The ou + pr rn d<? lpcc nnmprrmQ |
|
| |
|
| Lateral sinus, transverse sinus.
| | lea (Side View, highly mag- An ? ouler * oas j ^ re . Aess nui ? e 5 , 0US |
|
| |
|
| Latissimus, broadest.
| | nified) (Schafer, in Quain’s ? nd lon § er than the inner, and they |
|
| |
|
| Latum, broad.
| | ‘Anatomy’). ~ incline upwards and inwards. The |
|
| |
|
| Lemniscus, a ribbon.
| | head of each is divisible into two |
| | parts—inner and outer. Ihe inner part is round, and is received |
| | mto the concavity on the outer aspect of the head of the inner rod. |
| | The outer part is prolonged into a beak-like projection, called the |
| | phalangeal process, which forms part of the lamina reticularis, to be |
| | presently described. |
|
| |
|
| | The auditory or hair cells are arranged in two sets—inner and |
| | outer. Ihe inner hair-cells lie internal to the row of inner rods, and |
| | form a single row. They are from 3,000 to in number. Their |
|
| |
|
| | free extremities, which lie close to the heads of the inner rods, are each |
| | provided with a tuft of short, hair-like filaments. The deep, nucleated |
| | ends of the cells are related to the terminal arborizations of nervefibres. Internal to the row of inner hair-cells there are two or more |
| | rows of columnar cells, which are continuous with the columnar |
| | epithelium of the sulcus spiralis laminae. The outer hair-cells are |
| | disposed in three or four rows external to the outer row of rods. They |
| | are much more numerous than the inner hair-cells. Their free extremities, like those of the inner cells, are each provided with a tuft |
| | of short, hair-like filaments, and their deep, nucleated ends are related |
| | to the terminal arborizations of nerve-fibres. |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| | 1 he cells of Deiters, which are sustentacular, are situated between |
| | the rows of outer hair-cells. Each cell is nucleated and contains a |
| | slender filament, known as the sustentacular filament or phalangeal |
| | process. This filament is attached by its base to the basilar membrane, and is prolonged into the tapering upper end of the cell. It |
| | terminates in an expansion, which forms a phalanx of the lamina |
| | reticularis, to be presently described. |
|
| |
|
| | The cells of Hensen are disposed as a continuous layer external |
| | to the lamina reticularis. |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| 1706
| |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| GLOSSARY
| | THE EAR 1693 |
|
| |
|
| | External to the cells of Hensen there are the cubical or columnar |
| | cells of Claudius: these are merely an epithelial lining layer. |
|
| |
|
| Leptorhine, having small narrow
| | The reticular lamina extends between the heads of the rods of |
| nostrils.
| | Corti and the cells of Hensen. It consists of phalanges, which are |
| | arranged in two (or more) rows—inner and outer. The phalanges of |
| | the inner row are formed by the phalangeal processes of the heads of the |
| | outer rods of Corti. The phalanges of the outer row (or rows) are |
| | formed by the phalangeal processes of the cells of Deiters. Between |
| | the phalanges there are openings through which the outer ends of |
| | the outer hair-cells, with their crescentic tufts of hair-like filaments, |
| | project. |
|
| |
|
| Levator, a lifter or raiser.
| | The membrana tectoria, or membrane of Corti, which is elastic, |
| | is the most superficial structure in connection with the spiral organ. |
| | It extends from the limbus spiralis near, and external to, the attachment of the vestibular membrane to the region of the outer hair-cells. |
| | It covers (1) the limbus laminae spiralis; (2) the labium vestibulare, |
|
| |
|
| Lien, the spleen.
| |
|
| |
|
| Lieno-, pertaining to the spleen.
| |
| Ligament, a band or bandage.
| |
|
| |
|
| Ligula, a little tongue.
| |
|
| |
|
| Limbic lobe, gyrus fornicatus.
| | - Hehcotrema |
| Limbous, pertaining to a border.
| |
| Limbus, a border.
| |
|
| |
|
| Limbus fossae ovalis (or limbus
| |
| ovalis), annulus ovalis.
| |
|
| |
|
| Limen, a threshold.
| | Scala Vestibuli |
|
| |
|
| Linea, a line.
| |
|
| |
|
| Lines, oblique (tibia), soleal line.
| | Membranous Spiral |
| Lines, oblique internal (jaw), mylohyoid line.
| | Lamina |
|
| |
|
| Lines (occiput), nuchal lines.
| |
|
| |
|
| Lines, popliteal, soleal line.
| | Scala Tympani |
|
| |
|
| Lingual, pertaining to the tongue.
| |
| Lingula, a little tongue.
| |
|
| |
|
| Lister’s tubercle, dorsal tubercle of
| | 1 |
| radius.
| |
|
| |
|
| Longissimus, longest.
| | 1 |
|
| |
|
| Longitudinal sinus, sagittal sinus.
| | Expansion of Cochlear Nerve |
| Lower, tubercle of, intervenous
| |
| tubercle (heart).
| |
|
| |
|
| Lumbar, pertaining to the loin.
| | Fig. 1042.—Section of the Cochlea, showing the Distribution of the |
| Lumbricalis, like an earth-worm.
| | Cochlea Branch of the Auditory Nerve (magnified) (Hirschfeld |
| Lunar, pertaining to the moon.
| | and Reveille). |
| Lunula, a little moon; a crescent.
| |
| Luteum, of a yellow colour.
| |
|
| |
|
| Luys’ nucleus, subthalamic body.
| | and the auditory teeth; (3) the sulcus laminae spiralis; (4) the inner |
| Lymphatic, from lympha, pure or
| | hair-cells; (5) the inner and outer rods of Corti; (6) the cells of Deiters; |
| spring water; lymph.
| | and (7) the lamina reticularis. |
|
| |
|
| Lyra, a lyre; hippocampal commissure.
| | Auditory Nerve.—The auditory nerve, within the meatus auditorius |
| | internus, breaks up into two divisions—vestibular and cochlear. |
|
| |
|
| McBurney’s point (base of appendix),
| | The vestibular nerve, as it traverses the meatus auditorius internus, has a gangliform enlargement, the vestibular ganglion, and |
| | divides into three branches. These enter the vestibule through the |
| | foramina in the superior vestibular area of the lamina cribrosa at the |
| | deep end of the internal meatus. They are distributed to the macula |
| | utriculi and to the cristae acusticas of the ampullae of the superior |
| | and external semicircular canals. |
|
| |
|
| junction of lower and middle
| | The cochlear nerve in the meatus auditorius internus divides into |
| thirds of spino-umbilical line.
| | two branches—one to the macula sacculi, and the other to the crista |
| Macula, a spot.
| | of the ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal. The filaments of |
| | the former, which has a gangliform enlargement, pass through the foramina in the inferior vestibular area of the lamina cribrosa, and the |
|
| |
|
| Magendie, foramen, median aperture
| |
| of fourth ventricle.
| |
|
| |
|
| Magnum, os, capitate bone.
| |
|
| |
|
| Malar, pertaining to the cheek.
| |
|
| |
|
| Malar bone, zygomatic bone.
| |
| Malleolus, a small hammer or mallet.
| |
|
| |
|
| Malleus, a hammer or mallet.
| |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| Mamma, a breast or pap.
| |
|
| |
|
| Mammilla, a little breast or pap.
| |
| Properly spelt mamilla.
| |
|
| |
|
| Mandible, the chewing bone— i.e.,
| |
| lower jaw.
| |
|
| |
|
| Manubrium, a handle or hilt.
| |
|
| |
|
| Marshall, oblique vein, oblique vein
| |
| of left atrium.
| |
|
| |
|
| Massa intermedia, interthalamic
| | A MANUAL OF ANATOMY |
|
| |
|
| connexus.
| |
|
| |
|
| Masseter, the chewing muscle.
| | 1694 |
|
| |
|
| Mastoid, breast- or pap-like (nipplelike).
| | latter passes through the foramen singulare in the lamina cribrosa. |
| | The cochlear nerve, having parted with these two branches, breaks |
| | up into filaments which pass through the foramina of the cochlear |
| | area of the lamina cribrosa, and so reach the base of the modiolus |
| | of the cochlea. They traverse the canals of the modiolus, from which |
| | they pass into the canals between the two layers of the lamina spiralis. |
| | In doing so they have to cross the spiral canal of the modiolus, which |
| | is situated close to the attached margin of the lamina spiralis. This |
| | canal contains a ganglion, called the spiral ganglion, which follows |
| | the windings of the canal, and contains bipolar nerve-cells. As the |
| | auditory fibres pass from the canals of the modiolus into those of |
| | the lamina spiralis the course of each fibre is probably interrupted |
| | by a bipolar cell of the spiral ganglion. The nerve-fibres, leaving |
| | these bipolar cells, traverse the canals between the two layers of the |
| | lamina spiralis. Having lost their medullary sheaths, they pass |
| | through the foramina of the labium tympanicum on the outer margin |
| | of the limbus spiralis, and enter the basilar membrane, where they |
| | end in arborizations which are connected with the inner and outer |
| | hair-cells. |
|
| |
|
| Maxilla, jaw.
| | Blood-supply of the Labyrinth.—The labyrinth derives its blood |
| | from the internal auditory, which is a branch of the basilar artery |
| | or of the anterior inferior cerebellar. The vessel traverses the meatus |
| | auditorius internus, and divides at its deep end into two branches— |
| | vestibular and cochlear. The vestibular artery supplies the utricle, |
| | saccule, and semicircular canals, and the cochlear artery supplies the |
| | cochlea. |
|
| |
|
| Meatus (pi. Meatfis), a passage or
| | The veins of the labyrinth ultimately join to form one vessel, called |
| canal.
| | the internal auditory vein, which opens into the inferior petrosal |
| | sinus. The aqueductus cochleae and the aqueductus vestibuli each |
| | transmit a vein; that which passes through the former joins the inferior |
| | petrosal sinus or the bulb of the internal jugular vein, and that which |
| | passes through the latter opens into the superior petrosal sinus. |
|
| |
|
| Meckel’s cave, cavum trigeminale.
| |
|
| |
|
| Meckel’s diverticulum, diverticulum
| | Development of the Ear. |
| ilei.
| |
|
| |
|
| Mediastinum, standing in the middle;
| | Internal Ear—Membranous Labyrinth. —The membranous labyrinth is |
| a partition. | | developed from the surface ectoderm in a manner similar to the development |
| | of the crystalline lens. Over a circumscribed area, corresponding to the upper |
| | end of the first visceral cleft, and upon the side of the hind-brain, the ectoderm |
| | becomes thickened and invaginated. A depression is thus formed, which is |
| | called the auditory pit. This pit becomes deepened, its mouth becomes constricted, and its lips, coming together, unite. The auditory pit then becomes |
| | transformed into a closed sac, called the auditory or otic vesicle, or otocyst. |
| | The auditory vesicle now becomes isolated from the surface ectoderm, and sinks |
| | into the adjacent mesoderm, taking up a position close to the side of the hindbrain. |
|
| |
|
| Medulla, marrow.
| | The auditory vesicle, which is at first almost spherical, soon becomes pyriform, this being due to the formation of a process, called the recess of the labyrinth |
| | or vestibule, which is prolonged from its dorsal wall. As this process lengthens |
| | it gives rise to the ductus endolymphaticus, which occupies the aqueductus |
| | vestibuli of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. The expanded terminal |
|
| |
|
| Megacephalic, having a large head.
| |
|
| |
|
| Megaseme, having a large index.
| |
|
| |
|
| Meibomian glands, tarsal glands.
| | THE EAR |
|
| |
|
| Meissner’s plexus, plexus of the submucosa.
| |
|
| |
|
| Membrane, costo-coracoid, clavi
| | 1695 |
| pectoral fascia.
| |
|
| |
|
| Meninges, membranes.
| | part of the ductus endolymphaticus is called the saccus endolymphaticus, and it |
| | lies underneath the dura mater. The ventral aspect of the vesicle gives off a |
| | tapering diverticulum, which gives rise to the ductus cochlearis, or scala media, |
| | of the cochlea. This duct describes a bend, within which lies the cochlear |
| | ganglion of the cochlear division of the auditory nerve. As the duct elongates |
| | it continues to bend in a spiral manner, and so the ductus cochlearis is formed. |
| | The cochlear ganglion elongates, and follows the spiral turns of the duct, from |
| | which circumstance the ganglion is known as the ganglion spirale. |
|
| |
|
| Meniscus, a crescent.
| | The three semicircular ducts are developed from the upper or cephalic part |
| | of the auditory vesicle, this part representing the future utricle. This portion |
| | of the vesicle presents two folds—vertical and horizontal. From the vertical |
| | fold the superior and posterior semicircular canals are formed, whilst the horizontal fold gives rise to the lateral semicircular canal. |
|
| |
|
| Meniscus (knee), semilunar cartilage.
| | The auditory vesicle now becomes transversely constricted, and is divided |
| | into two sacs—large and small. The large sac is called the utricle, from which |
| | the semicircular ducts have just been developed. The small sac is called the |
| | saccule, from which the ductus cochlearis has been developed. The portion |
| | of this duct which communicates with the saccule becomes constricted, and |
| | forms the canalis reuniens of Hensen. |
|
| |
|
| Mental, pertaining to the chin.
| | The constriction which completely divides the auditory vesicle into utricle |
| | and saccule also involves the vesicular end of the ductus endolymphaticus, and |
| | divides it into two ducts, called the ductus utriculi and ductus sacculi. This |
| | arrangement constitutes the only communication which now exists between the |
| | utricle and the saccule. |
|
| |
|
| Mesaticephalic, having a head with
| | As stated, the cochlear ganglion, or ganglion spirale, of the cochlear division |
| an index of mean value.
| | of the auditory nerve lies within the spiral turns of the ductus cochlearis. As |
| | the osseous cochlea becomes formed, the ganglion spirale comes to occupy the |
| | spiral canal of the modiolus. The vestibular ganglion of the vestibular division |
| | of the auditory nerve lies in the internal auditory meatus after the completion |
| | of ossification. |
|
| |
|
| Mesencephalon, the mid-brain.
| | The membranous labyrinth, hitherto considered, is entirely epithelial. |
| | Certain of its epithelial cells undergo important specializations to fit them for |
| | sensorial purposes. These cells form six groups in definite regions. These groups |
| | are as follows: (1) The crista acustica ampullaris, of which there are three, one in |
| | the ampulla of each of the three epithelial semicircular canals; (4) the macula |
| | (1 acustica) utriculi’, (5) the macula ( acustica) sacculi', and (6) the spiral organ {of |
| | Corti), specialized from the epithelial ductus cochlearis. The groups connected |
| | with the ampullae of the semicircular canals, the utricle, and the saccule, receive |
| | their nerve-fibres from the vestibular ganglion of the vestibular division of the |
| | auditory nerve. The organ of Corti receives its nerve-fibres from the cochlear |
| | ganglion, or ganglion spirale, of the cochlear division of the auditory nerve. |
|
| |
|
| Mesentery, in the middle of, or
| | Osseous Labyrinth. —The membranous labyrinth is surrounded by mesodermic |
| among, the intestines.
| | tissue, which becomes disposed in four layers. These layers, from within outwards, |
| | may be spoken of as (1) the connective-tissue layer, (2) the gelatinous layer, |
| | (3) the perichondrial layer, and (4) the cartilaginous layer. The connectivetissue layer forms the connective tissue of the various parts of the epithelial |
| | labyrinth. The fibrous tissue of the gelatinous layer acquires vacuoles, and gives |
| | place to the various perilymphatic spaces, which contain a fluid called the perilymph. In the case of the cochlea, the scala vestibuli and scala tympani alone |
| | contain perilymph, the cochlear duct containing endolymph. The perichondrial |
| | layer forms the lining perichondrium of the periotic cartilaginous capsule, and |
| | subsequently becomes the lining periosteum of the osseous labyrinth. The |
| | cartilaginous layer forms the periotic cartilaginous capsule, which undergoes |
| | ossification, and gives rise, amongst other parts, to the osseous labyrinth, which |
| | jg q£ i ar ger size than the membranous labyrinth. The osseous semicircular canals |
| | conform in shape to the membranous semicircular ducts, but are of larger size. |
| | The osseous vestibule differs from the membranous vestibule in being a single |
| | osseous case, whereas its contents are the utricle and the saccule. |
|
| |
|
| Mesial, nearer to the sagittal plane
| | Whilst the perilymph lies external to the membranous labyrinth, the interior |
| of the body.
| |
|
| |
|
| Meso-, in the midst of. In compounds usually implies a structure
| |
| like a mesentery, a peritoneal attachment fold.
| |
|
| |
|
| Mesocephalic, pertaining to a head
| | 1696 |
| of mean capacity.
| |
| | |
| Mesogastrium=meso- (q.v.) and
| |
| stomach.
| |
| | |
| Mesognathion, middle jaw.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Mesometrium=meso- [q-v.) and
| |
| womb.
| |
| | |
| Mesonephros, mid-kidney.
| |
| | |
| Mesorhine, pertaining to an intermediate nasal index; a condition
| |
| intermediate between broad-nosed
| |
| and narrow-nosed.
| |
| | |
| Mesosalpinx =meso- (q.v.) and tube.
| |
| | |
| Mesoseme, intermediate index.
| |
| | |
| Meta-, after or beyond.
| |
| | |
| Meta-nephros, hind-kidney.
| |
| | |
| Metencephalon, the after-brain.
| |
| | |
| Metopic, pertaining to the forehead.
| |
| | |
| Metopism, persistence of the metopic
| |
| or frontal suture.
| |
| | |
| Microcephalic, pertaining to a small
| |
| head.
| |
| | |
| Microseme, small index.
| |
| | |
| Middle commissure, interthalamic
| |
| connexus.
| |
| | |
| Millimetre (mm.), slightly less than
| |
| 2V of an English inch.
| |
| | |
| Minimae, least, smallest.
| |
| | |
| Mitral, resembling an Asiatic headdress, or mitre.
| |
| | |
| Modiolus, the nave of a wheel.
| |
| | |
| Molar, pertaining to a mill, or to
| |
| grinding.
| |
| | |
| Monro, foramen, interventricular
| |
| foramen.
| |
| | |
| Mons veneris, mons pubis.
| |
| | |
| Montanum, pertaining to a mountain.
| |
| | |
| Monticulus, a small mountain.
| |
| | |
| Morbus, a disease.
| |
| | |
| Muliebris, pertaining to a woman,
| |
| feminine.
| |
| | |
| Miillerian duct, para-mesonephric
| |
| duct.
| |
| | |
| Multangulum majus, os, trapezium.
| |
| | |
| Multifidus, many cleft; divided into
| |
| many parts.
| |
| | |
| Musculo-spiral nerve, radial nerve.
| |
| | |
| Myelencephalon, marrow-brain.
| |
| | |
| Myeloplaxes, marrow-plates.
| |
| | |
| Myentericus, pertaining to the muscular tissue of the bowel.
| |
| | |
| Mylo-, pertaining to a mill.
| |
| | |
| Myocardium, the muscular tissue of
| |
| the heart.
| |
| | |
| Myrtiform, like a myrtle-berry.
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1707
| |
| | |
| Nares, posterior, posterior apertures
| |
| of nose.
| |
| | |
| Naris (pi. nares), a nostril.
| |
| | |
| Nasal, pertaining to the nose.
| |
| | |
| Natal, pertaining to the buttock.
| |
| Natis (pi. nates), the buttock.
| |
| Navicular, pertaining to a boat.
| |
| Nephros, a kidney.
| |
| | |
| Neural, pertaining to a nerve.
| |
| Neuroglia, literally ‘ nerve glue.’
| |
| Nictitans, winking.
| |
| | |
| Norma, a rule or measure (aspect).
| |
| Notochord, string or cord of the back.
| |
| Nucha, the nape of the neck.
| |
| | |
| Nuck, canal, vaginal process.
| |
| Nucleus, a kernel.
| |
| | |
| Nuhn, glands, anterior lingual (seromucous) glands.
| |
| | |
| Nymphae, nymphs or goddesses of
| |
| the fountains, woods, trees, etc.;
| |
| labia minora.
| |
| | |
| Obelion, a horizontal line (perhaps
| |
| a little spit).
| |
| | |
| Obex, a bolt; a barrier.
| |
| | |
| Obturator, one who closes or stops
| |
| up.
| |
| | |
| Occipital, pertaining to the back
| |
| part of the head.
| |
| | |
| Odontoblast, a tooth-germ.
| |
| | |
| Odontoid, tooth-like.
| |
| | |
| Odoriferae, carrying odours.
| |
| (Esophagus, food-carrier.
| |
| | |
| Olecranon, head or point of the
| |
| forearm.
| |
| | |
| Olfactory, pertaining to smell.
| |
| Olfactory trigone, olfactory pyramid.
| |
| Olivary, pertaining to an olive.
| |
| Omentum, that which is drawn over.
| |
| | |
| Omentum, gastro - hepatic, lesser
| |
| omentum.
| |
| | |
| Omentum, gastro-splenic, gastrosplenic ligament.
| |
| | |
| Omo-, pertaining to the shoulder.
| |
| Omphalo-, pertaining to the navel.
| |
| Operculum, a cover or lid.
| |
| | |
| Ophryon, the eyebrow.
| |
| | |
| Ophthalmic, pertaining to the eye.
| |
| Opisthion, hinder or rear.
| |
| | |
| Opisthotic, behind the ear.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1708
| |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Optic, pertaining to sight.
| |
| | |
| Optic thalamus, thalamus.
| |
| | |
| Ora, a border or margin.
| |
| Orthognathous pertaining to a
| |
| straight (non-projecting) jaw.
| |
| | |
| Os incae, interparietal bone.
| |
| | |
| Os japonicum, bi-partite zygomatic
| |
| bone.
| |
| | |
| Os magnum, capitate bone.
| |
| | |
| Os, oris, a mouth.
| |
| | |
| Os, ossis, a bone.
| |
| | |
| Os tincae, external os of uterus.
| |
| Ossicle of Kerckring, occasional
| |
| centre in posterior margin of
| |
| foramen magnum.
| |
| | |
| Osteoblast, bone-germ.
| |
| | |
| Osteoclast, bone-destroyer.
| |
| Osteogenetic, bone-forming.
| |
| | |
| Ostium, a door, entrance, or exit.
| |
| Otic, pertaining to the ear.
| |
| | |
| Otoconia, ear-dust.
| |
| | |
| Otoliths, ear-stones.
| |
| | |
| Ovary, egg-forming organ.
| |
| | |
| Oxyntic, producing acid.
| |
| | |
| Pacchionian bodies, arachnoid granulations.
| |
| | |
| Pacinian corpuscles, lamellated corpuscles.
| |
| | |
| Palatum, the palate.
| |
| | |
| Pallium, a covering.
| |
| | |
| Palmar, pertaining to the palm.
| |
| Palpebra, an eyelid.
| |
| | |
| Pampiniform, tendril-like.
| |
| | |
| Pancreas, literally, all or completely
| |
| flesh.
| |
| | |
| Para-, near, by the side of.
| |
| Paradidymis, near the testis.
| |
| Parametrium, near the womb.
| |
| Parietal, pertaining to a wall.
| |
| Paroophoron, near the egg-bearing
| |
| organ; medial mesonephric tubules.
| |
| | |
| Parbtid, near the ear.
| |
| | |
| Parovarium, epoophoron.
| |
| | |
| Pars intermedia (Wrisberg), sensory
| |
| root of facial nerve.
| |
| | |
| Patella, a small dish; a plate.
| |
| | |
| Pecten, another name for the os
| |
| pubis; a comb.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Pectinatus, pertaining to a comb.
| |
| | |
| Pectineal or Pectineus, associated
| |
| with the pecten bone or os pubis.
| |
| | |
| Pectiniform, comb-like.
| |
| | |
| Pectoralis, pertaining to the breast.
| |
| | |
| Peduncle of corpus callosum, paraterminal gyrus.
| |
| | |
| Pelvis, a basin.
| |
| | |
| Penicillus, a painter’s brush or pencil.
| |
| | |
| Penis, a tail, or pendant process.
| |
| | |
| Peri-, around, about, or near.
| |
| | |
| Pericardium, around the heart.
| |
| | |
| Perineum, from a Greek verb meaning ‘ I dwell, or am situated,
| |
| around/
| |
| | |
| Perineum, central point of, perineal
| |
| | |
| body.
| |
| | |
| Periosteum, around bone.
| |
| | |
| Periotic, around the ear.
| |
| | |
| Peritoneum, from a Greek word
| |
| meaning ‘ stretched around/
| |
| | |
| Peroneal or Peroneus, ‘ pertaining
| |
| to the peronee/ the Greek name for
| |
| fibula.
| |
| | |
| Petit’s canal, zonular spaces.
| |
| | |
| Petit’s triangle, lumbar triangle.
| |
| | |
| Petrous, rocky.
| |
| | |
| Phalanx, a rank of soldiers.
| |
| | |
| Pharynx, the throat.
| |
| | |
| Phenozygous, having visible arches.
| |
| | |
| Philtrum, a love potion.
| |
| | |
| Phrenic, pertaining to the diaphragm.
| |
| | |
| Pineal, belonging to, or like, a pinenut or pine-cone.
| |
| | |
| Pinna, a kind of shell-fish; a feather
| |
| or wing.
| |
| | |
| Pisiform, like a pea.
| |
| | |
| Pituitary, pertaining to phlegm or
| |
| mucus; hypophysis.
| |
| | |
| Placenta, a flat cake.
| |
| | |
| Plagiocephalous, pertaining to an
| |
| oblique or twisted head.
| |
| | |
| Planta, the sole of the foot.
| |
| | |
| Plantar, pertaining to the sole of the
| |
| foot.
| |
| | |
| Platycnemism, broadness of leg.
| |
| | |
| Platyrhine, having a broad nose.
| |
| | |
| Platysma, a broad sheet.
| |
| | |
| Pleura, a rib.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| iyog
| |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| i
| |
| | |
| | |
| Plexus, a twining or network.
| |
| | |
| Plexus, Auerbach’s, myenteric plexus.
| |
| Plexus, gulae, cesophageal plexus.
| |
| Plexus, Meissner’s, plexus of the
| |
| submucosa.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Plica, a fold.
| |
| | |
| Plica hypogastrica, lateral umbilical
| |
| | |
| | |
| fold.
| |
| | |
| Plica urachi, median umbilical fold.
| |
| Plicae palmatae (uterus), arbor vitae.
| |
| Pneumogastric, pertaining to the
| |
| breathing organs and stomach.
| |
| Pocularis, pertaining to a cup.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Pollex, the thumb.
| |
| | |
| Pomum Adami, laryngeal prominence.
| |
| | |
| Pons, a bridge.
| |
| | |
| Popliteal or Popliteus, pertaining to
| |
| the ham.
| |
| | |
| Porta, a gate.
| |
| | |
| Portal, pertaining to a gate.
| |
| | |
| Portio major and minor, sensory and
| |
| motor roots of trigeminal nerve.
| |
| | |
| Postaxiah r , , T
| |
| Preaxial / see Cha P ter L
| |
| | |
| Posterior vesicular column (Clarke),
| |
| thoracic (or dorsal) nucleus.
| |
| | |
| Posticus, posterior.
| |
| | |
| Poupart’s ligament, inguinal liga
| |
| | |
| ment.
| |
| | |
| Primary divisions (of spinal nerves),
| |
| | |
| anterior and posterior rami.
| |
| Proctodaeum, the threshold of the
| |
| | |
| | |
| anus.
| |
| | |
| Prognathous, having a projecting
| |
| lower jaw.
| |
| | |
| Proligerus, bearing offspring; germinating.
| |
| | |
| Pro-nephros, fore-kidney.
| |
| | |
| Pro-otic, before the ear.
| |
| | |
| Prosencephalon, the fore-brain.
| |
| | |
| Prostate, standing before; or, more
| |
| probably, pertaining to a porch
| |
| or vestibule.
| |
| | |
| Psalterium, a psaltery or instrument
| |
| of the lute kind.
| |
| | |
| Psalterium (lyra), hippocampal commissure.
| |
| | |
| Psoas, from a Greek word meaning
| |
| * the muscles of the loins,’ and
| |
| secondarily ‘ the loins themselves.’
| |
| | |
| | |
| Pterion, a wing.
| |
| | |
| Pterotic, pertaining to a wing.
| |
| Pterygoid, wing-like.
| |
| | |
| Pubes, the hair which appears on the
| |
| external genital organs at the age
| |
| of puberty.
| |
| | |
| Pubic, pertaining to the os pubis.
| |
| Pudendal, pertaining to the pudendum.
| |
| | |
| Pudendum, ‘ of which one ought to
| |
| be ashamed.’
| |
| | |
| Pudic, modest or chaste.
| |
| | |
| Pulmo, a lung.
| |
| | |
| Pulmonary, belonging to the lungs.
| |
| Pulvinar, a couch or cushion,
| |
| Putamen, trimmings or clippings.
| |
| Pyloric vestibule, pyloric antrum.
| |
| Pylorus, literally, a gate-keeper.
| |
| Pyriformis, pear-shaped.
| |
| | |
| Quadratus, square.
| |
| | |
| Quadriceps, having four heads.
| |
| Quadrigeminus, fourfold, four.
| |
| | |
| Racemose, pertaining to a cluster of
| |
| grapes; full of clusters; clustering.
| |
| Radius, a staff or rod; the spoke of
| |
| a wheel.
| |
| | |
| Ramus, a branch.
| |
| | |
| Ranine, pertaining to a frog.
| |
| | |
| Raphe, a seam.
| |
| | |
| Receptaculum, a receptacle.
| |
| Receptaculum chyli, cisterna chyli.
| |
| Rectus, straight.
| |
| | |
| Recurrent, running back.
| |
| | |
| Refractory, breaking up.
| |
| | |
| Reil, island of, insula.
| |
| | |
| Ren, a kidney.
| |
| | |
| Restiform, like a rope or cord.
| |
| Restiform body, inferior cerebellar
| |
| peduncle.
| |
| | |
| Rete, a net.
| |
| | |
| Retina, from rete, a net.
| |
| | |
| Retrahens, drawing back.
| |
| | |
| Retzius, cave, retro-pubic space.
| |
| Revehens, carrying back.
| |
| | |
| Rhinencephalon, the ‘ nose ’ or olfactory brain.
| |
| | |
| Rhinion, a nose.
| |
| | |
| Rhombencephalon, the rhomb-brain
| |
| (hind-brain).
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1710
| |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Rhomboid ligament, costoclavicular
| |
| ligament.
| |
| | |
| Riedel’s lobe, an elongation of lower
| |
| margin of right lobe of liver (due
| |
| to pressure).
| |
| | |
| Rima, a cleft or chink.
| |
| | |
| Risorius, laughing.
| |
| | |
| Rivini, ducts, sublingual ducts.
| |
| | |
| Rolando, fissure, central sulcus.
| |
| | |
| Rostrum, a beak.
| |
| | |
| Rotula, a little wheel.
| |
| | |
| Rugae, wrinkles.
| |
| | |
| Saccus reuniens, sinus venosus
| |
| (heart).
| |
| | |
| Sacrum, sacred; derivation and original meaning very doubtful.
| |
| | |
| Sagittal, pertaining to an arrow;
| |
| antero-posterior.
| |
| | |
| Salpinx, a trumpet or tube.
| |
| | |
| Salvatella, saving, or making well.
| |
| | |
| Santorini, cartilages, corniculate cartilages.
| |
| | |
| Santorini, duct, accessory pancreatic
| |
| duct.
| |
| | |
| Santorini, fissures, clefts in cartilage
| |
| of exterior auditory meatus.
| |
| | |
| Saphenous, apparent, manifest.
| |
| | |
| Sartorius, pertaining to a tailor.
| |
| | |
| Scala, a ladder, flight of steps, or
| |
| staircase.
| |
| | |
| Scala media, duct of cochlea.
| |
| | |
| Scalenus, of unequal sides.
| |
| | |
| Scansorius, of, or for, climbing.
| |
| | |
| Scaphocephalous, having a head like
| |
| a boat.
| |
| | |
| Scaphoid, like a boat.
| |
| | |
| Scapula, a spade; probably from a
| |
| Greek verb meaning ‘ I dig/
| |
| | |
| Scarpa’s triangle, femoral triangle.
| |
| | |
| Schlemm, canal, sinus venosus
| |
| sclerae.
| |
| | |
| Schindylesis, a splitting or cleavage.
| |
| | |
| Sciatic (identical with Ischiatic),
| |
| pertaining to the hip.
| |
| | |
| Sclera, hard.
| |
| | |
| Sclerotic, hard; sclera.
| |
| | |
| Scrobiculus, a little ditch or trench.
| |
| | |
| Scrotum, a skin bag or pouch; a hide
| |
| (probably originally ‘ scortum J ).
| |
| | |
| | |
| Sebaceous, pertaining to grease.
| |
| Sella, a seat; a saddle.
| |
| | |
| Semilunar bone, lunate.
| |
| | |
| Semilunar fold of Douglas, arcuate
| |
| line.
| |
| | |
| Seminalis, pertaining to semen.
| |
| Septum, a fence or barrier.
| |
| | |
| Serotinus, that comes or happens
| |
| late.
| |
| | |
| Serratus, jagged like a saw.
| |
| | |
| Sesamoid, like sesame (a kind of
| |
| grain).
| |
| | |
| Shrapnell’s membrane, flaccid part
| |
| of membrana tympani.
| |
| | |
| Sibson’s fascia, suprapleural membrane.
| |
| | |
| Sigmoid, like the Greek letter S
| |
| | |
| (sigma).
| |
| | |
| Sigmoid cavity, greater, trochlear
| |
| notch.
| |
| | |
| Sigmoid cavity, lesser, radial notch.
| |
| Sigmoid cavity (of radius), ulnar
| |
| | |
| notch.
| |
| | |
| Sigmoid notch (mandible), mandibular notch.
| |
| | |
| Sinus, a cavity or hollow.
| |
| | |
| Sinus, Valsalva, of, sinuses of aorta.
| |
| Smegma, a cleanser.
| |
| | |
| Solar, relating to the sun.
| |
| | |
| Solar plexus, coeliac plexus.
| |
| | |
| Soleus, a sole or sandal; a sole-fish.
| |
| Sperma, seed or semen.
| |
| | |
| Spermatic, pertaining to semen.
| |
| Spermatoblast, a seminal bud.
| |
| Spermatozoa (plural), seminal
| |
| animals.
| |
| | |
| Sphenoid, wedge-like.
| |
| Spheno-maxillary fossa, pterygopalatine fossa.
| |
| | |
| Sphenotic, pertaining to the sphenoid
| |
| bone and ear-capsule.
| |
| | |
| Sphincter, binding or closing tight.
| |
| Spigelian lobe, caudate lobe.
| |
| Splanchnic, pertaining to viscera.
| |
| Splenium, a bandage or compress.
| |
| Splenius, pertaining to a bandage.
| |
| Squamous, scaly.
| |
| | |
| Stapes, a stirrup.
| |
| | |
| Stellatum, starry.
| |
| | |
| Stensen’s duct, parotid duct.
| |
| | |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Stephanion, a crown or wreath.
| |
| | |
| Sternebra, a segment of the sternum.
| |
| | |
| Sternum, the breast or chest.
| |
| | |
| Stomata, mouths or pores.
| |
| | |
| Stomatodaeum or Stomodaeum, the
| |
| threshold of the mouth.
| |
| | |
| Stria medullaris, stria habenularis.
| |
| | |
| Striae acusticae, auditory striae.
| |
| | |
| Striae medullares, auditory striae.
| |
| | |
| Styloid, pen-like.
| |
| | |
| Subflava, somewhat yellow.
| |
| | |
| Subiculum, an under layer or support.
| |
| | |
| Submaxillary, submandibular.
| |
| | |
| Substantia gelatinosa (Roland), gelatinous matter.
| |
| | |
| Sudoriferous, sweat-carrying.
| |
| | |
| Sulcus, a furrow.
| |
| | |
| Supercilium, an eyebrow.
| |
| | |
| Supracallosal gyrus, indusium griseum.
| |
| | |
| Sural, pertaining to the calf of the
| |
| leg.
| |
| | |
| Sustentaculum, a prop or support.
| |
| | |
| Sustentaculum lienis, phrenico-colic
| |
| ligament.
| |
| | |
| Suture, a sewing together, a seam.
| |
| | |
| Sylvius, aqueduct, aqueduct of midbrain.
| |
| | |
| Symphysis, growth together.
| |
| | |
| Syn-, with; together with (union or
| |
| harmony may be implied).
| |
| | |
| Synarthrosis, literally, a * together
| |
| with ' (direct) joint; fibrous joint.
| |
| | |
| Synchondrosis, bound together with
| |
| cartilage; cartilaginous joint.
| |
| | |
| Syndesmosis, bound together with
| |
| bands or bonds.
| |
| | |
| Synovia, resemblance to the white
| |
| of an egg.
| |
| | |
| Taenia, a band or ribbon.
| |
| | |
| Talus, a die (pi. dice); the ankle-bone.
| |
| | |
| Tapetum, a carpet or coverlet.
| |
| | |
| Tarsus, a broad flat surface; the
| |
| instep.
| |
| | |
| Tectorius, pertaining to a cover.
| |
| | |
| Tegmen, a covering.
| |
| | |
| Tegmentum, a covering.
| |
| | |
| Tela, a web.
| |
| | |
| Telencephalon, the end-brain.
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1711
| |
| | |
| Temporal, pertaining to the temples
| |
| of the head.
| |
| | |
| Tendo Achillis, tendo calcaneus.
| |
| | |
| Tendon, from tendo, ‘ I stretch.’
| |
| | |
| Tenon’s capsule, fascial sheath of
| |
| eyeball.
| |
| | |
| Tentorium, a tent.
| |
| | |
| Tenuis, slender, small.
| |
| | |
| Teres, rounded.
| |
| | |
| Testis, a witness.
| |
| | |
| Thalamencephalon, the bedchamberbrain, or inter-brain.
| |
| | |
| Thalamus, a bedchamber; a marriage-bed.
| |
| | |
| Thebesian valve, valve of coronary
| |
| sinus.
| |
| | |
| Thebesian veins, venae cordis minimae.
| |
| | |
| Theca, a cover, case, or sheath.
| |
| | |
| Thenar, the flat of the hand.
| |
| | |
| Thorax, the breast or chest; a breastplate.
| |
| | |
| Thymus, thyme.
| |
| | |
| Thyroid, like a shield.
| |
| | |
| Tibia, a pipe or flute; the shin-bone.
| |
| | |
| Tinea, a small fish, perhaps the tench.
| |
| | |
| Tonsil, palatine, tonsil.
| |
| | |
| Tonsil, pharyngeal, naso-pharyngeal
| |
| tonsil.
| |
| | |
| Torcular, a wine-press (twisting is
| |
| implied).
| |
| | |
| Torcular Herophili, confluens sinuum.
| |
| | |
| Torus, a protuberance.
| |
| | |
| Torus tubarius, tubal elevation.
| |
| | |
| Trabecula, a little beam.
| |
| | |
| Trachea (‘ rough ’), the wind-pipe.
| |
| | |
| Trachelo-, belonging to the neck.
| |
| | |
| Tragus, a goat.
| |
| | |
| Trapezium, a table; a four-sided,
| |
| figure, no two sides of which are
| |
| parallel to one another.
| |
| | |
| Trefoil, having three leaves.
| |
| | |
| Treitz, muscle, suspensory muscle of
| |
| duodenum.
| |
| | |
| Treves, bloodless fold of, ileo-csecal
| |
| fold.
| |
| | |
| Triangular fascia, reflected part of
| |
| inguinal ligament.
| |
| | |
| Triangular fibro-cartilage, articular
| |
| disc.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1712
| |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Triangular ligament, inferior or superficial layer; perineal membrane.
| |
| | |
| Triceps, having three heads.
| |
| | |
| Trigeminus, threefold, triple.
| |
| | |
| Trigdnocephalus, a triangular head.
| |
| | |
| Trigonum, a triangle; triangular.
| |
| | |
| Triquetrum, three-cornered; triangular.
| |
| | |
| Triticea, wheaten, or like a grain of
| |
| wheat.
| |
| | |
| Trochanter, from a Greek verb meaning ‘ I roll, turn, or revolve.'
| |
| | |
| Trochlea, the wheel of a pulley.
| |
| | |
| Trochlear, pulley-shaped.
| |
| | |
| Trochlearthrosis, a pulley-joint.
| |
| | |
| Trochoides, wheel-like.
| |
| | |
| Trolard, vein of, superior anastomotic
| |
| vein.
| |
| | |
| Tuba, a trumpet.
| |
| | |
| Tubarius, pertaining to a trumpet.
| |
| | |
| Tube, auditory, pharyngo-tympanic
| |
| tube.
| |
| | |
| Tube, Eustachian, pharyngo-tympanic tube.
| |
| | |
| Tubercle, a small swelling.
| |
| | |
| Tubercle, articular, articular eminence.
| |
| | |
| Tubercle, greater multangular, of,
| |
| | |
| crest of trapezium.
| |
| | |
| Tubercle, Lister’s, dorsal tubercle of
| |
| radius.
| |
| | |
| Tubercle, Lower, of, intervenous
| |
| tubercle (heart).
| |
| | |
| Tubercle, radial, dorsal tubercle of
| |
| radius.
| |
| | |
| Tuberosity, an exaggerated tubercle.
| |
| | |
| Turbinals or turbinate bones, conchse.
| |
| | |
| Turbinate, whirled or coiled; like a
| |
| top.
| |
| | |
| Turbo, a whirl or coil; a top.
| |
| | |
| Turcica, Turkish.
| |
| | |
| Tympanum, a drum.
| |
| | |
| Ulna, the elbow, but more usually
| |
| the forearm.
| |
| | |
| Umbilicus, the navel.
| |
| | |
| Umbo, a boss or knob.
| |
| | |
| Unciform, hook-like.
| |
| | |
| Unciform bone, hamate.
| |
| | |
| Uncinate, furnished with a hook.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Ungual, relating to a nail.
| |
| | |
| Unguis, a nail.
| |
| | |
| Unicornis, one-horned.
| |
| | |
| Urachus, urine-holder.
| |
| | |
| Ureter, from a Greek verb meaning
| |
| ‘ I pass urine.'
| |
| | |
| Urethra, the canal by which urine is
| |
| passed.
| |
| | |
| Uriniferous, urine-carrying.
| |
| | |
| Uterus, the womb or matrix.
| |
| | |
| Uterus masculinus, prostatic utricle.
| |
| Utricle, a little womb or matrix.
| |
| Uvea, from uva, a bunch of grapes;
| |
| a cluster.
| |
| | |
| Uvula, a small bunch of grapes.
| |
| | |
| Vagina, a scabbard or sheath.
| |
| | |
| Vagus, strolling about, wandering,
| |
| vagrant.
| |
| | |
| Valgus, bow-legged.
| |
| | |
| Vallecula, a little valley.
| |
| | |
| Vallecula Sylvii, vallecula cerebri.
| |
| Vallum, a rampart.
| |
| | |
| Valsalva, sinuses, sinuses of aorta.
| |
| Valve, bicuspid, left atrio-ventricular
| |
| valve.
| |
| | |
| Valve, Eustachian, valve of inferior
| |
| | |
| vena cava.
| |
| | |
| Valve, ileo-caecal, ileo-colic valve.
| |
| Valve, mitral, left atrio-ventricular
| |
| | |
| valve.
| |
| | |
| Valve, Thebesian, valve of coronary
| |
| sinus.
| |
| | |
| Valve, tricuspid, right atrio-ventricular valve (cusps are anterior
| |
| inferior medial).
| |
| | |
| Valve, Vieussens, superior medullary
| |
| velum.
| |
| | |
| Varus, bent or turned inwards.
| |
| | |
| Vas (pi. vasa), a vessel.
| |
| | |
| Velum, a curtain or veil.
| |
| | |
| Velum interpositum, tela choroidea.
| |
| Velum palatinum, soft palate.
| |
| Veneris, ' of Venus.’
| |
| | |
| Ventral, pertaining to the belly.
| |
| Ventricle of larynx, sinus of larynx.
| |
| Vermiform, like a worm.
| |
| | |
| Vertebra, primarily means a joint,
| |
| but more particularly a joint of
| |
| the spine.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Vertex, the top or crown of the head.
| |
| | |
| Veru, a dart, javelin, or spear.
| |
| | |
| Verumontanum, urethral crest.
| |
| | |
| Vesalii, foramen, emissary sphenoidal
| |
| foramen.
| |
| | |
| Vesica, the urinary bladder.
| |
| | |
| Vesical, pertaining to the urinary
| |
| bladder.
| |
| | |
| Vespertilio, a bat.
| |
| | |
| Vestibular nucleus, principal or
| |
| dorsal; medial nucleus.
| |
| | |
| Vestigial, pertaining to a trace.
| |
| | |
| Vestigium, a trace or vestige.
| |
| | |
| Vibrissa, a stiff hair of the nostril.
| |
| | |
| Vicq d’Azyr, bundle of, mamillothalamic tract.
| |
| | |
| Vidian canal, pterygoid canal.
| |
| | |
| Vidian nerve, nerve of pterygoid
| |
| canal.
| |
| | |
| Vieussens, ansa of, ansa subclavia.
| |
| | |
| Vieussens, valve, superior medullary
| |
| velum.
| |
| | |
| Villus, shaggy hair; a tuft of hair.
| |
| | |
| Vinculum, a band or bond.
| |
| | |
| Vitelline, pertaining to the yolk of
| |
| an egg.
| |
| | |
| Vitellus, the yolk of an egg.
| |
| | |
| Vitreous, like glass, glassy.
| |
| | |
| Vola, the palm of the hand.
| |
| | |
| Volar, pertaining to the palm; palmar, or anterior.
| |
| | |
| Vomer, a ploughshare.
| |
| | |
| | |
| I 7 I 3
| |
| | |
| Vorticosse, full of whirlpools, eddying, coiled.
| |
| | |
| Vulva, a wrapper or covering.
| |
| | |
| Wharton’s duct, submandibular
| |
| duct.
| |
| | |
| Willis, circle of, circulus arteriosus.
| |
| | |
| Winslow, foramen, opening of lesser
| |
| sac.
| |
| | |
| Winslow, ligament, oblique posterior
| |
| ligament of knee.
| |
| | |
| Wirsung, duct, pancreatic duct.
| |
| | |
| Wolffian duct, mesonephric duct.
| |
| | |
| Wood’s muscle, abductor metatarsi
| |
| quinti.
| |
| | |
| Wormian bones, sutural bones.
| |
| | |
| Wrisberg, cartilage, cuneiform cartilage.
| |
| | |
| Wrisberg, ligament, accessory attachment of lateral semilunar cartilage.
| |
| | |
| Wrisberg, nerve, medial cutaneous
| |
| nerve of arm.
| |
| | |
| Xiphoid, like a sword.
| |
| | |
| Y-shaped ligament of Bigelow, iliofemoral ligament.
| |
| | |
| Zinn, inferior tendon or ligament
| |
| | |
| (eye), lower part of common tendinous ring.
| |
| | |
| Zinn, zonule, ciliary zonule.
| |
| | |
| Zygoma, a yoke.
| |
| | |
| ==INDEX==
| |
| | |
| | |
| Arteries, nerves, ligaments, joints, muscles, and veins are classified under corresponding
| |
| headings. Where a number is given in heavy type, the principal reference is indicated.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Abapical pole of ovum, 25
| |
| Abdomen, 674, 754
| |
| | |
| division into regions, 755
| |
| Abdominal cavity, 756
| |
| pregnancy, 19
| |
| wall, 704
| |
| | |
| landmarks of, 704
| |
| Abducent nerve, 1166, 1447, 1616
| |
| in orbit, 1254
| |
| | |
| Abductor digiti minimi (foot), 646
| |
| (hand), 496
| |
| hallucis, 644
| |
| | |
| ossis metatarsi quinti, 643
| |
| pollicis brevis, 493
| |
| longus, 505
| |
| | |
| Abernethy, fascia of, 854
| |
| Aberrant ductules, 751
| |
| Abnormal definition, 5
| |
| Accessory bile-ducts, 779
| |
| | |
| nerve. See Cranial nerves
| |
| obturator nerve, 580, 847
| |
| process, 140
| |
| Acervulus cerebri, 1590
| |
| Acetabulum, 340
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 341
| |
| Acrocephaly, 270
| |
| Acromial anastomosis, 443
| |
| Acromion, 296 , 298
| |
| Acromio-clavicular joint, 444
| |
| Acromio-thoracic artery, 426
| |
| Adamantoblasts, 287
| |
| Addison's lines, 755
| |
| Adductor brevis, 577
| |
| hallucis, 649
| |
| longus, 576
| |
| magnus, 577
| |
| minimus, 578
| |
| pollicis, 494, 496
| |
| Adenoids, 1373
| |
| Agger nasi, 214
| |
| Aggregated nodules, 868
| |
| Air-cells, mastoid, i88
| |
| sphenoidal, 199
| |
| Akinesis, 9
| |
| Ala cinerea, 1490
| |
| | |
| of frontal bone, 181
| |
| orbitalis, 273
| |
| of sacrum, 148
| |
| temporalis, 275
| |
| | |
| | |
| Alae of ethmoid, 207
| |
| of vomer, 228
| |
| Alar thoracic artery, 427
| |
| Alimentary canal (embryonic), 23
| |
| Allantoic diverticulum, 31
| |
| Allantois, 31, 32, 33, 954
| |
| Alveolar arches, 1337
| |
| index, 269
| |
| point, 244, 268
| |
| process of maxilla, 214
| |
| Alveoli, pulmonary, 1028
| |
| Alveus, 1525, 1569
| |
| Ambiguus nucleus, 1625 , 1626, 1627
| |
| Ameloblasts, 287
| |
| Amitosis, 9, 12
| |
| Amnion, 27, 30, 32, 106
| |
| Amniotic cavity, 25, 26, 32
| |
| duct, 32
| |
| fluid, 106
| |
| folds, 31, 32
| |
| | |
| Amphioxus gastrulation, 35
| |
| mesoderm, 36
| |
| Ampulla of duodenum, 865
| |
| of ear, 1684
| |
| of rectum, 944
| |
| of vas deferens, 935
| |
| Amygdaloid nucleus, 1524, 1532
| |
| tubercle, 1524
| |
| | |
| Anal canal, development of, 965
| |
| of female, 978
| |
| lymphatics of, 964
| |
| of male, 945
| |
| structure of, 961
| |
| columns, 961
| |
| fascia, 922
| |
| membrane, 965
| |
| valves, 962
| |
| Analogy, 122
| |
| Anaphase, 10
| |
| | |
| Anastomosis, acromial, 443
| |
| cruciate, 538, 585 , 587
| |
| round, elbow-joint, 479
| |
| knee-joint, 548
| |
| scapular, 441
| |
| trochanteric, 585
| |
| Anatomical description, 2
| |
| snuff-box, 484
| |
| textbooks, 2
| |
| Anatomy, 1
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1714
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1715
| |
| | |
| | |
| Anconeus muscle, 500
| |
| Angle, cranio-facial, 260
| |
| of eye, 1289
| |
| of mandible, 232
| |
| pubic, 339, 552
| |
| sacro-vertebral, 151
| |
| sternal, 102, 1013
| |
| subcostal, 165
| |
| subpubic, 344
| |
| | |
| Angles of pharyngeal lateral pouches. 70,76
| |
| Angular process, medial, 181
| |
| Animal cell, 8
| |
| Ankle-joint, 661
| |
| | |
| Annular-ligament of radius, 520
| |
| Annulus fibrosus—
| |
| | |
| of intervertebral disc, 1107
| |
| of tympanic membrane, 1676
| |
| ovalis, 1055
| |
| | |
| Ano-coccygeal body, 675
| |
| Ansa hypoglossi, 1206
| |
| | |
| lenticularis, 1531, 1539 , 1567
| |
| peduncularis, 1565, 1567
| |
| subclavia, 1239, 1335
| |
| Antecubital lymphatic glands, 452, 514
| |
| Antihelix, 1295
| |
| Antinion, 268
| |
| Antitragicus muscle, 1296
| |
| Antrum, definition, 115
| |
| pyloric, 760
| |
| tympanic, 188, 1681
| |
| Anus, 674
| |
| | |
| development of, 965
| |
| imperforate, 965
| |
| lymphatics of, 964
| |
| Aorta, abdominal, 825
| |
| | |
| branches of, 825
| |
| guides to bifurcation of, 708
| |
| arch of, 1037
| |
| | |
| development of, 1041
| |
| ascending, 1033
| |
| | |
| branches of, 1036
| |
| development of, 1037
| |
| great sinus of, 1036
| |
| descending, 1089
| |
| | |
| development of, 1094
| |
| embryonic, 51, 68
| |
| thoracic, 1033
| |
| varieties of, 1040
| |
| Aortic arches, 68, 91, 1118
| |
| isthmus, 1038
| |
| lymphatic glands, 832
| |
| nodule, 1063
| |
| orifice, 1062
| |
| | |
| position of, 1064
| |
| plexus, 811
| |
| sinuses, 1063
| |
| spindle, 1038
| |
| valve, 1062
| |
| vestibule, 1060
| |
| Aortico-renal ganglion, 809
| |
| Aperture, bony, of nose, anterior, 244
| |
| posterior, 251
| |
| | |
| median, of fourth ventricle, 1492, 1608
| |
| Apex of lung, 1021
| |
| Apical pole of ovum, 25
| |
| | |
| | |
| Aponeurosis, bicipital, 453
| |
| epicranial, 1156
| |
| palatine, 1351
| |
| palmar, 484
| |
| plantar, 642
| |
| Apophysis, 114
| |
| | |
| Appendices epiploicae, 768, 871
| |
| Appendix, vermiform, 764
| |
| | |
| development of, 63, 872, 883
| |
| mesentery of, 764, 787 , 884
| |
| Aquatic respiration, 1377
| |
| Aqueduct of mid-brain, 1488, 1560
| |
| | |
| development of, 58, 1561, 1589
| |
| of vestibule, 191, 264
| |
| Aqueductus cochleae, 193, 1165, 1686
| |
| Aqueous humour, 1661
| |
| Arachnoid granulations, 1599, 1609
| |
| membrane, cranial, 1608
| |
| spinal, 1413
| |
| | |
| Arbor vitae cerebelli, 1485
| |
| of uterus, 977
| |
| | |
| Arc, longitudinal, of skull, 269
| |
| Arch, coraco-acromial, 445
| |
| crico-thyroid, 1215
| |
| femoral, deep, 719, 734
| |
| jugular, 1175
| |
| nasal, 1154
| |
| palato-glossal, 1350
| |
| palato-pharyngeal, 1350
| |
| palmar, deep, 484, 497 , 499
| |
| superficial, 483, 487, 498
| |
| plantar, 614, 657
| |
| subpubic, 344
| |
| superciliary, 181
| |
| Archenteric cavity, 25
| |
| Archenteron, 27, 30
| |
| Arches, arterial, 1118
| |
| dental, 281
| |
| of foot, 672
| |
| visceral, 66, 278
| |
| | |
| metamorphosis of, 1376
| |
| Archoplasm, 9
| |
| | |
| Arcuate eminence, 189, 263, 1684
| |
| fibres of medulla, 1465
| |
| ligaments of knee-joint, 631
| |
| of diaphragm, 836
| |
| line, 727
| |
| | |
| Arcus parieto-occipitalis, 1501
| |
| tendineus, 947
| |
| Area, bucco-pharyngeal, 34
| |
| cochlear, 190
| |
| embryonic, 33
| |
| orbital, 1493
| |
| proto-cardiac, 34
| |
| tentorial, 1493
| |
| vestibular, 1491
| |
| Areas of Broca, 1446
| |
| of cortex, 1569
| |
| of Flechsig, 1467
| |
| | |
| vestibular, superior and inferior, 190
| |
| Areola of nipple, 414
| |
| Arm, landmarks of, 446
| |
| Arteria, centralis retinae, 1260
| |
| rectae, 906
| |
| | |
| thyroidea ima, 1038, 1204, 1221
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1716
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Artery or arteries—
| |
| | |
| acromio-thoracic, 426
| |
| alar thoracic, 427
| |
| anastomosis, cruciate, 538, 585 , 87
| |
| round, elbow-joint, 479
| |
| knee-joint, 548
| |
| scapular, 441
| |
| aorta, abdominal, 825
| |
| | |
| branches of, 825
| |
| development of, 1041, 1118
| |
| guides to bifurcation, 708
| |
| arch of, 1037
| |
| | |
| development of, 1041
| |
| ascending, 1033
| |
| | |
| branches of, 1036
| |
| development of, 1037
| |
| great sinus of, 1036
| |
| descending, 1089
| |
| | |
| development of, 1094
| |
| embryonic, 51, 68
| |
| primitive dorsal, 1118
| |
| ventral, 1118
| |
| thoracic, 1033
| |
| varieties of, 1040
| |
| aortic arches (emb.), 68, 91
| |
| appendicular, 797
| |
| arch, crico-thyroid, 1215
| |
| | |
| palmar, deep, 484, 497 , 499
| |
| superficial, 483, 487, 498
| |
| plantar, 614, 657
| |
| arcuate, 612
| |
| | |
| ascending pharyngeal, 1219
| |
| auditory, internal, 1448, 1576
| |
| of auricle, 1672
| |
| auricular, deep, 1305
| |
| | |
| posterior, 1161, 1219
| |
| axillary, 425
| |
| | |
| varieties of, 428
| |
| azygos, of vaginal, 980
| |
| basilar, 1447, 1575
| |
| brachial, 454
| |
| | |
| collateral circulation after ligature, 457
| |
| profunda, 455
| |
| varieties of, 456
| |
| bronchial, 1090, 1029
| |
| buccal, 1282, 1307
| |
| of bulb, female, 703
| |
| male, 688
| |
| | |
| bulbar, of vertebral, 1575
| |
| caecal, 797
| |
| | |
| calcaneal, lateral, of peroneal, 626
| |
| medial, of post-tibial, 627
| |
| calcarine, 1577
| |
| capsular, of liver, 885
| |
| carotid, common, 1207
| |
| | |
| left, in thorax, 1039
| |
| ligation of, 1210
| |
| surgical compression, 1210
| |
| internal, 1323
| |
| | |
| at base of brain, 1449
| |
| cavernous part of, 1169
| |
| cerebral part of, 1570
| |
| development of, 91, 1118,
| |
| 1122, 1324
| |
| | |
| | |
| Artery or arteries ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| carotid, internal, petrous part of, 1399
| |
| carpal, anterior, of radial, 475
| |
| of ulnar, 479
| |
| | |
| arch, posterior, 478, 508, 511
| |
| posterior, of radial, 511
| |
| of ulnar, 478
| |
| | |
| rete, anterior, 478, 479, 498
| |
| centralis, retinae, 1260, 1658
| |
| cerebellar, anterior inferior, 1448, 1576
| |
| posterior inferior, 1575
| |
| superior, 1448, 1576
| |
| cerebral, anterior, 1449, 1572
| |
| middle, 1449, 1573
| |
| posterior, 1448, 1576
| |
| | |
| cerebral areas of, 1577
| |
| cervical, ascending, 1242
| |
| deep, 1148, 1244
| |
| transverse, 1193, 1243
| |
| | |
| deep branch of, 402, 1192,
| |
| 1243
| |
| | |
| superficial branch of, 1142,
| |
| | |
| 1243
| |
| | |
| of uterine, 980
| |
| | |
| choroidal, anterior, 1449, 1571
| |
| posterior, 1577
| |
| ciliary, anterior, 1260, 1651
| |
| long, 1260, 1651
| |
| posterior, 1260
| |
| short, 1260
| |
| | |
| circulus arteriosus, 1449, 1577
| |
| major, 1651
| |
| minor, 1651
| |
| | |
| circumflex, anterior humeral, 427
| |
| fibular, 609
| |
| iliac, deep, 732
| |
| | |
| superficial, 508, 712
| |
| lateral femoral, 585, 588
| |
| medial femoral, 585, 589
| |
| posterior humeral, 427, 428
| |
| scapular, 427
| |
| | |
| clitoris, dorsal artery of, 703
| |
| cochlear, 1694
| |
| coeliac, 811
| |
| colic, left, 801
| |
| middle, 797
| |
| right, 797
| |
| | |
| communicating, anterior, 1449, 1573
| |
| posterior, 1449, 1571
| |
| companion artery of sciatic nerve,
| |
| 538
| |
| | |
| coronary, of heart, 1036
| |
| of uterine, 980
| |
| of corpus callosum, 1573
| |
| cremasteric, 731
| |
| crico-thyroid arch, 1215
| |
| | |
| branch of superior thyroid, 1214
| |
| dental, anterior superior, 1308
| |
| inferior, 1307
| |
| posterior superior, 1307
| |
| dorsalis, indicis, 511
| |
| linguae, 1216
| |
| pedis, 611
| |
| | |
| varieties of, 614
| |
| pollicis, 511
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1717
| |
| | |
| | |
| Artery or arteries ( continued )—
| |
| epigastric, inferior, 729
| |
| | |
| branches of, 731
| |
| guide to, 708
| |
| superficial, 584, 711
| |
| superior, 731, 1000
| |
| | |
| ethmoidal, anterior, 1261, 1281,
| |
| | |
| 1362
| |
| | |
| posterior, 1261
| |
| facial, on face, 1278
| |
| in neck, 1217
| |
| transverse, 1158, 1281
| |
| femoral, 563, 581 » 587
| |
| | |
| profunda of, 584, 588
| |
| fibular, circumflex, 609
| |
| | |
| of frenulum linguae, 1216
| |
| ganglionic, 1449, 1573 , 1577
| |
| gastric, left, 812
| |
| right, 814
| |
| | |
| gastro-duodenal, 814
| |
| gastro-epiploic, left, 812
| |
| right, 814
| |
| | |
| genicular, of popliteal, 548
| |
| gluteal, inferior, 538, 926
| |
| superior, 536, 927
| |
| helicine, 953
| |
| hepatic, 813, 885
| |
| | |
| varieties of, 815
| |
| hyaloid, 1664
| |
| ileal, 796
| |
| ileo-colic, 787
| |
| iliac, circumflex deep, 732
| |
| superficial, 712
| |
| common, 849
| |
| | |
| branches of, 851
| |
| collateral circulation after
| |
| ligature of, 852
| |
| guide to, 708
| |
| varieties of, 852
| |
| external, 853
| |
| | |
| branches of, 854
| |
| collateral circulation after
| |
| ligature of, 854
| |
| guide to, 708
| |
| varieties of branches, 854
| |
| internal, 923
| |
| | |
| branches of, 924
| |
| foetal condition of, 923
| |
| varieties of, 923
| |
| ilio-lumbar, 926
| |
| indicis, dorsalis, 511
| |
| radialis, 487, 498
| |
| infra-hyoid, 1214
| |
| infra-orbital, 1282 , 1307
| |
| innominate, 1038
| |
| | |
| varieties of, 1039
| |
| intercostal, 997
| |
| | |
| anterior, 998, 1000
| |
| collateral, 1093
| |
| lower two, 732, 999
| |
| posterior, 998, 1091
| |
| superior, 997, 1093, 1243
| |
| interlobar, of kidney, 904
| |
| interlobular, of kidney, 905
| |
| of liver, 885
| |
| | |
| | |
| Artery or arteries ( continued )—
| |
| interosseous, anterior, 478
| |
| common, 478
| |
| posterior, 506, 507
| |
| recurrent, 508
| |
| of iris, 1651
| |
| jejunal, 796
| |
| of kidney, 904
| |
| labial, inferior, 1279
| |
| | |
| superior, 1280, 1362
| |
| of labyrinth, 1694
| |
| lacrimal, 1260
| |
| laryngeal, inferior, 1243
| |
| superior, 1214
| |
| of larynx, 1396
| |
| lenticular, 1573
| |
| lenticulo-striate, 1573
| |
| lenticulo-thalamic, 1573
| |
| of ligamentum teres of uterus, 731
| |
| lingual, 1215
| |
| lumbar, 847
| |
| | |
| abdominal branches of, 732
| |
| branches of, 847
| |
| malleolar, lateral anterior, 609
| |
| medial anterior, 609
| |
| of posterior tibial, 627
| |
| mammary, external branches of
| |
| lateral thoracic artery, 426
| |
| internal, cervical part of, 1242
| |
| thoracic part of, 999
| |
| branches of, 1000
| |
| masseteric, 1307
| |
| mastoid of occipital, 1146, 1219
| |
| maxillary, 1304
| |
| | |
| branches of, 1305
| |
| median, 478 , 498, 5 1 ^>
| |
| meningeal, accessory, 1306, 1600
| |
| anterior of ethmoidal, 1599
| |
| of ascending pharyngeal, 1220,
| |
| 1601
| |
| | |
| of internal carotid, 1600
| |
| middle, 1306, 1600
| |
| of occipital, 1146, 1219, 1601
| |
| of vertebral, 1575, 1601
| |
| mental, of facial, 1279
| |
| | |
| of inferior dental, 1283, 1307
| |
| mesenteric inferior, 801
| |
| branches of, 801
| |
| superior, 796
| |
| | |
| branches of, 796
| |
| metacarpal, dorsal, 511
| |
| palmar, 498
| |
| metatarsal, dorsal, 613
| |
| first plantar, 657
| |
| musculo-phrenic, 1000
| |
| mylo-hyoid, of inferior dental, 1307
| |
| nasal, dorsal, 1261, 1281
| |
| lateral, of facial, 1280
| |
| nutrient arteries—
| |
| of femur, 587
| |
| of fibula, 626
| |
| of humerus, 455, 456
| |
| of radius, 478
| |
| of tibia, 626
| |
| of ulna, 478
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1718
| |
| | |
| Artery or arteries [continued )—
| |
| obturator, 589, 925, 927
| |
| abnormal, 566
| |
| occipital, first part, 1218
| |
| | |
| descending branch of, 1218
| |
| second and third parts, 1146
| |
| olecanon rete, 479
| |
| ophthalmic, 1170, 1259
| |
| ovarian, 830
| |
| | |
| in pelvis, 978
| |
| of palate, soft, 1354
| |
| palatine, ascending, of facial, 1217
| |
| of ascending pharyngeal, 1220
| |
| greater, 1308 , 1338, 1362
| |
| lesser, 1308
| |
| | |
| palmar arch, deep, 484, 497, 499
| |
| superficial, 483, 487, 498
| |
| palpebral, lateral, 1260, 1281
| |
| medial, 1261, 1281
| |
| pancreatica magna, 812
| |
| pancreatico-duodenal, inferior, 798
| |
| superior, 814
| |
| pedis, dorsalis, 611
| |
| varieties of, 614
| |
| perforating, foot, 613, 657
| |
| hand, 498
| |
| | |
| of profunda femoris, 586
| |
| pericardiaco-phrenic, 1000
| |
| perineal, superficial, of female, 703
| |
| of male, 687
| |
| transverse, 687
| |
| peroneal, 610, 626
| |
| branches of, 626
| |
| communicating branch of, 627
| |
| varieties, 626
| |
| | |
| pharyngeal, ascending, 1219
| |
| of maxillary, 1308
| |
| of pharynx, 1373
| |
| phrenic, 827
| |
| placental, 51
| |
| plantar arch, 655, 657
| |
| lateral, 655 , 657
| |
| medial, 654 , 657
| |
| pollicis, dorsalis, 511
| |
| princeps, 487, 497
| |
| pontine, 1448, 1575
| |
| popliteal, 541, 546
| |
| varieties of, 548
| |
| princeps pollicis, 487, 497
| |
| profunda, of brachial, 455
| |
| femoris, 584 , 588
| |
| linguae, 1216, 1346
| |
| of pterygoid canal, 1308, 1362
| |
| pterygoid, of maxillary, 1307
| |
| pubic, 731
| |
| | |
| of obturator, 589
| |
| pudendal, accessory, 689
| |
| deep external, 584
| |
| internal, 925
| |
| female, 703
| |
| in gluteal region, 539
| |
| male, 686
| |
| | |
| superficial external, 584, 710
| |
| pulmonary, 1028, 1042
| |
| development of, 1042
| |
| | |
| | |
| Artery or arteries [continued )—
| |
| pulmonary, trunk, 1042
| |
| | |
| development of, 1042
| |
| radial, 473
| |
| | |
| first part, 474
| |
| | |
| recurrent branch of, 475
| |
| second part, 509
| |
| third part, 497
| |
| varieties of, 475, 498
| |
| radialis indicis, 487, 498
| |
| rectal, 906
| |
| | |
| inferior, 963
| |
| middle, 925, 963
| |
| superior, 802, 963
| |
| recurrent, anterior tibial, 609
| |
| ulnar, 477
| |
| | |
| posterior interosseous, 508
| |
| tibial, 609
| |
| ulnar, 477
| |
| radial, 475
| |
| renal, 827
| |
| | |
| aberrant, 828
| |
| accessory, 828
| |
| varieties, 828
| |
| rete, olecranon, 479
| |
| retinal, 1658
| |
| sacral, lateral, 926
| |
| median, 946
| |
| | |
| saphenous, of descending genicular,
| |
| | |
| 587, 589
| |
| | |
| of scalp, 1153
| |
| scapular, circumflex, 427
| |
| of sclera, 1643
| |
| septal, of facial, 1280
| |
| | |
| of spheno-palatine, 1308, 1339,
| |
| 1362
| |
| | |
| spheno-palatine, 1308, 1361
| |
| spinal, anterior, 1447, 1575
| |
| lateral, 1434
| |
| | |
| posterior, 1434, 1447, 1575
| |
| of posterior intercostals, 1093,
| |
| 1411
| |
| splenic, 812
| |
| striate, 1573
| |
| stylo-mastoid, 1219
| |
| subclavian, 1237
| |
| | |
| development of, 1240
| |
| left, first part of, 1240
| |
| in thorax, 1040
| |
| right, first part of, 1237
| |
| second part of, 1240
| |
| third part of, 1191
| |
| | |
| guide to, 1192
| |
| subcostal, 732, 848, 1093
| |
| sublingual, 1216
| |
| submental, 1218
| |
| subscapular, 427
| |
| suprahyoid, 1216
| |
| supra-orbital, 1154, 1260
| |
| suprarenal, inferior, 828
| |
| middle, 827
| |
| | |
| superior, of phrenic, 827
| |
| suprascapular, 402, 438 , ii 93 ; 1243
| |
| suprasternal of suprascapular,
| |
| | |
| 43 8 . 1243
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1719
| |
| | |
| | |
| Artery or arteries ( continued )—
| |
| supratrochlear (brachial), 456
| |
| of ophthalmic, 1154, 1261
| |
| sural cutaneous, 548
| |
| tarsal, 612
| |
| | |
| temporal, anterior deep, 1307
| |
| middle, 1158
| |
| posterior deep, 1307
| |
| superficial, 1158
| |
| testicular, 829
| |
| | |
| terminal part of, 738
| |
| varieties, 829
| |
| thoracic, alar, 427
| |
| lateral, 427
| |
| somatic, 1244
| |
| superior, 426
| |
| | |
| thyro-cervical trunk, 1242
| |
| thyroid, inferior, 1242
| |
| superior, 1213 , 1242
| |
| thyroidea ima, 1038, 1204, 1221
| |
| tibial, anterior, 607
| |
| | |
| guide to, 599
| |
| recurrent, 609
| |
| posterior, 624
| |
| guide to, 599
| |
| recurrent, 609
| |
| varieties, 627
| |
| of tongue, 1346
| |
| of tonsils, 1215, 1355
| |
| tonsillar, of facial, 1217
| |
| transverse facial, 1158
| |
| tympanic, anterior, 1306
| |
| inferior, 1220
| |
| | |
| of tympanic membrane, 1677
| |
| ulnar, 475
| |
| | |
| collateral, 456
| |
| first part, 476
| |
| | |
| recurrent branches of, 477
| |
| second part, 480
| |
| third part, 487
| |
| varieties, 479. 49$
| |
| umbilical, 51, 9 2 3> io8 3
| |
| urachal, of superior vesical, 924
| |
| ureteric, of superior vesical, 924
| |
| uterine, 979
| |
| vaginal, 980
| |
| | |
| azygos, 980
| |
| of liver, 885
| |
| of uterine, 980
| |
| | |
| vas aberrans, brachial, 456, 475
| |
| to vas deferens, 738, 925
| |
| vertebral, at base of brain, 1447
| |
| development of, 1121, 1242
| |
| first part, 1241
| |
| fourth part, 1574
| |
| second part, 1241
| |
| third part, 1151
| |
| varieties of, 1242
| |
| vesical, inferior, 925
| |
| superior, 924
| |
| vestibular, 1694
| |
| zygomatic, 115 8
| |
| Articular discs— . .
| |
| | |
| of acromio-clavicular joint, 444
| |
| of mandibular joint, 1318
| |
| | |
| | |
| | Articular discs ( continued )—
| |
| of radio-ulnar joint, 520
| |
| of sterno-clavicular joint, 444
| |
| Articularis genu muscle, 573
| |
| Articular nerves—
| |
| | |
| ankle-joint, 610, 615, 627, 663
| |
| calcaneo-cuboid, 654
| |
| carpal joints, 507, 525
| |
| carpo-metacarpal, 526
| |
| elbow-joint, 461, 480, 519
| |
| hip-joint, 545, 574, 580, 597
| |
| intermetacarpal, 526
| |
| interphalangeal, foot. 653, 654
| |
| shoulder-joint, 432, 464
| |
| talo-calcanean, 615
| |
| tarsal, 614, 652, 654
| |
| tarso-metatarsal, 614, 652, 654
| |
| tibio-fibular, inferior, 550, 610, 660
| |
| intermediate, 660
| |
| superior, 550, 659
| |
| wrist-joint, 489, 507, 523
| |
| Aryepiglottic fold, 1386
| |
| development of, 73
| |
| Arytenoid cartilages, 1382
| |
| development of, 1383
| |
| Arytenoideus muscle, 1393
| |
| Aspera, linea, 350
| |
| | |
| Association fibres of cerebrum, 1568
| |
| Aster, 9, 10
| |
| | |
| Asterion, 180, 239, 251, 268, 1630
| |
| Atavism, 6
| |
| | |
| Atlanto-axial joints, 1404 , 1408
| |
| Atlanto-occipital joints, 1406, 1409
| |
| Atlas, 128
| |
| | |
| development of, 170
| |
| ossification of, 142
| |
| Atresia ani, 955
| |
| Atria of heart, left, 1052
| |
| | |
| interior of, 1059
| |
| right, 1051
| |
| | |
| interior of, 1054
| |
| of lung, 1027
| |
| | |
| Atrio-ventricular bundle, 1071
| |
| node, 1071
| |
| | |
| Atrium of middle meatus, 1357
| |
| Attraction particles, 9
| |
| sphere, 9
| |
| | |
| Atypical, definition, 6
| |
| Auditory artery, internal, 1448, 1576
| |
| cells, 1689, 1692
| |
| epithelium, 1689
| |
| hairs, 1689
| |
| | |
| meatus, external, 193 , 1671
| |
| internal, 190, 264
| |
| nerve, 1165, 1404, 1447, 1620
| |
| process, external, 194
| |
| radiation, 1531, 1568
| |
| striae, 1471, 1489, 1620
| |
| teeth, 1691
| |
| Auricle, 1294
| |
| | |
| blood-supply of, 1297
| |
| lymphatics of, 1297
| |
| muscles of, extrinsic, 1160
| |
| intrinsic, 1296
| |
| nerve-supply of, 1297
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1720
| |
| | |
| Auricle, structure of, 1295
| |
| veins of, 1297
| |
| Auricles of heart, left, 1052
| |
| right, 1051
| |
| | |
| Auricular artery, deep, 1305
| |
| posterior, 1219
| |
| nerve, great, 1142 , 1278
| |
| posterior, 1160, 1272
| |
| point, 251, 268, 1629
| |
| surface of sacrum, 147
| |
| tubercle, 1295
| |
| tubercles (emb.), 68
| |
| vein, posterior, 1161
| |
| Auricularis anterior muscle, 1160
| |
| posterior, 1160
| |
| superior, 1160
| |
| | |
| Auriculo-temporal nerve, 1157, 1277
| |
| Auscultation triangle, 400
| |
| Autonomic nervous system, 1634
| |
| parasympathetic, 1639
| |
| cranial, 1639
| |
| sacral, 1640
| |
| sympathetic, 1635
| |
| | |
| course of efferent impulses, 1636
| |
| development of, 1640
| |
| ganglia, 1635
| |
| | |
| rami communicantes, 1635
| |
| Axial filament in spermatozoon, 13
| |
| skeleton, 23
| |
| Axillary artery, 425
| |
| | |
| varieties of, 428
| |
| fascia, 414
| |
| folds, 412
| |
| | |
| lymphatic glands, 416, 424, 434 , 514
| |
| sheath, 429
| |
| space, 412, 422
| |
| vein, 428 , 451
| |
| Axis, 131
| |
| | |
| odontoid process of, 131
| |
| ossification of, 143
| |
| Azygos arteries of vagina, 890
| |
| veins, 839
| |
| | |
| Back, landmarks of, 397
| |
| of scalp and neck, 1141
| |
| Baillarger, bands of, 1565
| |
| Balfour’s cell-chain theory, 55
| |
| Ball-and-socket joint, 393
| |
| Band, diagonal, 1515
| |
| ilio-trochanteric, 593
| |
| moderator, 1057
| |
| pudendal, 929
| |
| sciatic, 929
| |
| | |
| Basal cartilaginous plate in skull, 89
| |
| ganglia, 1526
| |
| Base of brain, 1443
| |
| Base-line of Reid, 1633
| |
| Basi-bregmatic axis, 260
| |
| Basi-cranial axis, 260
| |
| Basi-facial axis, 260
| |
| Basi-hyal, 236
| |
| Basilar artery, 1447, 1575
| |
| | |
| branches of, 1447, 1575
| |
| groove, 174
| |
| membrane, 1690
| |
| | |
| | |
| Basilar, part of occipital bone, 174
| |
| vein, 1521, 1579
| |
| Basilic vein, 450, 451
| |
| Basi-occipital, 275
| |
| Basion, 258, 268
| |
| Basket cells of cerebellum, 1487
| |
| Beak of ulna, 312
| |
| Bechterew, band of, 1565
| |
| Bellini, duct of, 903
| |
| Bergmann, fibres of, 1487
| |
| Biceps brachii, 452 , 463
| |
| third head, 454
| |
| femoris, 542
| |
| | |
| Bicipital aponeurosis, 453
| |
| groove, 300
| |
| synovial sheath, 465
| |
| Bifurcated ligament—•
| |
| | |
| calcaneo-cuboid part, 666
| |
| calcaneo-navicular part, 665
| |
| Bile canaliculi, 886
| |
| capillaries, 886
| |
| ducts, 779
| |
| | |
| accessory ducts, 779
| |
| interlobular ducts, 886
| |
| Birth of foetus, 107
| |
| Biventer cervicis muscle, 407
| |
| Bladder, urinary, blood-supply of, 952
| |
| development of, 955
| |
| female, 977
| |
| infantile, 952
| |
| | |
| ligaments of, false, 918, 952
| |
| true, 952
| |
| | |
| lumen of empty bladder, 951
| |
| male, 932
| |
| | |
| nerve-supply of, 953
| |
| orifices of, 951
| |
| peritoneal relations of, 934
| |
| structure of, 949
| |
| trigone, external, of, 934
| |
| internal, of, 951
| |
| | |
| Blastocele, 24
| |
| Blastocyst, 24
| |
| Blastoderm, 24
| |
| Blastodermic vesicle, 24
| |
| Blastomere, 21
| |
| Blastopore, 35
| |
| Blastula, 24
| |
| Blind spot, 1653
| |
| | |
| Blood circulation, development of, so, s
| |
| islands, 51
| |
| | |
| Bochdalek, ganglion of, 1320
| |
| Body, ano-coccygeal, 675
| |
| carotid, 1211
| |
| cavity, primitive, 23, 42
| |
| ciliary, 1647
| |
| geniculate, lateral, 1538
| |
| medial, 1538
| |
| Pacinian, 490, 653
| |
| perineal, female, 701
| |
| male, 681
| |
| pineal, 1540
| |
| ponto-bulbar, 1584
| |
| stalk, circulation in, 51, 52
| |
| morphology, 31 "
| |
| relation to umbilicus, 65
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1721
| |
| | |
| | |
| Body, ultimo-branchial, 76
| |
| vitreous, 1662
| |
| wall, development of, 59
| |
| split by pleurae, 78
| |
| Bone, canaliculi, 117
| |
| cell, 117
| |
| chemical, 115
| |
| lacunae, 117
| |
| marrow, 121
| |
| Bones, cancellated, 118
| |
| classification of, 118
| |
| compact, 116
| |
| of head, 172
| |
| ossification, 119
| |
| Borders, post- and pre-axial, 5
| |
| Bowman, capsule of, 901, 906
| |
| Brachia of corpora quadrigemina, 1538,
| |
| | |
| 1548
| |
| | |
| Brachial artery, 454, 456
| |
| | |
| collateral circulation after ligature, 457
| |
| profunda, 455
| |
| varieties of, 456
| |
| plexus, 439
| |
| | |
| infraclavicular branches, 431
| |
| in neck, 1193
| |
| | |
| supraclavicular branches, 430,
| |
| 1194
| |
| | |
| Brachialis muscle, 454
| |
| Brachio-radialis, 501
| |
| Brachycephalic skulls, 243, 267, 269
| |
| Brain, 1442
| |
| | |
| development of, 55, 15 81
| |
| superior surface of, 1433
| |
| weight of, 1570
| |
| | |
| Bregma, 180, 237, 238, 268, 1629
| |
| Bregmatic bone, 265
| |
| Broca, area of, 1446
| |
| Bronchioles, 1027
| |
| | |
| development of, 1030
| |
| Bronchus, eparterial, 1027, 1030
| |
| hyparterial, 1027
| |
| | |
| development of, 1030
| |
| left, 1086
| |
| right, 1086
| |
| | |
| Bruch, membrane of, 1646
| |
| Bryant’s triangle, 552
| |
| Buccal mucous glands, 1272
| |
| Buccinator muscle, 1269
| |
| Bucco-pharyngeal area, 34, 44
| |
| | |
| fascia, 1179, I 3 68
| |
| membrane, 44, 56. 69
| |
| Bulb, olfactory, 1165, 1510 , 157 °
| |
| of penis, 682
| |
| of posterior horn, i 5 2 4
| |
| Bulbar ridges, 1079
| |
| Bulbo-urethral glands, 685
| |
| Bulbs of vestibule, 696
| |
| Bulla ethmoidalis, 1357
| |
| Bundle, atrio-ventricular, I ° 7 I
| |
| | |
| medial longitudinal, 1464, 1555
| |
| of Munzer, 1588
| |
| Bursa of biceps brachii, 453
| |
| femoris, 542, 641
| |
| | |
| of coraco-clavicular ligament, 405
| |
| | |
| | |
| Bursa, under gastrocnemius, 544, 619, 640
| |
| gluteal muscles, 598
| |
| of infraspinatus, 465
| |
| under obturator internus, 535
| |
| olecranon, 447
| |
| of popliteal tendon, 641
| |
| prepatellar, 554, 640
| |
| under semimembranosus, 544, 64°
| |
| subacromial, 436, 464
| |
| subhyoid, 235
| |
| subpsoas, 598
| |
| subscapular, 464
| |
| suprapatellar, 574, 640
| |
| of teres major, 465
| |
| Bursae at elbow-joint, 519
| |
| at hip-joint, 598
| |
| at knee-joint, 640
| |
| at shoulder-joint, 464
| |
| | |
| Caecum, 762
| |
| | |
| development of, 63, 882
| |
| peritoneal relations of, 763
| |
| varieties of, 764
| |
| vascular fold of, 792
| |
| Cajal, horizontal cells of, 1562
| |
| moss fibres of, 1488
| |
| Calamus scriptorius, 1452
| |
| Calcaneal arteries—
| |
| | |
| lateral of peroneal, 626
| |
| medial of post-tibial, 627
| |
| Calcaneo-cuboid joint, 666
| |
| Calcaneo-navicular ligament, plantar, 665,
| |
| 673
| |
| | |
| part of bifurcated ligament, 665
| |
| Calcaneum, 370
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 378
| |
| peroneal tubercle, 372, 388
| |
| structure of, 372
| |
| | |
| sustentaculum tali of, 371, 388, 390
| |
| tubercles on, 370, 386
| |
| tuberosity of, 370
| |
| varieties of, 372
| |
| Calcar avis, 1524
| |
| femorale, 354
| |
| | |
| Calcarine area of cortex, 1569
| |
| artery, 1577
| |
| Callosal radiation, 1568
| |
| Calvaria, 260
| |
| Canal or canals—
| |
| anal, 945, 97 8
| |
| carotid, 189, 191, 258, 263
| |
| central, of cord, 1422
| |
| condylar, 175, 258
| |
| cranio-pharyngeal, 197, 206
| |
| dental, 212, 213
| |
| facial, 190
| |
| femoral, 566
| |
| Haversian, 116
| |
| hepatic, 886
| |
| hyaloid, 1664
| |
| incisive, 248
| |
| infra-orbital, 245
| |
| inguinal, 708, 735
| |
| innominate, 201
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1722
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Canal or canals—( continued )
| |
| intestinal, 761
| |
| lacrimal, 245
| |
| mandibular, 231
| |
| naso-lacrimal, 248
| |
| neural, 40
| |
| | |
| of Nuck, 743, 744, 969
| |
| obturator, 993
| |
| | |
| palatine, greater and lesser, 255
| |
| palato-vaginal, 199, 255
| |
| palmar, 332
| |
| | |
| pharyngo-tympanic, 257
| |
| portal, 885
| |
| | |
| pterygoid, 204, 255, 263
| |
| pterygo-palatine, 227
| |
| pudendal, 688
| |
| pyloric, 760
| |
| of sacrum, 148
| |
| semicircular, 1684
| |
| spiral, of cochlea, 1685
| |
| subsartorial, 580
| |
| vertebral, 154
| |
| Volkmann's, 117
| |
| zygomatico-facial, 219
| |
| zygomatico-temporal, 219
| |
| Canaliculus for chorda tympani, anterior,
| |
| 187, 1673
| |
| | |
| posterior, 190, 1675
| |
| lacrimal, 1287
| |
| mastoid, 191, 258
| |
| tympanic, 258
| |
| Cancellated bone, 118
| |
| Canine fossa, 212
| |
| ridge, 211
| |
| teeth, 280
| |
| Capitate bone, 320
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 322
| |
| Capitellum, definition, 114
| |
| Capitulum of humerus, 304
| |
| Capsular decidua, 104, 106
| |
| Capsule, external, of brain, 1531
| |
| internal, of brain, 1528
| |
| Caput cornu, 1421
| |
| | |
| gyri hippocampi, 1507
| |
| medusae, 712
| |
| | |
| Cardiac nerves of sympathetic cervical,
| |
| 1334 . 1335
| |
| | |
| of vagus, cervical, 1330
| |
| thoracic, 1045
| |
| plexus, 1046
| |
| deep, 1046
| |
| superficial, 1046
| |
| | |
| Cardinal veins, 51, 1127, 1132, 1136
| |
| Carotico-clinoid foramen, 200
| |
| Carotid artery, common, 1207
| |
| | |
| left, in thorax, 1039
| |
| external, 1212
| |
| | |
| development of, 1119, 1213
| |
| internal, 1169, 1323, 1324, 1399'
| |
| 1449
| |
| | |
| development of, 91, 1118,
| |
| 1122, 1324
| |
| | |
| body, 1211
| |
| | |
| canal, 189, 191, 258, 263
| |
| groove of sphenoid, 200
| |
| | |
| | |
| Carotid notch of sphenoid, 200
| |
| plexus, 1333
| |
| sheath, 1207
| |
| triangle, 1196
| |
| tubercle, 134, 1172
| |
| Carpal arch, posterior, 478, 508, 511
| |
| arteries—
| |
| | |
| anterior, of radial, 475
| |
| posterior, of radial, 511
| |
| of ulnar, 479
| |
| joints, 524
| |
| | |
| rete, anterior, 478, 479, 498
| |
| Carpo-metacarpal joints, 525
| |
| Carpus, 315
| |
| | |
| morphology, 323
| |
| ossification of, 322
| |
| varieties of, 322
| |
| as a whole, 321
| |
| Cartilage or cartilages—
| |
| arytenoid, 1382
| |
| corniculate, 1383
| |
| costal, 160
| |
| cuneiform, 1383
| |
| of larynx, 1379
| |
| | |
| of mandibular arch, 74, 75, 232
| |
| nasal, 1298
| |
| of second arch, 75
| |
| semilunar, 632
| |
| thyroid, 1380
| |
| | |
| Cartilaginous base of skull, 89, 270, 275
| |
| Cartilago triticea, 1384
| |
| Caruncula lacrimalis, 1289, 1292
| |
| Carunculae hymenales, 696
| |
| Cauda equina, 1417
| |
| Caudal, definition, 122
| |
| Caudate nucleus, 1526
| |
| Cave of Retzius, 339
| |
| Cavernous sinus, 1169, 1606
| |
| Cavity, glenoid, 294 , 461
| |
| of larynx, 1386
| |
| nasal, 1356
| |
| | |
| of septum lucidum, 1520
| |
| thoracic, 1002
| |
| Cavum trigeminale, 1167
| |
| Cell, animal, 8
| |
| | |
| of Cajal, 1562
| |
| division, 9
| |
| germ, 12
| |
| of Golgi, 1564
| |
| membrane, 8
| |
| pyramidal, 1562
| |
| Cement, 285
| |
| | |
| Centra, vertebral development, 59
| |
| Central artery of retina, 1260, 1658
| |
| canal of cord, 1422
| |
| lobule of cerebullum, 1478
| |
| tendon of diaphragm, 835
| |
| Centrale, os, 322
| |
| | |
| Centro-acinar cells of Langerhans, 891
| |
| Centrosome, 9, 10, 21
| |
| in spermatozoa, 13
| |
| Centrum of vertebrae, 125
| |
| Cephalic, definition, 122
| |
| vein, 450, 451
| |
| Cerg,to-hyal, 76, 23$
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| I 7 2 3
| |
| | |
| | |
| Cerebellar fossae, 264
| |
| | |
| Cerebelli, tentorium, 1163, 1602, 1633
| |
| | |
| Cerebellum, 1475
| |
| | |
| arbor vitae of, 1485
| |
| association and commissural fibres
| |
| of, 1485
| |
| | |
| basal surface, 1443
| |
| development of, 1488, 1586
| |
| lobes and lobules of under surface
| |
| of, 1480
| |
| | |
| of upper surface, 1478
| |
| medullary vela, 1485
| |
| morphology of, 1481
| |
| nuclei of, i486
| |
| peduncles, inferior, 1484
| |
| middle, 1484
| |
| superior, 1483 , 1553
| |
| structure of, i486
| |
| under surface of, 1479
| |
| upper surface of, 1476
| |
| Cerebral commissure, anterior, 1518, 1568
| |
| hippocampal, 1518, 1568
| |
| posterior, 1542
| |
| cortex, 1561
| |
| | |
| development, 1510, 1591
| |
| fissures of, 1495
| |
| | |
| calcarine, 1503
| |
| choroidal, 1525
| |
| collateral, 1497
| |
| dentate, 1508
| |
| ecto-rhinal, 1508
| |
| lateral, 1495
| |
| parieto-occipital, 1496
| |
| postcalcarine, 1503
| |
| precalcarine, 1503
| |
| ganglia, basal, of, 1526
| |
| gyri of, 1493. See under Gyri
| |
| hemispheres, 1493
| |
| lobes of—
| |
| | |
| frontal, 1497
| |
| insula, 1505
| |
| limbic, 1506
| |
| occipital, 1502
| |
| olfactory, 1510
| |
| parietal, 1499
| |
| pyriform, 1508
| |
| | |
| temporal, 1504
| |
| lobules of—
| |
| | |
| cuneus, 1504
| |
| paracentral, 1499
| |
| parietal, 1501
| |
| postcentral, 1506
| |
| prsecuneus, 1502
| |
| precentral, 1506
| |
| quadrate, 1502
| |
| pole, frontal, of, 1451
| |
| | |
| occipital, of, 1451, i 5°3
| |
| temporal, of, 1444
| |
| veins, 1578
| |
| vesicles, primary, 58
| |
| Cerebri, crura, 1445. 1551
| |
| Cerebro-spinal axis, 1410
| |
| Cerebrum, the, 1493
| |
| Ceruminous glands, 1672
| |
| Cervical canal in pregnancy, 104
| |
| | |
| | |
| Cervical fascia, deep, 1178
| |
| | |
| compartments of, 1180
| |
| | |
| fistula, 1377
| |
| | |
| lymphatic glands, deep, 1189, H 99
| |
| superficial, 1178
| |
| plexus, 1185
| |
| | |
| branches, deep, 1188
| |
| | |
| superficial, 1141, 1187
| |
| spinal nerves, origins of, 1418
| |
| vertebrae, 126
| |
| Cervix cornu of cord, 1421
| |
| of uterus, 973
| |
| | |
| Check ligaments of eyeball, 1253
| |
| Cheeks, 1337
| |
| Chiasma, optic, 1545
| |
| Chondrocranium, 89, 270, 275
| |
| Chorda tympani nerve, 1347, 1402
| |
| Chordae tendineae, 1057
| |
| Chorio-decidual vessels, 109
| |
| Chorion, 29, 106
| |
| Chorionic ectoderm 29
| |
| mesoderm, 29
| |
| villus, 29
| |
| | |
| Choroid coat of eyeball, 1645
| |
| nerves of, 1651
| |
| structure of, 1646
| |
| plexus of fourth ventricle, 1492
| |
| of lateral ventricle, 1521
| |
| | |
| of inferior horn of, 1525
| |
| of third ventricle, 1521
| |
| Choroidal fissure, 1525
| |
| Chromatin, 9
| |
| | |
| discharged from nucleus, 18
| |
| Chromosomes, 10, 17, 18
| |
| Chyli, cisterna, 838, 1100
| |
| Ciliary body of eye, 1647
| |
| ganglion, 1257
| |
| margin, 1649
| |
| nerves, long, 1256
| |
| short, 1258
| |
| processes, 1647
| |
| vessels, 1260, 1651
| |
| Cinereum, tuber, 1445* 1544
| |
| Cingulate sulcus, 1496
| |
| Circular folds of small intestine, 864
| |
| sinus, 1606
| |
| sulcus, 1497
| |
| | |
| Circulation, course of, 1050
| |
| embryonic, 51
| |
| | |
| Circulus arteriosus, 1449, 1 577
| |
| major, 1651
| |
| minor, 1651
| |
| Circumduction, 395
| |
| | |
| Circumflex artery, anterior humeral, 427
| |
| fibular, 609
| |
| | |
| lateral femoral, 585, 588
| |
| medial femoral, 585, 589
| |
| posterior humeral, 427, 428
| |
| scapular, 427
| |
| iliac artery, deep, 732
| |
| | |
| superficial, 584, 712
| |
| nerve, 432 , 436
| |
| Cisterna basalis, 1609
| |
| | |
| cerebello-medullaris, 1609
| |
| chyli, 838, 1100
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1724
| |
| | |
| | |
| Cisterna pontis, 1609
| |
| venae magnae, 1609
| |
| Classification of joints, 394
| |
| of movements, 395
| |
| Claustrum, 1531
| |
| | |
| Clava of medulla oblongata, 1455
| |
| Clavicle, 289
| |
| | |
| in female, 291
| |
| ossification of, 292
| |
| structure of, 291
| |
| varieties of, 291
| |
| Clavi-pectoral fascia, 420
| |
| Cleavage nucleus, 21
| |
| Cleft, intratonsillar, 1354
| |
| palate, varieties of, 218
| |
| uro-genital, 693
| |
| | |
| Clinoid process, anterior, 200 , 261
| |
| middle, 200 , 261
| |
| posterior, 198 , 261
| |
| Clitoris, 694
| |
| | |
| arteries of, 703
| |
| development of, 698
| |
| frenulum, 694
| |
| glans, 695
| |
| lymphatics of, 695
| |
| prepuce, 695
| |
| Clivus monticuli, 1478
| |
| of sphenoid, 197, 264
| |
| Cloaca, 45, 99, 954
| |
| division of, 98
| |
| Cloacalfossa, 956
| |
| | |
| membrane, 45, 955, 956
| |
| septum, 99, 954
| |
| Closing membrane, 66
| |
| Coats of eyeball, 1641
| |
| Coccygeal plexus, 531
| |
| Coccygeus muscle, 948
| |
| Coccyx, 149
| |
| | |
| cornua of, 150
| |
| ossification of, 151
| |
| varieties, 151
| |
| Cochlea, 1685, 1689
| |
| | |
| aqueduct of, 193, 1165, 1686
| |
| Coeliac artery, 811
| |
| ganglia, 809
| |
| plexus, 807, 809
| |
| Coelom, 23, 29, 65
| |
| | |
| extra-embryonic, obliterated,
| |
| 106
| |
| | |
| Coils of intestine, formation, 63
| |
| Collateral fissure, 1497
| |
| Colliculus facialis, 1491
| |
| Colon, ascending, 766
| |
| descending, 767
| |
| | |
| iliac part of, 767
| |
| left flexure of, 767
| |
| pelvic, 943
| |
| right flexure of, 766
| |
| taeniae of, 768, 870
| |
| transverse, 766
| |
| Column, vertebral, 124
| |
| as a whole, 151
| |
| Columnae rugarum, 986
| |
| Columns, anal, 961
| |
| renal, 900
| |
| | |
| | |
| Commissures of brain—
| |
| | |
| anterior, 1518, 1568
| |
| corpus callosum, 1513 * 1568
| |
| Gudden, of, 1545, 1547
| |
| habenular, 1541
| |
| hippocampal, 1518, 1568
| |
| posterior, 1542
| |
| of female perinaeum, 692
| |
| of spinal cord, 1418, 1420, 1426
| |
| Communicating artery, anterior, 1449,
| |
| 1573
| |
| | |
| posterior, 1449, 1571
| |
| Companion artery of sciatic nerve, 538
| |
| Comparative anatomy, 1
| |
| embryology, 23
| |
| | |
| Compressor venae dorsalis penis, 680
| |
| Conchae, nasal, inferior, 223
| |
| middle, 209
| |
| superior, 209
| |
| sphenoidal, 204
| |
| Condylar canals, 176, 258, 264
| |
| fossa, 176, 258
| |
| tubercle, 234
| |
| Condyles of femur, 352
| |
| occipital, 175, 258
| |
| of tibia, 357
| |
| | |
| Condyloid process of mandible, 232
| |
| Cone-bipolar cells of retina, 1655
| |
| Cone of light, 1677
| |
| Cones of retina, 1656
| |
| | |
| Confluence of the sinuses, 174, 1603, 1631
| |
| Congenital cystic kidney, 95
| |
| Conjoint tendon, 725
| |
| Conjugation of pronuclei, 20
| |
| Conjunctiva, 1291, 1292
| |
| Conoid impression, 297
| |
| ligament, 444
| |
| tubercle, 289
| |
| | |
| Constrictor muscles of pharynx, 1368,
| |
| 1369
| |
| | |
| Contrahentes, 515
| |
| | |
| Conus medullaris of spinal cord, 1416
| |
| Convoluted tubules of kidney, 901,903
| |
| Convolutions of brain. See Gyri
| |
| Coraco-acromial arch, 445
| |
| ligament, 445
| |
| | |
| Coraco-brachialis muscle, 452
| |
| Coraco-clavicular ligament, 444
| |
| Coracoid process and bone, 296 , 298
| |
| Cord, spermatic, 736
| |
| Cornea of eyeball, 1643
| |
| Corneal corpuscles, 1644
| |
| spaces, 1644
| |
| | |
| Corniculate cartilages, 1383
| |
| Corona glandis, 715
| |
| | |
| radiata, 1515, 1531
| |
| of ovum, 14, 19
| |
| Coronal, definition, 5
| |
| suture, 238, 1630
| |
| Coronary arteries of heart, 1036
| |
| of uterine, 980
| |
| ligaments of knee, 623
| |
| plexuses, 1048
| |
| sinus, 1065
| |
| Coronoid fossa, 304
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| I7 2 5
| |
| | |
| | |
| Coronoid process of mandible, 232
| |
| of ulna, 312
| |
| Corpora bigemina, 58
| |
| geniculata, 1538
| |
| mamillaria, 1543
| |
| | |
| peduncles of, 1544
| |
| quadrigemina, 1547
| |
| | |
| development of, 58
| |
| Corpus albicans of ovary, 982
| |
| callosum, 1513
| |
| | |
| development of, 1531, 1596
| |
| forceps major, 1516
| |
| minor, 1515
| |
| genu,1514
| |
| peduncles of, 1514
| |
| radiatio corporis callosi,
| |
| | |
| 1515
| |
| | |
| fimbriatum, 972
| |
| luteum, 982
| |
| striatum, 1526
| |
| | |
| development of, 58, 1591
| |
| trapezoides of cerebellum, 1484
| |
| of pons, 1470
| |
| Corrugator cutis ani, 675
| |
| supercilii muscle, 1266
| |
| Cortex, cerebral, 1561
| |
| Corti, rods of, 1691
| |
| tunnel of, 1692
| |
| | |
| Cortical branches of cerebral arteries,
| |
| 1572, 1574, 1577
| |
| | |
| Cortico-medullary, arterial arches of
| |
| kidney, 904
| |
| venous arches, 907
| |
| Cortico-pontine fibres, 1552
| |
| Cortico-thalamic tract, 1566
| |
| Costal cartilages, 160
| |
| | |
| extensions from sclerotomes, 59
| |
| groove, 156
| |
| zone, 755
| |
| | |
| Costo-capitular facets, 134, 153
| |
| Costo-clavicular ligament, 443
| |
| Costo-coracoid ligament, 420
| |
| Costo-transverse lamella, 128
| |
| Costo-tubercular facets, 136
| |
| Cotyledons, no
| |
| Cranial capacity, 268
| |
| fossae, 260, 261, 263
| |
| index, 269
| |
| Cranial nerves, 1610
| |
| | |
| at base of brain, 1446
| |
| of skull, 1165
| |
| superficial origin of, 1446
| |
| abducent, at base of skull, 1166
| |
| distribution, 1166, 1447, 1616
| |
| nucleus of, 1473, 1616
| |
| in orbit, 1254
| |
| superficial origin, 1447
| |
| accessory, at base of skull, 1166
| |
| bulbar part, 1628
| |
| course, 1331, 1447, 1628
| |
| cranial root, 1331
| |
| distribution of, 1331, 1628
| |
| origin of, deep, 1628
| |
| superficial, 1447
| |
| spinal part, 1628
| |
| | |
| | |
| Cranial nerves {continued )—
| |
| | |
| auditory, at base of skull, 1166
| |
| | |
| cochlear nerve, 1404, 1620, 1693
| |
| in internal ear, 1693
| |
| meatus, 1404
| |
| nuclei of, 1620
| |
| spiral ganglion, 1620, 1694
| |
| superficial origin, 1447
| |
| vestibular ganglion, 1404, 1620,
| |
| 1693
| |
| | |
| nerve, 1404, 1622, 1693
| |
| facial, at base of skull, 1166
| |
| | |
| distribution, 1157, 1272, 1401,
| |
| 1447, 1682
| |
| | |
| after emerging from facial canal,
| |
| 1272
| |
| | |
| in facial canal, 1400
| |
| ganglion of, 1403 , 1618
| |
| meatal portion of, 1400
| |
| nuclei of, motor, 1472, 1617
| |
| sensory, 1619
| |
| origin of, deep, 1617
| |
| superficial, 1447
| |
| petrous portion, 1400
| |
| sensory root, 1403
| |
| glosso-pharyngeal, at base of skull,
| |
| 1166
| |
| | |
| distribution of, 1325, 1626
| |
| extracranial portion of, 1324,
| |
| 1447, 1625
| |
| ganglia of, 1325
| |
| origin of, deep, 1619, 1624
| |
| superficial, 1447
| |
| | |
| hypoglossal, at base of skull, 1167
| |
| distribution of, 1322, 1629
| |
| extracranial portion of, 1332,
| |
| 1447
| |
| | |
| origin of, deep, 1458, 1629
| |
| superficial, 1447
| |
| | |
| oculo-motor, at base of skull, 1165
| |
| nucleus of, 1561, 1611
| |
| in orbit, 1253
| |
| superficial origin, 1446
| |
| olfactory, 1165, 1360 , 1611
| |
| optic, at base of skull, 1165
| |
| development of, 1668
| |
| in orbit, 1253
| |
| origin, deep, 1611
| |
| superficial, 1446
| |
| | |
| trigeminal, at base of skull, 1165
| |
| distribution of, 1446
| |
| ganglion, 1167
| |
| | |
| mandibular nerve, 1168, 1309,
| |
| 1616
| |
| | |
| maxillary nerve, 1168, 1616
| |
| mesencephalic root, nucleus of,
| |
| 1561
| |
| | |
| motor root, nuclei of, 1474, 1615
| |
| ophthalmic nerve, 1168, 1254
| |
| | |
| 1616
| |
| | |
| origin, deep, 1614
| |
| superficial, 1446
| |
| sensory root of, 1472
| |
| | |
| nuclei of, 1472, 1474,
| |
| 1615
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1726
| |
| | |
| Cranial nerves ( continued )—
| |
| vagus, in abdomen, 861
| |
| | |
| auricular branch of, 1161, 1328,
| |
| 1672, 1677
| |
| | |
| at base of skull, 1166
| |
| cardiac branches of, 1330
| |
| cervical cardiac branches of, 1330
| |
| portion of, 1327, 1330, 1447
| |
| distribution of, 1626
| |
| ganglia of, inferior, 1328 , 1626
| |
| superior, 1328 , 1626
| |
| nuclei of, motor, 1626
| |
| sensory, 1626
| |
| origin, deep, 1625
| |
| superficial, 1447
| |
| pharyngeal branch of, 1329
| |
| pulmonary plexuses of, 1029,
| |
| 1043, 1045
| |
| | |
| thoracic portion of left, 1044
| |
| of right, 1043
| |
| | |
| Cranio-cerebral lobes of cerebrum, 1634
| |
| topography, 1629
| |
| Cranio-facial angle, 260
| |
| Cranio-metrical terms, 268
| |
| Cranio-pharyngeal canal, 197, 206
| |
| Cranium, 172
| |
| | |
| development of, 91, 270
| |
| interior of, 259
| |
| Cremaster muscle, 723
| |
| Cremasteric fascia, 716, 723
| |
| reflex, 724
| |
| | |
| Crest, conchal, of maxilla, 213
| |
| ethmoidal, of palatine, 225
| |
| external occipital, 259
| |
| of ilium, 334
| |
| incisive, of maxilla, 216
| |
| incisor, of maxilla, 216
| |
| infratemporal, 202
| |
| internal occipital, 264
| |
| lacrimal, 222
| |
| nasal, of maxilla, 216
| |
| of palatine, 225
| |
| obturator, 340
| |
| pubic, 399
| |
| | |
| relations of structures at, 728
| |
| sphenoidal, 199
| |
| supramastoid, 185
| |
| of tibia, 1359
| |
| | |
| transverse, of internal auditory
| |
| meatus, 190
| |
| of trapezium, 319, 333
| |
| urethral, female, 988
| |
| male, 939
| |
| vestibular, 1683
| |
| Cretinism, 270
| |
| Cribriform fascia, 561 , 568
| |
| plate of ethmoid, 207
| |
| Crico-arytenoideus posterior, 1392
| |
| lateralis, 1392
| |
| Crico-arytenoid joint, 1385
| |
| Cricoid cartilage, 1382
| |
| | |
| development of, 73, 1382
| |
| Crico-thyroideus, 1390
| |
| Crico-thyroid joint, 1385
| |
| Crico-vocal membrane, 1384
| |
| | |
| | |
| Crista ampullaris, 1688
| |
| galli, 207, 261
| |
| | |
| Cruciate anastomosis, 538, 585 , 587
| |
| ligaments of knee, 634
| |
| occipito-axial, 1405
| |
| | |
| transverse part, 1405,1408
| |
| vertical part, 1407
| |
| Crura cerebri, 1445, 1551
| |
| | |
| development of, 1589
| |
| Crus commune, 1688
| |
| of helix, 1295
| |
| Crusta-petrosa, 285, 287
| |
| Cryptorchismus, 743
| |
| Cryptozygous skull, 243
| |
| Crystalline lens, 1661
| |
| | |
| development of, 1667
| |
| Cubital fossa, 458
| |
| Cuboid bone, 377
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 378
| |
| | |
| peroneal groove of, 378 , 388, 390
| |
| | |
| varieties, 378
| |
| | |
| Cuboideo-metatarsal joint, 669
| |
| Culmen monticuli, 1478
| |
| Cuneate tubercle, 1455
| |
| Cuneatus, fasciculus, 1429
| |
| funiculus, 1455
| |
| nucleus, 1460
| |
| | |
| Cuneiform bones of tarsus, 373
| |
| intermediate, 375
| |
| lateral, 375
| |
| medial, 374
| |
| ossification of, 378
| |
| cartilages, 1383
| |
| Cuneo-cuboid joint, 669
| |
| Cuneo-navicular joint, 668
| |
| Cuneus of brain, 1504
| |
| Cupola of cochlea, 1695
| |
| Curved form of embryo, 48
| |
| Curves of vertebral column, 151
| |
| Cutaneous nerves. See also under Nerves,
| |
| cutaneous
| |
| of arm, 447
| |
| of back, 397
| |
| of forearm, back of, 449
| |
| front of, 465
| |
| of gluteal region, 529
| |
| of hand, 449, 465
| |
| of leg, outer side of, 614
| |
| of pectoral region, 412
| |
| of perinaeum, male, 675
| |
| of scapular region, 436
| |
| of sole of foot, 644
| |
| of trunk, 710
| |
| | |
| Cuvier, ducts of, 51, 92, 1127
| |
| Cystic duct, 778
| |
| | |
| development of, 891
| |
| structure of, 890
| |
| notch, 756, 777
| |
| Cytomicrosomes, 9
| |
| Cytoplasm, 8
| |
| Cytotrophoblast, 27, 29
| |
| | |
| Dachryon, 244, 268
| |
| Dartos muscle, 709, 713, 716
| |
| Daughter cells, 12
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1727
| |
| | |
| | |
| Daughter chromosomes, 10
| |
| nuclei, 12
| |
| | |
| Decidua basalis, 104
| |
| capsularis, 104, 106
| |
| parietalis, 104
| |
| Decidual cells, 107
| |
| | |
| change in pregnancy, 107
| |
| Decussation, fountain, 1433, 1551
| |
| of lemnisci, 1465
| |
| of pyramids, 1453
| |
| Deferens, vas, 737
| |
| | |
| development of, 738 , 753
| |
| in pelvis, 935
| |
| structure of, 737
| |
| Deiters, cells of, 1692
| |
| Deltoid, 436
| |
| | |
| tuberosity, 300
| |
| Dental arches, 281
| |
| canaliculi, 284
| |
| | |
| canals, anterior and middle, 213
| |
| posterior, 212, 253
| |
| groove, 218
| |
| lamina, true, 286
| |
| papilla, 285, 287
| |
| pulp, 283, 287
| |
| sac, 285, 287
| |
| Dentate fissure, 1508
| |
| nucleus, 1485
| |
| Dentatum, os, 133
| |
| Dentine, 284
| |
| | |
| Depressor alae nasi muscle, 1268
| |
| anguli oris muscle, 1270
| |
| labii inferioris muscle, 1270
| |
| Descent of testis, 739
| |
| | |
| abnormal conditions of, 743
| |
| positions of, 743
| |
| gubernaculum testis, 740
| |
| mesorchium, 740
| |
| plica gubernatrix, 740
| |
| uro-genital mesentery, 740
| |
| Descriptive terms, 1
| |
| Deutoplasm, 9, 15
| |
| Development—
| |
| | |
| of anal canal, 965
| |
| of anus, 965
| |
| | |
| of appendix, vermiform, 63, 872, 883
| |
| of aqueduct of mid-brain, 58, 1561
| |
| of arteries, principal, 1118
| |
| | |
| aorta, arch of, 1018, 1041
| |
| ascending, 1037
| |
| descending, 1094
| |
| carotid, common, ni 9 > I2I 3
| |
| external, 1119. I2I 3
| |
| internal, 91, 1118,1122, 1324
| |
| central, of retina, 1667, 1668
| |
| femoral, 1123
| |
| hyaloid, 1667, 1669
| |
| innominate, 1119
| |
| of limbs, 1123
| |
| upper, 516
| |
| pulmonary, 91, 1042
| |
| subclavian, 1119. 1121
| |
| tibial, 1123
| |
| umbilical, 151
| |
| vertebral, 1121
| |
| | |
| | |
| Development ( continued )—
| |
| of ary epiglottic folds, 73
| |
| of arytenoid cartilages, 1383
| |
| of atlas vertebra, 170
| |
| of atria of heart, 1075
| |
| of atrial septa, 1075
| |
| of atrio-ventricular valves, 1081
| |
| of auditory meatus, external, 68,
| |
| 1696 | |
| | |
| of ossicles, 1679
| |
| of auricle of ear, 1697
| |
| of basal ganglia, 1594
| |
| of bile-duct, 868
| |
| of bladder, urinary, 955
| |
| of blood, 51
| |
| | |
| of body cavities, 47, 48
| |
| wall, 59
| |
| | |
| of brain, 55, 1581
| |
| of bronchi, 1030
| |
| of bronchioles, 1030
| |
| of bulbo-urethral glands, 686
| |
| of bulbs of vestibule, 699
| |
| of caecum, 882
| |
| of calyces, 95
| |
| | |
| of cartilages of larynx, 1397
| |
| of caruncula lacrimalis, 1292
| |
| of cement of teeth, 287
| |
| of cephalic ganglia, 1598
| |
| of cerebellum, 58, 1488, 1586
| |
| of cerebral hemispheres, 1510, 1591
| |
| peduncles, 1588, 1589
| |
| vesicles, 58, 1591
| |
| of choroid plexuses, 1596
| |
| of circulatory system, 51, 5 2
| |
| of cisterna chyli, 1138
| |
| of clitoris, 698
| |
| | |
| of commissures of brain, 1594
| |
| of conchae of nose, 1363
| |
| of conjunctiva, 1292
| |
| of cornea, 1670
| |
| of corniculate cartilages, 1383
| |
| of coronary sinus, 1076
| |
| of corpora mamillaria, 58, 1590
| |
| quadrigemina, 58, 1589
| |
| of corpus callosum, 1531, I 59 ^
| |
| striatum, 58, 1591
| |
| of cranial nerves, 1597
| |
| of cranium, 91, 270
| |
| of cricoid cartilage, 73, 1382
| |
| of crura cerebri, 1598
| |
| of cuneiform cartilages, 1383
| |
| of cystic duct, 891
| |
| of decidua, 104
| |
| of dentine, 287
| |
| of diaphragm, 837
| |
| of diencephalon, 58, 1589
| |
| of duodenum, 80
| |
| of dura mater, 90
| |
| of ear, external, 1696
| |
| internal, 1694
| |
| | |
| membranous labyrinth, 1694
| |
| middle, 1694
| |
| osseous labyrinth, 1695
| |
| of ejaculatory duct, 102, 959
| |
| of endolymphatic duct, 1694
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1728
| |
| | |
| Development ( continued )—
| |
| of epididymis, 753
| |
| of epoophoron, 753, 987
| |
| of ethmoid bone, 276
| |
| of excretory system, 92
| |
| of eye, 1664
| |
| of eyelids, 1292
| |
| of face, 88
| |
| | |
| of facial musculature, 68
| |
| skeleton, 277
| |
| of flocculus, 1586
| |
| of fore-brain, 56
| |
| of fore-gut, 44
| |
| of fornix, 1518, 1595
| |
| of frontal bone, 277
| |
| of gall-bladder, 891
| |
| of geniculate bodies, 1591
| |
| of genital organs, external, female,
| |
| 698
| |
| | |
| male, 699
| |
| | |
| of genito-urinary system, 92
| |
| of gonads, 100
| |
| of gums, 1339
| |
| of heart, 90, 1073
| |
| of hind-brain, 55, 57
| |
| | |
| metamorphosis of, 1581
| |
| of hind-gut, 44
| |
| | |
| of hippocampal commissure, 1596
| |
| of hymen, 696, 699
| |
| of hyoid bone, 76, 278
| |
| of hypophysis cerebri, 58, 87,1171
| |
| of infundibulum cerebri, 58, 87, 1171,
| |
| 1590
| |
| | |
| of insula, 1510, 1592
| |
| of interventricular foramen, 1535
| |
| of intervertebral disc, 59, 169
| |
| of intestine, large, 872
| |
| small, 870
| |
| | |
| of intrinsic muscles of hand, 515
| |
| of iris,. 1670
| |
| | |
| of islets of Langerhans, 895
| |
| of kidney, 92-97, 910
| |
| of labia pudendi, 699
| |
| of labyrinth of ear, 1695
| |
| of lacrimal bone, 277
| |
| of lamina terminalis, 1510, 1595
| |
| of laminae of cord, 54, 1438
| |
| of larynx, 1397
| |
| of lens, 1667
| |
| of lesser omentum, 80
| |
| sac, 79, 81
| |
| of lips, 1339
| |
| of liver, 79, 888
| |
| of lungs, 70, 77, 1029
| |
| of lymphatic glands, 1139
| |
| system, 1137
| |
| vessels, 1138
| |
| of malleus, 74, 1679
| |
| of mammary gland, 417
| |
| of mandible, 234
| |
| of massa intermedia, 1591
| |
| of medulla oblongata, 1581
| |
| of medullary vela, 1597
| |
| of meninges of brain, 1596
| |
| of cord, 1442
| |
| | |
| | |
| Development ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| of mesonephros, 92, 94, 914
| |
| of metanephros, 92, 94, 910
| |
| of metencephalon, 1585
| |
| of mid-brain, 56, 1589
| |
| of middle ear, 1696
| |
| of mitral valve, 1081
| |
| of mouth, 84, 1339
| |
| of myelencephalon, 1581
| |
| of nasal apertures, 84, 1363
| |
| bone, 277
| |
| cartilages, 1363
| |
| chonchas, 1363
| |
| of naso-lacrimal duct, 1294
| |
| of neopallium, 1592
| |
| of nervous system, 53
| |
| of nose, 1363
| |
| | |
| external, 1365
| |
| | |
| of notochord, 23, 39 , 134, 167
| |
| of nucleus, arcuate, 1585
| |
| caudate, 1592
| |
| cuneate, 1584
| |
| gracilis, 1584
| |
| hypoglossal, 1581
| |
| lentiformis, 1592
| |
| oculo-motor, 1581
| |
| pontis, 1584
| |
| red, 1589
| |
| trigeminal, 1589
| |
| trochlear, 1589
| |
| of oesophagus, 66, 78, 108
| |
| of olfactory, apparatus, 1511
| |
| bulb, 1512, 1570
| |
| epithelium, 1364, 1512
| |
| lobe, 1511
| |
| nerves, 1512
| |
| organ, 1364
| |
| tract, 1570
| |
| | |
| of omental bursa, 79, 81
| |
| of omentum, greater, 81
| |
| lesser, 80
| |
| | |
| of opercula insulae, 1510
| |
| of optic nerve, 1668
| |
| of otocyst, 74
| |
| of ovary, 100, 753
| |
| of palate, 86
| |
| of palatine bone, 277
| |
| of pancreas, 80, 894
| |
| of pancreatic ducts, 81, 894
| |
| of paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct,
| |
| 101 , 987
| |
| | |
| of paranasal sinuses, 1363
| |
| of parathyroid glands, 76
| |
| of paroophoron, 754
| |
| of parotid gland, 1289
| |
| of penis, 700
| |
| | |
| of pericardium, 43, 46, 1019
| |
| of peripheral nervous system, 1597
| |
| of peritoneum, 795
| |
| of pharyngo-tympanic tube, 73, 74,
| |
| 1378 ‘
| |
| | |
| of pharynx, 1373
| |
| of philtrum, 1341
| |
| of pineal body, 58, 1590
| |
| of pinna, 67, 1697
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1729
| |
| | |
| | |
| Development ( continued )—
| |
| of placenta, 106
| |
| of pleura, 78, 1011
| |
| of pleural sac, 78
| |
| of pons, 1586
| |
| | |
| of position of intestinal canal, 874
| |
| of stomach, 874
| |
| of pronephros, 92, 94
| |
| of prostate, 960
| |
| of prostatic utricle, 101
| |
| of pulmonary valve, 1081
| |
| of pulvinar, 1591
| |
| of pyramid of brain, 1584
| |
| of Rathke’s pouch, 87 , 206, 1171
| |
| of rectum, 99, 965
| |
| of respiratory system, 752
| |
| of rete testis, 752
| |
| of retina, 1667
| |
| of ribs, 59, 170
| |
| of saccule, 1695
| |
| of salivary glands, 1289
| |
| of sclera, 1670
| |
| of scrotum, 700
| |
| of semicircular canals, 1695
| |
| ducts, 1695
| |
| | |
| of seminal vesicles, 102, 959
| |
| of seminiferous tubules, 752
| |
| of septal cartilage, 1363
| |
| of septum lucidum, 1520
| |
| of skull, 270
| |
| of soft palate, 1354
| |
| of spinal cord, 53, 1436
| |
| ganglia, 54, 1597
| |
| nerves, 55
| |
| of spleen, 80, 897
| |
| of stapes, 75, 1679
| |
| of sternum, 170
| |
| of stomach, 861
| |
| of sublingual gland, 1235
| |
| of submandibular duct, 1234
| |
| gland, 1234
| |
| | |
| of suprarenal glands, 899
| |
| of sympathetic system, 1640
| |
| of tarsal glands, 1292
| |
| of teeth, 285
| |
| of tela choroidea, 1596
| |
| of telencephalon, 58, 1591
| |
| of tentorium cerebelli, 90, 273
| |
| of testis, 100, 752
| |
| of thalamus, 1539, 159°
| |
| of thoracic duct, 1138
| |
| of thymus, 76, 1020
| |
| of thyroid cartilage, 1381, 1387
| |
| gland, 70, 76, 1222
| |
| of tongue, 72, 1348
| |
| of tonsil, 76, 1356
| |
| of trachea, 70, 1029
| |
| of transverse processes of vertebrae,
| |
| | |
| 59
| |
| | |
| of tricuspid valve, 1081
| |
| of tuber cinereum, 58, 1589
| |
| of tympanic cavity, 73, 74, 1696
| |
| membrane, 75, 1696
| |
| of umbilical cord, 31/32
| |
| of umbilicus, 63
| |
| | |
| | |
| Development [continued )—
| |
| of ureter, 910
| |
| of urethra, female, 988
| |
| male, 700, 956
| |
| of urinary bladder, 955
| |
| of uterine tubes, 987
| |
| of uterus, 101, 987
| |
| of utricle of ear, 1695
| |
| prostatic, 101
| |
| of vagina, 101, 987
| |
| of valve of heart, arterial, 1081
| |
| of vas deferens, 100, 102, 738, 753
| |
| of veins, principal, 1123
| |
| | |
| azygos veins, 1098, 1136
| |
| cardinal, 51, 1127
| |
| anterior, 1127
| |
| posterior, 1131
| |
| thoracic formation, 1136
| |
| cerebral, 1128
| |
| of gonads, 1135
| |
| iliac, common, 1132
| |
| innominate, 1032
| |
| portal, 817, 1124, 1125
| |
| primitive jugular, 51, 1127
| |
| renal, 1132, 1135
| |
| subcardinal, 1133
| |
| supracardinal, 1132, 1133
| |
| suprarenal, 1135
| |
| umbilical, 51, 1125, 1126
| |
| of upper limb, 516
| |
| vena cava, inferior, 1033
| |
| superior, 1032
| |
| vitelline, 51, 63, 1124
| |
| of venous system, 91
| |
| of ventricles of brain—
| |
| fourth, 1493
| |
| lateral, 1594
| |
| third, 1535
| |
| | |
| of vermiform appendix, 63, 872, 883
| |
| of vermis, 1587
| |
| of vertebrae, 59
| |
| of vertebral column, 168
| |
| of vestibular glands, 699
| |
| of visceral arches, 1373
| |
| of vitreous body, 1669
| |
| of vocal folds, 1397
| |
| of vomero-nasal organ, 1366
| |
| of xiphoid process, 170
| |
| of zygomatic bone, 277
| |
| Diaphragm, 883
| |
| | |
| arcuate ligaments of, 836
| |
| blood-supply, 833
| |
| central tendon of, 835
| |
| crura of, 835
| |
| lymphatics of, 834
| |
| openings of, 835
| |
| Diaphragma sellae, 1163, 1603
| |
| Diaphragmatic plexus of nerves, 809
| |
| Diencephalon, 58
| |
| Digastric fossa, 230
| |
| muscle, 1127
| |
| triangle, 1198
| |
| | |
| Digital arteries, palmar, 488
| |
| plantar, 655, 657
| |
| nerves of foot, 652, 654
| |
| | |
| | |
| 109
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1730
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Digital nerves of hand, 489, 499
| |
| | |
| processes, palmar aponeurosis, 485
| |
| plantar, 643
| |
| veins, foot, 644
| |
| hand, 467
| |
| | |
| Digitate impressions, 181
| |
| Dilator naris muscle, 1268
| |
| | |
| papillae muscle, 1650, 1652
| |
| Diploe, 119, 260
| |
| | |
| veins of, 1154, - i 6 oi
| |
| Diploid number of chromosomes, 18
| |
| Disc, .embryonic, 33, 39
| |
| Discs, intervertebral, 1107
| |
| Discus proligerus, 18, 982
| |
| Diverticula of ischio-rectal fossa, 676,
| |
| 677
| |
| | |
| Diverticulum, amniotic, 31
| |
| ilei (Meckel's), 63, 762
| |
| Dolichocephalic skull, 243, 269
| |
| Dorsal aortae, 68
| |
| concavity, 50
| |
| convexity, 122
| |
| laminae of cord, 54
| |
| mesentery, 79
| |
| venous plexus of foot, 610
| |
| hand,467
| |
| | |
| Dorsalis indicis artery, 511
| |
| pedis artery, 611 , 614
| |
| pollicis artery, 511
| |
| Dorsum sellae of sphenoid, 197, 261
| |
| Duct or ducts—
| |
| bile, 779
| |
| | |
| of Cuvier, 51, 92, 1127
| |
| cystic, 778
| |
| efferent, 751
| |
| ejaculatory, 936
| |
| endolymphatic, 191, 1688, 1694
| |
| of Gaertner, 102
| |
| hepatic, 778
| |
| lactiferous, 415, 417
| |
| lymphatic, right, 1246
| |
| mesonephric, 94, 102
| |
| naso-lacrimal, 1294
| |
| pancreatic, 892
| |
| | |
| paramesonephric (Mullerian),
| |
| | |
| 101 , 987
| |
| parotid, 1287
| |
| perilymphatic, 193
| |
| pronephric, 94
| |
| prostatic, 939
| |
| semicircular, 1688
| |
| sublingual, 1235
| |
| submandibular, 1233
| |
| thoracic, in abdomen, 838
| |
| in neck, 1246
| |
| in thorax, 1100
| |
| thyro-glossal, 1222
| |
| vitelline, 762
| |
| vitello-intestinal, 61, 762
| |
| Ductus arteriosus, 1043', 1082
| |
| cochlearis, 1689, 1690
| |
| reuniens, 1688
| |
| sacculi, 1688
| |
| utriculi, 1687
| |
| venosus, 1126
| |
| | |
| | |
| Duodenal curves, formation of, 81
| |
| glands, 867
| |
| papilla, 865
| |
| recesses, 791
| |
| | |
| Duodeno-ieiunal flexure, 762
| |
| fold, 805
| |
| | |
| Duodenum, 761, 803
| |
| ampulla of, 865
| |
| first part of, 803
| |
| fourth part of, 805
| |
| glands of, 867
| |
| second part of, 804
| |
| suspensory muscle of, 805
| |
| third part of, 804
| |
| Dura mater at base of skull, 1162
| |
| blood-supply of, 1599
| |
| of brain, 1598
| |
| nerves of, 1601
| |
| | |
| processes of, 1601
| |
| sinuses of, 1163, 1603
| |
| of spinal cord, 1410
| |
| | |
| blood-supply of, 1412
| |
| | |
| Ear, development of, 73, 1694
| |
| external, 1671
| |
| internal, 1683
| |
| middle, 1673
| |
| | |
| Earliest known stage of human embryo,
| |
| | |
| 26
| |
| | |
| Ectoderm, primitive, 25
| |
| | |
| structures formed from, in
| |
| Ectognathion, 218
| |
| Ectopia testis, 743
| |
| Efferent ducts, 751
| |
| Ejaculatory duct, 936
| |
| | |
| development of, 959
| |
| structure of, 959
| |
| Elastic laminae of cornea, 1644
| |
| Elbow-joint, 516
| |
| bursae of, 519
| |
| ligaments of, 517, 518
| |
| nerves of, 519
| |
| relations of, 519
| |
| synovial membrane, 519
| |
| Elliptical recess of labyrinth, 1683
| |
| Embedding of ovum, 28, 104
| |
| Emboliformis, nucleus, 1485
| |
| Embryo, the, 39
| |
| | |
| formation of, 26
| |
| general form of, 48
| |
| Embryological terminology, 4
| |
| Embryology, general, 1, 8
| |
| Embryonic area, 33
| |
| disc, 39
| |
| | |
| plate, 26, 33, 36
| |
| | |
| Eminence, arcuate, 189, 263, 1684
| |
| frontal, 181, 1633
| |
| ilio-pubic, 335
| |
| parietal, 178, 1633
| |
| Eminentia medialis, 1491
| |
| saccularis, 1544
| |
| Emissary veins, 1608
| |
| Enamel, 285
| |
| cells, 287
| |
| cuticle, 285
| |
| | |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 173
| |
| | |
| | |
| Enamel, organ, 285, 287
| |
| prism, 287
| |
| Encephalon, 1442
| |
| base of, 1443
| |
| | |
| arteries at base of, 1447
| |
| development of, 55, 1581
| |
| flexures of primitive, 57
| |
| Endocardium, 1068
| |
| Endognathion, 218
| |
| Endolymph of internal ear, 1697
| |
| Endolymphatic duct, 191, 1688, 1694
| |
| Endoskeleton, 113
| |
| Endosteum, 122
| |
| Endothelium, 112
| |
| Entoderm derivatives, 112
| |
| Entomion, 251, 268
| |
| Ependymal layer of cord, 54
| |
| Epiblast, 25
| |
| Epibolic growth, 35
| |
| Epicardium, 1018, 1068
| |
| Epicondyles of femur, 352, 353
| |
| of humerus, 304
| |
| Epicoracoid bone, 299
| |
| Epididymis, 749
| |
| | |
| development of, 753
| |
| structure of, 750
| |
| Epigastric artery, inferior, 729
| |
| superficial, 584, 711
| |
| superior, 731, 1000
| |
| depression, 705
| |
| Epiglottis, 1379
| |
| | |
| development of, 73
| |
| Epi-hyal, 76, 237
| |
| | |
| Epiotic centres of temporal bone, 196
| |
| Epiphyses, 114
| |
| | |
| and ossification, 305
| |
| Epiploicae, appendices, 768, 871
| |
| Epipteric bone, 180, 253, 265
| |
| Episternal bones, 162, 165
| |
| Epithalamus, 1540
| |
| Epitympanic recess, 188, 1681
| |
| pouches of, 1681
| |
| Epoophoron, 971
| |
| | |
| development of, 753, 987
| |
| Equator of eye, 1641
| |
| Equina, cauda, 1417
| |
| Eruption of teeth, 288
| |
| Erythroblasts, 51, 121
| |
| Ethmoid bone, 207
| |
| alae of, 207
| |
| labyrinth, 208
| |
| ossification of, 211
| |
| Ethmoidal crest of palatine, 225
| |
| | |
| foramina, 183, 210, 247, 248 * 261
| |
| notch, 182
| |
| | |
| process of inferior nasal concha, 223
| |
| spine, 197
| |
| | |
| Evolution of embryo, 23
| |
| Excretory organs, connection with
| |
| splanchnocoele, 93
| |
| development, 92
| |
| Exoskeleton, 113
| |
| Expulsion of foetus, 107
| |
| Extensor carpi radialis brevis, 502
| |
| longus, 501
| |
| | |
| | |
| Extensor carpi ulnaris, 503
| |
| digiti minimi, 503
| |
| digitorum, 502
| |
| brevis, 611
| |
| longus, 607
| |
| hallucis brevis, 611
| |
| longus, 606
| |
| indicis, 506
| |
| pollicis brevis, 505
| |
| longus, 505
| |
| retinacula of foot, 603
| |
| of hand, 508
| |
| Extra-dural space, 1412
| |
| Extra-embryonic coelom, 29
| |
| obliterated, 106
| |
| mesoderm, 26
| |
| | |
| Extra-peritoneal tissue, 743
| |
| Extravasation of urine, 678
| |
| Eye, 1641
| |
| | |
| chambers of, 1661
| |
| coats of, 1641
| |
| development of, 1664
| |
| equator of, 1641
| |
| movements of, 1231
| |
| Eyelashes, 1290
| |
| Eyelids, 1289
| |
| | |
| development of, 1292
| |
| structure of, 1290
| |
| | |
| Face, arteries of, 1278
| |
| bones of, 172
| |
| development of, 88
| |
| landmarks of, 1263
| |
| Facet, 115
| |
| | |
| Facial artery on face, 1278
| |
| in neck, 1217
| |
| transverse, 1158, 1281
| |
| canal, 190
| |
| ganglion, 1403
| |
| | |
| lymphatic glands, deep, 1309
| |
| nerve. See Cranial nerves
| |
| skeleton, development of, 277
| |
| vein, anterior, 1218, 1280
| |
| common, 1218
| |
| deep, 1308
| |
| transverse, 1281
| |
| Falx cerebelli, 1602
| |
| cerebri, 1601
| |
| anal, 675
| |
| | |
| Fascia of abdominal wall, anterior, deep,
| |
| 7°9
| |
| | |
| superficial, 709
| |
| posterior, 839
| |
| of Abernethy, 854
| |
| of arm, deep, 451
| |
| axillary, 414
| |
| of back, deep, 397
| |
| bucco-pharyngeal, 1179, 1368
| |
| bulbi, 1252
| |
| cervical, deep, 1178
| |
| clavi-pectoral, 420
| |
| cremasteric, 716, 723
| |
| cribriform, 561, 568
| |
| of dorsum of foot, deep, 611
| |
| superficial, 610
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1732
| |
| | |
| Fascia of forearm, deep, 468
| |
| of gluteal region, 531
| |
| of hand, back of, 509
| |
| iliac, 839
| |
| | |
| infundibuliform, 716, 739
| |
| lata, 560
| |
| | |
| iliac portion, 561
| |
| pubic portion, 561
| |
| of leg, deep, 600
| |
| lumbar, 840, 841
| |
| | |
| posterior lamella of, 403
| |
| thoracic part of, 404
| |
| masseteric, 1337
| |
| obturator, 920
| |
| orbital, 1252
| |
| of palm, superficial, 484
| |
| of pectoral region, 414, 420
| |
| pelvic, parietal, 919
| |
| visceral, 921
| |
| perineal, deep, 677
| |
| superficial, 677
| |
| pharyngo-basilar, 1371
| |
| popliteal, 546
| |
| pretracheal, 1179
| |
| prevertebral, 1179
| |
| propia of Cooper, 716
| |
| psoas sheath, 839
| |
| of pyriformis, 919
| |
| of scapular region, deep, 436
| |
| spermatic, external, 716
| |
| internal, 716
| |
| temporal, 1161
| |
| transversalis, 733
| |
| | |
| Fascial compartments of neck, 1180
| |
| Fasciculus cuneatus, 1418, 1429
| |
| gracilis, 1418, 1429
| |
| longitudinal, inferior, 1569
| |
| superior, 1569
| |
| occipito-frontal, 1569
| |
| perpendicular, 1569
| |
| postero-lateral, 1430
| |
| retroflexus, 1541, 1558, 1561
| |
| solitarius, 1625, 1626
| |
| uncinate, 1569
| |
| Fasciola cinerea, 1513
| |
| Fastigii, nucleus, 1485
| |
| Fecundation, 20
| |
| Femoral artery, 563, 581 , 587
| |
| profunda of, 584, 588
| |
| canal, 566
| |
| | |
| cutaneous veins, 559
| |
| | |
| hernia, parts concerned in, 568
| |
| | |
| ring, 566
| |
| | |
| septum, 743
| |
| | |
| sheath, 565, 568
| |
| | |
| triangle, 552, 563
| |
| | |
| vein, 563, 589
| |
| | |
| Femoro-patellar joint, 628, 639
| |
| Femur, 345
| |
| | |
| adductor tubercle, 350, 354, 553
| |
| calcar femorale, 354
| |
| condyles, 352
| |
| epicondyles, 352, 353
| |
| fossa hypotrochanterica, 354
| |
| gluteal tuberosity, 350
| |
| | |
| | |
| Femur head, 345
| |
| | |
| intercondylar notch, 353
| |
| linea aspera, 350
| |
| neck, 346
| |
| ossification of, 355
| |
| patellar surface, 351
| |
| pectineal line, 350
| |
| pilastered, 354
| |
| popliteal groove, 352
| |
| surface, 358
| |
| quadrate line, 350
| |
| tubercle, 350
| |
| relation to stature, 354
| |
| sexual differences, 354
| |
| shaft, 348
| |
| structure, 353
| |
| trochanteric fossa, 348
| |
| line, 346
| |
| | |
| trochanters, 346, 348
| |
| tubercles of neck, 346
| |
| varieties, 354
| |
| Fenestra cochleae, 1674
| |
| vestibuli, 1674
| |
| Fertilization of ovum, 20
| |
| Fertilized ovum, 20
| |
| | |
| developmental stages, 22
| |
| segmentation, 21
| |
| Fibrinoid, 108
| |
| Fibula, 364
| |
| head, 364
| |
| | |
| malleolar fossa, 364
| |
| malleolus, 364
| |
| | |
| guide to, 599
| |
| oblique line, 366
| |
| ossification of, 367
| |
| structure of, 367
| |
| varieties, 367
| |
| | |
| Fibular circumflex artery, 609
| |
| intermuscular septa, 601
| |
| Fifth arch, rudimentary, 70
| |
| month foetus, no
| |
| Filum terminale of cord, 1417
| |
| Fimbria of brain, 1510, 1518, 1525
| |
| ovarian, 972
| |
| Fimbriae, 972
| |
| | |
| Fimbriata, plica, of tongue, 1343
| |
| Fimbriatum, corpus, 972
| |
| Fimbrio-dentate sulcus, 1509
| |
| First pharyngeal groove obliterated, 74
| |
| Fissure for ligamentum teres, 775
| |
| venosum, 776
| |
| longitudinal, 1450
| |
| orbital, inferior, 247, 253 , 1262
| |
| superior, 247, 263 , 1262
| |
| palpebral, 1289
| |
| pterygoid, 203
| |
| pterygo-maxillary, 253
| |
| squamo-tympanic, 187, 1673
| |
| tympano-mastoid, 192
| |
| 1 Fissures of brain—
| |
| calcarine, 1503
| |
| choroidal, 1523
| |
| collateral, 1497
| |
| ecto-rhinal, 1508
| |
| lateral, 1495
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1733
| |
| | |
| | |
| fissures of brain ( continued )—
| |
| parieto-occipital, 1496
| |
| postcalcarine, 1^03
| |
| postclival, 1477
| |
| precalcarine, 1503
| |
| primary, of cerebellum, 1477
| |
| transverse, 1520
| |
| Fistula in ano, 677
| |
| | |
| umbilical urinary, 954
| |
| Fixation villi, 109
| |
| Fixed terms in anatomy, 3
| |
| Flaccida, membrana, 1676, 1677
| |
| Flagellum in spermatozoon, 13
| |
| Flava, ligamenta, 1108
| |
| Flexor—
| |
| | |
| accessorius, 647
| |
| carpi radialis, 470
| |
| ulnaris, 473
| |
| digiti minimi, 496
| |
| | |
| brevis, 650
| |
| digitorum brevis, 645
| |
| longus, 621
| |
| profundus, 481
| |
| sublimis, 470
| |
| hallucis brevis, 648
| |
| longus, 623
| |
| pollicis brevis, 494
| |
| longus, 482, 496
| |
| retinacula of ankle, 602
| |
| of hand, 493
| |
| Flexures of brain, 57, 58
| |
| of colon, left, 767
| |
| right, 766
| |
| Floor plate, 53
| |
| Foetal circulation, 1082
| |
| | |
| changes in, at birth, 1083
| |
| peculiarities of, 1082
| |
| membranes, 106
| |
| Foetus, 4, no
| |
| | |
| general growth of, no
| |
| maternal connections, 104
| |
| monthly growth, no
| |
| Fold or folds—
| |
| | |
| ary epiglottic, 73
| |
| glosso-epiglottic, 1380
| |
| lacrimal, 1294
| |
| peritoneal, 744
| |
| pharyngo-epiglottic, 1380
| |
| recto-uterine, 967
| |
| of Treeves, 792
| |
| vesico-uterine, 967
| |
| vestibular, 1385, 1387
| |
| vocal, 1388
| |
| | |
| Fontanelles, 180, 237, 239, 265, 266
| |
| sagittal, 180, 266
| |
| Foot, arches of, 672
| |
| as a whole, 386
| |
| Foramen or foramina—
| |
| | |
| caecum of frontal bone, 181, 261, 1604
| |
| of medulla oblongata, 1451
| |
| of tongue, 72, 1222
| |
| carotico-clinoid, 200
| |
| definition, 115
| |
| | |
| emissary, sphenoidal, 201, 263
| |
| of Hiischke, 194, 197
| |
| | |
| | |
| Foramen or foramina ( continued )—
| |
| incisive, 216, 255
| |
| infra-orbital, 212, 245
| |
| interventricular, of brain, 1535
| |
| of heart, 1081
| |
| jugular, 258, 264, 1166
| |
| lacerum, 258, 263
| |
| magnum, 176, 258, 264, 1167, 1633
| |
| | |
| structures passing through, 1167
| |
| mandibular, 231
| |
| mastoid, 187
| |
| mental, 229, 245
| |
| obturator, 340
| |
| optic, 229, 245, 247, 261
| |
| ovale, 201 , 253, 257, 263
| |
| | |
| of capsule of shoulder - joint,
| |
| 461
| |
| | |
| in heart, 1065
| |
| tentorii, 1602
| |
| palatine, 226, 257
| |
| parietal, 243
| |
| pterygo-spinous, 203
| |
| rotundum, 201 , 255, 263
| |
| sacral, anterior, 144
| |
| sciatic, greater, 993
| |
| lesser, 535, 993
| |
| singulare, 190
| |
| spheno-palatine, 255
| |
| spinosum, 201 , 253, 263
| |
| sternal, 164, 171
| |
| stylo-mastoid, 192
| |
| supra-orbital, 244
| |
| supra-trochlear, 304
| |
| transversarium, 128
| |
| vertebral, 128
| |
| zygomatic, 219
| |
| | |
| zygomatico-facial, 219, 245, 247
| |
| zygomatico-temporal, 219, 247
| |
| Forceps major, 1516
| |
| minor, 1515
| |
| Fore-brain, 46, 56, 57
| |
| Fore-gut, 44, 62, 65
| |
| Formal position, the, 21
| |
| Formatio-reticularis alba, 1459
| |
| grisea, 1458
| |
| | |
| Formative cell-mass, 24
| |
| Fornix of brain, 1516, 1569
| |
| of conjunctive, 1292
| |
| Fossa or fosse—•
| |
| | |
| at base of skull, anterior, 260
| |
| middle, 261
| |
| posterior, 263
| |
| canine, 212
| |
| cerebellar, 264
| |
| condylar, 176, 258
| |
| coronoid, 304
| |
| cubital, 458
| |
| digastric, 230
| |
| digital, 744
| |
| for gall-bladder, 774
| |
| guttural, 257
| |
| hypophysial, 197, 261
| |
| iliac, 336, 708
| |
| incudis, 1675
| |
| incisive, of mandible, 229
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| I 734
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Fossa or fossae ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| incisive, of maxilla, 211, 216, 255
| |
| infraclavicular, 412
| |
| infraspinous, 292
| |
| infratemporal, 253
| |
| interpeduncular, 1561
| |
| intrabulbar, 941
| |
| ischio-rectal, 676
| |
| jugular, 191, 258
| |
| for lacrimal gland, 183, 245
| |
| nasal, 248
| |
| olecranon, 304
| |
| ovalis of heart, 1055
| |
| | |
| of middle ear, 1674
| |
| parafloccular, 191, 264
| |
| popliteal, 541, 545
| |
| pterygoid, 203, 257
| |
| pyriform, 76, 1376, 1386
| |
| radial, 304
| |
| retro-duodenal, 791
| |
| rotunda, 1674
| |
| scaphoid, 204
| |
| subarcuate, 191, 264
| |
| sublingual, 230
| |
| submandibular, 230
| |
| subnasal, 244
| |
| supraspinous, 292
| |
| temporal, 251
| |
| terminal, 941
| |
| tonsillar, 76
| |
| trochanteric, 348
| |
| trochlear, 183, 245, 1251
| |
| for vena cava, 777
| |
| vermian, 176, 264
| |
| vestibular, 696
| |
| | |
| Fountain decussation, 1433, 1551
| |
| Fovea-centralis, 1652
| |
| | |
| structure of, 1658
| |
| inferior, of fourth ventricle, 1490
| |
| spherica, 1683
| |
| | |
| superior, of fourth ventricle, 1491
| |
| Foveola of kidney, 903
| |
| Frankfurt plane, 242
| |
| Frenulum clitoridis, 695
| |
| labiorum, 696
| |
| linguae, 1336, 1343
| |
| lingulae of cerebellum, 1478
| |
| praeputii, 713
| |
| | |
| veli of superior medullary velum
| |
| 1485, 1548
| |
| Frontal bone, 180
| |
| | |
| development of, 275
| |
| ossification of, 184
| |
| varieties of, 184
| |
| eminence, 181, 1633
| |
| lobe of brain, 1497
| |
| nerve, 1254
| |
| | |
| process of zygomatic, 220
| |
| sinus, 184, 250
| |
| suture, 238
| |
| | |
| Fronto-nasal process, 83, 88
| |
| Fronto-pontine tract, 1529, 1566
| |
| Funiculus, cuneatus, 1455
| |
| gelatinosus, 145 s
| |
| gracilis, 1455
| |
| | |
| | |
| Gaertner’s duct, 102
| |
| Galactophorous ducts, 415, 417
| |
| Gall-bladder, 778
| |
| | |
| development of, 891
| |
| lymphatics of, 891
| |
| spiral valve, 890
| |
| structure of, 890
| |
| Ganglia, basal, 1526
| |
| Gangliform enlargement on anterior
| |
| tibial nerve, 614
| |
| on median nerve, 489
| |
| on nerve to anconeus, 461
| |
| to teres minor, 432
| |
| on posterior interosseous nerve,
| |
| 507
| |
| | |
| Ganglion, aortico-renal, 809
| |
| basal, 1526
| |
| of Bochdalek, 1320
| |
| cardiac, 1046
| |
| cervical, inferior, 1335
| |
| middle, 1334
| |
| superior, 1333
| |
| ciliary, 1257
| |
| coccygeal, 946
| |
| coeliac, 809
| |
| | |
| diaphragmaticum, 833
| |
| of facial nerve, 1403, 1618
| |
| of glosso-pharyngeal nerve,
| |
| inferior, 1325
| |
| superior, 1325
| |
| habenulae, 1541
| |
| impar, 946
| |
| | |
| interpedunculare, 1541, 1561
| |
| mesenteric, inferior, 811
| |
| superior, 809
| |
| otic, 1314
| |
| phrenic, 1016
| |
| spheno-palatine, 1320
| |
| spinal, 1419, 1428
| |
| spiral, 1694
| |
| splanchnic, 1105
| |
| stellate, 1104
| |
| submandibular, 1315
| |
| sympathetic, 1655
| |
| lumbar, 838
| |
| sacral, 922
| |
| trigeminal, 1167
| |
| of vagus nerve, inferior, 1328
| |
| superior, 1328
| |
| vestibular, 1404, 1693
| |
| Ganglionic layer of retina, 1654
| |
| Gastral mesoderm, 36
| |
| Gastrocnemius, 617
| |
| Gastro-phrenic ligament, 789
| |
| Gastrulation, 38
| |
| Gemellus, inferior, 535
| |
| superior, 535
| |
| Genial tubercles, 230
| |
| Genicular arteries, 548, 587, 589
| |
| nerves, 550, 580, 637
| |
| Geniculate bodies, 1538 , 1621
| |
| gyrus, 1514
| |
| | |
| Genio-glossus muscle, 1230
| |
| Genio-hyoid muscle, 1230
| |
| Genital cord, ioj
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Genital eminence, 99, 694, 698
| |
| swellings, 694, 698
| |
| Genito-femoral nerve, 554, 846
| |
| Genito-iirinary development, 92
| |
| Gennari, band of, 1547
| |
| Genu of central sulcus, 1496
| |
| of corpus callosum, 1514
| |
| of internal capsule, 1528
| |
| of sigmoid sinus, 1632
| |
| Gerlach, valve of, 764
| |
| Germ-cells, female, 14, 16
| |
| male, 12
| |
| origin, 13
| |
| | |
| Germinal cells in developing cord, 54
| |
| epithelium, 13, 16
| |
| layers, structures derived from, 111
| |
| vesicle, 15
| |
| Gill-slits, 66, 70
| |
| Glabella, 181, 244, 268
| |
| Gland or glands. See also Lymphatic
| |
| glands
| |
| buccal, 1272
| |
| bulbo-urethral, 685
| |
| cardiac, of stomach, 858
| |
| ceruminous, 1672
| |
| ciliary, 1290
| |
| duodenal, 867
| |
| gastric, 858
| |
| Haversian, 596, 598
| |
| intestinal, 867
| |
| labial, 1271
| |
| lacrimal, 1247
| |
| lingual, anterior, 1345
| |
| mammary, 412, 414 , 416
| |
| molar, 1272
| |
| of Montgomery, 415
| |
| nasal, 1359
| |
| palatal, 1351
| |
| parathyroid, 1223
| |
| parotid, 1284
| |
| prostate, 937
| |
| pyloric, 859
| |
| sublingual, 1234
| |
| submandibular, 1233
| |
| tarsal, 1291, 1292
| |
| thymus, 1019
| |
| thyroid, 1204, 1220
| |
| accessory, 1221
| |
| of tongue, 1344, 1345
| |
| urethral, 942
| |
| vestibular, greater, 697
| |
| Glandis, corona, 715
| |
| Gians clitoridis, 695
| |
| penis, 715
| |
| | |
| Gleno-humeral ligaments, 462
| |
| Glenoid cavity, 294 , 298
| |
| Glenoidale, labrum, 463
| |
| Glia cells of cerebellum, 1487
| |
| Glisson, capsule-*>f, 884
| |
| Globosus, nucleus, 1485
| |
| Globus pallidus, 1528
| |
| Glomeruli, external and internal, 93
| |
| Glomerulus of kidney, 905
| |
| Glomus coccygeum, 946
| |
| Glosso-epiglottic fold, 1343, 1380
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1735
| |
| | |
| Glosso-pharyngeal nerve. See Cranial
| |
| nerves
| |
| | |
| Glottidis, rima, 1388
| |
| Gluteal artery, inferior, 538, 926
| |
| superior, 537, 927
| |
| fascia, 531
| |
| | |
| fold, 529 1
| |
| | |
| lines, 336
| |
| | |
| nerve, inferior, 539, 930
| |
| superior, 539, 930
| |
| region, 529
| |
| tuberosity, 350
| |
| reins, inferior, 538
| |
| superior, 536
| |
| Gluteus maximus, 531
| |
| medius, 532
| |
| minimus, 534
| |
| quartus, 534
| |
| Gnathic index, 269
| |
| Gnathion, 244, 268
| |
| Golgi, cells of, 1487, 1564
| |
| Gomphosis, 242 , 285
| |
| Gonads, 100
| |
| Gonion, 251, 268
| |
| Gracilis, fasciculus, 1418, 1429
| |
| funiculus, 1455
| |
| muscle, 516
| |
| nucleus, 1459
| |
| | |
| Granulations, arachnoid, 1599, 1609
| |
| Granulosa, membrana, 982
| |
| Grey matter—•
| |
| | |
| central, of medulla, 1459
| |
| of mid-brain, 1560 ” '
| |
| of cerebellum, 1484
| |
| of cerebral hemispheres, 1561
| |
| of spinal cord, 1420, 1424
| |
| of tegmentum, 1533
| |
| Groove, bicipital, 300
| |
| carotid, 200, 261
| |
| costal, 156
| |
| | |
| dental, of maxilla, 218
| |
| infra-orbital, 213
| |
| lacrimal, 222, 247
| |
| of maxilla, 213
| |
| medullary, 34
| |
| meningeal, anterior, 180
| |
| mylo-hyoid, 232
| |
| nasal, of ethmoid, 208
| |
| nuchal, 397
| |
| | |
| obturator, 340 *
| |
| | |
| olfactory, of ethmoid, 207
| |
| of sphenoid, 197
| |
| optic, 197, 261
| |
| | |
| peroneal, of cuboid, 377, 388, 390
| |
| | |
| for pharyngo-tympanic tube, 257
| |
| | |
| popliteal, 352 -- L
| |
| | |
| pulmonary, of thorax, 166
| |
| | |
| sacral, 146, 153
| |
| | |
| sigmoid, 188
| |
| | |
| spinal, 397
| |
| | |
| spiral, 300
| |
| | |
| subclavian, 290
| |
| | |
| of trapezium, 319, 333
| |
| | |
| vertebral, 153
| |
| | |
| Growth, embryonic, 48 ■
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1736
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Growth, foetal, no
| |
| Gubernaculum of testis, 103, 740
| |
| Guerin, valvule of, 942
| |
| Gums, 1338
| |
| | |
| development of, 1339
| |
| Gustatory cells, 1348
| |
| organs, 1347
| |
| pore, 1348
| |
| Guttural fossa, 257
| |
| Gyrus or gyri—
| |
| angular, 1501
| |
| annectant, 1498
| |
| breves, 1506
| |
| cinguli, 1507
| |
| dentatus, 1509
| |
| frontal, 1498
| |
| geniculate, 1514
| |
| hippocampal, 1507
| |
| lingual, 1504
| |
| longus, 1506
| |
| marginal, 1499
| |
| occipito-temporal, 1505
| |
| orbital, 1499
| |
| precentral, 1497
| |
| postcentral, 1501
| |
| postparietal, 1502
| |
| rectus, 1499
| |
| subcallosal, 1514
| |
| supracallosal, 1514
| |
| supramarginal, 1501
| |
| temporal, 1505
| |
| | |
| Habenula, 1541
| |
| Habenulae, ganglion, 1541
| |
| striae, 1541
| |
| trigonum, 1541
| |
| Habenular commissure, 1541
| |
| Hair-cells, auditory, 1689, 1692
| |
| Hallucis, abductor, 644
| |
| adductor, 649
| |
| extensor brevis, 611
| |
| longus, 606
| |
| flexor brevis, 648
| |
| longus, 623
| |
| | |
| tendon of, 646
| |
| Hamate bone, 320
| |
| | |
| hook of, 321, 333
| |
| ossification of, 322
| |
| Hamstring muscles, 542, 544
| |
| Hamulus of lacrimal, 222
| |
| pterygoid, 203
| |
| of spiral lamina, 1686
| |
| Hand as a whole, 330
| |
| Hand-plates, no
| |
| | |
| Haploid number of chromosomes, 18
| |
| Harmonic suture, 394
| |
| Hassall, concentric corpuscles of, 1020
| |
| Haversian canals, 116
| |
| | |
| gland of hip-joint, 340, 596, 598
| |
| system, 117
| |
| Head, bones of, 173
| |
| process, 36
| |
| Heart, 1048
| |
| | |
| apex of, 1052, 1059
| |
| atrial portion of, 1051
| |
| | |
| | |
| Heart atrium, left, 1052, 1059
| |
| right, 1051, 1054
| |
| auricles of, 1051, 1052
| |
| base of, 1048, 1053
| |
| block, 1072
| |
| bloodvessels of, 1064
| |
| course of circulation, 1050
| |
| development of, 1073
| |
| exterior of, 1050
| |
| interior of, 1054
| |
| Latham’s circle, 1048
| |
| lymphatics of, 1067
| |
| nerves of, 1068
| |
| size of, 1073
| |
| topography of, 1048
| |
| of orifices of, 1064
| |
| tube, 90
| |
| | |
| ventricle, left, 1060
| |
| right, 1055
| |
| | |
| ventricular portion of, 1052
| |
| weight of, 1073
| |
| Helicine arteries, 953
| |
| Helicis major muscle, 1296
| |
| minor muscle, 1296
| |
| Helicotrema, 1686, 1689
| |
| Helix, 1294
| |
| | |
| spine of, 1295
| |
| tail of, 1295
| |
| | |
| Hemisternal cartilages, 170
| |
| Henle, loop of, 901, 903
| |
| Hensen, cells of, 1692
| |
| | |
| continuity theory of, 55
| |
| Hepatic artery, 813, 885
| |
| canals, 886
| |
| cells, 886
| |
| cylinders, 889
| |
| duct, 778
| |
| lobule, 884
| |
| plexus, 809
| |
| veins, 885
| |
| | |
| Hepatis, pons, 775, 777
| |
| porta, 775
| |
| sustentaculum, 789
| |
| Hernia, appendicular, 787
| |
| congenital, 747
| |
| diaphragmatic, 838
| |
| encysted, 747
| |
| femoral, 568
| |
| infantile, 747
| |
| | |
| inguinal, direct, medial, 746
| |
| oblique, lateral, 745
| |
| medial, 746
| |
| | |
| mesenteric, 786 s
| |
| | |
| meso-colic, 787
| |
| retro-peritoneal, 791
| |
| umbilical, 748
| |
| | |
| congenital, 748
| |
| Hertwig, sheath of, 287
| |
| Heterotypical mitosis, 17
| |
| Hiatus, definition, 115
| |
| | |
| for greater superficial petrosal nerve,
| |
| 189, 190, 263
| |
| | |
| for lesser superficial petrosal nerve,
| |
| 189, 263
| |
| | |
| semilunaris, 1357
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1737
| |
| | |
| | |
| Hilton, white line of, 962
| |
| Hilton’s law, 433
| |
| Hilum of lung, 1022
| |
| Hind-brain, ss, =>7
| |
| Hind-gut, 44, 45
| |
| Hinge-joint, 393
| |
| Hip bone, 334
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 341
| |
| joint, 590
| |
| | |
| arterial supply of, 596
| |
| bursae of, 598
| |
| capsular ligament, 590
| |
| Haversian gland, 596, 598
| |
| ilio-femoral ligament, 591
| |
| ischio-femoral ligament, 591
| |
| nerves of, 596
| |
| pubo-femoral ligament, 592
| |
| relations of, 596
| |
| synovial membrane, 595
| |
| Hippocampal commissure, 1518, 1568
| |
| gyrus, 1507
| |
| | |
| Hippocampus, 1509, 1532
| |
| His’ theory of nerve growth, 35
| |
| Histology, 1
| |
| | |
| Holden’s guide to greater trochanter, 552
| |
| Holoblastic ova, 25
| |
| Homodynamy, 6, 122
| |
| Homogeneity, 6
| |
| Homology, 6, 122
| |
| serial, 6, 122
| |
| | |
| Horns of cord, 1421, 1422
| |
| | |
| of lateral ventricle, 1523, 1524
| |
| Horseshoe kidney, 822
| |
| Humeral lymphatic glands, 424
| |
| Humerus, 299
| |
| | |
| anatomical neck of, 299
| |
| bicipital groove, 300
| |
| capitulum, 304
| |
| epicondyles, 304
| |
| greater tuberosity, 299
| |
| lesser tuberosity, 300
| |
| nutrient foramen, 300
| |
| ossification of, 305
| |
| shaft, 300
| |
| spiral groove, 300
| |
| structure, 304
| |
| supracondylar process, 302
| |
| surgical neck of, 300
| |
| trochlea, 304
| |
| varieties, 305
| |
| Humphry’s ligament, 633
| |
| Hiischke, foramen of, 194, 197
| |
| Hyaloid artery, 1664
| |
| canal of eye, 1664
| |
| membrane, 1662
| |
| Hyaloplasm, 8
| |
| | |
| Hydroccele, encysted, of spermatic cord,
| |
| 743
| |
| | |
| Hymen, 695
| |
| | |
| development of, 696, 699
| |
| Hyo-glossus muscle, 1231
| |
| Hyoid arch, 75, 278
| |
| bone, 235
| |
| | |
| body, 235
| |
| horns, 236
| |
| | |
| | |
| Hyoid bone, development of, 278
| |
| ossification of, 236
| |
| tubercle of, 235
| |
| Hyperchordal bar, 143
| |
| Hypoblast, 25
| |
| | |
| Hypobranchial eminence, 70
| |
| Hypochordal bar, 168
| |
| Hypogastric sympathetic plexus, 811
| |
| zone, 755
| |
| | |
| subdivisions of, 755
| |
| Hypoglossal nerve. See Cranial
| |
| nerves
| |
| | |
| triangle, 1490
| |
| Hypophysial fossa, 197
| |
| Hypophysis cerebri, 1171
| |
| | |
| development of, 58, 87, 1171
| |
| infundibulum, 1171
| |
| structure of, 1171
| |
| Hypospadias, 700
| |
| Hypothalamus, 1543
| |
| | |
| .
| |
| | |
| Ichthyopsida, 23, 69
| |
| Ileo-caecal fold, 792
| |
| Ileo-colic valve, 873
| |
| | |
| frenula of, 873
| |
| Ileum, 762, 869
| |
| | |
| peritoneal relations of, 786
| |
| Iliac arteries. See Arteries
| |
| fossa, 336
| |
| | |
| left, contents of, 708
| |
| right, contents of, 708
| |
| veins. See Veins
| |
| Ilio-costalis muscle, 404
| |
| Ilio-costo-cervicalis muscles, 404
| |
| Ilio-femoral ligament, 591
| |
| Ilio-hypogastric nerve, 531, 710, 728, 845
| |
| Ilio-inguinal nerve, 554, 729, 845
| |
| Ilio-pectineal septum, 856
| |
| Ilio-psoas muscle, 571, 842
| |
| Ilio-pubic eminence, 335
| |
| Ilio-tibial tract, 531, 560 , 57 °
| |
| Ilio-trochanteric band, 593
| |
| Ilium, 334
| |
| | |
| anterior inferior spine, 334
| |
| superior spine, 334
| |
| auricular area, 336
| |
| groove, 346
| |
| crest, 334
| |
| gluteal lines, 336
| |
| surface, 336
| |
| ligamentous area, 336
| |
| muscular area, 336
| |
| posterior spines, 334, 336
| |
| Impar, ganglion, 946
| |
| tuberculum, 70
| |
| Impregnation, 20
| |
| Impression, trigeminal, 189, 263
| |
| Incisive canal, 248
| |
| crest, 248
| |
| foramina, 216, 255
| |
| fossa of mandible, 229
| |
| Incisor crest, 216
| |
| teeth, 278
| |
| | |
| Incisura semilunaris cerebelli, 1475
| |
| temporalis, 1507
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1738
| |
| | |
| Incus, 1678
| |
| | |
| ligament of, 1679
| |
| Index, alveolar, 269
| |
| cranial, 269
| |
| gnathic, 269
| |
| nasal, 269
| |
| orbital, 269
| |
| vertical, of skull, 269
| |
| Indicis, dorsalis, artery, 511
| |
| extensor, muscle, 506
| |
| radialis, artery, 487, 498
| |
| Indusium griseum, 1510
| |
| Infarcts, red and white, 109
| |
| Infraclavicular fossa, 412
| |
| | |
| lymphatic glands, 416, 434
| |
| Infrahyoid muscles, 1200
| |
| region, 1203
| |
| | |
| Infra-orbital canal, 245, 247
| |
| foramen, 212, 245
| |
| groove, 213
| |
| nerve, 1276, 1319
| |
| plexus, 1274, 1276
| |
| process of zygomatic, 220
| |
| Infrapatellar tendon, 574
| |
| Infraspinatus muscle, 437
| |
| Infratemporal crest of sphenoid, 202
| |
| Infundibuliform fascia, 716, 739
| |
| Infundibulum of ethmoid, 209
| |
| of frontal, 184
| |
| of heart, 1056
| |
| | |
| of hypophysis cerebri, 1171, 1544
| |
| of lung, 1028
| |
| of nasal fossa, 250, 1357
| |
| of uterine tube, 972
| |
| Inguinal canal, 735
| |
| | |
| position of, 708
| |
| hernia, 745-748
| |
| ligament, 551, 707, 719
| |
| lymphatic glands, 558
| |
| recesses, 745
| |
| triangle, 708, 736
| |
| Inion, 243, 268
| |
| Inner cell mass, 24, 25
| |
| Innominate canal, 201
| |
| Intercellular passages of liver, 886
| |
| Interclavicular ligament, 443
| |
| Intercostal arteries, 411, 997
| |
| membranes, 994, 995
| |
| muscles, 994, 995
| |
| nerves, 728, 996, 1099
| |
| spaces, 167
| |
| | |
| Intercosto-brachial nerve, 433 , 447
| |
| Intercrural fibres, 718
| |
| Intercuneiform joints, 669
| |
| Interfoveolar ligament, 726
| |
| Interglobular spaces, 285, 287
| |
| Interior of cranium, 259
| |
| Interlamina sulcus, 54
| |
| Interlobar notch of liver, 777
| |
| Interlobular plexuses of liver, 885
| |
| Intermediate cell mass, 42
| |
| | |
| formation from, 92, 93
| |
| Intermetacarpal joints, 526
| |
| Intermetatarsal joints, 671
| |
| Interosseous artery, anterior, 478
| |
| | |
| | |
| Interosseous artery, common, 478
| |
| posterior, 506, 507
| |
| recurrent, 508
| |
| membrane of forearm, 521
| |
| of leg, 660
| |
| muscles of foot, 650
| |
| dorsal, 651
| |
| plantar, 650
| |
| of hand, 512
| |
| dorsal, 512
| |
| palmar, 494, 512
| |
| nerve, anterior, 481
| |
| posterior, 506
| |
| Interparietal bone, 177
| |
| Interpeduncular fossa, 1561
| |
| space, 1445
| |
| | |
| Interphalangeal joints, foot, 572
| |
| hand, 528
| |
| | |
| Interspinales muscles, 410
| |
| Intertragic notch, 1294
| |
| Intertransversales muscles, 410
| |
| Intertubercular line, 755
| |
| plane, 755
| |
| | |
| Interventricular foramen, 1535
| |
| Intervertebral discs, 1107
| |
| | |
| development of, 59, 169
| |
| Intervillous space, 105, 108
| |
| Intestinal canal, 761
| |
| | |
| blood-supply of, 795
| |
| development of, 870
| |
| glands, 867
| |
| lymphatic trunk, 832
| |
| Intestine, large, 762
| |
| | |
| appendices epiploicae, 871
| |
| blood-supply of, 871
| |
| character of, 871
| |
| development of, 872
| |
| of position of, 874
| |
| lymphatics of, 799, 802
| |
| nerves of, 871
| |
| structure of, 870
| |
| small, blood-supply of, 869
| |
| | |
| characteristics of different parts
| |
| of, 869
| |
| | |
| circular folds of, 864
| |
| development of, 870
| |
| | |
| of positions of, 874
| |
| glands of, 867
| |
| lacteal vessels, 866
| |
| lymphatics of, 869
| |
| structure of, 863
| |
| villi of, 865
| |
| | |
| Intra-embryonic coelom, 42, 46
| |
| Intralobular plexuses of liver, 885
| |
| Intratonsillar cleft, 1354
| |
| Intra-uterine conditions in pregnancy,
| |
| 104
| |
| | |
| Iris, 1648
| |
| | |
| blood-supply, 1651
| |
| development of, 1670
| |
| muscles of, 1650
| |
| nerves of, 1651
| |
| structure, 1650
| |
| | |
| Ischio-cavernosus, female, 702
| |
| male, 679
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1739
| |
| | |
| | |
| Ischiofemoral ligament, 591
| |
| Ischiorectal fossa, 676
| |
| contents of, 677
| |
| diverticula of, 676, 677
| |
| Ischium, 347
| |
| body, 337
| |
| ramus, 338 *
| |
| spine of, 338
| |
| tuberosity of, 338, 529
| |
| Islets of Langerhans, 892
| |
| Isolecithal eggs, 23
| |
| | |
| Isthmus of external auditory meatus, 194
| |
| of gyrus cinguli, 1507
| |
| oropharyngeal, 1330
| |
| pharyngeal, 1371
| |
| of rhombencephalon, 38
| |
| | |
| Japonicum, os, 221
| |
| Jejunum, 762, 869
| |
| Joints, acromio-clavicular, 444
| |
| ankle, 661
| |
| | |
| atlantoaxial, 1404, 1408
| |
| altanto-occipitai, 1406, 1409
| |
| ball-and-socket, 393
| |
| calcaneo-cuboid, 675
| |
| carpometacarpal, 325
| |
| of thumb, 523
| |
| cartilaginous, 393
| |
| classification of, 394
| |
| condyloid, 393
| |
| costochondral, 1112
| |
| costotransverse, 1112
| |
| costovertebral, mo
| |
| cricoarytenoid, 1383
| |
| crico-thyroid, 1385
| |
| cuboideometatarsal, 669
| |
| cuneo-cuboid, 669
| |
| cuneo-navicular. 668
| |
| elbow, 316
| |
| | |
| femoropatellar. 628, 639
| |
| fibrous, 393
| |
| of foot, 664
| |
| general, 393
| |
| of hand, 522
| |
| hinge, 303
| |
| hip, 590
| |
| intercarpal, 324
| |
| xnterchondral, 1114
| |
| intercoccygeal, 989
| |
| intercuneiform, 669
| |
| mtermetacarpal, 526
| |
| intermetatarsal, 671
| |
| interphalangeal, of foot. 672
| |
| of hand, 528
| |
| knee, 62S
| |
| lumbosacral, 988
| |
| mandibular, 1316
| |
| metacarpophalangeal, 327
| |
| metatarsophalangeal, 671
| |
| mid-tarsal, 663
| |
| movements of joints, 393
| |
| naviculo-cuboid, 668
| |
| obstetrical, 177
| |
| of occipital bone, 1406, 1409
| |
| of pelvis, 988
| |
| | |
| | |
| Joints, pisiform, 324
| |
| pivot, 393
| |
| plane, 393
| |
| | |
| pubic symphysis, 092
| |
| radioulnar, 520
| |
| of ribs, mo
| |
| sacro-coccygeal, 989
| |
| sacroiliac, 990
| |
| saddle, 393
| |
| shoulder, 461
| |
| sternal, 1114
| |
| stemo-clavicular, 443
| |
| stemo-costal, 1113
| |
| suture, 394
| |
| syndesmosis. 393
| |
| synovial, 393
| |
| talo-calcaneal 664
| |
| talo-ca lcaneonavicula r 663
| |
| tarsometatarsal, 669
| |
| tibiofibular, inferior. 639
| |
| intermediate, 660
| |
| superior, 639
| |
| transverse carpal, 323
| |
| of vertebral column, 1105
| |
| wrist, 322
| |
| Jugular arch, 1175
| |
| facet, 192
| |
| | |
| foramen, 258, 264, 1166
| |
| fossa of temporal, 191, 238
| |
| lymphatic trunk, 1199
| |
| notch of occipital, 1 76
| |
| process of occipital. 176. 258
| |
| vein, anterior, 1173
| |
| external, 1176
| |
| | |
| development of, 1177
| |
| internal, 1211
| |
| | |
| posterior external 1142, 1178
| |
| Jugum sphenoidale 197, 206
| |
| | |
| Karyokinesis, 9
| |
| Karyoplasm, 8, 9. 13
| |
| Karyosomes, 9
| |
| Kata phase, 10
| |
| Kidneys, 817
| |
| | |
| arteries of, 904
| |
| calyces of, 907, 908
| |
| cortex of, 901
| |
| development of, 95. 910
| |
| early condition of, 909
| |
| glomerulus, 903
| |
| hilum of, 821
| |
| lymphatics of, 907
| |
| medulla of, 900
| |
| pelvis of, 907
| |
| sinus of, 821
| |
| structure of, 900
| |
| uriniierous tubules 901
| |
| varieties of, S22
| |
| veins of, 906
| |
| Knee-joint, 628
| |
| | |
| arterial supply. 637
| |
| bursae of, 640
| |
| ligaments of. arcuate. 631
| |
| capsular. 622
| |
| cruciate, 634
| |
| | |
| | |
| 174 ° INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Knee-joint, ligaments, Humphry’s, 633
| |
| lateral, 630
| |
| medial, 629
| |
| oblique posterior, 631
| |
| patellae, 629
| |
| transverse, 633
| |
| Wrisberg’s, 633
| |
| movements of, 637
| |
| nerve supply, 637
| |
| semilunar cartilages, 632
| |
| synovial membrane, 634
| |
| | |
| Labia majora, 692
| |
| | |
| development of, 694
| |
| minora, 693
| |
| | |
| development of, 694
| |
| Labial mucous glands, 1271
| |
| Labrum, acetabulare, 594, 597
| |
| glenoidale, 463
| |
| | |
| Labyrinth of ear, membranous, 1687
| |
| blood-supply of, 1694
| |
| of themoid, 208
| |
| of kidney, 901
| |
| osseous, 1683
| |
| Lacrimal apparatus, 1293
| |
| artery, 1260
| |
| bone, 222
| |
| | |
| development of, 277
| |
| hamulus of, 222
| |
| ossification, 223
| |
| structure, 223
| |
| varieties, 223
| |
| canal, 245
| |
| canaliculi, 1293
| |
| crest, 222
| |
| fold, 1294
| |
| fossa, 183, 245
| |
| gland, 1247
| |
| groove, 247
| |
| | |
| of lacrimal, 222
| |
| of maxilla, 213
| |
| nerve, 1254, 1276
| |
| notch of maxilla, 213
| |
| process of inferior nasal concha, 223
| |
| sac, 1293
| |
| | |
| Lacrimalis, caruncula, 1289, 1292
| |
| lacus, 1289
| |
| Lacteal vessels, 866
| |
| Lactiferous ducts, 415, 417
| |
| Lacuna or lacunae—
| |
| laterales, 1603
| |
| magna, 942
| |
| muscular, 856
| |
| urethales, 942
| |
| vascular, 856
| |
| Lacunar region, 855
| |
| Lacus lacrimalis, 1289
| |
| Lambda, 180, 237 , 242, 268, 1629
| |
| Lambdoid suture, 237 , 1630
| |
| Lamina basalis, 1646
| |
| | |
| chorio-capillaris, 1646
| |
| cribrosa of internal auditory
| |
| meatus, 190 , 1686
| |
| of sclera, 1643
| |
| dorsal, of cord, 54, 1440
| |
| | |
| | |
| Lamina elastic, of cornea, 1644
| |
| fusca, 1643
| |
| labio-dental, 286
| |
| osseous spiral, 1685
| |
| reticular, 1693
| |
| suprachoroid, 1646
| |
| terminalis of brain, 1510, 1544
| |
| vasculosa of choroid, 1646
| |
| ventral, of cord, 54, 1439
| |
| vertebral, 127
| |
| | |
| Landmarks of abdominal wall, 704
| |
| of arm, 446
| |
| axilla, 412
| |
| of back, 397
| |
| | |
| of scalp and neck, 1141
| |
| of thigh and popliteal space, 540
| |
| of face, 1263
| |
| | |
| of front and inner side of thigh, 551
| |
| of wrist and palm, 482
| |
| of gluteal region, 529
| |
| of leg, 598
| |
| | |
| of male perinaeum, 674
| |
| of pectoral region, 412
| |
| of side of neck, 1172
| |
| of sole of foot, 641
| |
| | |
| Langerhans, centro-acinar cells of, 891
| |
| islets of, 892
| |
| | |
| Laryngeal artery, inferior, 1243
| |
| superior, 1214
| |
| nerve, external, 1329, 1395
| |
| internal, 1329, 1395
| |
| recurrent, 1044, 1045, 1330 * 1395
| |
| superior, 1329, 1395
| |
| Larynx, cartilages of, 1379
| |
| development of, 73, 1397
| |
| epiglottis, 1379
| |
| inlet, 1386
| |
| lymphatics of, 1396
| |
| mucous membrane of, 1399
| |
| muscles, intrinsic, of, 1390
| |
| | |
| actions of, summary of,
| |
| 1394
| |
| | |
| nerves of, 1395
| |
| | |
| pyriform fossa, 76, 1373, 1386
| |
| rima glottidis, 1388
| |
| vestibuli, 1388
| |
| saccule of, 1387
| |
| sinus of, 1387
| |
| structure of, 1379
| |
| vessels of, 1396
| |
| vestibular folds, 1385, 1387
| |
| ligaments, 1387
| |
| vestibule of, 1387
| |
| vocal folds, 1388
| |
| ligaments, 1385
| |
| Latham, circle of, 1048
| |
| Latissimus dorsi muscle, 399
| |
| nerve to, 431
| |
| Law of ossification, 305
| |
| Lemniscus, decussation of, 1465
| |
| lateral, in mid-brain, 1557
| |
| in pons, 1471, 1475
| |
| medial, in medulla, 1465, 1466
| |
| in mid-brain, 1556
| |
| in pons, 1473
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| I 74 I
| |
| | |
| | |
| Lens, crystalline, 1661
| |
| | |
| capsule of, 1662
| |
| development of, 1667
| |
| at different ages, 1662
| |
| vesicle, 1665, 1667
| |
| Lenticularis, ansa, 1531, 1539, 1567
| |
| Lentiformis, nucleus, 1526
| |
| Leptorhine skulls, 269
| |
| Lesser, triangle of, 1228
| |
| Levator anguli oris, 1268
| |
| ani, 947
| |
| | |
| glandulae thyroidae, 1221
| |
| labii superioris, 1268
| |
| alaeque nasi, 1267
| |
| palati, 1353, 1378
| |
| palpebrae, superioris, 1247
| |
| scapulae, 400
| |
| Levatores costarum, 410
| |
| longiores, 411
| |
| Lienis, sustentaculum, 767
| |
| Ligament or ligaments—
| |
| | |
| accessory, of atlas and axis, 1405
| |
| of knee, 629
| |
| acromio-clavicular, 444
| |
| alar, of odontoid process, 1408
| |
| of ankle-joint, 661
| |
| annular, of stapes, 1690
| |
| | |
| of superior radio-ulnar joint,
| |
| 520
| |
| | |
| apical, of odontoid process, 1408
| |
| arcuate, of diaphragm, 836
| |
| of knee, 631
| |
| | |
| atlanto-axial, posterior, 1406
| |
| atlanto-occipital, 1406
| |
| of auricle, 1296
| |
| bifurcated, 665
| |
| of bladder, false, 918, 952
| |
| true, 952
| |
| | |
| brachial, medial, 452
| |
| of calcaneo-cuboid joint, 666
| |
| calcaneo-navicular, plantar, 665, 673
| |
| of carpo-metacarpal joints, 525
| |
| check, of orbit, 1253
| |
| conoid, 444
| |
| | |
| Cooper, oblique ligament of, 518
| |
| coraco-acromial, 445
| |
| coraco-clavicular, 444
| |
| coraco-humeral, 462
| |
| coronary, of knee, 628
| |
| costo-clavicular, 443
| |
| costo-coracoid, 420
| |
| costo-transverse, 112
| |
| cruciate, of atlas and axis, 1407, 1408
| |
| of knee, 634
| |
| | |
| of cuboideo-metatarsal joint, 671
| |
| of cuneo-cuboid joint, 669
| |
| of cuneo-navicular joint, 669
| |
| digital vaginal, of hand, 492
| |
| of elbow, 517, 518
| |
| fundiform, of Retzius, 604
| |
| gastro-phrenic, 789
| |
| gastro-splenic, 789
| |
| gleno-humeral, 462
| |
| of head of femur, 593
| |
| of hip-joint, 590
| |
| | |
| | |
| Ligament or ligaments (< continued )—
| |
| of knee-joint, capsular, 590
| |
| of head of femur, 593
| |
| ilio-femoral, 590
| |
| ischio-femoral, 592
| |
| transverse, 595
| |
| Humphry’s 633
| |
| hyo-epiglottic, 1380
| |
| ilio-femoral, 590
| |
| ilio-lumbar, 988
| |
| inguinal, 551, 707, 719
| |
| pectineal part of, 719
| |
| reflected part of, 720
| |
| relations of, 718
| |
| of intercarpal joints, 524
| |
| interclavicular, 443
| |
| interclinoid, 1163
| |
| of intercuneiform joints, 669
| |
| interfoveolar, 725
| |
| of intermetacarpal joints, 526
| |
| of intermetatarsal joints, 671
| |
| of interphalangeal joints of hand, 528
| |
| of foot, 672
| |
| | |
| interspinous, of vertebrae, 1109
| |
| intertransverse, of vertebrae, mo
| |
| intra - articular, of costo - vertebral
| |
| joints, 1111
| |
| | |
| of sterno-costal joints, 1113
| |
| of knee-joint, 628
| |
| accessory, 629
| |
| arcuate, 631
| |
| capsular, 628
| |
| coronary, 628
| |
| cruciate, 634
| |
| Humphry’s, 633
| |
| lateral, 630
| |
| medial, 629
| |
| oblique posterior, 613
| |
| patellae, 574, 629
| |
| transverse, 633
| |
| of Wrisberg, 633
| |
| of laminae of vertebrae, 1108
| |
| of larynx, 1384
| |
| of left vena cava, 1018
| |
| lieno-phrenic, 789
| |
| lieno-renal, 789
| |
| of liver, 788
| |
| | |
| coronary, 788
| |
| falciform, 788
| |
| triangular, 788
| |
| | |
| longitudinal, anterior, 1105, 1406
| |
| posterior, 1106
| |
| lumbo-sacral, 988
| |
| of malleus, 1679
| |
| of mandibular joint, 1316
| |
| of metacarpo-phalangeal joints, 527
| |
| of metatarso-phalangeal joints, 671
| |
| oblique posterior, of knee, 631
| |
| occipito-axial, 1407
| |
| of ovary, 982
| |
| palpebral, lateral, 1291
| |
| medial, 1265, 1291
| |
| pectinate, of iris, 1644, 1645
| |
| pectineal, 856
| |
| peritoneal, 78S
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1742
| |
| | |
| Ligament or ligaments [continued)
| |
| petro-sphenoidal, 193
| |
| phrenico-colic, 789
| |
| phrenico-splenic, 789
| |
| piso-hamate, 473, 524
| |
| piso-metacarpal, 473, 524
| |
| plantar, long, 667
| |
| short, 667
| |
| | |
| pterygo-mandibular, 1181
| |
| pterygo-spinous, 1181
| |
| of pubic symphysis, inferior, 682, 98
| |
| pubo-femoral, 592
| |
| pubo-prostatic, 922
| |
| pulmonary, 1005
| |
| quadrate, 520
| |
| radiate, mi
| |
| | |
| radio-carpal, posterior, 522
| |
| radio-ulnar, 520
| |
| sacro-coccygeal, 989
| |
| sacro-iliac, 990
| |
| sacro-spinous, 991
| |
| sacro-tuberous, 542, 990
| |
| | |
| falciform process of, 991
| |
| of the scapula, 445
| |
| of shoulder-joint, 461
| |
| spheno-mandibular, 234, 1181, 1316
| |
| spino-glenoid, 445
| |
| spiral, of cochlea, 1690
| |
| of spleen, 789
| |
| of sternal joints, 1114
| |
| sterno-clavicular, 443
| |
| sterno-costal, 1113
| |
| sterno-pericardial, 1018
| |
| stylo-hyoid, 1232
| |
| stylo-mandibular, 1181, 1317
| |
| suprascapular, 445
| |
| supraspinous, 1109
| |
| suspensory, of axilla, 420
| |
| of eye, 1252
| |
| of lens, 1664
| |
| of ovary, 970
| |
| of penis, 713
| |
| talo-calcaneal, 664
| |
| of talo-calcaneo-navicular joint, 605
| |
| of tarso-metatarsal joints, 669
| |
| temporo-mandibular, 1316
| |
| thyro-epiglottic, 1380
| |
| thyro-hyoid, 1384
| |
| of tibio-fibular joints, 659
| |
| transverse, of atlas, 1405
| |
| deep, of palm, 526
| |
| of foot, 671
| |
| of hip-joint, 595
| |
| | |
| of inferior tibio-fibular joint, 660
| |
| of perinaeum, 682
| |
| of shoulder-joint, 453, 463
| |
| superficial, of palm, 484
| |
| trapezoid, 444
| |
| of uterus, broad, 968
| |
| of vertebrae, 1105
| |
| vestibular, 1385
| |
| vocal, 1385
| |
| of Wrisberg, 633
| |
| of wrist-joint, 522
| |
| of Zinn, 1250
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| Ligamentum or ligamenta—*
| |
| arteriosum, 1043
| |
| denticulata, 1413, 1415
| |
| flava, 1108
| |
| nuchae, 399, 1144
| |
| patellae, 574, 629
| |
| pectinatum iridis, 1644, 1655
| |
| suspensoria of mammary gland,
| |
| 414
| |
| | |
| teres of liver, 788, 1126
| |
| of uterus, 986
| |
| venosum, 1127
| |
| | |
| Ligula of fourth ventricle, 1492
| |
| Limb buds, no
| |
| lower, 529
| |
| upper, 397
| |
| Limbic lobe, 1506
| |
| Limbous suture, 237
| |
| Limbus, lamina spiralis, 1691
| |
| sphenoidalis, 197, 261
| |
| Limen insulae, 1506
| |
| Line or lines—
| |
| | |
| Addison’s, 755
| |
| arcuate, 340
| |
| gluteal, 336
| |
| intertubercular, 755
| |
| lateral, of abdomen, 755
| |
| mylo-hyoid, 230
| |
| Nelaton’s, 552
| |
| nuchal, 172, 250
| |
| oblique, of mandible, 231
| |
| of ulna, 314
| |
| pectineal, 350
| |
| quadrate, 350
| |
| soleal, 361
| |
| spino-umbilical, 707
| |
| subcostal, 755
| |
| Sylvian, 1632
| |
| temporal, 178
| |
| trapezoid, 290, 297
| |
| vertical, of tibia, 361
| |
| Linea alba, 704
| |
| aspera, 350
| |
| splendens, 1415
| |
| Lineae semilunares, 705
| |
| Lingual artery, 1215
| |
| glands, 1345
| |
| nerve, 1313
| |
| | |
| Lingula of cerebellum, 1477
| |
| of mandible, 231
| |
| of sphenoid, 200, 276
| |
| Linin, 9
| |
| Lips, 1336
| |
| | |
| Liquor folliculi, 19, 982
| |
| Lithotomy, lateral, structures divided in,
| |
| 692
| |
| | |
| Liver, 771
| |
| | |
| borders of, 777
| |
| cells of, 886
| |
| component parts, 771
| |
| connections of, 771
| |
| cystic notch, 777
| |
| development of, 79, 888
| |
| duct of, 778
| |
| | |
| excretory apparatus of, 778
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 17 43
| |
| | |
| | |
| Liver fissures or fossae of—
| |
| | |
| for gall-bladder, 774
| |
| for ligamentum teres, 775
| |
| venosum, 776
| |
| for vena cava, 777
| |
| impression, cardiac, 773
| |
| colic, 775
| |
| duodenal, 775
| |
| oesophageal, 776
| |
| renal, 775
| |
| suprarenal, 777
| |
| interlobar notch, 777
| |
| ligaments of, 788
| |
| lobes of—
| |
| | |
| caudate, 777
| |
| left, 773
| |
| quadrate, 774
| |
| right, 773
| |
| lobules of, 884
| |
| lymphatics of, 887
| |
| nerves of, 868
| |
| peritoneal relations of, 777
| |
| porta hepatis, 775, 777
| |
| position of, 771
| |
| structure of, 884
| |
| surface of, 773
| |
| topography of, 771
| |
| tuber omentale, 774
| |
| Lobes of cerebral hemispheres—
| |
| frontal, 1497
| |
| insula, 1505
| |
| limbic, 1506
| |
| occipital, 1502
| |
| olfactory, 1510
| |
| parietal, 1499
| |
| pyriform, 1508
| |
| temporal, 1504
| |
| | |
| of cerebellum. See Cerebellum
| |
| of testis, 750
| |
| Lobule of ear, 1294
| |
| Lobules of cerebral hemispheres—cuneus, 1504
| |
| paracentral, 1499
| |
| parietal, 1501
| |
| postcentral, 1506
| |
| praecuneus, 1502
| |
| precentral, 1506
| |
| quadrate, 1502
| |
| | |
| of cerebellum, See Cerebellum
| |
| of epididymis, 751, 752
| |
| Locus caerulus, 1491
| |
| Longissimus capitis muscle, 406
| |
| cervicis muscle, 406
| |
| thoracis muscle, 406
| |
| Lucidum, septum, 1518
| |
| cavity of, 1520
| |
| Lumbar arteries, 847
| |
| | |
| fascia, 403, 404, 840, 841
| |
| lymphatic trunk, 833
| |
| plexus, 844
| |
| puncture, 154
| |
| triangle, 400, 708
| |
| vertebrae, 138
| |
| Lumbo-sacral trunk, 847
| |
| Lumbrical muscles of foot, 649 .
| |
| | |
| | |
| Lumbrical muscles of hand, 492
| |
| Lunate bone, 317
| |
| | |
| ossification, 322
| |
| Lung buds, 77, 1029
| |
| Lungs, 1021
| |
| | |
| cervical part of, 1246
| |
| development of, 77, 1028
| |
| difference between lungs, 1025
| |
| in foetus, 1031
| |
| lobes of, 1023
| |
| lymphatics of, 1029
| |
| nerves of, 1029
| |
| root of, 1025
| |
| structure of, 1027
| |
| Lunules of aortic valve, 1063
| |
| Luteum, corpus, 982
| |
| Lymphatic duct, right, 1246
| |
| Lymphatic glands—
| |
| antecubital, 452
| |
| aortic, 832
| |
| apical, 424
| |
| | |
| axillary, 416, 424, 434
| |
| buccinator, 1284
| |
| caval, 1104
| |
| central, of axilla, 434
| |
| cervical, deep, 1189, 1199
| |
| superficial, 1178
| |
| coeliac, 815
| |
| colic, 803
| |
| facial, 1280
| |
| | |
| deep, 1309
| |
| gastric, 815
| |
| hepatic, 816
| |
| humeral, 424, 434
| |
| ileo-colic, 800
| |
| iliac, common, 849, 852
| |
| external, 855
| |
| internal, 927
| |
| infraclavicular, 416, 434
| |
| inguinal, 558
| |
| deep, 559
| |
| superficial, 558
| |
| innominate, 1101
| |
| intercostal, 1095, 1101
| |
| of intestine, large, 803
| |
| small, 799
| |
| juxta-aortic, 833
| |
| lingual, 1217
| |
| | |
| mammary, internal (or sternal),
| |
| 1101
| |
| | |
| mastoid, 1161
| |
| | |
| mediastinal, anterior, 1014.
| |
| | |
| See also Innominate
| |
| posterior, 1101
| |
| mesentric, inferior, 802
| |
| superior, 789
| |
| obturator, 855
| |
| occipital, 1148
| |
| pancreatic, 815
| |
| pararectal, 964
| |
| paratracheal, 1199, 1227
| |
| parotid (pre-auricular), 1285
| |
| pectoral, 424, 434
| |
| popliteal, 551
| |
| pre-aortic, 832
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| *744
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Lymphatic glands ( continued ,)—
| |
| pre-laryngeal, 1199, 1386
| |
| pretracheal, 1199, 1225
| |
| pubic, 558
| |
| retro-aortic, 833
| |
| retro-femoral, 855
| |
| sacral, 946
| |
| splenic, 815
| |
| submandibular, 1198
| |
| submental, 1199, 1203
| |
| subscapular, 424, 434
| |
| supratrochlear, 452
| |
| thoracic, 1101
| |
| tibial, anterior, 610
| |
| tracheo-bronchial, 1103
| |
| Lymphatic nodules of spleen, 896
| |
| system, development of, 1377
| |
| trunk, intestinal, 832
| |
| lumbar, 833
| |
| vessels of—
| |
| | |
| abdominal wall, deep, 733
| |
| superficial, 558, 712
| |
| anal canal, 964
| |
| antebrachial, 514
| |
| anus, 964
| |
| auricle, 1672
| |
| bladder, 952
| |
| brachial, 514
| |
| buttock, 658
| |
| carpal, 513
| |
| clitoris, 695, 715
| |
| colon, ascending, 800
| |
| descending, 802
| |
| pelvic, 802, 943
| |
| transverse, 800
| |
| diaphragm, 834
| |
| digital, foot, 658
| |
| hand, 513
| |
| epididymis, 750
| |
| face, 1283
| |
| gall-bladder, 891
| |
| genitals, external, 558
| |
| gluteal region, 540, 558
| |
| gums, 1338
| |
| heart, 1067
| |
| inguinal region, 558
| |
| intercostal spaces, 999
| |
| intestine, large, 800, 802, 943
| |
| small, 799, 869
| |
| kidney, 907
| |
| larynx, 1396
| |
| lips, 1336
| |
| liver, 887
| |
| | |
| lower limb, 558, 658
| |
| lungs, 1029
| |
| mammary gland, 416
| |
| nasal cavity, 1363
| |
| nose, 1298
| |
| oesophagus, 1088
| |
| ovary, 982
| |
| | |
| palate, mucous membrane, of
| |
| hard, 1338
| |
| palm, 513
| |
| pancreas, 893
| |
| parotid gland, 1288
| |
| | |
| | |
| Lymphatic vessels ( continued )—
| |
| penis, 715
| |
| pericardium, 1019
| |
| perineum, female, 693
| |
| male, deep, 690
| |
| superficial, 558, 690
| |
| pharynx, 1373
| |
| pleura, ion
| |
| rectum, 964
| |
| scalp, 1162
| |
| scrotum, 717
| |
| seminal vesicles, 959
| |
| spleen, 897
| |
| stomach, 860
| |
| suprarenals, 898
| |
| testis, 750
| |
| thyroid gland, 1222
| |
| tongue, 1347
| |
| tonsils, 1355
| |
| trachea, 1225
| |
| upper limb, 513
| |
| ureter, 909
| |
| urethra, female, 988
| |
| male, 942, 943
| |
| uterine tubes, 983
| |
| uterus, 986
| |
| vagina, 986
| |
| vulva, 704
| |
| Lymph sacs, 1137
| |
| | |
| jugular, 1137
| |
| posterior, 1137
| |
| retro-peritoneal, 1137
| |
| | |
| McBurney, point of, 708
| |
| Macrocephaly, 268
| |
| Macrosomes, 25
| |
| Macula, lutea, 1653
| |
| sacculi, 1688
| |
| utricli, 1688
| |
| Magma reticulare, 32
| |
| Malleolar arteries, 609, 627
| |
| Malleolus, lateral, 364
| |
| medial, 361
| |
| Malleus, 1678
| |
| | |
| development of, 74, 1678
| |
| Mamillo-thalamic tract, 1517, 1543
| |
| Mammalia, 23
| |
| | |
| Mammary artery, internal —•
| |
| | |
| cervical part, 1242
| |
| thoracic part, 999
| |
| gland, 412, 414
| |
| accessory, 416
| |
| blood-supply, 415
| |
| development of, 417
| |
| lymphatics of, 416
| |
| nerves, 416
| |
| structure of, 416
| |
| lymphatic glands, 11 or
| |
| Mammillary process, 139
| |
| Mandibular arch, 66
| |
| canal, 231
| |
| foramen, 231
| |
| fossa, 186
| |
| joint, 1316
| |
| notch, 232
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1745
| |
| | |
| | |
| Mandible, 229
| |
| angle of, 232
| |
| base, 231
| |
| body, 229
| |
| changes in age, 234
| |
| condyloid process, 233
| |
| coronoid process, 232
| |
| development, 234
| |
| lingula, 231
| |
| ossification of, 234
| |
| structure, 234
| |
| symphysis of, 229
| |
| Mantle layer of cord, 54, 1437
| |
| Manubrium sterni, 161
| |
| Marginal layer of cord, 54, 1437
| |
| sinus of placenta, 106, no
| |
| tubercle of zygomatic, 220
| |
| Marrow, 121
| |
| Massa intermedia, 1534
| |
| Masseter muscle, 1301
| |
| Masseteric artery, 1307
| |
| nerve, 1309
| |
| Mastoid air-cells, 188
| |
| emissary vein, 1608
| |
| foramen, 187, 259
| |
| lymphatic glands, 1161
| |
| notch, 187, 258
| |
| process of temporal, 187
| |
| Maternal connections of foetus, 104
| |
| Maturation of ovum, 19
| |
| Maxilla, 211
| |
| | |
| alveolar process, 214
| |
| body, 211
| |
| | |
| development of, 277
| |
| frontal process, 214
| |
| ossification of, 218
| |
| palatine process, 215
| |
| structure of, 217
| |
| zygomatic process, 214
| |
| Maxillary processes—
| |
| | |
| of inferior nasal concha, 223
| |
| of palatine, 226
| |
| of zygomatic, 220
| |
| sinus, 217
| |
| | |
| Meatus, auditory, external, 193,
| |
| 1671
| |
| | |
| bloodvessels of, 1672
| |
| early condition of, 1672
| |
| lymphatics, 1672
| |
| nerves of, 1672
| |
| internal, 190, 264
| |
| definition, 115
| |
| inferior, 1357
| |
| middle, 1357
| |
| of nasal fossae, 250
| |
| superior, 1356
| |
| | |
| Medial and median, definition, 122
| |
| Median artery, 478 , 498, 516
| |
| basilic vein, 450
| |
| cephalic vein, 450
| |
| nerve in arm, 458
| |
| | |
| digital branches of, 489
| |
| in forearm, 480
| |
| in hand, 489
| |
| lateral root of, 432
| |
| | |
| | |
| Median artery, medial root of, 423
| |
| | |
| palmar cutaneous branch of, 466,
| |
| 481
| |
| | |
| summary of, 490
| |
| vein, 448
| |
| | |
| deep, 450
| |
| | |
| Mediastinal space, ion
| |
| Mediastinum, 1003, ion
| |
| anterior, 1006, 1013
| |
| middle, 1006, 1015
| |
| superior, 1006, 1012
| |
| testis, 750
| |
| | |
| Medulla oblongata, 1443, 1451
| |
| central canal of, 1446
| |
| development of, 1581
| |
| grey matter of, 1456
| |
| structure, internal, of, 1456
| |
| white matter of, 1462
| |
| Medullary cords in gonads, 100
| |
| groove, 34
| |
| | |
| laminae of nucleus lentiformis, 1528 *
| |
| 1538
| |
| | |
| rays of kidney, 901
| |
| ridges, 34
| |
| spaces, 118
| |
| vela, 1485, 1491
| |
| Megakaryocytes, 121
| |
| Megaseme, 269
| |
| Membrana eboris, 284, 287
| |
| flaccida, 1676, 1677
| |
| granulosa, 982
| |
| limitans retinae, 1654
| |
| nictitans, 1292
| |
| propria, 1688
| |
| pupillaris, 1652
| |
| sacciformis, 315, 521
| |
| tectoria, 1407
| |
| | |
| of cochlea, 1693
| |
| Membrane or membranes—
| |
| | |
| atlanto-occipital, 1406, 1407
| |
| basilar, 1690
| |
| cell, 9
| |
| | |
| crico-vocal, 1384
| |
| intercostal, 994, 995
| |
| interosseous, of arm, 521
| |
| of leg, 660
| |
| nuclear, 8, 9
| |
| obturator, 993
| |
| perineal, 683
| |
| | |
| secondary, of tympanum, 1677
| |
| suprapleural, 1007, 1246
| |
| thyro-hyoid, 1384
| |
| tympanic, 1675
| |
| vestibular, 1690
| |
| Membranous labyrinth, 1687
| |
| Meningeal arteries, 1599
| |
| veins, 1601
| |
| | |
| Meninges of brain, 1598
| |
| | |
| of spinal cord, 1410 •*»
| |
| | |
| Menstruation, 19
| |
| Mental foramen, 229, 245
| |
| nerve, 1277 , 1313
| |
| point, 244, 268
| |
| protuberance, 229
| |
| tubercle, 229
| |
| | |
| | |
| no
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1746
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Mentalis muscle, 1271
| |
| Mercier, bar of, 951
| |
| Meridian of eyeball, 1641
| |
| Meroblastic ova, 25
| |
| Mesaticephalic skulls, 243, 269
| |
| Mesencephalon, 1547
| |
| Mesenchyme, 112
| |
| Mesenteric artery, inferior, 801
| |
| superior, 796
| |
| hernia, 786
| |
| | |
| lymphatic glands, inferior, 802
| |
| superior, 789
| |
| plexus, inferior, 811
| |
| superior, 809
| |
| vein, inferior, 802
| |
| superior, 798
| |
| windows, 787
| |
| | |
| Mesentery, definition of, 780
| |
| primitive dorsal, 79, 793
| |
| ventral, 61, 79
| |
| proper, 786
| |
| | |
| ventral gastro-duodenal, 793
| |
| of vermiform appendix, 787
| |
| Mesoblast, 22, 26
| |
| Mesocardium, 90
| |
| Mesocephalic skulls, 268
| |
| Meso-colon, pelvic, 787
| |
| transverse, 787, 794
| |
| Mesoderm, 22
| |
| | |
| chorionic, 30, 33
| |
| covering fore-brain, 56
| |
| of visceral arches, 68
| |
| embryonic, 33
| |
| formation of, 26
| |
| gastral, 36
| |
| intra-embryonic, 30
| |
| lateral sheet of, 40, 41
| |
| paraxial, 40, 41
| |
| primitive, 26
| |
| prostomial, 36
| |
| somatic, 41
| |
| splanchnic, 41
| |
| | |
| structures derived from, 112
| |
| Meso-gastrium, 793
| |
| Mesognathion, 218
| |
| Mesognathous skulls, 244, 269
| |
| Mesonephros, 92, 94, 91^
| |
| Mesorchium, 740
| |
| Mesorhine skulls, 269
| |
| Meso-salpinx, 968
| |
| Mesoseme, 269
| |
| Mesothelium, 112
| |
| Mesovarium, 968
| |
| Metacarpal arteries, dorsal, 511
| |
| palmar, 498
| |
| bone, first, 323
| |
| | |
| Metacarpo-phalangeal joints, 527
| |
| Metacarpus, 323
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 329
| |
| as a whole, 327
| |
| Metakinesis, 10
| |
| Metanephros, 92, 94, 910
| |
| Metatarsal arteries, dorsal, 613
| |
| first plantar, 657
| |
| Metatarso-phalangeal joints, 671
| |
| | |
| | |
| Metatarsus, 378
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 386
| |
| varieties of, 384
| |
| as a whole, 384
| |
| Metathalamus, 1538
| |
| Metopic suture, 238
| |
| Meynert, ganglion of, 1544
| |
| Microcephalic skulls, 268
| |
| Microseme, 269
| |
| Mid-gut, 45, 61
| |
| Mid-tarsal joints, 665
| |
| Mitral cells, 1570
| |
| orifice, 1156
| |
| | |
| position of, 1064
| |
| valve, 1061
| |
| | |
| Moderator band of heart, 1057
| |
| Modiolus, 1686
| |
| Molar glands, 1272
| |
| teeth, 280
| |
| | |
| Molecular layer of cerebellum, "i486
| |
| Mons pubis, 692
| |
| Montgomery, glands of, 415
| |
| Morbus cseruleus, 1085
| |
| Morgagni, sinus of, 1370
| |
| Morphology, 1
| |
| | |
| of intrinsic muscles of hand, 515
| |
| Morula, 22
| |
| | |
| Moss-fibres of Cajal, 1488
| |
| Mouth cavity, 1335
| |
| | |
| development of, 86
| |
| I proper, 1336
| |
| | |
| vestibule of, 1336
| |
| Movable kidney, 822
| |
| Movements of joints, 395
| |
| Multifidus muscle, 409
| |
| Munzer, bundle of, 1558
| |
| Muscles—
| |
| | |
| abductor digiti minimi—
| |
| foot, 646
| |
| hand, 496
| |
| hallucis, 644
| |
| | |
| ossis metatarsi quinti, 643
| |
| pollicis brevis, 493
| |
| longus, 505
| |
| adductor brevis, 577
| |
| hallucis, 649
| |
| longus, 576
| |
| magnus, 577
| |
| minimus, 578
| |
| pollicis, 494, 496
| |
| anconeus, 500
| |
| antitragicus, 1296
| |
| articularis genu, 573
| |
| ary-epiglotticus, 1394
| |
| arytenoideus, 1393
| |
| obliquus, 1393
| |
| transversus, 1394
| |
| auricularis, anterior, 1160
| |
| posterior, 1160
| |
| superior, 1160
| |
| of Bell, 951
| |
| biceps brachii, 452
| |
| femoris, 542
| |
| biventer cervicis, 407
| |
| brachialis, 452
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 17 47
| |
| | |
| | |
| Muscles ( continued )—
| |
| brachio-radialis, 501
| |
| buccinator, 1269
| |
| bulbo-spongiosus, of female, 702
| |
| of male, 680
| |
| ciliary, 1648
| |
| coccygeus, 948
| |
| compressor naris, 1267
| |
| sacculi laryngis, 1394
| |
| venae dorsalis penis, 680
| |
| constrictor inferior, of pharynx, 1368
| |
| middle, of pharynx, 1368
| |
| radicis penis, 680
| |
| superior, of pharynx, 1369
| |
| coraco-brachialis, 452
| |
| corrugator cutis ani, 675
| |
| supercilii, 1266
| |
| costalis, 405
| |
| cremaster, 723
| |
| | |
| crico-arytenoideus lateralis, T392
| |
| posterior, 1392
| |
| crico-thyroideus, 1390
| |
| dartos, 716
| |
| deltoid, 436
| |
| | |
| depressor alae nasi, 1268
| |
| anguli oris, 1270
| |
| labii inferioris, 1270
| |
| detrusor urnae, 950
| |
| diaphragm, 1833
| |
| | |
| central tendon of, 833
| |
| development of, 837
| |
| orifices of, 835
| |
| digastric, 1227
| |
| dilator naris, anterior, 1268
| |
| posterior, 1268
| |
| pupillae, 1650, 1652
| |
| extensor carpi radialis brevis, 502
| |
| longus, 501
| |
| ulnaris, 503
| |
| digiti minimi, 303
| |
| digitorum, 302
| |
| brevis, 611
| |
| longus, 607
| |
| hallucis brevis, 611
| |
| longus, 606
| |
| indicis, 506
| |
| pollicis brevis, 305
| |
| longus, 505
| |
| flexor accessorius, 647
| |
| carpi radialis, 470
| |
| ulnaris, 470
| |
| digiti minimi, 496
| |
| | |
| brevis, 650
| |
| digitorum brevis, 645
| |
| longus, 621
| |
| profundus, 481
| |
| sublimis, 470
| |
| hallucis brevis, 648
| |
| longus, 623
| |
| pollicis brevis, 494
| |
| longus, 482, 496
| |
| gastrocnemius, 617
| |
| gemellus inferior, 535
| |
| superior, 535
| |
| genio-glossus, 1230
| |
| | |
| | |
| Muscles ( continued )—
| |
| genio-hyoid, 1230
| |
| gluteus maximus, 531
| |
| medius, 532
| |
| minimus, 334
| |
| quartus, 534
| |
| gracilis, 376
| |
| hamstring, 542, 544
| |
| helicis major, 1296
| |
| minor, 1296
| |
| hyo-glossus, 1231
| |
| iliacus, 842
| |
| ilio-capsularis, 842
| |
| ilio-costalis, 404
| |
| ilio-costo-cervicalis, 404
| |
| ilio-psoas, 571
| |
| infraspinatus, 437
| |
| intercostal, external, 994
| |
| internal, 995
| |
| intercostales intimi, 996
| |
| interosseous, of foot, 650
| |
| of hand, 494, 512
| |
| interspinales, 410
| |
| intertransversales, 410
| |
| ischio-cavernosus, of female, 702
| |
| of male, 679
| |
| | |
| of larynx, intrinsic, 1390
| |
| latissimus dorsi, 399 » 439
| |
| levator anguli oris, 1268
| |
| ani, 947
| |
| | |
| glandulae thyroidae, 1221
| |
| labii superioris, 1268
| |
| | |
| alaeque nasi, 1267
| |
| palati, 1353, 1378
| |
| palpebrae superioris, 1247
| |
| prostatae, 947
| |
| scapulae, 400
| |
| levatores costarum, 410
| |
| longiores, 411
| |
| longissimus, 406
| |
| capitis, 406
| |
| cervicis, 406
| |
| | |
| longitudinalis linguae inferior, 1346
| |
| superior, 1346
| |
| longus, capitis, 1397
| |
| cervicis, 1398
| |
| lumbricales, of foot, 648
| |
| of hand, 492
| |
| masseter, 1301
| |
| of mastication, 1301
| |
| mentaiis, 1271
| |
| multifidus, 409
| |
| mylo-hyoid, 1229
| |
| obliquus auriculae, 1297
| |
| capitis inferior, 1150
| |
| superior, 1150
| |
| externus abdominis, 717
| |
| inferior, of eye, 1251
| |
| internus abdominis, 722
| |
| superior, of eye, 1250
| |
| obturator externus, 579
| |
| internus, 535, 949
| |
| occipito-frontalis, 1154
| |
| omo-hyoid, 1200
| |
| | |
| inferior belly of, 402, 437
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1748
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Muscles ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| opponens digiti minimi, 496
| |
| pollicis, 494
| |
| orbicularis ciliaris, 1647
| |
| oculi, 1264
| |
| | |
| lacrimal part, 1265
| |
| orbital part, 1264
| |
| palpebral part, 1265
| |
| oris, 1271
| |
| | |
| palato-glossus, 1351
| |
| palato-pharyngeus, 1352
| |
| palmaris brevis, 484
| |
| longus, 470, 487
| |
| papillary, 1057
| |
| pectineus, 571
| |
| pectoralis major, 418
| |
| minor, 420
| |
| | |
| perinaeum, deep, transverse
| |
| muscle of, 681
| |
| peroneus brevis, 617
| |
| longus, 613
| |
| tertius, 607
| |
| plantaris, 620
| |
| platysma, 1175
| |
| popliteus, 621
| |
| prevertebral, 1397
| |
| procerus, 1267
| |
| pronator quadratus, 482
| |
| teres, 469, 470
| |
| psoas major, 841
| |
| minor, 842
| |
| | |
| pterygoid, lateral, 1302
| |
| medial, 1304
| |
| pubo-vesical, 922
| |
| pyramidalis, 727
| |
| pyriformis, 534, 948
| |
| quadratus femoris, 535
| |
| lumborum, 843
| |
| quadriceps femoris, 572, 573
| |
| rectus abdominis, 726
| |
| capitis anterior, 1397
| |
| lateralis, 1397
| |
| posterior major, 1149
| |
| minor, 1150
| |
| femoris, 572
| |
| inferior, of eye, 1249
| |
| lateralis, of eye, 1249
| |
| medialis, of eye, 1249
| |
| superior, of eye, 1249
| |
| of respiration, 1115
| |
| rhomboideus major, 401
| |
| minor, 401
| |
| risorius, 1269
| |
| rotatores, 410
| |
| sacro-spinalis, 404
| |
| salpingo-pharyngeus, 1378
| |
| sartorius, 568
| |
| scalenus anterior, 1235
| |
| medius, 1236
| |
| posterior, 1236
| |
| scansorius, 534
| |
| semimembranosus, 543
| |
| semispinalis capitis, 407
| |
| cervicis, 408
| |
| thoracis, 408
| |
| | |
| | |
| Muscles ( continued )—
| |
| semitendinosus, 543
| |
| serratus anterior, 401, 434
| |
| posterior inferior, 403
| |
| superior, 402
| |
| of soft palate, 1351
| |
| soleus, 619
| |
| | |
| sphincter ani externus, 675
| |
| internus, 961, 963
| |
| pupillae, 1650, 1652
| |
| urethrae, female, 702
| |
| male, 680
| |
| vesicae, 950
| |
| spinalis, 406
| |
| | |
| thoracis, 406
| |
| splenius, 404
| |
| capitis, 404
| |
| cervicis, 404
| |
| stapedius, 1680
| |
| sternalis, 420
| |
| sterno-costalis, 1002
| |
| sterno-hyoid, 1201
| |
| sterno-mastoid, 1145, 1182
| |
| sterno-thyroid, 1201
| |
| stylo-glossus, 1232
| |
| stylo-hyoid, 1228 , 1272
| |
| stylo-pharyngeus, 1323
| |
| subanconeus, 459
| |
| subclavius, 421
| |
| subcostal, 995
| |
| subscapularis, 440
| |
| supinator, 504
| |
| supraspinatus, 437
| |
| temporalis, 1302
| |
| tensor fasciae latae, 570
| |
| palati, 1353 , 1378
| |
| tympani, 1680
| |
| teres major, 439
| |
| minor, 438
| |
| | |
| thyro-arytenoideus, 1392
| |
| thyro-epiglotticus, 1392, 1394
| |
| thyro-hyoid, 1201
| |
| tibialis anterior, 606
| |
| posterior, 622
| |
| of tongue, intrinsic, 1346
| |
| tragicus, 1296
| |
| transversus abdominis, 724
| |
| auriculae, 1296
| |
| linguae, 1346
| |
| superficialis perinaei, 678
| |
| thoracis, 996
| |
| trapezius, 398
| |
| | |
| in neck, 1144
| |
| triceps brachii, 458 , 501
| |
| vastus intermedius, 573
| |
| lateralis, 572
| |
| medialis, 573
| |
| verticalis linguae, 1346
| |
| vocalis, 1392
| |
| zygomaticus major, 1269
| |
| minor, 1268
| |
| Musculi pectinati, 1054
| |
| Musculo-cutaneous nerve of arm, 432, 458
| |
| of leg, 604
| |
| | |
| Musculus-uvulae, 1352
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1749
| |
| | |
| | |
| Myelinization in cord, 1440
| |
| Myeloplasm, 53
| |
| Myenteric plexus, 863, 869
| |
| Mylo-hyoid groove, 232
| |
| line, 231
| |
| muscle, 1229
| |
| Myocardium, 1068
| |
| structure of, 1072
| |
| Myotomes of visceral arches, 1375
| |
| | |
| Nabothi, ovula, 985
| |
| Nasal bones, 221
| |
| crest, 222
| |
| | |
| development of, 277
| |
| ossification of, 222
| |
| capsule, 86, 1363
| |
| conchse, inferior, 223
| |
| middle, 209
| |
| superior, 209
| |
| crest of maxilla, 216
| |
| of palatine, 225
| |
| folds, 83
| |
| fossae, 248, 1356
| |
| | |
| arteries of, 1361
| |
| development of, 83, 85, 1363
| |
| lymphatics of, 1363
| |
| nerves of, 1360
| |
| groove, 208
| |
| index, 269
| |
| | |
| mucous membrane, 1359
| |
| notch of frontal, 181
| |
| part of maxilla, 212
| |
| of pharynx, 1371
| |
| pits, 83
| |
| | |
| process of frontal, 181
| |
| septum, osseous, 248
| |
| slit, 207, 250, 261
| |
| spine of frontal, 181
| |
| posterior, 225
| |
| Nasion, 240, 244, 268
| |
| Naso-lacrimal canal, 248
| |
| duct, 1294
| |
| | |
| Naso-pharyngeal tonsil, 1373
| |
| Natal cleft, 529
| |
| Navicular bone, 372
| |
| | |
| ossification, 378
| |
| tuberosity of, 373, 388, 641
| |
| varieties, 373
| |
| | |
| Naviculo-cuboid joint, 668
| |
| Neck, landmarks of, 1172
| |
| N 41 aton's line, 552
| |
| Neopallium, 1592
| |
| Nephric tubules, 93
| |
| Nephrocoele, 93
| |
| Nephrostome, 93
| |
| Nerves—
| |
| | |
| of abdominal wall, deep, 728
| |
| abducent. See Cranial nerves
| |
| accessory. See Cranial nerves
| |
| accessory obturator, 580, 847
| |
| to anconeus, 461
| |
| ansa hypoglossi, 1206
| |
| subclavia, 1335
| |
| auditory. See Cranial nerves
| |
| auricular, great, 1142 , 1278
| |
| | |
| | |
| Nerves ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| auricular, posterior, 1160, 1272
| |
| of vagus, 1161 , 1328, 1672,
| |
| | |
| 1677
| |
| | |
| auriculo-temporal, 1157, 1277,
| |
| | |
| 1311
| |
| | |
| bigeminus, 928
| |
| brachial plexus, 439, 1193
| |
| | |
| infraclavicular branches, 431
| |
| in neck, 1193
| |
| | |
| supraclavicular branches,
| |
| | |
| 43 °> 1194
| |
| buccal, 1277, 1310
| |
| of facial, 1274
| |
| carotico-tympanic, 1404
| |
| cervical branches of facial, 1275
| |
| plexus, 1185
| |
| branches, deep, 1188
| |
| | |
| superficial, 1141, 1187
| |
| spinal, posterior rami, 1142,
| |
| 1152
| |
| | |
| chorda tympani, 1347, 1402 , 1619
| |
| as pretrematic nerve, 69
| |
| ciliary, long, 1256
| |
| circumflex, 432 , 436
| |
| coccygeal, 530, 928, 929
| |
| cochlear, 1404, 1693
| |
| cutaneous nerves. See also Cutaneous
| |
| nerves
| |
| | |
| of arm, lateral, 448
| |
| | |
| medial, 432, 448, 457
| |
| posterior, 448, 460
| |
| of calf, lateral, 551
| |
| of forearm, lateral, 448
| |
| medial, 432, 448 , 457
| |
| posterior, 448
| |
| | |
| of ilio-hypogastric, anterior, 710
| |
| lateral, 531, 728
| |
| of neck, anterior, 1143, 1187
| |
| palmar, of median, 466, 481
| |
| of ulnar, 466, 477
| |
| perforating, of sacral plexus, 931
| |
| of subcostal, lateral, 531, 728
| |
| of thigh, intermediate, 555
| |
| lateral, 534, 564, 846
| |
| medial, 556
| |
| of ulnar, 448, 466, 499
| |
| dental, inferior, 1311
| |
| of maxillary—
| |
| | |
| anterior superior, 1319,1361
| |
| middle, 1320
| |
| posterior, 1320
| |
| digastric, 1272
| |
| digital, of foot, 652, 654
| |
| of hand, 489, 499
| |
| dorsal, of penis, 691
| |
| dorso-lumbar, 844
| |
| of dura mater, 1601
| |
| ethmoidal, anterior, 1361
| |
| posterior, 1257
| |
| of face, 1272
| |
| | |
| facial. See Cranial nerves
| |
| femoral, 575, 846
| |
| branches of, 576
| |
| frontal, 1254
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 175 o
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Nerves ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| furcalis, 847, 928, 931
| |
| genicular, 550, 580, 637
| |
| genito-femoral, 554, 846
| |
| | |
| femoral branch of, 554 , 846
| |
| genital branch of, 846
| |
| glosso-pharyngeal. See Cranial
| |
| nerves
| |
| | |
| gluteal, inferior, 539, 930
| |
| superior, 539, 930
| |
| haemorrhoidal, inferior, 675, 691
| |
| hypoglossal. See Cranial nerves
| |
| ilio-hypogastric, 728, 845
| |
| cutaneous branches—anterior, 710
| |
| lateral, 531, 728
| |
| ilio-inguinal, 554, 845, 729
| |
| incisive, of inferior dental, 1313
| |
| infra-orbital, 1276, 1319
| |
| infratrochlear, 1256, 1276
| |
| intercostal, 996, 1099
| |
| branches of, 997
| |
| lower five, 728
| |
| intercosto-brachial, 433 , 447
| |
| interosseous, anterior, 481
| |
| | |
| of nerve to popliteus, 550
| |
| posterior, 506
| |
| lacrimal, 1254 , 1276
| |
| laryngeal, external, 1329, 1395
| |
| internal, 1329, 1395
| |
| recurrent, 1044, 1045, 1330,1395
| |
| superior, 1329, 1395
| |
| to latissimus, dorsi, 431
| |
| lingual, 1313 , 1347
| |
| lumbo-sacral trunk, 847
| |
| mandibular, 1168, 1309
| |
| distribution, 1616
| |
| summary of, 1316
| |
| masseteric, 1309
| |
| maxillary, 1168, 1319
| |
| | |
| branches of, 1259, 1319
| |
| distribution of, 1616
| |
| summary of, 1323
| |
| median, in arm, 458
| |
| | |
| branches of, 459, 481
| |
| digital branches of, 489
| |
| in forearm, 480
| |
| in hand, 489
| |
| lateral root of, 432 .
| |
| medial root of, 432
| |
| palmar cutaneous branch of, 466,
| |
| 481
| |
| | |
| summary of, 490
| |
| meningeal, 1168
| |
| mental, 1277 , 1313
| |
| musculo-cutaneous, of arm, 432, 458
| |
| of leg, 604
| |
| mylo-hyoid, 1312
| |
| nasal nerves—
| |
| | |
| of greater palatine, 1361
| |
| of infra-orbital, 1276
| |
| of spheno-palatine ganglion, 1360
| |
| naso-ciliary, 1255
| |
| nutrient, to fibula, 627
| |
| to radius, 481
| |
| | |
| | |
| Nerves ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| nutrient, to tibia, 550
| |
| to ulna, 481
| |
| | |
| obturator, 557, 579, 846
| |
| accessory, 580, 847
| |
| genicular branch of, 580
| |
| to obturator internus, 539, 930
| |
| occipital, greater, 1141, 1152
| |
| lesser, 1142
| |
| third, 1142, 1152
| |
| ophthalmic, 1254, 1258
| |
| distribution, 1616
| |
| optic. See Cranial nerves
| |
| palatine, greater, 1322, 1338,
| |
| lesser, 1322
| |
| | |
| palmar cutaneous, of median, 466,
| |
| 481
| |
| | |
| of ulnar, 466, 477
| |
| patellar plexus, 557
| |
| pectoral, 431
| |
| | |
| pelvic splanchnics, 930, 947
| |
| of penis, dorsal, 691
| |
| perforating cutaneous, 931
| |
| perineal, 691
| |
| | |
| deep branch of, 691
| |
| of fourth sacral, 675, 932
| |
| long, 691
| |
| | |
| to peroneus tertius, 610
| |
| petrosal, deep, 1404
| |
| | |
| external, 1169, 1402, 1403
| |
| superficial, greater, 1168, 1401
| |
| lesser, 1169, 1402, 1403
| |
| pharyngeal plexus, 1329
| |
| | |
| of spheno-palatine ganglion, 1321
| |
| of vagus, 1329
| |
| phrenic, in neck, 430, 1189
| |
| in thorax, 1015
| |
| plantar, lateral, 653
| |
| medial, 652
| |
| | |
| popliteal, lateral, 550 , 931
| |
| medial, 550 , 931
| |
| to popliteus, 550
| |
| post- and pre-trematic, 69
| |
| of pterygoid canal, 1321, 1360
| |
| pudendal, 690, 704, 931
| |
| to pyriformis, 930
| |
| to quadratus femoris, 540, 930
| |
| radial, 433
| |
| | |
| in arm, 459
| |
| | |
| cutaneous branches of, 433, 460,
| |
| 467
| |
| | |
| in forearm, 475
| |
| | |
| muscular branches of, 433, 460,
| |
| 461
| |
| | |
| rami communicantes, 1635
| |
| in abdomen, 838
| |
| cervicales, 1189, 1206
| |
| in neck, 1334
| |
| in pelvis, 947
| |
| in thorax, 1104
| |
| | |
| ramus descendens hypoglossi, 1189,
| |
| | |
| 1205
| |
| | |
| to rhomboids, 402, 430 , 1194
| |
| sacral, 928, 929
| |
| | |
| posterior rami, 529, 530
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| i75i
| |
| | |
| | |
| Nerves ( continued )—
| |
| saphenous, 557
| |
| sciatic, 540, 544, 931
| |
| scrotal, posterior, 691
| |
| to serratus anterior, 430, 1194
| |
| spinal nerves, origins of, 1418
| |
| | |
| posterior primary rami of,
| |
| | |
| 4 11 , I 4 1 9
| |
| roots of, 1419
| |
| | |
| thoracic, 1099
| |
| spinosus, 1168, 1399
| |
| splanchnic, 1105
| |
| pelvic, 930, 947
| |
| to stapedius, 1402
| |
| stylo-hyoid, 1272
| |
| to subclavius, 431, 1195
| |
| subcostal, 728, 849
| |
| | |
| lateral cutaneous branch of, 531,
| |
| 728
| |
| | |
| suboccipital, 1141, 1152
| |
| subsartorial plexus, 431
| |
| subscapular, 431
| |
| subtrapezial plexus, 399
| |
| supraclavicular, 412, 1144
| |
| supra-orbital, 1153 , 1254, 1276
| |
| suprascapular, 431, 438, 1195
| |
| supratrochlear, 1154 , 1254, 1276
| |
| sural, 550, 615
| |
| | |
| communicating, 551
| |
| sympathetic trunk in abdomen, 838
| |
| ganglia of—
| |
| | |
| cervical, inferior, 1335
| |
| middle, 1334
| |
| superior, 1333
| |
| impar, 946
| |
| in neck, 1333 , 1335
| |
| | |
| cardiac branches, 1334,
| |
| 1335
| |
| | |
| constitution of, 1335
| |
| in pelvis, 946
| |
| plexuses—
| |
| | |
| aortic, 811
| |
| cardiac, 1046
| |
| carotid, internal, 1170
| |
| coeliac, 807, 809
| |
| coronary, 1048
| |
| diaphragmatic, 809
| |
| gastric, 809
| |
| hepatic, 809
| |
| hypogastric, 811, 922
| |
| mesenteric, inferior, 811
| |
| superior, 809
| |
| ovarian, 811
| |
| pelvic, 922
| |
| phrenic, 809
| |
| renal, 809
| |
| splenic, 809
| |
| suprarenal, 809
| |
| testicular, 811
| |
| in thorax, 1104
| |
| temporal, deep, 1309, 1311
| |
| tentorii, 1168
| |
| thoracic, spinal, 1099
| |
| | |
| anterior rami, 996
| |
| to thyro-hyoid, 1206
| |
| | |
| | |
| Nerves ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| tibial, anterior, 610, 614
| |
| posterior, 627
| |
| of tongue, 1347
| |
| trochlear. See Cranial nerves
| |
| tympanic, 1325
| |
| ulnar, 432
| |
| | |
| in arm, 458
| |
| | |
| cutaneous branches of, 448, 466,
| |
| 499
| |
| | |
| deep division of, 499
| |
| digital branches of, 499
| |
| dorsal branch of, 467
| |
| in forearm, 480
| |
| in hand, 499
| |
| | |
| palmar cutaneous branch of, 466,
| |
| | |
| 477
| |
| | |
| vagus. See Cranial nerves
| |
| vestibular, 1404, 1622, 1693
| |
| in visceral arches, 69, 1121
| |
| zygomatic, 1319
| |
| zygomatico-facial, 1259, 1277
| |
| zygomatico - temporal, 1158, 1259,
| |
| | |
| 1276
| |
| | |
| Nerve-plexuses—
| |
| | |
| annularis, of cornea, 1645
| |
| | |
| aortic, 811
| |
| | |
| brachial, 429, 1193
| |
| | |
| buccal, 1275, 1277
| |
| | |
| cardiac, deep and superficial, 1046
| |
| | |
| carotid, internal, 1170
| |
| | |
| cervical, 1185
| |
| | |
| coccygeal, 531, 931
| |
| | |
| coeliac, 807, 809
| |
| | |
| coronary, 1048
| |
| | |
| diaphragmatic, 809
| |
| | |
| gastric, 809
| |
| | |
| hepatic, 809
| |
| | |
| hypogastric, 811, 922
| |
| | |
| infra-orbital, 1274, 1276
| |
| | |
| intra-epithelial, of eye, 1645
| |
| | |
| lumbar, 844
| |
| | |
| mesenteric, inferior, 811
| |
| superior, 809
| |
| myenteric, 863, 869
| |
| oesophageal, 1043, 1087
| |
| ovarian, 811
| |
| parotid, 1273
| |
| patellar, 557
| |
| pelvic, 922
| |
| pharyngeal, 1329
| |
| phrenic, 809 , t
| |
| | |
| pudendal, 929
| |
| pulmonary, 1043, 1045
| |
| renal, 809
| |
| sacral, 928
| |
| splenic, 809
| |
| | |
| subepithelial, of eye, 1645
| |
| of submucosa of small intestine,
| |
| | |
| 863, 869
| |
| | |
| subsartorial, 558
| |
| subtrapezial, 399
| |
| suprarenal, 809
| |
| testicular, 811
| |
| tympanic, 1325
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| T 75 2
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Nerve-roots, 1419
| |
| Nervous system, 1410
| |
| | |
| development, 53
| |
| Neural canal, 40
| |
| crest, 54
| |
| groove, 34, 40
| |
| tube, 42, 53
| |
| | |
| Neurenteric canal, 34, 35, 37
| |
| Neuroblasts, 54, 1438
| |
| Neuro-central lip, 126
| |
| synchondrosis, 142
| |
| Neuroglia of spinal cord, 1410
| |
| Nictitans, membrana, 1292
| |
| Nigra, substantia, 1539, 1560
| |
| Node, atrio-ventricular, 1071
| |
| sino-atrial, 1070
| |
| Nodules of aortic valve, 1063
| |
| Normal, definition of, 5
| |
| Nose, 1298
| |
| | |
| cartilages of, 1298
| |
| development of, 83, 1363
| |
| lymphatics of, 1298, 1363
| |
| nerves of, 1360
| |
| Notch or notches—
| |
| acetabular, 340
| |
| carotid, 200
| |
| | |
| cystic, of liver, 756, 777
| |
| ethmoidal, of frontal, 182
| |
| fibular, of tibia, 363
| |
| frontal, 181
| |
| intercondylar, 353
| |
| interlobar, of liver, 777
| |
| jugular, 176
| |
| mandibular, 232
| |
| mastoid, 187, 258
| |
| nasal, 212
| |
| | |
| of frontal, 181
| |
| of maxilla, 221
| |
| parietal, 188
| |
| pre-occipital, 1499
| |
| sciatic, greater and lesser, 340
| |
| spheno-palatine, 228
| |
| spino-glenoid, 294
| |
| supra-orbital, 181, 247
| |
| suprasternal, 162
| |
| trochlear, of ulnar, 312
| |
| tympanic, 1673
| |
| umbilical, of liver, 777
| |
| Notochord, 23, 39 , 167
| |
| in vertebras, 59
| |
| Notochordal groove, 35, 167
| |
| Nuchae, ligamentum, 399, 1144
| |
| Nuchal flexure, 58
| |
| furrow, 1141
| |
| groove, 397
| |
| | |
| Nuck, canal of, 743, 744, 969
| |
| Nuclear membrane, 9, 15
| |
| reticulum, 9, 15
| |
| Nuclein, 9
| |
| Nucleolus, 9, 15
| |
| Nucleoplasm, 8
| |
| Nucleus or nuclei—
| |
| abducent, 1473
| |
| accessory, 1628
| |
| ambiguous, 1626 , 1626, 1627
| |
| | |
| | |
| Nucleus or nuclei ( continued )—
| |
| amygdaloid, 1524, 1632
| |
| arcuate, 1462
| |
| caudatus, 1526
| |
| of cell, 9, 15
| |
| cochlear, 1620
| |
| cuneatus, 1460
| |
| dentate, 1485
| |
| emboliformis, 1485
| |
| of facial nerve, motor, 1472, 1617
| |
| sensory, 1619
| |
| | |
| of fasciculis solitarius, 1619, 1626
| |
| | |
| globosus, 1485
| |
| | |
| gracilis, 1459
| |
| | |
| hypoglossal, 1629
| |
| | |
| of lateral lemniscus, 1475
| |
| | |
| lateralis, 1462
| |
| | |
| lentiformis, 1526
| |
| | |
| oculo-motor, 1561, 1611
| |
| | |
| olivary, 1461, 1472
| |
| | |
| pontis, 1469, 1470
| |
| | |
| pulposus, 1107, 1108
| |
| | |
| red, 1539, 1553
| |
| | |
| subthalamic, 1540
| |
| | |
| thoracici, 1424, 1425
| |
| | |
| of trapezium, 1471
| |
| | |
| of trigeminal nerve —
| |
| | |
| mesencephalic root of, 1561, 1615
| |
| motor of, 1474, 1615
| |
| pontine, 1474
| |
| | |
| sensory of, 1472, 1474, 1615
| |
| trochlear, 1561 , 1614
| |
| vago-pharyngeal, dorsal, 1624
| |
| vestibular, 1622
| |
| Nutrient arteries—
| |
| of femur, 587
| |
| of fibula, 626
| |
| of humerus, 455, 456
| |
| of radius, 478
| |
| of tibia, 626
| |
| of ulna, 478
| |
| Nutrient foramina—
| |
| of clavicle, 290
| |
| of fibula, 366
| |
| of humerus, 300
| |
| of radius, 307, 311
| |
| of ribs, 157
| |
| of scapula, 295
| |
| of tibia, 361
| |
| of ulna, 314
| |
| nutrient nerves—
| |
| to fibula, 627
| |
| to radius, 481
| |
| to tibia, 550 '
| |
| to ulna, 481
| |
| | |
| Obelion, 238, 243, 268
| |
| Obex, 1490
| |
| | |
| Oblique cord of forearm, 521
| |
| ligament of Cooper, 518
| |
| Obliquus capitis inferior, 1150
| |
| superior, 1150
| |
| externus abdominis, 717
| |
| inferior, of eye, 1251
| |
| internus abdominis, 722
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1753
| |
| | |
| | |
| Obliquus, superior, of eye, 1250
| |
| Oblongata, medulla, 1443, 1451
| |
| Obstetrical hinge-joint, 177
| |
| Obturator artery, 589, 925 , 927
| |
| abnormal, 566
| |
| canal, 579, 993
| |
| crest, 340
| |
| | |
| externus muscle, 579
| |
| fascia, 920
| |
| foramen, 340
| |
| groove, 340
| |
| | |
| internus muscle, 535, 949
| |
| nerve to, 539, 93°
| |
| membrane, 993
| |
| nerve, 557, 579, 846
| |
| accessory, 580 , 847
| |
| Occipital artery, first part, 1218
| |
| second part, 1146
| |
| third part, 1146
| |
| bone, 172
| |
| | |
| condyles, 175, 258
| |
| crests of, 174, 259, 264
| |
| ossification of, 177
| |
| point, 243, 268
| |
| | |
| protuberance, 172, 174, 243, 1141
| |
| varieties, 176
| |
| groove, 258
| |
| lobe of brain, 1148
| |
| lymphatic glands, 1148
| |
| nerve, greater, 1141 , 1152
| |
| lesser, 1142
| |
| third, 1142 , 1152
| |
| point, 243, 268
| |
| | |
| protuberance, external, 172, 243, 1141
| |
| sinus, 1606
| |
| triangle, 1184
| |
| veins, 1148
| |
| venous plexus, 1147
| |
| Occipito-axial ligaments, 1407
| |
| Occipito-frontalis, 1154
| |
| Ocular appendages, 1289
| |
| Oculo-motor nerve, 1165, 1253, 1446
| |
| nucleus, 1561, 1611
| |
| Odontoblasts, 284, 287
| |
| Odontoid process of axis, 131
| |
| (Esophagus, cervical part of, 1227
| |
| development of, 66, 78, 1088
| |
| lymphatics of, 1088
| |
| structure of, 1088
| |
| thoracic part of, 1087
| |
| Olecranon, 312
| |
| bursa, 447
| |
| fossa, 304
| |
| rete, 479
| |
| | |
| Olfactorium, trigonum, 1511
| |
| Olfactory apparatus, development of, 1511
| |
| bulb, 1165, 1510 , 1570
| |
| structure of, 1570
| |
| capsule, 271, 276
| |
| foramina; 261
| |
| groove of ethmoid, 207
| |
| of sphenoid, 197
| |
| lobe, 1510
| |
| | |
| mucous membrane, 1359
| |
| nerves, 1165, 1360 ? i6ji
| |
| | |
| | |
| [ Olfactory organ, 271
| |
| | |
| tract, 1445, 1511 , 1570
| |
| Olivary nuclei, 1461, 1472
| |
| Olive of medulla, 1453, 1454
| |
| Omentale, tuber, of liver, 774
| |
| of pancreas, 807
| |
| Omentalis, bursa, 79, 81
| |
| Omentum, definition of, 779
| |
| greater, 756, 784
| |
| lesser, 785
| |
| Omo-hyoid, 1200
| |
| | |
| inferior belly of, 402, 437
| |
| Ontogeny, 7
| |
| Oocyte, 13, 14, 16, 17
| |
| Oogenesis, 16
| |
| Oogonia, 13, 16
| |
| Opening into lesser sac, 790
| |
| saphenous, 551, 561 , 707
| |
| to tympanic antrum, 188, 1681
| |
| Openings in diaphragm, 835
| |
| Opercula insulae, 1506
| |
| Operculum, frontal, 1498
| |
| fronto-parietal, 1498
| |
| orbital, 1498
| |
| Ophryon, 244, 268
| |
| Ophthalmic artery, 1170, 1259
| |
| | |
| nerve, 1168, 1254, 1258, 1616
| |
| veins, 1261
| |
| Opisthion, 258, 268
| |
| Opisthotic centre, 195
| |
| Opponens digiti minimi, 496
| |
| pollicis, 494
| |
| Optic chiasma, 1545
| |
| cup, 1666, 1668
| |
| disc of retina, 1653
| |
| foramen, 200, 245, 247, 261
| |
| groove, 197, 261
| |
| nerve, 1545
| |
| | |
| development of, 1668
| |
| in orbit, 1253
| |
| origin, deep, 1611
| |
| superficial, 1446
| |
| radiation, 1547 , 1566, 1568
| |
| recess, 1545
| |
| stalk, 1665, 1668
| |
| tract, 1445, 1545
| |
| vesicle, 1664
| |
| Oral fissure, 1337
| |
| Ora serrata of retina, 1652
| |
| structure of, 1658
| |
| Orbicularis ciliaris, 1647
| |
| oculi, 1264, 1265
| |
| oris, 1271
| |
| Orbit, 245
| |
| | |
| contents of, 1247
| |
| fascia of, 1252
| |
| | |
| Orbital area of cerebrum, 1493
| |
| fascia, 1252
| |
| fissure, inferior, 247
| |
| superior, 247
| |
| index, 269
| |
| | |
| plate of ethmoid, 208
| |
| of frontal, 182
| |
| of maxilla, 213
| |
| process of zygomatic, 219
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1754
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Organ, spiral, 1691
| |
| Organogeny, 48
| |
| Orifice or orifices—
| |
| aortic, 1062
| |
| of bladder, 951
| |
| cardiac, topography of, 1064
| |
| of coronary sinus, 1055
| |
| mitral, 1061
| |
| | |
| oesophageal, of stomach, 760, 761
| |
| pulmonary, 1059
| |
| pyloric, 760
| |
| tricuspid, 1055, 1057
| |
| urethral—
| |
| | |
| female, 695
| |
| male, 715, 938
| |
| of vagina, external, 695
| |
| vena cava, inferior, 1054
| |
| superior, 1054
| |
| | |
| Oropharyngeal isthmus, 1350
| |
| Orthognathous skulls, 244, 269
| |
| Os centrale, 322
| |
| dentatum, 133
| |
| japonicum, 221
| |
| pubis, 331
| |
| trigonum, 370
| |
| of uterus, external, 974
| |
| internal, 976
| |
| Ossa suturarum, 265
| |
| Ossification of bones, 119
| |
| centres, 119
| |
| law of, 304
| |
| of named bones—of atlas, 142
| |
| of axis, 143
| |
| of carpal bones, 322
| |
| of clavicle, 292
| |
| of coccyx, 151
| |
| of ethmoid, 211
| |
| of femur, 354
| |
| of fibula, 367
| |
| of hip bone, 341
| |
| of humerus, 305
| |
| of lacrimal, 223
| |
| of maxillae, 218
| |
| of metacarpals, 329
| |
| of metatarsals, 386
| |
| of nasal, 222
| |
| | |
| concha, inferior, 224
| |
| of occipital, 177
| |
| of palatine, 228
| |
| of phalanges of foot, 386
| |
| of hand, 386
| |
| of radius, 311
| |
| of sacrum, 149
| |
| of scapula, 298
| |
| of sphenoid, 205
| |
| of sternum, 164
| |
| of tarsal bones, 378
| |
| of temporal, 195
| |
| of tibia, 363
| |
| of ulna, 315
| |
| of vomer, 229
| |
| of zygomatic, 221
| |
| | |
| Osteoblasts and osteoclasts, 120, 121
| |
| Osteogenic fibres, 120
| |
| | |
| | |
| Ostium abdominale, 19, 972
| |
| Otic capsule, 75, 272
| |
| ganglion, 1314
| |
| Otoconia, 1688
| |
| | |
| Ovarian follicles, vesicular, 982
| |
| plexus, nervous, 811
| |
| venous, 979
| |
| pregnancy, 19
| |
| Ovary, 969
| |
| | |
| abnormal positions of, 104, 971
| |
| descent of, 970
| |
| development of, 100, 980
| |
| ligament of, 970, 982
| |
| suspensory, of, 970
| |
| ovulation in, 18, 19
| |
| structure of, 98
| |
| Ovocentre, 21
| |
| Ovulation, 18, 19
| |
| Ovum, 8, 14 , 16
| |
| | |
| fertilization of, 20
| |
| growth in pregnancy, 105
| |
| maturation of, 19
| |
| segmentation of, 21
| |
| transit to uterus, 19
| |
| | |
| | |
| Pacinian bodies of foot, 653
| |
| of hand, 490
| |
| Palate folds, 84
| |
| soft, 1350
| |
| | |
| development of, 86, 1354
| |
| glands of, 1351
| |
| muscles of, 1351
| |
| nerves of, 1354
| |
| relation to structures in, 1354
| |
| Palatine arteries—
| |
| | |
| ascending, 1217
| |
| of ascending pharyngeal, 1220
| |
| greater, 1308 , 1338, 1362
| |
| lesser, 1308
| |
| bones, 224
| |
| | |
| development of, 277
| |
| foramina of, 226
| |
| ossification of, 228
| |
| tubercle of, 226
| |
| nerves, 1322, 1338
| |
| Palatino-vaginal canal, 199
| |
| Palato-glossal arches, 1350
| |
| Palato-glossus, 1351
| |
| Palato-pharyngeal arches, 1350
| |
| Palato-pharyngeus, 1351
| |
| Pallidus, globus, 1528
| |
| Palmar aponeurosis, 484
| |
| | |
| arch, deep, 484, 497, 499
| |
| | |
| superficial, 483, 484, 498
| |
| cutaneous branch of median, 466, 481
| |
| of ulnar, 466, 477
| |
| metacarpal arteries, '498
| |
| space, 492
| |
| | |
| Palmaris brevis, 484
| |
| longus, 470, 487
| |
| Palpebral arteries, 1260, 1281
| |
| Pampiniform plexus, 738
| |
| Pancreas, 806
| |
| | |
| blood^supply, 893
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1755
| |
| | |
| | |
| Pancreas connections, position and relations of, 806
| |
| development of, 80, 894
| |
| lymphatics of, 893
| |
| structure of, 891
| |
| tuber omentale of, 807
| |
| Pancreatic duct, 892
| |
| | |
| accessory, 892
| |
| Panniculus carnosus, 1175
| |
| Papilla, duodena], 865
| |
| lacrimalis, 1289
| |
| Papillae of tongue, 1344
| |
| Paracentral lobule, 1499
| |
| Parachordal cartilages, 271
| |
| Paradidymis, 750
| |
| Parafloccular fossa, 191
| |
| Paraflocculus, 1481
| |
| Paraganglia, 1105
| |
| Paramesonephric duct, 101, 987
| |
| Parametrium, 974
| |
| Paranasal sinuses, 250
| |
| | |
| development of, 1364
| |
| Pararectal recess, 919
| |
| Parasympathetic system, 1410, 1639
| |
| cranial, 1639
| |
| sacral, 1640
| |
| | |
| Parathyroid glands, 1223
| |
| | |
| development of, 76
| |
| Paravesical recess, 919
| |
| Paraxial mesoderm, 40, 41
| |
| Parietal bones, 178
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 180
| |
| varieties of, 180
| |
| eminence, 178, 1633
| |
| foramen, 179, 243
| |
| notch of temporal, 188
| |
| Paroccipital process, 176
| |
| Paroophoron, 971
| |
| | |
| development of, 754, 987
| |
| Parotid duct, 1287
| |
| gland, 1284
| |
| | |
| development of, 1289
| |
| structure of, 1288
| |
| lymphatic glands, 1283
| |
| plexus, 1273
| |
| Pars iridica retinae, 1650
| |
| Patella, 355
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 357
| |
| structure, 356
| |
| Patellar plexus, 557
| |
| retinacula, 629
| |
| Pectineus muscle, 571
| |
| Pectoral lymphatic glands, 424, 434
| |
| nerves, 431
| |
| region, 412
| |
| ridge, 300
| |
| | |
| Pectoralis major, 418
| |
| minor, 420
| |
| | |
| Pedicles of vertebrae, 128
| |
| Pelvic fascia in female, visceral, 968
| |
| in male, parietal, 919
| |
| visceral, 921
| |
| | |
| Pelvis, 914
| |
| | |
| axes of, 344
| |
| | |
| bony, 342
| |
| | |
| | |
| Pelvis, brim of, 342
| |
| of child, 345
| |
| contents of, 915
| |
| diameters, 342
| |
| false, 342
| |
| female, 965
| |
| | |
| peritoneum, 966
| |
| viscera, position of, 966
| |
| inclination, 344
| |
| inlet, 342
| |
| of kidney, 907
| |
| male, 916
| |
| | |
| peritoneum of, 917
| |
| viscera, position of, 916
| |
| measurements of, 345
| |
| outlet, 344
| |
| | |
| sexual differences of, 345
| |
| true, 342
| |
| Penis, 712
| |
| | |
| angle of, 942
| |
| bulb of, 682, 953
| |
| composition of, 714
| |
| corona glandis, 712, 715
| |
| corpora cavernosa, 953
| |
| corpus spongiosum, 953
| |
| coverings of, 712
| |
| crus, 682
| |
| | |
| fascial sheath of, 713
| |
| frenulum of, 713
| |
| glans, 715
| |
| prepuce, 713
| |
| septum of, 953
| |
| structure of, 953
| |
| suspensory ligament of, 713
| |
| Perforaculum, 13
| |
| | |
| Perforating arteries of foot, 613, 657
| |
| of hand, 498
| |
| of profunda femoris, 586
| |
| cutaneous nerve, 931
| |
| Pericardium, 1017
| |
| | |
| development of, 46, 67, 1019
| |
| lymphatics of, 1019
| |
| sinus, transverse, of, 1018
| |
| structure of, 1019
| |
| Perichoroidal lymph space, 1643
| |
| Pericranium, 1157
| |
| Perilymph of internal ear, 1687
| |
| Perilymphatic duct, 193
| |
| Perineal body, female, 701
| |
| male, 681
| |
| fascia, 675
| |
| fold, 957
| |
| | |
| membrane, 683, 701
| |
| pouch, 679
| |
| triangle, deep, 682
| |
| Perineum, female, 692, 701
| |
| male, 674
| |
| | |
| Periodontal membrane, 287
| |
| Periosteum, 121
| |
| | |
| Periotic cartilaginous capsules, 195
| |
| Perirenal capsule, 818
| |
| Peritoneum, 779
| |
| | |
| course of transverse, 782
| |
| vertical, 780
| |
| development of, 81, 795
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1756
| |
| | |
| | |
| x INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Peritoneum in foetus, 793
| |
| folds of, 744, 792
| |
| ligaments, 788
| |
| mesenteries, 786
| |
| omenta, 784
| |
| fossae, 744, 791
| |
| parietal, 744
| |
| pelvic, in female, 966
| |
| in male, 917
| |
| primitive, of testis, 741
| |
| recesses of, 791, 919
| |
| sac, greater, 789
| |
| | |
| lesser, 81, 785, 790
| |
| structure of, 795
| |
| Perivascular spaces, 1436
| |
| Peroneal artery, 610, 626
| |
| retinaculum, 601
| |
| tubercle, 372, 388
| |
| Peroneus brevis, 617
| |
| longus, 615
| |
| tertius, 607
| |
| | |
| Perpendicular plate, ethmoid, 208
| |
| of palatine, 214
| |
| Pes hippocampi, 1525
| |
| Petrosal process, posterior, 198
| |
| sinus, inferior, 1607
| |
| superior, 1606
| |
| | |
| Petro-sphenoid ligament, 193
| |
| Pfliiger, cords of, 753
| |
| Phalanges of foot, 384, 385
| |
| ossification of, 386
| |
| of hand, 329
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 329
| |
| Pharyngeal artery, ascending, 1219
| |
| bursa, 168, 1373
| |
| plexus, 1329
| |
| pouches, 70, 76, 1373
| |
| recess, 1372
| |
| tubercle, 258
| |
| | |
| Pharyngo-basilar fascia, 1371
| |
| Pharyngo-epiglottic folds, 73, 1380
| |
| Pharyngo-tympanic canal, 257 "
| |
| groove, 257
| |
| tube, 1378
| |
| | |
| development of, 73, 74, 1378
| |
| Pharynx, 1366
| |
| | |
| blood-supply of, 1373
| |
| development of, 1373
| |
| laryngeal part of, 1373
| |
| lymphatics of, 1373
| |
| muscles of (constrictor), 1368
| |
| nasal part of, 1371
| |
| oral part of, 1373
| |
| Phenozygous skulls, 243
| |
| Philtrum, 1336
| |
| Phrenic artery, 827
| |
| | |
| nerve in neck, 430, 1189
| |
| in thorax, 1015
| |
| Phylogeny, 7
| |
| Pia mater, cranial, 1610
| |
| spinal, 1414
| |
| | |
| Pigmentary layer of retina, 1657
| |
| Pillars of fornix, 1516, 1517
| |
| Pineal body, 1540
| |
| | |
| development of, 58, 1390
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1 Pineal recess, 1534
| |
| Pinna, development of, 67, 1697
| |
| Pisiform bone, 318, 333
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 322
| |
| joint, 524
| |
| | |
| Piso-hamate ligament, 473, 524
| |
| Piso-metacarpal ligament, 473, 524
| |
| Pit for ligament of head of femur, 346
| |
| Placenta, 24, 108
| |
| | |
| formation of, 106
| |
| separation of, 107
| |
| septa, 109
| |
| | |
| sinus, marginal, of, 106, no
| |
| structure of, 108
| |
| Plagiocephalus, 270
| |
| Plane, intertubercular, 755
| |
| subcostal, 755
| |
| Plantar aponeurosis, 642
| |
| arch, 655, 657
| |
| artery, lateral, 655 , 657
| |
| medial, 654 , 657
| |
| ligament, long, 667
| |
| short, 667
| |
| nerve, lateral, 653
| |
| medial, 652
| |
| triangle, 650
| |
| Plantaris, 620
| |
| Planum temporale, 178
| |
| Plasmodi-trophoblast, 27
| |
| Plasmodium in embedding of ovum, 27
| |
| Platycnemism, 363
| |
| Platymeria, 354
| |
| Platyrhine skulls, 269
| |
| Platysma, 1175
| |
| Pleura, 1005
| |
| | |
| development of, 78, ion
| |
| lymphatics of, ion
| |
| reflection of, 1005
| |
| lines of, 1007
| |
| | |
| Pleural sacs, development of, 78
| |
| differences between, ion
| |
| Plexus, choroid, of fourth ventricle, 1492
| |
| of lateral ventricle, 1521
| |
| | |
| of inferior horn of, 1525
| |
| | |
| of nerves—
| |
| | |
| annularis, of cornea, 1645
| |
| aortic, 811
| |
| brachial, 429, 1193
| |
| buccal, 1275, 1277
| |
| cardiac, deep and superficial,
| |
| 1046
| |
| | |
| carotid, internal, 1170
| |
| cervical, 1185
| |
| coccygeal, 531, 931
| |
| coeliac, 807, 809
| |
| coronary, 1048
| |
| diaphragmatic, 809
| |
| gastric, 809
| |
| hepatic, 809
| |
| hypogastric, 811, 922
| |
| infra-orbital, 1274, 1276
| |
| intra-epithelial, of eye, 1645
| |
| lumbar, 844
| |
| | |
| mesenteric, inferior, 811
| |
| superior, 809
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1757
| |
| | |
| | |
| Plexus of nerves ( continued )—
| |
| myenteric, 863, 869
| |
| oesophageal, 1043, 1087
| |
| ovarian, 811
| |
| parotid, 1273
| |
| patellar, 557
| |
| pelvic, 922
| |
| pharyngeal, 1329
| |
| phrenic, 809
| |
| pudendal, 929
| |
| pulmonary, 1043, 1045
| |
| renal, 809
| |
| sacral, 928
| |
| splenic, 809
| |
| | |
| subepithelial, of eye, 1645
| |
| of submucosa of small intestine, 863, 869
| |
| subsartorial, 558
| |
| subtrapezial, 399
| |
| suprarenal, 809
| |
| testicular, 811
| |
| tympanic, 1325
| |
| of veins—
| |
| | |
| dorsal, of foot, 610
| |
| of hand, 467
| |
| spinous, 1435
| |
| occipital, 1147
| |
| ovarian, 979
| |
| pampiniform, 738
| |
| prostatic, 952
| |
| pterygoid, 1308
| |
| suboccipital, 1152
| |
| vesical, 952
| |
| Plica fimbriata, 1343
| |
| | |
| semilunaris of conjunctiva, 1289,
| |
| 1292
| |
| | |
| sublingualis, 1336
| |
| Plicae villosae, 858
| |
| Point, alveolar, 244, 268
| |
| auricular, 251, 268
| |
| jugal, 251, 268
| |
| mental, 244, 268
| |
| nasal, 240, 244, 268
| |
| occipital, 243, 268
| |
| pre-auricular, 1629
| |
| Rolandic, inferior, 1633
| |
| superior, 1633
| |
| subnasal, 244, 268
| |
| Sylvian, 1632
| |
| Polar bodies, 16, 17
| |
| Pollicis, abductor brevis, 493
| |
| longus, 505
| |
| adductor, 494, 496
| |
| dorsalis artery, 511
| |
| extensor brevis, 505
| |
| longus, 505
| |
| flexor brevis, 494
| |
| longus, 482, 496
| |
| opponens, 494
| |
| princeps artery, 487, 497
| |
| Pons of brain, 1444, 1468
| |
| hepatis, 775, 777
| |
| Pontine flexure, 57
| |
| Pontis, cisterna, 1609
| |
| Poto-bulbar body, 1584
| |
| | |
| | |
| Popliteal artery, 541, 546
| |
| | |
| genicular branches, 548
| |
| fascia, 546
| |
| fossa, 541, 545
| |
| groove, 352
| |
| lymphatic glands, 551
| |
| nerve, lateral, 550 , 931
| |
| Popliteal nerve, medial, 550 , 93 i
| |
| vein, 546, 549
| |
| Popliteus, 621
| |
| nerve to, 550
| |
| Porta hepatis, 775
| |
| Portal canals, 885
| |
| sinus, 816
| |
| vein, 816 , 885
| |
| Porus opticus, 1653
| |
| Position, formal, 3
| |
| Post-anal gut, 98
| |
| Post-auditory process, 193
| |
| Post-axial, definition, 5, 122
| |
| Post-glenoid tubercle, 183
| |
| Post-trematic nerves, 69
| |
| Pouch or pouches—
| |
| | |
| of epitympanic recess, 1681
| |
| perineal, 679
| |
| of Rathke, 87 , 206, 1171
| |
| recto-uterine, 966
| |
| recto-vesical, 918
| |
| vesico-uterine, 967
| |
| Praecuneus of brain, 1502
| |
| Pre-auricular, 1629
| |
| Pre-axial, definition, 5, 122
| |
| Precervical sinus, 67
| |
| Preglenoid tubercle, 186
| |
| Pregnancy, extra-uterine, 19
| |
| Pre-interparietal bone, 265
| |
| Prelaryngeal lymphatic glands, 1199,
| |
| 1386
| |
| | |
| Premaxilla, 218, 277
| |
| Prepatellar bursa, 554, 640
| |
| rete, 548
| |
| | |
| Prepuce of clitoris, 695
| |
| of penis, 713
| |
| | |
| Pretracheal lymphatic glands, 1199, 1225
| |
| Pretrematic nerves, 69
| |
| Primitive jugular, 51, 1127
| |
| mesoderm, 26
| |
| oesophagus, 66
| |
| pharynx, 44, 65, 66
| |
| floor, 70
| |
| segments, 40
| |
| streak, 33 , 34
| |
| | |
| Princeps pollicis artery, 487, 497
| |
| Process or processes—
| |
| | |
| alveolar, of maxilla, 214
| |
| angular, medial, 181
| |
| articular, 139
| |
| | |
| auditory, external, of temporal, 194
| |
| clinoid, anterior and middle, 200, 261
| |
| posterior, 198, 261
| |
| condyloid, of mandible, 233
| |
| coracoid, 296
| |
| coronoid, of mandible, 232
| |
| of ulna, 312
| |
| | |
| costal, of cervical vertebrae, 128
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1758
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Process or processes ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| ethmoidal, of inferior nasal concha,
| |
| 223
| |
| | |
| frontal, of maxilla, 214
| |
| of zygomatic, 220
| |
| infra-orbital, of zygomatic, 220
| |
| jugular, of occipital, 176 , 258
| |
| of lacrimal, descending, 222
| |
| | |
| of inferior nasal concha, 223
| |
| mamillary, 139
| |
| maxillary—
| |
| | |
| of inferior nasal concha, 223
| |
| of palatine, 226
| |
| of zygomatic, 220
| |
| nasal, of frontal, 181
| |
| odontoid, 131
| |
| orbital, of zygomatic, 219
| |
| palatine, of maxilla, 215
| |
| paroccipital, 176
| |
| petrosal, posterior, 198
| |
| post-auditory, 195
| |
| pterygoid, of sphenoid, 203
| |
| sphenoidal, of palatine, 227
| |
| spinous, of cervical vertebrae, 127
| |
| styloid, of fibula, 364
| |
| of radius, 309
| |
| of temporal, 194, 257
| |
| of ulna, 315
| |
| supracondylar, 302
| |
| temporal, of zygomatic, 220
| |
| transverse, of cervical vertebrae, 128
| |
| uncinate, of ethmoid, 210
| |
| of pancreas, 806
| |
| vaginal, of sphenoid, 198
| |
| of temporal, 192, 194
| |
| xiphoid, 163
| |
| | |
| zygomatic, of frontal, 181
| |
| of maxilla, 214
| |
| of temporal, 185
| |
| | |
| Processus cochleariformis, 193, 1675
| |
| reticularis of spinal cord, 1421
| |
| tubarius, 204
| |
| Proctodaeum, 698
| |
| Profunda brachial artery, 455
| |
| femoris artery, 584 , 588
| |
| Prognathous skulls, 244, 269
| |
| Projection of facial canal, 1674
| |
| fibres of cerebrum, 1565
| |
| Proligerus, discus, 18, 982
| |
| Promontory of middle ear, 1674
| |
| of sacrum, 144
| |
| Pronator quadratus, 482
| |
| teres, 469, 470
| |
| Prone, definition, 5
| |
| Pronephros, 92, 94 , 912
| |
| Pronucleus, female, 8, 16
| |
| male, 8
| |
| | |
| Pro-otic centre, 196
| |
| Prostate gland, 937
| |
| | |
| blood-supply of, 960
| |
| development of, 960
| |
| lymphatics of, 960
| |
| structure of, 959
| |
| Prostatic fissure, 937
| |
| sinus, 939
| |
| | |
| | |
| Prostatic utricle, 939
| |
| Prostomial mesoderm, 36
| |
| Protocardiac area, 34
| |
| Protoplasm, 8
| |
| . Protuberance, mental, 229
| |
| occipital, external, 172
| |
| internal, 174
| |
| | |
| Pseudo-ganglion. See Gangliform enlargement
| |
| Psoas major, 841
| |
| minor, 842
| |
| sheath, 839
| |
| | |
| Pterion, 180, 239, 253, 268, 1631
| |
| Pterotic centre, 196
| |
| Pterygoid canal, 204, 255, 263
| |
| artery of, 1308, 1362
| |
| nerve of, 1321, 1360
| |
| fissure, 203
| |
| fossa, 203, 257
| |
| hamulus, 204
| |
| muscle, lateral, 1302
| |
| medial, 1304
| |
| | |
| plates of sphenoid, 203, 204
| |
| development, 277
| |
| plexus of veins, 1308
| |
| processes, 203
| |
| tubercle of sphenoid, 204
| |
| Pterygo-mandibular ligament, 1181
| |
| Pterygo-maxillary fissure, 253
| |
| Pterygo-palatine canal, 227
| |
| fissure, 253
| |
| fossa, 254
| |
| | |
| Pterygo-spinous foramen, 203
| |
| ligament, 1181
| |
| Pubic angle, 339, 552
| |
| artery, 731
| |
| crest, 339, 552
| |
| guide to, 707
| |
| | |
| relation of structures at, 728
| |
| lymphatic glands, 558
| |
| symphysis, 992
| |
| tubercle, 339
| |
| | |
| guides to, 551, 706
| |
| Pubis, os, 339
| |
| | |
| Pubo-femoral ligament, 599
| |
| Pudendal arteries—
| |
| | |
| external, deep, 584
| |
| | |
| superficial, 548, 710
| |
| internal, 539, 686, 703, 925
| |
| accessory, 689
| |
| band, 929
| |
| canal, 688
| |
| nerve, 690, 704, 931
| |
| Pulmonary alveoli, 1028
| |
| groove of thorax, 166
| |
| orifice of heart, 1059
| |
| | |
| position of, 1064
| |
| outgrowth from foregut, 70, 77
| |
| valve of heart, 1059, 1064
| |
| Pulvinar of thalamus, 1537
| |
| Punctum lacrimale, 1289
| |
| Pupil, 1648
| |
| | |
| Pupillaris, membrana, 1652
| |
| Purkinje, cells of, i486
| |
| fibres of, 1070
| |
| | |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1759
| |
| | |
| | |
| Pyloric antrum, 760
| |
| glands, 859
| |
| sphincter, 857, 861
| |
| valve, 861
| |
| Pylorus, 861
| |
| | |
| position of, 761
| |
| Pyramid of cerebellum, 1480
| |
| of medulla, 1452 , 1470
| |
| of middle ear, 190, 1765
| |
| Pyramidal fibres in mid-brain, 1559
| |
| layer of cortex, 1562
| |
| lobe of thyroid, 1221
| |
| tract, 1565
| |
| | |
| Pyramids, decussation of, T451, T433
| |
| Pyriform fossa, 76, 1373, 1386
| |
| Pyriformis, 534, 948
| |
| | |
| Quadrate lobe of liver, 774
| |
| lobule of brain, 1502
| |
| Quadratus femoris, 535
| |
| | |
| nerve to, 540, 930
| |
| lumborum, 843
| |
| Quadriceps femoris, 572, 573
| |
| Quadrigemina, corpora, 1547
| |
| Quadrilateral space, 441
| |
| | |
| Radial artery, 473
| |
| | |
| first part, 474
| |
| | |
| recurrent branch of, 475
| |
| second part, 509
| |
| third part, 497
| |
| varieties of, 475, 498
| |
| nerve, 433
| |
| | |
| in arm, 459
| |
| | |
| cutaneous branches of, 433, 460,
| |
| 467
| |
| | |
| in forearm, 475
| |
| | |
| muscular branches of, 433,
| |
| | |
| 460, 461
| |
| vein, 450
| |
| | |
| Radiata, corona, 1515, I 53 1
| |
| of ovum, 14, 19
| |
| Radiatio corporis callosi, 1513
| |
| Radiation, auditory, 1568
| |
| callosal, 1568
| |
| optic, 1566, 1568
| |
| thalamic, 1567
| |
| Radius, 306
| |
| | |
| grooves of, 309
| |
| head of, 306
| |
| lines, 307
| |
| ossification of, 311
| |
| styloid process, 309
| |
| tubercle, dorsal, of, 309
| |
| tuberosity of, 307
| |
| Rami communicantes, 1635
| |
| in abdomen, 838
| |
| cervicales, 1189, 1206
| |
| in neck, 1334
| |
| in pelvis, 947
| |
| of pubis, 339
| |
| in thorax, 1104
| |
| | |
| Ramus descendens hypoglossi, 1205
| |
| of ischium, 338
| |
| of mandible, 231
| |
| | |
| | |
| Raphe, palpebral lateral, 1265
| |
| scrotal, 716
| |
| | |
| Rathke, pouch of, 87 , 206, 1171
| |
| Rays, medullary, of kidney, 901
| |
| Receptive cone, 21
| |
| Recess or recesses—
| |
| cochlear, 1683
| |
| elliptical, 1683
| |
| epitympanic, 1681
| |
| | |
| infundibular, of third ventricle, 1533
| |
| lateral, of fourth ventricle, 1489
| |
| optic, of third ventricle, 1533
| |
| peritoneal, duodenal, 791
| |
| duodeno-jejunal, 792
| |
| inguinal, 745
| |
| pararectal, 919
| |
| paravesical, 919
| |
| pericaecal, 792
| |
| sphero-ethmoidal, 1337
| |
| suprapineal, 1334
| |
| tubo-tympanic, 73
| |
| of the utricle, 1687
| |
| Rectal arteries, inferior, 963
| |
| middle, 925, 963
| |
| superior, 802, 963
| |
| pits, 961
| |
| | |
| Recti muscles of eyeball, 1249
| |
| Recto-uterine folds, 967
| |
| pouch, 966
| |
| | |
| Recto-vesical pouch, 918
| |
| Rectum, ampulla of, 944
| |
| blood-supply of, 963
| |
| development of, 965
| |
| female, 978
| |
| flexures of, 944
| |
| horizontal folds of, 961
| |
| lymphatics of, 964
| |
| male, 943
| |
| | |
| peritoneal relations of, 944
| |
| structure of, 960
| |
| Rectus abdominis, 726
| |
| sheath of, 727
| |
| capitis anterior, 1397
| |
| lateralis, 1397
| |
| posterior major, 1149
| |
| minor, 1150
| |
| femoris, 572
| |
| | |
| Recurrent artery, anterior tibial, 609
| |
| ulnar, 477
| |
| | |
| interosseous, posterior, 508
| |
| radial, 475
| |
| | |
| laryngeal nerve, 1044, 1045, 1330 ,
| |
| 1395
| |
| | |
| Red nucleus, 1539, 1553
| |
| Reduction division, 14, 16, 17
| |
| Refracting media of eyeball, 1661
| |
| Reichert’s cartilage (of second arch), 74,
| |
| 75, 273, 278
| |
| scar, 104
| |
| | |
| Reid, base line of, 1633
| |
| Renal artery, 827
| |
| | |
| sympathetic plexus, 809
| |
| vein, 828
| |
| | |
| Respiratory apparatus, development of,
| |
| 1029
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1760
| |
| | |
| | |
| Rete, carpal, anterior, 478, 479 , 498
| |
| cords, 100, 752
| |
| olecranon, 479
| |
| prepatellar, 548
| |
| testis, 751
| |
| Retina, 1652
| |
| | |
| central artery of, 1260, 1658
| |
| ciliary part of, 1647
| |
| development of, 1667
| |
| fovea centralis, 1653, 1658
| |
| macula lutea, 1653, 1658
| |
| nerve cells of, 1660
| |
| optic disc, 1653
| |
| ora serrata, 1652, 1658
| |
| rods and cones layer, 1656
| |
| structure of, 1653
| |
| sustentacular fibres of, 1657
| |
| Retinaculum or retinacula—
| |
| of ankle, 601
| |
| extensor, of ankle, 603
| |
| of hand, 508
| |
| flexor, of ankle, 602
| |
| of hand, 493
| |
| of hip-joint, 393
| |
| patella, 629
| |
| peroneal, 601
| |
| | |
| Retro-pharyngeal space, 1179
| |
| Retro-pubic cellular tissue, 919
| |
| Retzius, cave of, 339
| |
| Rhinencephalon, 1512
| |
| Rhinion, 240, 244, 268
| |
| Rhombencephalon, 1451
| |
| Rhomboideus major, 401
| |
| minor, 401
| |
| | |
| Rhomboids, nerve to, 402, 430
| |
| Rib, first, 157
| |
| second, 158
| |
| Ribs, 154
| |
| | |
| development of, 59, 170
| |
| ossification of, 160
| |
| varieties, 159
| |
| Rider’s bone, 354
| |
| Ridge, pectoral, 300
| |
| | |
| pelvic, transverse, 101
| |
| supinator, of ulna, 314
| |
| teres, 300
| |
| | |
| Rima glottidis, 1388
| |
| Ring, femoral, 551, 566
| |
| guide to, 707
| |
| inguinal, deep, 735
| |
| | |
| guide to, 708
| |
| superficial, 551, 720
| |
| guide to, 707
| |
| Risorius, 1269
| |
| Rods of retina, 1656
| |
| Rolandic angle, 1633
| |
| points, 1633
| |
| Roof-plate, 53
| |
| Roots of spinal nerves, 1419
| |
| | |
| development of, 54
| |
| Rostrum of corpus callosum, 1514
| |
| Rotatores, 410
| |
| Rotunda, fossa, 1674
| |
| Rotundum, foramen, 201 , 255, 263
| |
| Rugarum, columnae, of vagina, 986
| |
| | |
| | |
| Sac, lacrimal, 1293
| |
| | |
| development of, 1294
| |
| peritoneal, greater, 786, 789
| |
| lesser, 785, 790
| |
| | |
| opening into, 790
| |
| Saccule of internal ear, 1688
| |
| of larynx, 1387
| |
| | |
| Sacculus endolymphaticus, 1688
| |
| Sacral groove, 153
| |
| | |
| nerves, posterior rami, 528, 530
| |
| plexus, 928
| |
| spina bifida, 154
| |
| Sacro-spinous ligament, 991
| |
| Sacro-tuberous ligament, 542, 990
| |
| Sacro-vertebral angle, 15T
| |
| Sacrum, 144
| |
| alae, 148
| |
| apex, 148
| |
| canal of, 148
| |
| ossification, 149
| |
| promontory of, 144
| |
| sexual characteristics, 149
| |
| varieties, 148
| |
| Sagittal line, 1630
| |
| suture, 237, 1630
| |
| | |
| Saphenous branch of descending genicular
| |
| artery, 587, 589
| |
| nerve, 557
| |
| | |
| opening, 551, 552, 561
| |
| guide to, 707
| |
| vein, long, 559, 600
| |
| short, 600, 615
| |
| Sartorius, 568
| |
| Sauropsida, 23, 33
| |
| Scala tympani, 1689
| |
| vestibuli, 1689
| |
| Scalene tubercle, 157
| |
| Scalenus anterior, 1235
| |
| medius, 1236
| |
| posterior, 1236
| |
| Scalp, anterior part of, 1153
| |
| fascia of, 1153
| |
| | |
| superficial veins and nerves of, 1153'
| |
| as a whole, 1162
| |
| Scansorius, 534
| |
| Scaphocephalus, 270
| |
| Scaphoid bone, 316
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 322
| |
| tubercle of, 316, 332
| |
| fossa of auricle, 1295
| |
| of sphenoid, 204
| |
| Scapula, 292
| |
| | |
| acromion, 296
| |
| coracoid process, 296
| |
| glenoid cavity, 294
| |
| ossification, 298
| |
| spine, 295
| |
| varieties, 298
| |
| Scapular anastomosis, 441
| |
| circumflex artery, 427
| |
| ligaments, 445
| |
| Schindylesis, 242 , 394
| |
| Sciatic band, 929
| |
| | |
| nerve, 540, 544, 931
| |
| notch, greater, 340
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1761
| |
| | |
| | |
| Sciatic notch, lesser, 340
| |
| Sclera, 1642
| |
| Scrotum, 715
| |
| | |
| arteries of, 717
| |
| development of, 700, 717
| |
| lymphatics of, 717
| |
| nerves of, 717
| |
| septum, 716
| |
| skin of, 716
| |
| | |
| structures forming wall, 716
| |
| Segmentation, 40
| |
| cavity, 24
| |
| | |
| in archenteron, 38
| |
| cells, 21, 22
| |
| nucleus, 21
| |
| in ovum, 21
| |
| | |
| Sella turcica of sphenoid, 197, 261
| |
| Sellae, diaphragma, 1163, 1603
| |
| Semicircular canals, 1684
| |
| ducts, 1688
| |
| | |
| Semicircularis stria, 1532
| |
| Semilunar cartilages of knee, 632
| |
| tract of cord, 1430
| |
| Semilunaris, hiatus, 1357
| |
| Semimembranosus, 543
| |
| Seminal vesicles, 936
| |
| | |
| blood-supply of, 959
| |
| development of, 959
| |
| lymphatics of, 959
| |
| structure of, 958
| |
| Seminiferous tubules 752
| |
| Semispinalis capitis, 407
| |
| cervicis, 408
| |
| thoracis, 408
| |
| Septum of clitoris, 694
| |
| ilio-pectineal, 856
| |
| linguae, 1346
| |
| lucidum, 1518
| |
| of nose, 248
| |
| | |
| formation of, 85
| |
| of penis, 953
| |
| primum, 1075
| |
| * secundum, 1076
| |
| | |
| transversum, 46, 78, 79
| |
| of ear, 1688
| |
| | |
| Serial homology, 6, 41, 122
| |
| Serosa, 32
| |
| | |
| Serrata, ora, of retina, 1652, 1658
| |
| Serratus anterior, 401, 434
| |
| posterior, inferior, 403
| |
| superior, 402
| |
| | |
| Sesamoid bones, foot, 386
| |
| | |
| gastrocnemius, 618
| |
| great toe, 648
| |
| hand, 329
| |
| patella, 574
| |
| | |
| in peroneus longus, 617
| |
| thumb, 494
| |
| | |
| in tibialis posterior, 623
| |
| Sheath, axillary, 429
| |
| carotid, 1207
| |
| femoral, 565 , 568
| |
| of Hertwig, 287
| |
| of rectus, 727
| |
| | |
| Shoulder-girdle generalized, 298
| |
| | |
| | |
| Shoulder-joint, 4&1
| |
| ligaments of, 461
| |
| Sigmoid groove of temporal, 188
| |
| sinus, 1606
| |
| | |
| guide to, 1632
| |
| Sino-atrial node, 1070
| |
| Sinus, annularis, 1124
| |
| basilar, 1607
| |
| cavernous, 1169, 1606
| |
| cervicalis, 1377
| |
| circular, 1606
| |
| of epididymis, 748
| |
| ethmoidal, 210
| |
| frontal, 184
| |
| of larynx, 1387
| |
| marginal, 1606
| |
| | |
| of placenta, 106, no
| |
| maxillary, 217
| |
| of Morgagni, 1370
| |
| occipital, 1606
| |
| | |
| guide to, 1631
| |
| petrosal, inferior, 1607
| |
| superior, 1606
| |
| | |
| petro-squamosal, of foetus, 241
| |
| petro-squamous, 1607
| |
| portal, 816
| |
| precervical, 67
| |
| prostatic, 939
| |
| sagittal, inferior, 1604
| |
| superior, 1603
| |
| | |
| guide to, 1631
| |
| sigmoid, 1606
| |
| | |
| guide to, 1632
| |
| spheno-parietal, 1606
| |
| straight, 1605
| |
| tarsi, 370, 390
| |
| tonsillaris, 1355
| |
| transverse, 1605
| |
| guide to, 1631
| |
| of pericardium, 1018
| |
| tympani, 1674
| |
| uro-genital, 99
| |
| venosus, 46, 52, 90, 1124
| |
| sclerae, 1645
| |
| | |
| Sinuses of dura mater, 1163, 1603
| |
| paranasal, 250
| |
| Sinusoids, 1125
| |
| Skeleton, 113
| |
| | |
| general principles, 122
| |
| Skull at birth, 265
| |
| | |
| deformities of, 269
| |
| development of, 270
| |
| of female, 267
| |
| racial peculiarities of, 268
| |
| sexual characters, 267
| |
| as a whole, 237
| |
| Smegma, prseputii, 713
| |
| Snuff-box, anatomical, 484
| |
| Sockets of mandible, 231
| |
| of maxilla, 214
| |
| Sole of foot, 641
| |
| Soleal line, 361
| |
| Soleus, 619
| |
| | |
| Solitarius, fasciculus, 1625, 1626
| |
| nucleus of, 1619, 1625
| |
| | |
| | |
| in
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1762
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Solitary lymphatic nodules, 868
| |
| Somatopleure, 40
| |
| Somites, mesodermal, 40
| |
| Space or spaces—
| |
| | |
| interglobular, 285
| |
| intervillous, 105, 108
| |
| of irido-corneal angle, 1645
| |
| middle palmar, 492
| |
| perivitelline, 14
| |
| quadrilateral, 441
| |
| retropharyngeal, 1179
| |
| suprasternal, 1179
| |
| thenar, 492
| |
| triangular, 441
| |
| zonular, 1664
| |
| Spermatic cord, 736
| |
| | |
| coverings of, 739
| |
| fascia, external, 739
| |
| internal, 739
| |
| | |
| Spermatids, 12, 14, 16, 752
| |
| Spermatocytes, 13 , 1 7 > 752
| |
| Spermatogenesis, 13, 14
| |
| Spermatozoa, 8 , 12 , 14. 752
| |
| Sphenodon, 302
| |
| Spheno-ethmoidal plate, 90
| |
| recess, 1357
| |
| | |
| Spheno-mandibular ligament, 234, 1181,
| |
| 1316
| |
| | |
| Spheno-palatine artery, 1308, 1361
| |
| foramen, 255
| |
| ganglion, 1320
| |
| nerves, 1322, 1338, 1361
| |
| notch, 228
| |
| Sphenoid bone, 197
| |
| lingula, 200
| |
| openings in, 204
| |
| ossification of, 205
| |
| spine of, 201, 257
| |
| | |
| ethmoidal, of, 197
| |
| varieties 205
| |
| wing, greater, 201
| |
| lesser, 200
| |
| Sphenoidal air-cells, 199
| |
| chonchae, 204
| |
| crest, 199
| |
| | |
| process of palatine, 227
| |
| Sphincter ani externus, 675
| |
| internus, 961, 963
| |
| pupillae, 1650, 1652
| |
| pyloric, 857, 861
| |
| vesicae, 950
| |
| | |
| Spinal arteries, anterior, 1434, 1447, 1575
| |
| posterior, 1434, 1447, 1575
| |
| cord, 1410
| |
| cauda equina, 1417
| |
| caudal end of, 1440
| |
| central canal of, 1422
| |
| columns of, 1418
| |
| commissures of, 1418
| |
| conus medullaris, 1416
| |
| development of, 53, 1436
| |
| enlargements of, 1416
| |
| fibres, association of, 1425
| |
| filum terminale of, 1417
| |
| grey matter of, 1420
| |
| | |
| | |
| Spinal arteries, growth of, 1442
| |
| horns of, 1421, 1422
| |
| ligamenta denticulata of, 1415
| |
| meninges of, 1410
| |
| nerve fibres of, course of, 1426
| |
| processus reticularis, 1421
| |
| sections of, 1423
| |
| structure of, internal, 1420
| |
| minute, 1424
| |
| sulci of, 1418
| |
| surfaces of, 1420
| |
| tracts of, 1429
| |
| white matter of, 1423, 1426
| |
| ganglia, 1419, 1428
| |
| groove, 397
| |
| nerves, 1418
| |
| | |
| origin of, 1418
| |
| | |
| relation of vertebrae to, 1420
| |
| posterior primary rami of, 411,
| |
| 1419
| |
| | |
| roots of, 1419
| |
| Spinalis, 406
| |
| | |
| thoracis, 406
| |
| Spindle, 10
| |
| Spine or spines —
| |
| definition, 115
| |
| ethmoidal, of sphenoid, 197
| |
| iliac, anterior, 334, 335, 551, 707
| |
| posterior, 335
| |
| of ischium, 338
| |
| | |
| nasal, anterior, of maxilla, 221
| |
| of frontal, 181
| |
| posterior, 225
| |
| of scapula, 295
| |
| of sphenoid, 201, 257
| |
| suprameatal, 187
| |
| Spino-glenoid ligament, 445
| |
| notch, 294
| |
| | |
| Spino-thalamic tract, 1432
| |
| Spino-umbilical lines, 707
| |
| Spiral ganglion, 1694
| |
| | |
| groove of humerus, 300
| |
| organ, 1691
| |
| Spireme, 10
| |
| | |
| Splanchnic ganglion, 1105
| |
| nerves, pelvic, 930, 947
| |
| thoracic, 1105
| |
| Splanchnopleure, 41
| |
| Spleen, 768
| |
| | |
| accessory, 771
| |
| | |
| component parts, connections and
| |
| position of, 768
| |
| development of, 81, 897
| |
| ligaments of, 771, 789
| |
| lymphatic nodules of, 896
| |
| lymphatics of, 897
| |
| nerves of, 897
| |
| peritoneal relations of, 771
| |
| structure of, 895
| |
| Splendens, linea, 1415
| |
| “ Splenic dulness, area of, 771
| |
| sympathetic plexus, 809
| |
| Splenium of corpus callosum, 1514
| |
| Splenius, 404
| |
| capitis, 404
| |
| | |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| i 7 6 3
| |
| | |
| | |
| Splenius cervicis, 404
| |
| Spongioblasts, 54
| |
| Spongioplasm, 8
| |
| Squamo-mastoid suture, 241
| |
| Squamosal suture, 239, 1631
| |
| Squamo-tympanic fissure, 1673
| |
| Stapedius, 1680
| |
| Stapes, 1679
| |
| | |
| development of, 75, 1679
| |
| Stellate ganglion, 1104
| |
| Stephanion, 251, 268
| |
| Sternal angle, 162, 1013
| |
| plate, 170
| |
| Sternalis, 420
| |
| Sternebrae, 161
| |
| Sterno-clavicular joint, 443
| |
| Sterno-costalis, 1002
| |
| Sterno-hyoid, 1201
| |
| Sterno-mastoid, 1145, 1182
| |
| Sterno-pericardial ligaments, 1018
| |
| Sterno-thyroid, 1201
| |
| Sternum, 160
| |
| | |
| angle of, 162
| |
| body,162
| |
| | |
| development of, 164, 170
| |
| foramen of, 164, 171
| |
| manubrium, 161
| |
| ossification of, 164
| |
| sexual characteristics, 164
| |
| varieties, 163
| |
| xiphoid process, 163
| |
| Stomach, 758
| |
| | |
| blood-supply of, 860
| |
| component parts, connections and
| |
| position of, 758
| |
| curvatures of, 759
| |
| development of, 79, 862
| |
| divisions of, 760
| |
| gastro-phrenic ligament, 789
| |
| gastro-splenic ligament, 789
| |
| glands of, 858
| |
| lymphatics of, 860
| |
| nerves of, 860
| |
| orifices of, 760
| |
| peritoneal relations of, 761
| |
| structure of, 856
| |
| topography of, 761
| |
| trigone or uncovered area of, 761
| |
| Stomodaeum, 46, 81, 1339
| |
| Straight sinus, 1605 ,
| |
| | |
| Stratum cinereum, 1550
| |
| granulosum, 1570
| |
| laciniosum, 1569
| |
| lemnisci, 1550
| |
| opticum, 1550, 1564
| |
| radiatum, 1569
| |
| zonale, 155°
| |
| | |
| Stria longitudinalis and medialis, 1510,
| |
| | |
| 1513, 1514
| |
| | |
| Striae, auditory, 1471, 1489, 1620
| |
| habenulae, 1534, 1541
| |
| Striatum, corpus, 1526
| |
| Strio-frontal fibres, 1529
| |
| Stylo-glossus, 1232
| |
| Stylo-hyal, 75, 197
| |
| | |
| | |
| Stylo-hyoid ligament, 1232
| |
| muscle, 1228
| |
| | |
| Stylo-mandibular ligament, 1181, 1317
| |
| Stylo-mastoid foramen, 192
| |
| Stylo-pharyngeus, 1323
| |
| Styloid, definition of, 115
| |
| pr^pess of fibula, 364
| |
| of radius, 309
| |
| of temporal, 194, 257
| |
| of ulna, 315
| |
| | |
| Subacromial bursa, 436, 464
| |
| Subanconeus, 459
| |
| Subarachnoid space of brain, 1608
| |
| of spinal cord, 1413
| |
| Subarcuate fossa, 191, 264
| |
| Subcallosal gyrus, 1514
| |
| Subclavian artery, 1237
| |
| | |
| development of, 1240
| |
| left, first part of, 1240
| |
| in thorax, 1040
| |
| right, first part of, 1237
| |
| second part of, 1240
| |
| third part of, 1191
| |
| | |
| guide to, 1192
| |
| | |
| groove, 290
| |
| triangle, 1190
| |
| vein, 1192, 1244
| |
| Subclavius, 421
| |
| | |
| nerve to, 431, 1195
| |
| Subcostal angle, 165
| |
| line, 755
| |
| nerve, 728, 849
| |
| | |
| lateral cutaneous branch of, 531,
| |
| 728
| |
| | |
| plane, 755
| |
| | |
| Subdural space of brain, 1599, 1608
| |
| of spinal cord, 1412
| |
| Sublingua, 1343
| |
| Sublingual artery, 1216
| |
| ducts, 1235
| |
| fossa, 230
| |
| gland, 1234
| |
| | |
| development of, 1235
| |
| Submandibular duct, 1233
| |
| fossa, 230
| |
| ganglion, 1315
| |
| gland, 1233
| |
| | |
| development of, 1234
| |
| lymphatic glands, 1198
| |
| triangle, 1196
| |
| | |
| Submental lymphatic glands, 1199, 1203
| |
| triangle, 1202
| |
| Subnasal fossa, 244
| |
| point, 244, 268
| |
| | |
| Suboccipital nerve, 1141, 1153
| |
| region, 1149
| |
| triangle, 1150
| |
| venous plexus, 1152
| |
| Subpubic angle, 344
| |
| arch, 344
| |
| | |
| Subsartorial canal, 580
| |
| plexus, 558
| |
| | |
| Subscapular artery, 427
| |
| nerves, 431
| |
| Subscapularis, 440
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1764
| |
| | |
| Substance, perforated, anterior, 1445, 1511
| |
| posterior, 1445, 1561
| |
| Substantia ferruginea, 1491
| |
| | |
| gelatinosa, 1421, 1426, 1459
| |
| nigra, 1539, 1560
| |
| reticularis of medulla, 1458
| |
| Subthalamic nuclei, 1540
| |
| region, 1539
| |
| tegmental region, 1558
| |
| Subtrapezial plexus, 399
| |
| Suctorial pad of fat, 1270, 1337
| |
| Sulcus, callosal, 1507
| |
| central, 1495
| |
| centralis insulae, 1506
| |
| cingulate, 1496
| |
| circular, 1497
| |
| ethmoidal, of nose, 221
| |
| fimbrio-dentate, 1509
| |
| frontal, 1498
| |
| hypothalamic, 1533
| |
| interaminar, 54
| |
| intermedius, 759
| |
| intraparietal, 1500
| |
| lateralis, of mid-brain, 1551
| |
| occipital, lateral, 1503
| |
| transverse, 1503
| |
| occipito-temporal, 1505
| |
| oculo-motor, 1551
| |
| olfactorius, 214
| |
| olfactory, 1498
| |
| orbital, 1498
| |
| postcentral, 1500
| |
| | |
| postero-lateral, of spinal cord, 1418
| |
| precentral, 1500
| |
| sagittal, 181
| |
| temporal, 1505
| |
| | |
| terminalis, of right atrium, 1052
| |
| of tongue, 1342
| |
| tympanic, 1673
| |
| Superciliary arch, 181
| |
| Supination, 5
| |
| | |
| Supinator ridge of ulna, 314
| |
| Supracallosal gyrus, 1514
| |
| Supraclavicular branches of brachial
| |
| plexus, 430, 1194 *
| |
| | |
| nerves, 412, 1144
| |
| | |
| Supracondylar process of humerus, 302
| |
| Suprahyoid muscles, 1227
| |
| region, 1202
| |
| Supramastoid crest, 185
| |
| Suprameatal spine, 187
| |
| triangle, 187, 1682
| |
| Supra-occipital bone, 275
| |
| Supra-orbital artery, 1154, 1260
| |
| foramen, 244
| |
| margin, 181
| |
| | |
| nerve, 1153, 1254, 1276
| |
| notch, 181, 247
| |
| vein, 1154
| |
| | |
| Suprapatellar tendon, 574
| |
| Suprapineal recess, 1534
| |
| Suprapleural membrane, 1007, 1246
| |
| Suprarenal glands, 823
| |
| | |
| blood-supply of, 898
| |
| development of, 899
| |
| | |
| | |
| Suprarenal glands, lymphatics of, 898
| |
| nerves of, 899
| |
| structure of, 897
| |
| plexus, 809
| |
| | |
| Suprascapular artery, 402, 438, 1193, 1243
| |
| nerve, 431, 438, 1195
| |
| notch, 294
| |
| vein, 1193
| |
| | |
| Supraspinatus, 437
| |
| | |
| Suprasternal bones, 165
| |
| | |
| branch of suprascapular atrery, 438,
| |
| | |
| 1243
| |
| | |
| notch, 162
| |
| space, 1179
| |
| | |
| Supratrochlear arteries,—
| |
| of brachial, 456
| |
| ophthalmic, 1154, 1261
| |
| nerve, 1154, 1254, 1276
| |
| vein, 1154
| |
| | |
| Sural cutaneous arteries, 548
| |
| nerve, 550, 616
| |
| | |
| communicating, 551
| |
| | |
| Suspensoria, ligamenta, of mammary
| |
| gland, 414
| |
| | |
| Suspensory ligament of lens, 1664
| |
| of penis, 713
| |
| | |
| Sustentacular cells of testis, 14, 752
| |
| fibres of retina, 1657
| |
| | |
| Sustentaculum hepatis, 789
| |
| lienis, 767
| |
| tali, 371, 388
| |
| | |
| Sutural bones, 180, 237, 265
| |
| | |
| Sutures, 237, 394
| |
| closure of, 240
| |
| coronal, 238
| |
| frontal, 238
| |
| fronto-maxillary, 240
| |
| fronto-nasal, 240
| |
| fronto-parietal, 239
| |
| fronto-squamosal, 240
| |
| harmonic, 394
| |
| intermaxillary, 240
| |
| internasal, 240
| |
| interpalatine, 241
| |
| lambdoid, 237
| |
| limbous, 238
| |
| maxillo-maxillary, 255
| |
| metopic or frontal, 238
| |
| naso-maxillary, 240
| |
| occipito-mastoid, 237
| |
| palato-maxillary, 241
| |
| parieto-mastoid, 238
| |
| petro-basilar, 242
| |
| petro-sphenoid, 241
| |
| petro-squamosal, 241
| |
| premaxillary, 216, 218
| |
| sagittal, 237, 1630
| |
| schindylesis, 242, 394
| |
| serrated, 394
| |
| spheno-parietal, 239
| |
| spheno-squamosal, 240
| |
| squamo-mastoid, 240
| |
| squamosal, 239, 1631
| |
| zygomatico-maxillary, 240
| |
| zygomatico-temporal, 240
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1765
| |
| | |
| | |
| Sylvian line, 1632
| |
| point, 1632
| |
| | |
| Sympathetic ganglia, 1635
| |
| | |
| cervical, inferior, 1335
| |
| middle, 1334
| |
| superior, 1333
| |
| | |
| plexuses. See Nerves or Plexus
| |
| system, 1410, 1635
| |
| trunk in abdomen, 838
| |
| in neck, 1335
| |
| in pelvis, 946
| |
| in thorax, 1104
| |
| Symphysis of mandible, 229
| |
| pubis, 992
| |
| | |
| Synapsis in reduction division, 18
| |
| Synchondroses, 242
| |
| | |
| petro-occipital, 242
| |
| spheno-occipital, 242
| |
| spheno-petrosal, 242
| |
| Syndesmosis, 392
| |
| Synovia, 393
| |
| Synovial bursae, 395
| |
| joints, 393
| |
| membrane, 393, 395
| |
| | |
| of ankle-joints, 663
| |
| of elbow-joint, 519
| |
| of hip-joint, 595
| |
| of knee-joint, 553, 634
| |
| of radio-ulnar joint, 520
| |
| inferior, 521
| |
| superior, 520
| |
| of shoulder-joint, 463
| |
| of tibio-fibular joint, 659
| |
| superior, 659
| |
| of wrist-joint, 523
| |
| sheaths at ankle, 602, 603 ^ .
| |
| | |
| of biceps tendon, 465
| |
| of extensor tendons of hand, 509
| |
| of flexor digitorum longus, 622
| |
| hallucis longus, 624
| |
| tendons in hand, 491
| |
| of toes, 646
| |
| of hand, 490
| |
| palmar, great, 332
| |
| of peroneal tendons, 617
| |
| of tibialis posterior, 623
| |
| at wrist, 490
| |
| | |
| Taeniae coli, 768
| |
| Tali-sustentaculum, 371, 388
| |
| Talo-calcaneal joint, 664
| |
| Talo-calcaneo-navicular joint, 665
| |
| Talus, 367
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 378
| |
| os trigonum of, 370
| |
| varieties of, 370
| |
| Tapetum of choroid, 1647
| |
| | |
| of corpus callosum, 1515
| |
| Tarsal arteries, 612
| |
| tunnel, 370, 390
| |
| Tarso-metatarsal joints, 669
| |
| Tarsus, 367
| |
| | |
| of conjunctiva, 1290
| |
| varieties of, 378
| |
| as a whole, 378
| |
| | |
| | |
| Taste-buds, 1347
| |
| | |
| Tectoria, membrana, of occipital joint,
| |
| 1407
| |
| | |
| of spiral organ, 1693
| |
| Teeth, 278
| |
| | |
| auditory, 1691
| |
| canine, 280
| |
| development of, 285
| |
| eruption of, 282, 288
| |
| incisor, 279
| |
| molar, 280
| |
| premolar, 280
| |
| present at birth, 288
| |
| sockets of, 214, 231
| |
| structure of, 283
| |
| temporary or milk, 282
| |
| Tegmen tympani, 187, 189, 263, 1674
| |
| Tegmentum of brain, 1552
| |
| Tela choroidea of fourth ventricle, 1492*
| |
| 1610
| |
| | |
| of third ventricle, 1553, 1610
| |
| Telencephalon, 1493
| |
| Telolecithal eggs, 25
| |
| Telophase, 11
| |
| | |
| Temporal arteries, deep, 1307
| |
| | |
| artery, superficial, 1158
| |
| bone, 184
| |
| | |
| mastoid portion of, 187
| |
| process of, 187
| |
| ossification of, 195
| |
| petrous portion of, 188
| |
| squamous portion of, 185
| |
| structure of, 195
| |
| styloid process, 194, 257
| |
| varieties, 195
| |
| zygomatic process, 185
| |
| fascia, 1161
| |
| fossa, 251
| |
| | |
| gyn of cerebrum, 1505
| |
| line, 178
| |
| | |
| lobe of cerebrum, 1504
| |
| nerves, deep, 1309, 1311
| |
| pole of cerebrum, 1444
| |
| process of zygomatic, 220
| |
| region, 1153
| |
| sula of cerebrum, 1505
| |
| vein, superficial, 1159
| |
| veins, deep, 1308
| |
| Temporalis, 1302
| |
| | |
| Tendinous intersections of rectus abdominis, 726
| |
| | |
| Tendo calcaneus, 599, 619
| |
| Tendon, conjoint, 725
| |
| suprapatellar, 574
| |
| Tensor fasciae latae, 570
| |
| palati, 1353, 1378
| |
| tympani, 1680
| |
| | |
| Tentorium cerebelli, 1163, 1602, 1633
| |
| development of, 90
| |
| Teres major, 439
| |
| minor, 438
| |
| ridge, 300
| |
| | |
| Terminale, filum, of cord, 1417
| |
| Terms, embryological, 4
| |
| position, 2
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1766
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Testicular artery, 738, 829
| |
| plexus, 811
| |
| vein, 829, 830
| |
| Testis, 749
| |
| | |
| abnormal positions of, 104, 743
| |
| descent of, 103, no, 739
| |
| development of, 100, 752
| |
| lymphatics of, 750
| |
| structure of, 750
| |
| Thalamencephalon, 58
| |
| Thalamic radiation, 1539, 1567
| |
| Thalamo-frontal fibres, 1529
| |
| Thalamo-striate fibres, 1529
| |
| Thalamus, 1535
| |
| | |
| connections of, 1539
| |
| development of, 58, 1539
| |
| pulvinar of, 1537
| |
| structure of, 1538
| |
| Theca folliculi, 982
| |
| | |
| of spinal cord, 1410
| |
| Thenar space, 492
| |
| Theories of nerve growth, 55
| |
| Thoracic artery, alar, 427
| |
| lateral, 427
| |
| superior, 426
| |
| cavity, 1002
| |
| | |
| contents of, 1002
| |
| diameters of, 1114, 1115
| |
| duct, abdominal part of, 838
| |
| cervical part of, 1246
| |
| cisterna chyli, 838, 1100
| |
| thoracic part of, 1100
| |
| vertebras, 134
| |
| wall, 994
| |
| Thorax, 165
| |
| | |
| apertures of, 165
| |
| boundaries of, 165
| |
| in different animals, 78
| |
| sexual characteristics, 167
| |
| as a whole, 165
| |
| Thymus, 1019
| |
| | |
| in adult, 1019
| |
| development of, 76, 1020
| |
| structure of, 1020
| |
| Thyro-arytenoideus, 1392
| |
| Thyro-epiglottic ligament, 1380
| |
| Thyro-epiglotticus, 1392, 1394
| |
| Ihyro-glossal duct, 1222
| |
| Thyro-hyals, 236
| |
| Thyro-hyoid arch, 278
| |
| ligaments, 1384
| |
| membrane, 1384
| |
| muscle, 1201
| |
| | |
| Thyroid artery, inferior, 1242
| |
| superior, 1213, 1242
| |
| cartilage, 1380
| |
| | |
| development of, 1381
| |
| gland, 1204, 1220
| |
| accessory, 1221
| |
| blood-supply of, 1221
| |
| development of, 70, 76, 1222
| |
| pyramidal lobe of, 1221
| |
| structure, 1222
| |
| veins, 1222, 1215, 1245
| |
| Ihyroidea ima artery, 1038, 1204, 1221
| |
| | |
| | |
| Tibia, 357
| |
| | |
| condyles of, 357
| |
| crest of, 359
| |
| head of, 357
| |
| | |
| retroverted, 363
| |
| intercondylar eminence, 358
| |
| medial malleolus, 361
| |
| guide to, 599
| |
| notch, fibular, 363
| |
| ossification of, 363
| |
| pressure (squatting) facet, 363
| |
| shaft, 359
| |
| structure, 363
| |
| torsion of shaft, 363
| |
| tubercle of, 357, 553
| |
| guide to, 598
| |
| varieties of, 363
| |
| Tibial artery, anterior, 607
| |
| guide to, 599
| |
| posterior, 624
| |
| | |
| guide to, 599
| |
| nerve, anterior, 610, 614
| |
| posterior, 627
| |
| recurrent arteries, 609
| |
| Tibialis anterior, 602
| |
| posterior, 622
| |
| | |
| Tibio-fibular joints, 659, 660
| |
| Tomes, fibres of, 284
| |
| Tongue, 1342
| |
| | |
| arteries of, 1347
| |
| development of, 72, 1348
| |
| lymphatics of, 1347
| |
| mucous membrane of, 1343
| |
| muscles of, intrinsic, 1346
| |
| nerves of, 1347
| |
| veins of, 1347
| |
| | |
| Tonsil, naso-pharyngeal, 1373
| |
| Tonsils, 1354
| |
| | |
| development of, 76
| |
| structure of, 1355
| |
| Tooth, structure of, 283
| |
| Topography, cranio-cerebral, 1629
| |
| Torticollis, 1183
| |
| | |
| Torus occipitalis transversus, 177
| |
| palatinus, 216, 1338
| |
| Trabeculae carneae, 1056
| |
| Trachea, cervical part of, 1223, 1224
| |
| development of, 77, 1226
| |
| lymphatics of, 1225
| |
| thoracic part of, 1085
| |
| Tracheotomy, 1205
| |
| Tract, arcuate, 1464
| |
| | |
| cortico-thalamic, 1566
| |
| fronto-pontine, 1529, 1566
| |
| fronto-striate, 1529
| |
| fronto-thalamic, 1529
| |
| ilio-tibial, 560
| |
| | |
| mamillo-thalamic, 1517, 1543
| |
| olfactory, 1445, 1511, 157°
| |
| olivo-cerebellar, 1484
| |
| | |
| optic, 1445, 1545
| |
| | |
| pallido-rubro-olivary, 1556
| |
| pyramidal, 1565
| |
| strio-thalamic, 1529
| |
| temporo-pontine, 1566
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1767
| |
| | |
| | |
| Tract, trigemino-thalamic, 1615
| |
| | |
| vago-glosso-pharyngeal, ascending
| |
| thalamic, 1627
| |
| | |
| Tracts of spinal cord. See also Fasciculi
| |
| cerebro-spinal, anterior, 1431
| |
| lateral, 1430
| |
| intersegmental, 1431
| |
| olivo-spinal, 1432
| |
| ponto-spinal, 1464
| |
| rubro-spinal, 1432, 1553
| |
| semilunar, 1430
| |
| spino-cerebellar, dorsal, 1432
| |
| ventral, 1432
| |
| spino-thalamic, 1432
| |
| spino-tectal, 1433
| |
| | |
| tecto-spinal, 1432, 1464. 1353. 1555
| |
| vestibulo-spinal, 1431
| |
| Tractus spiralis foraminosus, 1686
| |
| Tragicus, 1296
| |
| Transversalis fascia, 733
| |
| Transverse carpal joints, 525
| |
| ligament of atlas, 1405
| |
| of foot, deep, 671
| |
| of hip-joint, 595
| |
| of knee-joint, 633
| |
| of palm, deep, 526
| |
| of perinaeum, 682
| |
| of shoulder-joint, 453, 463
| |
| of tibio-fibular joint, inferior, 660
| |
| pelvic ridge, 101
| |
| processes, development of, 59
| |
| sinus of dura mater, 1605
| |
| of pericardium, 1018
| |
| | |
| development of, 90
| |
| Transversus abdominis, 724
| |
| nuchae, 1145
| |
| | |
| perinaei, superficialis, 678
| |
| Trapezium, 318
| |
| crest of, 319
| |
| groove of, 319, 333
| |
| ossification of, 322
| |
| of pons, 1470, 1620
| |
| Trapezius, 398
| |
| | |
| cervical portion of, 1144
| |
| Trapezoid bone, 319
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 322
| |
| line, 290, 297
| |
| | |
| Trapezoides, corpus, of cerebellum, 1484
| |
| Triangle or triangles—
| |
| | |
| anterior, of neck, 1196
| |
| of auscultation, 400
| |
| Bryants’, 552
| |
| carotid, of neck, 1196
| |
| digastric, of neck, 1198
| |
| femoral, 552, 563
| |
| inguinal, 708, 736
| |
| of Lesser, 1228
| |
| lumbar, 400, 708, 772
| |
| muscular, of neck, 1196
| |
| occipital, of neck, 1184
| |
| perineal, deep, 682
| |
| plantar, 650
| |
| posterior, of neck, 1183
| |
| subclavian, of neck, 1190
| |
| submandibular, 1196
| |
| | |
| | |
| Triangle or triangles ( continued )—submental, 1202
| |
| suboccipital, 1150
| |
| suprameatal, 187
| |
| vagal, 1490
| |
| | |
| Triangular spaces (shoulder), 441
| |
| Triceps brachii, 458, 501
| |
| Tricuspid orifice, 1057
| |
| | |
| position of, 1064
| |
| valve, 1057
| |
| | |
| Trigeminal ganglion, 1167
| |
| impression, 189, 263
| |
| nerve. See Cranial nerves
| |
| Trigone, external, of bladder, 934
| |
| internal, of bladder, 951
| |
| Trigonocephaly, 270
| |
| Trigonum, habenulae, 1541
| |
| olfactorium, 1511
| |
| Trilaminar blastoderm, 34
| |
| Triquetral bone, 317
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 322
| |
| Trochanter, definition, 115
| |
| greater, 346, 529
| |
| guide to, 552
| |
| lesser, 348
| |
| third, 354
| |
| | |
| Trochanteric anastomosis, 585
| |
| fossa, 348
| |
| | |
| Trochlea, definition, 115
| |
| of humerus, 304
| |
| Trochlear fossa, 183, 245, 1251
| |
| notch of ulna, 312
| |
| Trophoblast, 26, 27, 28
| |
| Tubal pregnancy, 19
| |
| Tube, pharyngo-tympanic, 1378
| |
| | |
| development of, 73, 1378
| |
| muscles connected with, 1378
| |
| uterine, 971
| |
| | |
| development of, 987
| |
| Tuber cinereum, 1445, 1544
| |
| | |
| development of, 58, 1589
| |
| omentale, of liver, 774
| |
| of pancreas, 807
| |
| valvulae, 1480
| |
| | |
| Tubercle, adductor, 350, 354, 553
| |
| amygdaloid, 1524
| |
| anterior, of thalamus, 1537
| |
| articular, of temporal, 185
| |
| auricular, 1295
| |
| carotid, 134, 1172
| |
| condylar, 235
| |
| conoid, 289
| |
| cuneate, 1455
| |
| dorsal, of radius, 309
| |
| of epiglottis, 1380
| |
| of fifth metacarpal, 327
| |
| genial, 230
| |
| hyoid, 235
| |
| infraglenoid, 294
| |
| mental, 229
| |
| of palatine, 226
| |
| peroneal, 372, 388
| |
| pharyngeal, 174
| |
| post-glenoid, 185
| |
| pre-glenoid, 186
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1768
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Tubercle, pterygoid, 204
| |
| pubic, 339, 551, 706
| |
| quadrate, 350
| |
| of rib, 156
| |
| scalene, 157
| |
| of scaphoid, 316, 332
| |
| of talus, 368
| |
| of tibia, 357, 553, 598
| |
| vestibular, 1491
| |
| Tuberculum impar, 70
| |
| sellae, 197
| |
| | |
| Tuberosity of calcaneum, 370
| |
| deltoid, 300
| |
| gluteal, 350
| |
| | |
| greater, of humerus, 299
| |
| of ischium, 338, 529
| |
| lesser, of humerus, 300
| |
| of maxilla, 213
| |
| of navicular, 373, 388
| |
| of radius, 307
| |
| of ulna, 312
| |
| | |
| Tubo-tympanic recess, 73
| |
| Tubules, seminiferous, 752
| |
| uriniferous, 901
| |
| Tunica albuginea, 750
| |
| vaginalis, 748
| |
| vasculosa, 750
| |
| Tympani, sinus, 1674
| |
| Tympanic annulus, 1672
| |
| antium, 188, 1681
| |
| canaliculus, 191, 258
| |
| cavity, 1673
| |
| membrane, 1675
| |
| | |
| arterial supply, 1677
| |
| nerves of, 1677
| |
| secondary, 1677
| |
| structure of, 1676
| |
| part of temporal, 194, 195
| |
| ring, 195
| |
| sulcus, 1673
| |
| | |
| Tympano-hyal, 75, 197, 276
| |
| Tympano-mastoid fissure, 192
| |
| Tympanum, 1673
| |
| arteries of, 1683
| |
| | |
| development of, 73, 74, 75, 1696
| |
| mucous membrane of, 1681
| |
| muscles of, 1680
| |
| nerves of, 1325, 1400
| |
| ossicles of, 1678
| |
| | |
| ligaments of, 1679
| |
| movements of, 1680
| |
| Typical, definition of, 6
| |
| | |
| Ulna, 312
| |
| | |
| beak, 312
| |
| | |
| coronoid process, 312
| |
| oblique line, 314
| |
| olecranon, 312
| |
| ossification, 315
| |
| radial notch, 313
| |
| shaft, 313
| |
| structure of, 315
| |
| styloid process, 315
| |
| supinator ridge, 314
| |
| trochlear notch, 313
| |
| | |
| | |
| Ulnar artery, 475
| |
| | |
| first part, 476
| |
| | |
| recurrent branches of, 477
| |
| second part, 480
| |
| third part, 487
| |
| varieties, 479, 498
| |
| collateral artery, 456
| |
| nerve, 433
| |
| nerve, 432
| |
| | |
| in arm, 458
| |
| | |
| cutaneous branches of, 448, 466,
| |
| 499
| |
| | |
| deep division of, 499
| |
| digital branches of, 499
| |
| dorsal branch of, 467
| |
| in forearm, 480
| |
| in hand, 499
| |
| | |
| palmar cutaneous branch of, 466,
| |
| | |
| 477 .
| |
| | |
| vein, anterior, 451
| |
| posterior, 451
| |
| U-loop, 62, 64, 875
| |
| Ultimo-branchial body, 76
| |
| Umbilical cord, 65, 105, 108, 110
| |
| hernia, 748
| |
| notch of liver, 756
| |
| sac with gut, 62
| |
| vessels, 51, 923, 1083
| |
| zone of abdomen, 755
| |
| subdivisions of, 755
| |
| Umbilicus, 63, 65, 705
| |
| Umbo, 1676
| |
| | |
| Uncinate process of ethmoid, 210
| |
| of pancreas, 806
| |
| Uncus of brain, 1507
| |
| Urachus, 65, 933
| |
| Ureter in abdomen, 822, 907
| |
| blood-supply of, 909
| |
| development of, 95, 910
| |
| lymphatics of, 909
| |
| nerves of, 909
| |
| structure of, 908
| |
| varieties, 823
| |
| Urethra, female; 978
| |
| | |
| development of, 988
| |
| external orifice of, 978
| |
| lymphatics of, 988
| |
| male, 938
| |
| | |
| bulb of, 941
| |
| development of, 956
| |
| external orifice of, 938
| |
| lymphatics of, 942
| |
| membranous part of, 940
| |
| prostatic part of, 939
| |
| spongy part of, 941
| |
| structure of, 940, 941, 942
| |
| Urethral crest, 939
| |
| glands, 942
| |
| | |
| Uriniferous tubules, 901
| |
| structure of, 901
| |
| summary of, 903
| |
| | |
| Uro-genital division of perinseum—
| |
| female, 692
| |
| male, 677
| |
| sinus, 99, 700
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1769
| |
| | |
| | |
| Uterine tube, 971
| |
| | |
| development of, 987
| |
| fimbriae, 972
| |
| lymphatics of, 983
| |
| ostia, 972
| |
| structure of, 982
| |
| Uterus, 972
| |
| | |
| anteflexion of, 975
| |
| anteversion of, 975
| |
| at birth, 977
| |
| body of, 973
| |
| | |
| cavity of, 976
| |
| broad ligament of, 968
| |
| cervix of, 973
| |
| | |
| arbor vitae of, 977
| |
| canal of, 976
| |
| development of, 101, 987
| |
| fundus of, 973
| |
| glands of, 985
| |
| gravid, 104
| |
| | |
| iigamentum teres of, 968
| |
| lymphatics of, 986
| |
| parametrium, 974
| |
| position of, 974
| |
| relations, general, of, 974
| |
| peritoneal, 974
| |
| structure of, 983
| |
| varieties of, 977
| |
| Utricle of internal ear, 1687
| |
| prostatic, 939
| |
| Uvula of cerebellum, 1480
| |
| of soft palate, 1350
| |
| vesicae, 951
| |
| | |
| Uvulae, musculus, 1352
| |
| | |
| Vagina, 977
| |
| | |
| arteries of, 986
| |
| development of, 101, 987
| |
| fornices of, 974
| |
| lymphatics of, 986
| |
| orifice, external, of, 695
| |
| structure of, 986
| |
| Vaginal process, 741
| |
| | |
| abnormal conditions of, 743
| |
| metamorphosis of, 742
| |
| of sphenoid bone, 198
| |
| of temporal bone, 192, 194, 257
| |
| vestige of, 969
| |
| | |
| Vagus nerve. See Cranial nerves
| |
| Valentin, ganglion of, 1320
| |
| Vallecula of cerebellum, 1479
| |
| cerebri, 1444, 1495
| |
| of tongue, 1343, 13 80
| |
| Value of anatomy in medicine, 1
| |
| Valve or valves—
| |
| anal, 962
| |
| aortic, 1062
| |
| of coronary sinus, 1055
| |
| of Gerlach, 872
| |
| of Guerin, 942
| |
| ileo-colic, 873
| |
| mitral, 1061
| |
| pulmonary, 1059, 1064
| |
| pyloric, 861
| |
| spiral, 890
| |
| | |
| | |
| I Valve, tricuspid, 1057
| |
| Valvulae, tuber, 1480
| |
| Valvule of Guerin, 942
| |
| Variable terms, descriptive, 4
| |
| Varieties of joints, 394
| |
| Vas aberrans of brachial artery, 456, 475
| |
| deferens, 757
| |
| | |
| ampulla of, 935
| |
| blood-supply of, 738
| |
| development of, 100, 102, 753
| |
| pelvic portion of, 935
| |
| structure, of 737
| |
| Vasa recta, false, of kidney, 905
| |
| Vastus intermedius, 573
| |
| lateralis, 572
| |
| medialis, 573
| |
| | |
| Vegetative pole of ovum, 25
| |
| Veins—
| |
| | |
| auricular, posterior, 1161, 1219
| |
| axillary, 428, 451
| |
| azygos. See Vena azygos
| |
| basilar, 1521, 1579
| |
| basilic, 450, 451
| |
| median, 450
| |
| of brain, 1578
| |
| bronchial, 1029, 1091
| |
| capsular, of liver, 885
| |
| cardiac, 1065, 1066
| |
| cardinal, 51, 92, 1127
| |
| central, of liver, 885
| |
| cephalic, 450, 451
| |
| median, 450
| |
| cerebellar, 1579
| |
| cerebral, 1578
| |
| | |
| anterior, 1521
| |
| deep middle, 1521
| |
| superficial middle, 1578
| |
| cervical, deep, 1149
| |
| | |
| transverse, 1193, 1245
| |
| chorionic, 51
| |
| choroid, 1521, 1578
| |
| clitoris, dorsal, of, 704
| |
| condylar, emissary, 1608
| |
| coronary sinus, 1065
| |
| of corpus striatum, 1521, 1578
| |
| cystic, 815, 891
| |
| | |
| development of principal veins, 1123
| |
| digital, of foot, 644
| |
| hand, 467
| |
| diploic, 1154, 1601
| |
| dorsal plexus of foot, 610
| |
| of hand, 467
| |
| emissary, 1608
| |
| epigastric, inferior, 731
| |
| superficial, 712
| |
| superior, 731
| |
| | |
| extraspinal, anterior, 1435
| |
| facial, anterior, 1218, 1280
| |
| common, 1218
| |
| deep, 1308
| |
| transverse, 1281
| |
| femoral, 563, 589
| |
| cutaneous, 559
| |
| profunda, 589
| |
| frontal, diploic, 1601
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1770
| |
| | |
| | |
| Veins [continued )—
| |
| gastric, left, 813
| |
| gastro-epiploic, left, 813
| |
| right, 815
| |
| | |
| gluteal, inferior, 538
| |
| superior, 536
| |
| hepatic, 885
| |
| | |
| iliac, circumflex, deep, 732
| |
| common, 852
| |
| external, 854
| |
| internal, 927
| |
| infra-orbital, 1282
| |
| innominate, 1031, 1032
| |
| development, 927
| |
| intercostal, 999
| |
| anterior, 999
| |
| collateral, 999, 1094
| |
| posterior, 999, 1094
| |
| superior, 1094
| |
| intralobular, of liver, 885
| |
| intraspinal, 1435
| |
| jugular, anterior, 1175
| |
| arch, 1175
| |
| external, 1x76
| |
| internal, 1211
| |
| | |
| posterior, external, 1148, 1178
| |
| primitive, 51, 92
| |
| lingual, 1217
| |
| lumbar, 848
| |
| | |
| ascending, 839, 848
| |
| mammary, internal, 1001
| |
| mastoid, emissary, 1608
| |
| maxillary, 1308
| |
| median, 448
| |
| deep, 450
| |
| meningeal, 1601
| |
| mental, 1283
| |
| mesenteric, inferior, 802
| |
| superior, 798
| |
| nasal arch, 1154
| |
| emissary, 1608
| |
|
| |
|
| oblique, of left atrium, 1052, 1066
| |
| occipital, 1148
| |
| diploic, 1601
| |
| emissary, 1148, 1608
| |
| ophthalmic, 1261
| |
| ovarian, 830, 979
| |
| plexus, 979
| |
|
| |
|
| palpebral, lateral, 1281
| | A MANUAL OF ANATOMY |
| pampiniform plexus, 738
| |
| pancreatico-duodenal, superior, 815
| |
| parietal emissary, 1147, 1608
| |
| parumbilical, 712, 789
| |
| penis, dorsal, of, 714
| |
| pharyngeal, descending, 1220
| |
| phrenic, 827
| |
| popliteal, 549
| |
| portal, 816, 885, 886
| |
| prepyloric, 815
| |
| prostatic plexus, 952
| |
| pudendal, internal, 689
| |
| pulmonary, 1028, 1043
| |
| radial, 450
| |
|
| |
|
| rectal, inferior, 698, 964
| |
| middle, 964
| |
|
| |
|
| | of the semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule, and scala media contain endolymph, |
| | the latter being in communication with the saccule by means of the canal is |
| | reuniens. |
|
| |
|
| Veins ( continued )—
| | The middle ear or tympanum and pharyngo-tympanic tube (see p. 73 et seq.) |
|
| |
|
| rectal, superior, 964
| | are developed from the tubo-tympartic recess of the pharynx. This is the widest |
| renal, 828
| | part of the early pharynx, opposite the second and third arches, and by the |
| sacral, median, 946
| | time the embryo has reached the second month of development the recess is |
| saphenous, long, 559, 600
| | definitely indicated; it projects laterally with its contained cavity, compressed |
| short, 615
| | dorso-ventrally, widely open into the general pharyngeal cavity. Its roof |
| | supports the otic capsule, while the outer parts of the first two visceral grooves |
| | are seen in its floor, with the second arch between them. It is bounded in |
| | front by the first arch, and caudally by the third arch. The first lateral pouch, |
| | on its lateral edge, is in contact with the persistent upper end of the first outer |
| | groove; the second pouch, which has lost contact, is at its postero-lateral angle. |
| | The recess deepens, and the third arch grows forward, cutting off the outer part |
| | of the cavity from the pharynx and narrowing the anterior part, which still |
| | remains continuous with the pharynx; the outer and larger part is the early |
| | tympanum, and the constricted front portion becomes the tube. |
|
| |
|
| of spinal cord, 1436 | | The otic capsule enlarges and chondrifies, and as it grows depresses the |
| spinous plexus, dorsal, 1435
| | inner part of the tympanum, slightly rotating it, so that its former roof now |
| splenic, 813
| | becomes its inner wall, applied to the surface of the capsule. Its floor, also |
| | rotated, now slopes downwards and medially, and is in close relation with the |
| | meatal plate, a cellular ingrowth from the upper end of the first outer groove; |
| | this has grown in below the tympanum, and by a later process of hollowing |
| | forms the ectodermal lining of the outer meatus and membrane. |
|
| |
|
| subcardinal, 1132, 1133
| | Meckel’s cartilage develops in the mesoderm of the first arch, therefore |
| subclavian, 1192, 1244
| | antero-lateral to the recess, in front of the position of the first pouch. It sends |
| subcostal, 848, 1098
| | an extension over the pouch to invade the second arch area behind this, passing |
| sublobular, of liver, 885
| | under the floor between the endoderm and the meatal plate; this extension forms |
| suboccipital plexus, 1152
| | the basis of the tympanic membrane and the manubrium, and its upper part probably also forms the incus. The hyoid bar (Reichert’s cartilage), the bar of the |
| supracardinal, 1132, 1133
| | second arch, is behind this, immediately in front of the second pouch; an exten |
| supra-orbital, 1154
| | sion from its upper end over the roof gives rise to the stapes. The stapes becomes |
| suprarenal, 827
| | associated with the cartilaginous capsule, which has enlarged considerably; the |
| suprascapular, 1193, 1245
| | enlargement extends postero-laterally, and leads to the fusion of Reichert’s bar |
| supratrochlear, 1154
| | with the capsule (tympano-hyal) and the position of the remnant of the second |
| temporal, diploic, anterior, 1601
| | pouch in the fossula rotunda (fenestra cochleae). |
| superficial, 1159
| |
| testicular, 738, 829, 830
| |
| thyroid, 1222
| |
|
| |
|
| inferior, 1245
| | The chorda tympani crosses the first pouch; the level of the early tympanum |
| superior, 1215
| | might roughly be taken as extending up to this nerve. The higher level of the |
| ulnar, anterior, 451
| | adult cavity is attained by a later extension. In the early condition of the |
| posterior, 451
| | tympanum, the malleus, incus, stapes, and chorda tympani nerve lie embedded |
| umbilical, 51, 92, 1083
| | in the mesodermic tissue which intervenes between the epithelial or mucous |
| uterine, 980
| | roof of the membranous tympanum and its osseous roof. This mesodermic |
| vaginal, 980
| | tissue disappears, and the mucous (originally epithelial) lining of the tympanum |
| | now comes into direct contact with the malleus, incus, stapes, and chorda |
| | tympani nerve, all of which it encloses within folds. Though these structures |
| | apparently lie within the tympanic cavity, this is not their actual position. They |
| | are really outside the cavity, inasmuch as they lie external to the mucous lining of |
| | the cavity. This may be illustrated by stating that the handle or manubrium |
| | of the malleus and the chorda tympani nerve do not lie in the tympanic cavity, |
| | but are placed between the middle, or fibrous, layer and the internal, or mucous, |
| | layer of the membrana tympani. |
|
| |
|
| of liver, 885 | | External Ear.— AThe external ear consists of (1) the external auditory meatus, |
| of vas deferens, 738
| | including the membrana tympani, and (2) the pinna. |
| vertebral, 1244
| |
|
| |
|
| anterior, 1245
| | The external auditory meatus is developed from the upper part of the first |
| | external or ectodermic furrow, which corresponds in position to the first |
| | internal visceral cleft. |
|
| |
|
| 4 vitelline, 46, 63, 79, 91, 1124
| | The membrana tympani is developed from the closing membrane which |
| Veli frenulum, 1485, 1548
| | separates the first internal visceral cleft from the first external ectodermic furrow. |
| Velum, medullary, inferior, 1485, 1491
| |
| superior, 1485, 1491
| |
| Vena azygos, 839, 1096
| |
|
| |
|
| cava, inferior, 830, 1033
| |
|
| |
|
| development of, 92, 1133
| | THE EAR |
| tributaries of, 831
| |
| superior, 1032
| |
|
| |
|
| development of, 92, 1130
| |
| comitans hypoglossi, 1217
| |
| hemiazygos, inferior, 839, 1097
| |
| superior, 1097
| |
| magna cerebri, 1521
| |
| Venae advehentes, 1125
| |
| comites, brachial, 455
| |
|
| |
|
| pudendal, internal, 689
| | 1697 |
| radial, 474
| |
| tibial, anterior, 608
| |
| posterior, 624
| |
| ulnar, 477
| |
|
| |
|
| cordis minimae, 1067
| | This closing membrane is a trilaminar structure. Its inner layer consists of |
| rectae of kidney, 907
| | entoderm; its middle layer of mesoderm; and its outer layer of ectoderm. The |
| revehentes, 1125
| | membrana tympani, which is developed from it, is therefore trilaminar. The |
| stellatae of kidney, 907
| | outer layer is ectodermic, and is continuous with the cuticular lining of the external |
| vorticosae, 1643
| | auditory meatus; the middle layer is mesodermic, or fibrous; and the inner layer |
| Venous plexuses—
| | is entodermic, or mucous, and is continuous with the mucous lining of the |
| | tympanic cavity. |
|
| |
|
| dorsal, of foot, 610
| | The component parts of the pinna are developed from six projections, consisting of mesoderm, covered by ectoderm. These appear on the upper ends |
| of hand, 467 | | of the first and second visceral arches, where these bound the upper part of |
| spinous, 1435
| | the first external ectodermic furrow, which gives rise to the external auditory |
| occipital, 1147
| | meatus. The helix is developed from two of these tubercles, and each of the |
| | other four gives rise to the antihelix, tragus, antitragus, and lobule. The mesodermic tissue of the projections becomes differentiated into connective tissue |
| | and cartilage, and the ectoderm covers these. |
CHAPTER XVII
THE EAR
The organ of hearing is divided into three parts—the external,
middle, and internal ear.
External Ear.
The external ear consists of the auricle (or pinna) and the external
auditory meatus. The former has been already described (see p. 1294)*
The external auditory meatus extends from the bottom of the
concha to the membrana tympani, and is about 1 inch in length.
It consists of two parts—outer, or cartilaginous, and inner, or osseous.
The cartilaginous part, which is also fibrous, is about J inch in length,
and the osseous part, which lies within the petrous portion of the
temporal bone, is about § inch long. The widest part of the meatus
is its orifice, which is oval, the long measurement being vertica .
The narrowest part is situated in its osseous portion, about T mch
from the tympanic membrane, and it is known as the isthmus. There
is another constriction of the canal situated near the deep end of t e
cartilaginous part, and produced by a projection which is placed
antero-inferiorly. The chief direction of the canal is inwards and
slightly forwards. At first it is also inclined upwards, then backwards,
and finally downwards. . ,
The cartilaginous part is continuous with the cartilage of the auricle,
and is attached to the external auditory process of the temporal bone.
Its cartilage is folded so as to form a deep groove which is open at its
upper and back part, the cartilaginous deficiency being completed
by fibrous tissue. In the anterior wall of the cartilaginous part are
two clefts (called the fissures of Santorini ) which are occupied by fibrous
Ssuf In important and close inferior relation of the cartilaginous
meatus is the parotid gland (see Fig. 1027). ,
The osseous part has been described in connection with the temporal
hone (d IQ4) At its deep end there is a narrow groove, called the
sulcus tvmianicus, which forms about five-sixths of a circle, the
deficiency being placed superiorly, at the V^femporaf^The
rinp- ic completed by the squamous part of the temporal bone, me
tympanic membrane is set obliquely within the tympanic sulcus
being inclined in such a way that its front part is nearer the nudd
line of the body than its back, and its lower part nearer the middle
line than the upper. The floor and anterior wall of the meatus
consequently longer than the roof and posterior wall.
^ 1671
1672
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
The meatus is lined with skin, which is continuous with that of
the auricle. In the osseous part of the canal the skin is very thin,
and is provided with vascular papillae, but is destitute of glands and
hairs.. It is reflected over the outer surface of the membrana tympani,
of which it forms the outer layer. In the cartilaginous part of the canal
the skin is thicker, and is provided with hairs, connected with the
follicles of which are sebaceous glands. In addition to these there are
convoluted tubular glands, similar in structure to sweat-glands, and
called the ceruminous glands, which secrete the ear-wax.
Blood-supply.—The arteries are derived from the posterior auricular
of the external carotid, the deep auricular of the first part of the maxil
Upper Part ofHelix
Lateral Ligament of the Malleus
1
Incus
Semicircular Canals
Concha
External Auditory
Meatus
Malleus
Vestibule
__ Cochlea
x , Tympanum
Tensor Tympani Muscle
Apex of Pet. Portion
of Temporal Bone
_Anterior Lig. of
the Malleus
-Internal Carotid
Artery
Lobule
Pharyngotympanic Tube
Parotid Gland
Tip of Styloid Process of
Temporal Bone
Tympanic Membrane
Iug. 1027. General View of the Right Organ of Hearing (after
Hirschfeld and Leveill£).
The external ear and middle ear are seen in section.
iary, and the anterior auricular branches of the superficial temporal.
The veins follow the course of the arteries.
Lymphatics. These pass to the mastoid glands and to the preauricular lymphatic glands.
Nerves. The auriculo-temporal nerve gives two branches to the
meatus, upper and lower, which enter it by passing between the
cartilaginous and osseous walls. The upper branch supplies the skin
covering the upper part of the membrana tympani, while the auricular
branch (Arnold s nerve) of the vagus supplies that of the osseous
part of the canal in its lower and back part, and also that covering
the lower part of the membrana tympani.
Early Condition of the Meatus.—At birth the osseous part of the
canal is represented by the tympanic annulus and a small portion of
THE EAR
1673
the squamous part of the temporal bone. It is connected by fibrous
tissue to the cartilaginous framework of the auricle, and within this
fibrous tissue the osseous canal is formed by two outgrowths from the
tympanic annulus.
Middle Ear.
I he middle ear, or tympanum, is an irregular space within the
petrous part of the temporal bone, which lies between the membrana
tympani externally and the outer osseous wall of the internal ear or
labyrinth internally. It is lined with mucous membrane, and it
communicates with the naso-pharynx by means of the pharyngotympanic tube, through which it receives air. It has three parts:
(1) the tympanum proper, or cavum tympani; (2) the attic, or epitympanic recess; and (3) the tympanic or mastoid antrum.
The tympanum proper (or cavum tympani) is situated between the
tympanic membrane and the outer wall of the internal ear. Its
contents are as follows:
1. A chain of ossicles (malleus,
incus, and stapes), with
their ligaments.
2. Muscles.
The vertical and antero-posterior diameters (inclusive of the attic)
are fully \ inch. The transverse measurement is from | to £ inch,
except opposite the centre of the membrana tympani, where it is
only T V inch, and the shape of its cavity may, perhaps, be visualized
by likening a cast of it to a biconcave disc about the size of a threepenny piece.
The tympanic cavity has six walls—lateral, medial, roof, floor,
anterior, and posterior.
The lateral wall is formed chiefly by the tympanic membrane,
which has the handle of the malleus fixed to it, and slightly by the
tympanic annulus, within the circumference of which there is a groove,
called the tympanic sulcus, in which the membrane is set. The tympanic annulus and sulcus are interrupted superiorly by a notch, called
the tympanic notch. In front of the tympanic annulus is the open,
inner extremity of the squamo-tympanic fissure, which lodges the
processus gracilis of the malleus, and transmits the tympanic branch
of the internal maxillary artery. At the inner end of the fissure is
the opening of the iter chordce anterius, by which the chorda tympani
nerve leaves the tympanum.
The (medial) wall (see Fig. 1028) separates the tympanum from the
internal ear or labyrinth. It is very irregular, and is formed by the
following parts :
1 The fenestra vestibuli. 3 - The promontory.
2. Projection of the facial canal. 4 - The fenestra cochleae.
5. The sinus tympani.
3. Nerves.
4. Bloodvessels.
5. Air.
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
^74
The fenestra vestibuli is situated in a depression, called the fossa
ovalis, at the upper part of the inner wall, and it leads into the cavity
of the vestibule. It is irregularly oval, and is elongated from before
backwards. It is occupied by the foot-piece of the stapes, and the
annular ligament which connects the circumference of the foot-piece
to the margin of the opening, the margin being covered by cartilage.
The projection of the facial canal lies above the fenestra ovalis.
The canal, which contains the facial nerve, is here directed backwards,
and has walls of a paper-like thinness.
The promontory is seen below the fossa ovalis, between it and the
fossa rotunda, and slightly in front of both. It is a rounded promin
Mastoid
Antrum
Sinus Tympam Outlet of Facial Canal at
Stylo-mastoid Foramen
kiG. 1028. Section through the Petrous and Mastoid Portions of the
Temporal Bone, showing the Tympanum and Mastoid Cells.
ence made by the first turn of the cochlea, and is grooved by the nerves
of the tympanic plexus.
The fenestra cochlese is situated in a funnel-shaped depression
called the fossa rotunda, below and behind the promontory. It leads
into the scala tympani of the cochlea, and in the recent state is closed
by the secondary membrane of the tympanum.
1 he sinus tympani is a depression behind the promontory, and
between the fossa ovalis and fossa rotunda. In close relation to this
is the ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal.
The roof of the tympanum is a thin plate of bone, called the tegmen
tympani, which forms part of the anterior surface of the petrous part
of the temporal bone.
The floor, narrower than the roof, is a thin plate of bone which
separates the tympanum from the jugular fossa.
THE EAR
1675
The anterior wall is narrow, owing to the descent of the roof, and
the inclination towards each other of the outer and inner walls. In
it are the openings of two canals, the upper of which lodges the tensor
tympani muscle, whilst the lower is the osseous part of the pharyngotympanic tube. The two orifices are separated by the margin of the
processus cochleariformis. The carotid canal lies just in front of the
lower part of the anterior wall.
Fig. 1029.—Diagrammatic Outline of Tympanum and Associated
Recesses.
The posterior wall is formed by the anterior or tympanic surface
of the petrous part of the temporal bone. From above downwards
the following parts are seen: (1) the opening of the mastoid antrum,
which communicates with the attic of the tympanum, or epitympanic
recess; (2) a depression called the fossa incudis, receiving the short
process of the incus* (3) a small conical projection, called the pyramid,
at the summit of which is an opening for the tendon of the stapedius
muscle (posteriorly the canal within the pyramid, which contains the
Mastoid Antrum
Lateral Semicirc.C. ~ *
Pyramid •
Sinus Tympanum —
-Epitympanic Recess
-Site of Geniculate Ganglion
Fenestra Vestibuli
Promontory
Fenestra Cochleae
Fir jo^o_ Diagram to show Course and Relations of Facial Canal on
' 'the Medial and Posterior Walls of the Tympanum.
stapedius muscle, passes downwards in the posterior wall of the
tympanum, and communicates with the descending part of the canal
which contains the facial nerve; this explains how the branch of that
nerve to the stapedius reaches the muscle); and (4) the iter chordae
posterius, for the chorda tympani nerve. .
Tympanic Membrane.-This is the membrane which closes the
inner extremity of the external auditory meatus. It is situated on
the outer wall of the tympanum, of which it forms the chief part, and
it is set for the most part in the sulcus tympamcus, which marks the
1676
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
inner surface of the tympanic annulus. Superiorly, however, where
the ring is wanting, the membrane is attached to the tympanic notch
(of Rivinus). This part of it is thinner and looser than the rest, and
is called the membrana flaccida, or Shrapnell’s membrane. The
attachment of the membrana tympani to the sulcus is by a thickened
ring of fibres, called the annulus fibrosus. This annulus passes from
the extremities of the notch to the short process of the malleus in the
form of two bands, the anterior and lateral ligaments of the malleus,
which form the lower boundary of the membrana flaccida. The membrane is set obliquely in the tympanic sulcus, so that its lower part
forms an acute angle with the floor of the meatus externus, and its
upper part an obtuse angle with the roof of the passage.
Superior Ligament of Malleus
Head of Malleus
Insertion of Tensor Tympani
Chorda Tympani Nerve
Pharyngo-tympanic
Tube
Superior Ligament of Incus
Body of Incus
Attic of Tympanum
^ Short Process of
Incus
L ’\ST ^Posterior Liga^ ment of Incus
s ^_Long Process of
_Processus Orbicu
1 & • laris of Incus
y ' 0 _Handle of Malleus
—
_Membrana Tympani
Fig. 1031.—The Right Membrana Tympani, Malleus, and Incus
(Internal, Posterior, and Superior View) (Spalteholz).
The tympanic membrane is somewhat oval. In the vertical
direction it measures about 10 mm., and horizontally from 8 to 9 mm.
The handle of the malleus lies between the mucous and fibrous layers
of the membrane, and descends to a point a little below its centre,
where it ends in a small knob, from which the radiating fibres of the
membrane proceed. This knob is firmly attached, and, being directed
inwards, the membrane is consequently drawn inwards at that point,
and its outer surface presents a slight conical depression, the deepest
part of which is called the umbo.
Structure.— The membrane consists of three layers—external,
middle, and internal.
The external or cutaneous layer is very thin, and is derived from
the skin of the external meatus. It contains no glands, is freely provided with bloodvessels and nerves, and is covered by stratified
squamous epithelium.
/
THE EAR
1677
The middle or fibrous layer forms the proper substance of the
membrane, and consists of fibrous tissue. The fibres are radial and
circular. The radial fibres lie beneath the cutaneous layer, and radiate
from the handle of the malleus to the annulus fibrosus. The circular
fibres are deep to the radial fibres, and are most numerous towards the
circumference of the membrane. Both sets of fibres are absent from
the membrana flaccida.
The internal or mucous layer is continuous with the mucous membrane of the tympanum, and is covered by a single layer of squamous
epithelium.
The membrana flaccida, pars flaccida, or Shrapnell’s membrane, has
cutaneous and mucous layers only. These are united by connective
tissue, which is so loosely arranged that the membrane is flaccid. This
part is very liable to perforation.
Cone of Light.—Extending from the knob, in which the handle of
the malleus terminates, downwards and inwards to the antero-inferior
margin of the membrana tympani there is seen a specially bright
reflection, triangular in outline, with the apex towards the umbo.
This is called the cone of light.
Arterial Supply of the Tympanic Membrane.—(1) Deep auricular
branch of the maxillary artery. This vessel, which passes through the
anterior wall of the external meatus, supplies the cutaneous layer. It
descends from the skin of the roof of the meatus along the course of the
handle of the malleus to the umbo, where it divides into branches
which radiate towards the circumference of the membrane. (2) The
stylo-mastoid branch of the posterior auricular; and (3) the tympanic
branch of the maxillary. The former artery enters the tympanum from
the facial canal, and the latter through the squamo-tympanic fissure.
Branches from them supply the mucous layer, and form an anastomotic
ring around the circumference of the membrane. The fibrous layer
receives its arterial supply from the vessels of the cutaneous and
mucous layers.
The veins join the external and internal jugular.
Nerve-supply.—(1) The auriculo-temporal of the mandibular, (2) the
auricular branch of the vagus, and (3) branches from the tympanic
plexus.
Secondary Membrane of the Tympanum.—This membrane closes
the fenestra cochleae on the inner wall of the tympanum, and separates
the tympanic cavity from the scala tympani of the cochlea. It is
concave towards the tympanum, and, like the membrana tympani,
consists of three layers. The external layer is formed by the tympanic
mucous membrane; the middle layer is fibrous; and the internal layer is
formed by the lining membrane of the cochlea.
The mastoid antrum and mastoid air-cells are described with the
temporal bone on p. 188, while the Eustachian or pharyngo-tympanic
tube is dealt with on p. 1378.
1678
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
Lateral Process
Long Process
Ant.
Process
Plandie
Fig. 1032.—The Malleus.
1. anterior view; 2, posterior view.
Ossicles of the Tympanum.
The tympanum contains three small bones, arranged in the form
of a chain which extends from the membrana tympani to the fenestra
vestibuli. The bones are the malleus, the incus, and the stapes. The
malleus is related to the membrana tympani, the stapes to the fenestra,
and the incus occupies an intermediate position between these two.
The malleus is so named from its resemblance to a hammer. It is
composed of a head, neck, handle, and two processes, long and short.
T 2 The head is the upper, enlarged,
Facet for incus rounded end. Posteriorly it has
a saddle-shaped facet, directed
obliquely downwards and inwards,
for articulation with the incus in a
synovial joint. The neck is the
constricted part below the head.
The handle (; manubrium) is directed
downwards, inwards, and backwards
from the neck; it is compressed
from before backwards, slightly
curved, and ends in a knob. It
lies between the fibrous and mucous layers of the membrana tympani,
descending to a point a little below the centre of the membrane. It
is firmly attached to the fibrous layer by its periosteum. The tensor
tympani muscle is inserted into the inner part close to its root. The
long or anterior process (processus gracilis ), which is slender, springs
from the front of the neck, and is directed forwards and downwards to
the petro-tympanic fissure, where it is embedded in fibres which form
part of the anterior ligament of the malleus, and connect it to the
margins of the fissure. The long process is in the adult for the most
part replaced by fibrous tissue except close to the neck of the malleus.
In early life it is continuous with Meckel’s cartilage. The short or
lateral process is situated immediately below the long process. It is
directed laterally to the upper part of the
membrana tympani, with which it is connected by the annulus fibrosus. It is also
connected with the extremities of the notch
by the anterior and posterior malleolar
ligaments.
Ihe incus resembles an anvil. It consists
of a body and two processes—short and
long. The body is thick, somewhat four- ^ ~ Head ° f Sta fu
sided, and laterally compressed. Anteriorly y^ 08 '
it presents a saddle-shaped articular surface
for the head of the malleus, with which it forms a synovial joint.
The short process is directed backwards, is tipped with cartilage, and
articulates with the fossa incudis on the posterior wall of the tympanum. The long process is directed downwards and medially, behind
Facet
for Malleus
/ Short Process
/
Long Process
'*■' Lentiform Nodule for
Head of Stapes
THE EAR
1679
and parallel to the handle of the malleus. Its lower extremity is bent
inwards, and becomes narrowed into a neck, upon which is placed a
disc-like knob of bone, called the os orbiculare, which is covered by
cartilage for articulation with the head of the stapes. In early life,
and up to the sixth month of intra-uterine life, this process forms a
separate ossicle.
The stapes resembles a stirrup. It has a head, neck, two crura,
and a foot-piece or base. The head is directed laterally, is concave
and covered by cartilage, and articulates with the processus lenticularis
of the incus. The neck is the constricted part which lies immediately
internal to the head. Posteriorly it gives
insertion to the stapedius muscle. The
crura are anterior and posterior respectively,
and spring from the neck. They diverge as
they pass inwards, and are attached to the
foot-piece near its extremities. The anterior
crus is straighter and shorter than the
posterior. The foot-piece or base is some- Malleus
what oval, is directed medially, and occupies incus,,
the fenestra ovalis, which it almost completely fills; its circumference is covered by
cartilage, being attached to the margins of
the fenestra by annular ligamentous fibres. Stapes-
The arch formed by the crura and foot-piece _ ~
is occupied by a delicate membrane, which tympanic Os
is attached to a slight groove on the inner sicles in Position.
aspect of the arch.
Development of the Tympanic Ossicles— The malleus and incus are usually
regarded as being developed from the proximal end of Meckel’s cartilage,
which forms the cartilaginous bar of the first or mandibular arch. According to
some authorities, however, the incus is developed from the hyoid bar. The stapes
is developed from the dorsal part of the hyoid bar of the second visceral arch.
Ligaments of the Ossicles.—The synovial joints between the malleus
and incus and between the incus and stapes are provided with thin
capsular ligaments. The ligaments which connect the ossicles to the
walls of the tympanic cavity are five in number, three of them belonging
to the malleus, one to the incus, and one to the stapes.
The ligaments of the malleus are anterior, lateral, posterior, and
superior. The anterior ligament is arranged as a fibrous band which
extends from the root of the long process to the petro-tympanic fissure,
through which it passes to be attached to the spine of the sphenoid
bone. The lateral ligament (or malleolar fold) extends from the
short process to the anterior extremity of the tympanic notch. The
posterior ligament extends from the short process to the posterior
extremity of the notch. The superior ligament extends from the head
of the malleus to the roof of the attic or epitympanic recess.
The ligament of the incus connects the short process, near its
posterior extremity, to the fossa incudis.
i68o
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
The annular ligament of the stapes connects the circumference of
the foot-piece, which is covered by cartilage, to the margin of the
fenestra vestibuli, which is also covered by cartilage.
Muscles of the tympanum are the tensor tympani and the stapedius.
Tensor Tympani— Origin .—(i) The cartilaginous part of the
pharyngo-tympanic tube; (2) the apex of the petrous part of the
temporal bone; and (3) the wall of the osseous canal through which
the muscle passes.
Insertion, —The medial aspect of the handle of the malleus close to
its root.
Nerve-supply.—A branch from the otic ganglion, and through it
from the internal pterygoid branch of the mandibular division of the
fifth cranial nerve.
The muscle consists of a fleshy belly, about inch long, and a
delicate tendon. In passing backwards to the tympanum it lies in a
canal, the entrance to which is situated within the petro-squamous
angle of the temporal bone. The canal is placed above the osseous
part of the tube, from which it is separated by the processus cochlearifor mis. On entering the tympanum the tendon of the muscle bends
sharply over the edge of the processus cochleariformis, and then passes
laterally to reach its insertion. The tendon forms very nearly a
right angle with the fleshly belly.
Action. —To render tense the membrana tympani by drawing
inwards the handle of the malleus, and along with it the membrane.
Stapedius Origin. —The wall of the canal within the pyramid, and
of the continuation of this canal in front of the descending part of the
facial canal.
The tendon emerges from the canal within the pyramid through a
small orifice on the apex.
Insertion. —The posterior aspect of the neck of the stapes.
Nerve-supply. —The facial nerve.
Action. To draw the head of the stapes backwards. The result
is that the front part of the foot-piece of the stapes is tilted away
from the vestibule, and its back part is pressed inwards towards the
vestibule.
Movements of the Ossicles.—The malleus and incus both act as
levers of the first kind, the fulcra of which are represented by an axis
passing backwards from the slender process of the malleus. When a
sound-wave presses the tympanic membrane inward, the handle of the
malleus travels inward with it, and the head of the malleus, or short
arm of the lever, moves outward. The upper part, or short arm of
the incus lever, must move out too, since it is attached to the head
of the malleus, and the long process moves inward, thus pressing the
stapes into the fenestra ovalis and compressing the perilymph in the
cochlea.
Ihe secondary membrane of the tympanum, stretched across the
fenestra rotunda, is bulged outward by the perilymph, thus allowing
vibrations to travel through that fluid.
/
THE EAR
1681
Mucous Membrane of the Tympanum.—The tympanic mucous
membrane is continuous anteriorly with that of the naso-pharynx
through the pharyngo-tympanic (or Eustachian) tube. Posteriorly it is
prolonged into the mastoid antrum, and thence into the mastoid cells.
It forms the internal layer of the tympanic membrane, and the external
layer of the secondary membrane of the tympanum. It also furnishes
sheaths for the tendons of the tensor tympani and stepedius muscles,
and for the chorda tympani nerve. Two folds extend downwards from
the roof of the attic or epitympanic recess, one in front of and the other
behind the superior ligament of the malleus. The former is connected
with the head of the malleus, and the latter (sometimes described as
the superior ligament of the incus) with the incus.
Attic or Epitympanic Recess and its Pouches.—The part of the
tympanic cavity which lies above the level of the upper margin of the
tympanic membrane is called the attic or epitympanic recess, as distinguished from the atrium or tympanum proper. It contains the
head and neck of the malleus, and the body and short process of the
incus. These divide it incompletely into two compartments—outer
and inner. The outer attic is subdivided into two pouches—superior
and inferior. The superior pouch is partially separated from the
inner attic by the two mucous folds which have been already referred
to as descending from the roof of the attic in front of and behind the
superior ligament of the malleus. The inferior pouch of the outer attic
is known as the pouch of Prussak. It is bounded laterally by the
membrana flaccida, superiorly by the lateral ligament of the malleus,
which partially separates it from the superior pouch, and internally
by the neck of the malleus. The pouch communicates posteriorly
with the tympanic cavity by an opening which is situated a little above
the level of the bottom of the pouch. If fluid, therefore, should
accumulate in Prussak’s pouch, it may readily lead to perforation of
the membrana flaccida.
Two other pouches are present—namely, the anterior and posterior
recesses or pouches of Troltsch. These lie one in front of and the other
behind the handle of the malleus, and are produced by the fold of
mucous membrane which invests the chorda tympani nerve.
The tympanic mucous membrane is covered for the most part by
columnar ciliated epithelium, except over the ossicles and membrana
tympani, where the epithelium consists of a single layer of squamous,
non-ciliated cells.
The tympanic or mastoid antrum is supplementary to the tympanum proper, or cavum tympani, behind which it is situated. It
communicates by a large irregular opening with the attic, and is
lined with mucous membrane, which is continuous with that of the
attic and cavum tympani. Opening from the antrum there are the
mastoid cells, which are lined with mucous membrane, continuous
with that of the antrum.
The average measurements of the antrum are as follows: vertical,
about Q millimetres; antero-posterior, about n millimetres; and
106
1682
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
transverse, about 8 millimetres. The roof is formed by the thin
tegmen tympani, which enters into the formation of the middle fossa
of the base of the skull, and is consequently related to the temporal
lobe of the cerebrum and its meninges. The genu and descending
limb of the sigmoid sinus lie behind the antrum, and a little farther
back is the cerebullum. The facial nerve, as it traverses the descending part of its canal, lies in the posterior wall of the cavum tympani,
close to the medial wall and in front of the mastoid antrum. This
part of the nerve is on a plane anterior to the mastoid process, and is
nearly flush with the opening of the antrum. The ampulla of the
lateral semicircular canal of the internal ear gives rise to a slight
eminence on the medial wall at its anterior part.
The lateral wall corresponds on the surface with the area of the
suprameatal triangle of Macewen, and is formed by the postmeatal
plate of the squamous portion of the temporal bone. For a description
of this triangle, which is the region selected for mastoidectomy , and also
for the mastoid cells, see the description of the temporal bone.
Summary of Important Structures closely related to the Mastoid Antrum.
1. Temporal lobe of cerebrum and its meninges (roof).
2. Genu and descending limb of sigmoid sinus, and farther back the cerebellum (posterior wall).
3 - Facial nerve (posterior wall of cavum tympani, close to medial wall and
nearly flush with antral opening).
4 - Lateral semicircular canal (anterior part of medial wall).
The upper part of the antrum communicates, as stated, with the
attic of the cavum tympani, but the lower part is shut off by bone from
the cavity of the cavum tympani.
The mucous membrane of the mastoid antrum is continuous with
that which lines the mastoid cells. Anteriorly it is also continuous
with the mucous membrane of the attic and cavum tympani or tympanum proper. The mucous membrane of the cavum tympani is
continuous anteriorly with that of the pharyngo-tympanic tube, and
the mucous membrane of the tube is continuous with that of the
naso-pharynx. This extensive and continuous tract of mucous
membrane is covered by columnar ciliated epithelium except in the
following regions: (1) the promontory; (2) the tympanic ossicles;
(3) the tympanic membrane; (4) the mastoid antrum; and (5) the
mastoid cells. In these regions the epithelium consists of a single
layer of squamous, non-ciliated cells.
It is of considerable importance to note that micro-organisms
may pass from the naso-pharynx through the tube into the cavum
tympani and attic, and thence into the mastoid antrum and mastoid
cells. Purulent affections of these regions may therefore readily be
caused in this manner. Such affections may subsequently involve
(1) the temporal lobe of the cerebrum and its meninges, (2) the genu
and descending limb of the sigmoid sinus, and (3) the internal ear or
labyrinth.
/
THE EAR
1683
Arteries of the Tympanum. —The principal arteries are: (1) the tympanic
branch of the maxillary, and (2) the stylo-mastoid branch of the posterior
auricular. The tympanic artery enters through the petro-tympanic fissure, and
supplies the membrana tympani and front part of the tympanum. The stylomastoid artery enters the facial canal through the stylo-mastoid foramen, and
passes from the descending part of the canal into the tympanum. It supplies
the back part of the cavity and the mastoid cells, and it forms, with the tympanic
artery, a ring round the circumference of the membrana tympani.
In addition to the foregoing two arteries, the following three arteries enter
the tympanic cavity: (1) the petrosal branch of the middle meningeal, which
enters from the facial canal, into which it passes through the hiatus; (2) the
tympanic branch of the ascending pharyngeal, which accompanies the nerve
through the tympanic canaliculus; and (3) the tympanic branch of the internal
carotid, which enters by a minute foramen on the posterior wall of the ascending
part of the carotid canal in company with a sympathetic twig from the carotid
plexus.
The veins of the tympanum pass to the pterygoid plexus, the superior petrosal
sinus, the internal jugular vein, and the pharyngeal plexus.
Nerves of the tympanum are described on pp. 1325 and 1400.
Internal Ear.
The internal ear is the essential part of the organ of hearing, and
is known as the labyrinth from its remarkable complexity. It consists
of two parts—namely, the osseous labyrinth and the membranous
labyrinth.
Osseous Labyrinth.
The osseous labyrinth is a cavity situated within the petrous part
of the temporal bone, and is divided into three parts—namely, the
vestibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. These divisions
are lined with a delicate periosteum, between which and the contained
membranous labyrinth there is a clear fluid, called the perilymph.
Vestibule.—The vestibule is the central division of the osseous
labyrinth. The semicircular canals lie behind it, and the cochlea is
situated in front of it. In the lateral wall is the fenestra vestibuii, which
is occupied by the foot-piece of the stapes and its annular ligament.
The medial wall has anteriorly a depression called the fovea spherica
or spherical recess, which corresponds to the lamina cribrosa at the
deep end of the meatus auditorius internus. It is pierced by apertures
for the passage of filaments of the auditory nerve to the saccule.
Behind and above the fovea spherica there is a ridge, called the vestibular crest, which lies obliquely. Posteriorly it bifurcates, and
between its two divisions there is a small depression, called the cochlear
recess, in which are openings for nerve filaments to the canalis cochlese.
Anteriorly it becomes somewhat triangular, and forms a pyramid,
which is pierced by nerves to the utricle.
The roof of the vestibule, behind and above the crista vestibuii,
has an oval depression, called the elliptical recess, which encroaches on
the inner wall and lodges the recess of the utricle. It is pierced by
nerves to the ampulke of the superior and external semicircular canals.
Below the fovea elliptica is the opening of the aqueduct of the vesti
1684
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
bule, which leads to the posterior surface of the petrous part of the
temporal bone about J inch external to the orifice of the meatus
auditorius internus. It transmits the ductus endolymphaticus and
a minute vein.
Anteriorly the vestibule communicates with the scala vestibuli
of the cochlea, and posteriorly are the five openings of the semicircular
canals.
Semicircular Canals.—The osseous semicircular canals are situated
behind the vestibule. They are three in number—superior, posterior,
Cupola of Cochlea
Petrous part of Tern- 5
poral Bone
Facial Canal
A
Superior Semicircular Canal
Fenestra Vestibuli
Lateral Semicircular
Canal
Posterior Semicircular
Canal
Vestibule
Fenestra Cochleae
_ Superior Semicircular Canal
Inner Wall of Canal '
of Cochlea
Helicotrema
Lamina Spiralis
Crus Commune of Sup. and
Post. SemicircularCanals
Posterior Semicircular
Canal
Lateral Semicircular
Canal
Elliptical Recess
\ Crista Vestibuli
Spherical Recess
1 \ .
1 '
> Orifice of Aqueductus Vestibuli
Recessus Cochlearis
Fenestra Cochleae
Scala T.ympani Scala Vestibuli
Fig. 1035. —The Osseous Labyrinth of the Left Side (Lateral View).
A, entire; B opened (Hirschfeld and Leveille; B, modified).
and lateral—and they open into the vestibule by five circular apertures,
the contiguous ends of the superior and posterior canals having a
common orifice. Each canal forms about two-thirds of a circle, and
each presents at one end an enlargement, called the ampulla. The
superior semicircular canal occupies a vertical position, and lies transversely as regards the long axis of the petrous part of the temporal
bone, giving rise to the eminentia arcuata on its superior surface.
Its ampullary end (antero-external) opens independently into the upper
part of the vestibule above the ampullary orifice of the external canal.
THE EAR
1685
Its non-ampullary end unites with the non-ampullary end of the
posterior canal to form the crus commune, and the two open by a
common orifice into the vestibule. The posterior semicircular canal
arches backwards towards the posterior surface of the pars petrosa,
with which it is almost parallel, and, like the superior, it occupies a
vertical position. Its ampullary end (inferior) opens independently
into the lower and back part of the vestibule, and its non-ampullary
end, as just stated, joins that of the superior canal. The lateral
semicircular canal arches outwards, and occupies a horizontal position.
Its extremities are independent of those of the other two canals,
and they open by separate apertures into the upper and back part
of the vestibule. Its ampullary end is in front.
Cochlea.—The osseous cochlea is situated in front of the vestibule.
It consists of a tube coiled spirally upon itself, like a snail s shell,
Fig. 1036. _Median Section of the Left Osseous Cochlea of Man
from Apex to Base (Arnold).
S.V. Scala Vestibuli
S.T. Scala Tympani
L.S.O. Lamina Spiralis Ossea
C.C. Central Canal of Modiolus
M.A.I. Internal Auditory Meatus
and is conical. Its base is opposite the lamina cribrosa at the deep
end of the meatus auditorius interims; and its apex, known as the
cupola is directed outwards and slightly forwards towards the canal
which contains the tensor tympani muscle. Its length from base to
apex is about i inch. It consists of (1) a winding tube, called the
spiral canal of the cochlea ; (2) a central pillar, called the modiolus,
round which the spiral canal turns; and (3) a thin plate of bone, called
the osseous spiral lamina, which winds spirally round the modiolus
and projects into the spiral canal of the cochlea. . .
The spiral canal of the cochlea (cochlear canal or tube) winds round
the modiolus which forms its inner wall. It describes two and threenuarter turns, and its basal turn or coil gives rise to the promontory on
the inner wall of the tympanum. At the cupola it ends in a blind
extremity. It gradually diminishes in size from base to cupola; its
i686
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
length is about 32 millimetres; and its diameter is about 2 millimetres
at the base, where it is greatest.
The modiolus is the central pillar round which the spiral canal of
the cochlea turns, and it forms the inner wall of that canal. It commences at the cochlear area of the lamina cribosa at the deep end of the
internal auditory meatus, and extends almost to the cupola, gradually
tapering. It is traversed by minute canals for branches of the cochlear
division of the auditory nerve. One of these canals occupies the
centre of the modiolus, and is called the central canal of the modiolus.
This canal begins at the foramen centrale of the cochlear area of the
lamina cribrosa, and it transmits the nerve-filaments for the apical
coil. The other canals, which have no special name, commence at
the tractus spiralis foraminosus of the cochlear area of the lamina
cribrosa, and they transmit the nerve-filaments for the other coils—
middle and basal. At successive levels these canals change their
direction, and pass outwards to the attached margin of the lamina
spiralis, to be presently described. Here they coalesce and form a
winding canal, called the spiral canal of the modiolus, which lodges
the spiral ganglion or ganglion of Corti. From this canal secondary
canals for nerve-filaments pass into the lamina spiralis.
The osseous spiral lamina is a thin plate of bone, which winds
spirally round the modiolus, to which it is attached. It projects from
the modiolus into the spiral canal of the cochlea throughout the windings
of the latter, and it extends for about half-way towards the outer wall
of the cochlear canal. It divides that canal incompletely into two
passages or scalar —an upper or scala vestibuli, and a lower or scala
tympani, the commencement of which is at the fenestra cochleae.
Close to the cupola the lamina spiralis terminates in a hook-like process,
called the hamulus. The spiral lamina consists of two plates of bone,
between which there are canals for nerve-filaments, these canals being
offsets of the spiral canal of the modiolus, which, as has been said,
contains the spiral ganglion or ganglion of Corti. They extend to the
free margin of the spiral lamina. The free margin of the lamina
spiralis is, in the recent state, attached to the outer wall of the spiral
canal of the cochlea by means of the basilar membrane or basilar
lamina, and the scala vestibuli and scala tympani are now completely
separated, except in the region of the hamulus, where they communicate
through an opening, called the helicotrema.
The lamina cribrosa, at the deep end of the internal auditory
meatus, will be found described in connection with the temporal
bone (p. 190).
At the lower end of the scala tympani is the upper opening of the
aqueductus cochleae, which passes downwards and medially to the
posterior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone. It transmits
a small vein to the inferior petrosal sinus, and establishes a communication between the scala tympani and the subarachnoid space.
THE EAR
1687
Membranous Labyrinth.
The membranous labyrinth is situated within the osseous labyrinth,
and its constituent parts receive the terminal branches of the auditory
nerve. It is separated from the periosteal lining of the osseous labyrinth by the perilymph, and it contains the fluid known as the endolymph. In the case of the vestibule and the osseous semicircular
canals the. membranous labyrinth corresponds more or less with
them; but in the case of the osseous cochlea it forms part of the septum
between the scala tympani and scala vestibuli, and contains a passage
called the membranous canal of the cochlea (ductus cochleae).
Fig. 1037. —Diagram of Membranous Labyrinth.
Vestibular Part of the Membranous Labyrinth.—The vestibule
contains two membranous sacs—namely, the utricle and the saccule
_which are in close contact, but do not communicate with each other
directly. These sacs contain endolymph.
The utricle is the larger of the two sacs, and into it the membranous
semicircular ducts open. It occupies the upper and back part of the
vestibule, a portion of it, known as the recessus utriculi, lying in the
fovea elliptica. Near the crista vestibuli the wall of this recess receives
fibres of the auditory nerve and is thickened, this part of it being called
the macula utriculi. From the anterior and medial part of the utricle
a minute canal, called the ductus utriculi («ductus utriculo-saccularis ),
passes to join the ductus sacculi, and so form the ductus endolymphaticus (see Fig. 1037).
1688
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
The saccule, which is somewhat oval, lies in front of the utricle,
and occupies the fovea spherica, where it is near the opening leading
into the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. Through the openings of the
fovea spherica it receives filaments of the auditory nerve, and this
portion of the saccule, being thickened, is known as the macula sacculi.
Interiorly the saccule is connected with a small canal, called the
ductus reuniens, which opens into the canal of the cochlea, or ductus
cochlearis, not far from its closed vestibular end. From the posterior
part of the saccule a minute canal, called the ductus sacculi, passes off,
which is soon joined by the ductus utriculi, and so the ductus endolymphaticus is formed. This latter duct traverses the aqueductus
vestibuli, and, having reached the posterior surface of the petrous
part of the temporal bone, it ends in a small blind dilatation, called the
saccus endolymphaticus , which lies beneath the dura mater. The saccule
and utricle are thus indirectly connected by means of the ductus sacculi
and ductus utriculi; and the saccule communicates with the ductus
cochlearis by means of the ductus reuniens.
Semicircular Ducts.—The membranous semicircular ducts correspond in outline to the osseous semicircular canals, within which they
lie; they form about two-thirds of a circle, and each has an ampulla
at one end, which is situated within the ampulla of the osseous canal.
They are elliptical in transverse section, and open into the utricle by
five orifices, the non-ampullated ends of the superior and posterior
canals being united, so that these two open by a common orifice
forming the crus commune. The convex wall of each canal is attached
to the periosteal lining of the osseous canal, whilst the concave wall is
practically free from the osseous wall, and is bathed by the perilymph.
These canals contain endolymph.
Structure.—The walls of the utricle, saccule, and membranous
semicircular canals consist of three layers: an outer or fibrous layer,
which is vascular; a middle layer, or membrana propria, which is translucent; and an inner or epithelial layer. In each ampulla the middle
layer, or membrana propria, projects into the cavity of the canal from
the peripheral wall, this projecting part being known as the septum
transversum. It partially divides the interior of the ampulla into two
compartments, and its free margin, which is covered by the auditory
epithelium, is called the crista acustica or ampullaris. The epithelial
layer consists of a single stratum of squamous cells, except in those
regions to which the filaments of the auditory nerve are distributed. These regions are as follows: (i) the macula (acustica)
utriculi; (2) the macula (acustica) sacculi; and (3) the crista of each
ampulla.
The macula utriculi is the thickened part of the antero-inferior wall
of the recessus utriculi, and is lined with auditory epithelium. The
macula is covered by calcareous particles, called otoconia, which
consist of crystals of calcium carbonate. The macula sacculi is the
thickened part of the anterior wall of the saccule, and is also lined with
auditory epithelium covered by otoconia. The crista ampullaris, as
THE EAR
1689
we have seen, is the free margin of the septum trailsversum in each
ampulla, and is covered by auditory epithelium.
The auditory epithelium is of the columnar variety, and consists of
two kinds of cells, auditory and sustentacular. The auditory cells are
nucleated, and each is provided at its free extremity with a slender,
tapering, hair-like filament, which projects into the cavity. These
filaments are sometimes spoken of collectively as auditory hairs, and
the cells are hence called hair-cells. Their deep extremities fall short
of the membrana propria. The sustentacular cells lie between the haircells, and are elongated and nucleated. Their deep extremities are
attached to the membrana propria, and their free extremities give rise
to a kind of limiting membrane. The auditory nerve-fibres pierce
the membrana propria, and, having lost their medullary sheaths, the
axons end in arborizations round the deep ends of the auditory or
hair cells.
Superior Semicircular Duct
Lateral Semicircular Duct i
Posterior Semicircular Duct
Facial Nerve
Crus Commune of Superior and
' l Posterior Semicircular Ducts
j r Ampulla
_ l Nerve to Ampulla
Nerve to Utricle
~ . Nerve to Saccule
_ Cochlear Nerve
Fig. 1038. —The Membranous Semicircular Ducts, showing the Distribution of the Branches of the Auditory Nerve to their Ampullae
(Breschet).
Membranous Cochlea.—The membranous cochlea is situated within
the osseous cochlea, and fills the gap which is left by the lamina
spiralis. It consists of two membranes, the basilar membrane and the
vestibular membrane (membrane of Reissner, Fig. 1040), which enclose
between them the ductus cochlearis, or scala media. 1 he osseous
cochlea in the recent state is therefore divided into three spiral
passages—the scala tympani, the scala vestibuli, and the ductus
cochlearis. The scala vestibuli is continuous with the scala tympani
at the cupola through an aperture, called the helicotrema ; and at the
base of the cochlea it opens upon the anterior wall of the vestibule.
The scala tympani begins at the fenestra cochleae, and in the recent
state is separated from the tympanic cavity by the secondary membrane of the tympanum. The scala media, or ductus cochlearis,
communicates near its lower end with the saccule by means of the ductus
reuniens. The scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain perilymph,
which is continuous with the perilymph of the vestibule and osseous
semicircular canals. The scala media contains endolymph, which is
continuous with that of the saccule,
1690
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
Basilar Membrane.—The basilar membrane extends from the free
margin of the lamina spiralis to the crista basilaris, or lower part of
the spiral ligament, a thickening of the periosteum of that part of the
outer wall of the cochlea which forms the outer wall of the scala media,
or ductus cochlearis. It separates the ductus cochlearis from the scala
tympani, and is divisible into two zones, inner and outer. The inner
is called the zona arcuata, and supports the spiral organ. The outer
is known as the zona pectinata, and extends from the foot-plates of
the outer rods of this organ to the crista basilaris. The basilar membrane consists of a homogeneous membrana propria, with fibres embedded in it, the fibres being most numerous in the zona pectinata.
Vestibular Membrane, or Membrane of Reissner.—This is a delicate
membrane which extends from the upper surface of the lamina spiralis
a short distance from its free margin to the outer wall of the cochlea,
where it is attached to the periosteum a little above the outer attachment of the basilar membrane. It separates the cochlear duct from the
scala vestibuli, and consists of very delicate connective tissue lined on
each side with a single layer of squamous epithelium.
Osseous Spiral Lamina
Vestibular Membrane
Basilar Membiane
Scala Vestibuli
Ductus Cochlearis
Sc' NYll ESy/: ,'-.;
| Scala Tympan*
Fig. 1039.
-Vertical Section of the Cochlea of a Fcetal Calf, showing
THE SCALAE AND MODIOLUS (KoLLIKER).
The scala media, or ductus cochlearis, is situated between the
basilar membrane and the vestibular membrane. It is triangular in
transverse section, and has a roof, an outer wall, and a floor. The
roof is formed by the vestibular membrane (see Fig. 1040). The
outer wall is the wall of the cochlea and its periosteum, between the
external attachments of the basilar membrane and the vestibular
membrane. The periosteum in this region is much thickened, and
forms the spiral ligament of the cochlea, the lower part of which gives
rise to the crista basilaris. The floor is formed by the basilar membrane, and a part of the upper surface of the lamina spiralis. It has
been seen that the basilar membrane separates the ductus cochlearis
from the scala tympani. The ductus ends above in a closed extremity
at the cupola, and it has a similar ending at the base of the cochlea.
Near its lower blind extremity it receives the ductus reuniens, by
which it communicates with the saccule.
It has just been shown that part of the floor of the cochlear duct
is formed by some of the lamina spiralis. In the recent state it is
of some thickness, which is due to a thickening of its periosteal
/
THE EAR
1691
covering. This fibrous thickening forms the limbus laminae spiralis
(see Fig. 1040).
Its outer margin is crescentic, the deep notch being called the sulcus lamince
spiralis. The sulcus has two lips, upper and lower. The upper is called the
labium vestibulare, the upper surface of which is marked by several interlacing
prominences and grooves. At the free margin of this labium the prominences
assume the form of tooth-like projections, which are known as the auditory
teeth. The lower lip of the sulcus is called the labium tympanicum. It is continued into the basilar membrane, and is perforated by a great number of apertures
for the branches of the cochlear division of the auditory nerve.
Spiral Organ (of Corti).—Over the upper surface of the inner part
(zona arcuata) of the basilar membrane the epithelium undergoes
Fig. 1040.—The Organ of Corti (Wiedersheim, after Lavdowsky).
1. Spiral Ligament
2. Limbus
3. Sulcus Spiralis
4. Inner Rod of Corti
5. Outer Rod of Corti
6. Tunnel of Corti
7. Phalangeal Process of Outer Rod
8. Inner Hair-cells
9. Outer Hair-cells
10. Cells of Deiters
11. Lamina Reticularis
12. Cells of Hensen
13. Cells o Claudius
14. Spiral Ganglion
15. Cochlear Nerve
16. Nerve-fibres to Hair-cells
remarkable modification, and gives rise to the spiral organ or organ
of Corti. The constituent parts of this very complicated organ are as
follows:
1 The rods of Corti. 4. The cells of Hensen and of Claudius.
2 The auditory or hair cells. 5 - The lamina reticularis.
3! The cells of Deiters. 6. The membrana tectona.
The rods of Corti are arranged in two rows, inner and outer (see
Fig 1041). Each rod consists of a foot-plate or base, an intermediate
portion, and a head. The foot-plate, which is expanded, rests upon
the zona arcuata of the basilar membrane, and the foot-plates of the
inner rods are separated from those of the outer rods by a slight
interval. As the rods rise the intermediate portions of the inner and
1692
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
outer rods incline towards each other, and the heads of the two sets
of rods come into contact. In this manner a triangular tunnel is
enclosed between the two sets of rods and the basilar membrane,
which is called the tunnel of Corti. This extends along the entire
length of the ductus cochlearis.
phalangeal
PROCESS
IfSNER ROD
BASILAR. MEMBRANE
The inner rods are more numerous than the outer, there being from
5,000 to 6,000 of the former and about 4,000 of the latter. They
incline upwards and outwards. The head of each has a concavity on
its outer side, above and below which there is a projecting portion, so
that it resembles the upper extremity
of the ulna, with its great sigmoid
cavity and olecranon and coronoid
processes. The concavity on the head
of the inner rod receives the round
head of the outer rod. Finally, the
tic. 1041. A Pair of Rods of inner rods are shorter than the outer.
Corti from the Rabbit’s Coch- The ou + pr rn d<? lpcc nnmprrmQ
lea (Side View, highly mag- An ? ouler * oas j ^ re . Aess nui ? e 5 , 0US
nified) (Schafer, in Quain’s ? nd lon § er than the inner, and they
‘Anatomy’). ~ incline upwards and inwards. The
head of each is divisible into two
parts—inner and outer. Ihe inner part is round, and is received
mto the concavity on the outer aspect of the head of the inner rod.
The outer part is prolonged into a beak-like projection, called the
phalangeal process, which forms part of the lamina reticularis, to be
presently described.
The auditory or hair cells are arranged in two sets—inner and
outer. Ihe inner hair-cells lie internal to the row of inner rods, and
form a single row. They are from 3,000 to in number. Their
free extremities, which lie close to the heads of the inner rods, are each
provided with a tuft of short, hair-like filaments. The deep, nucleated
ends of the cells are related to the terminal arborizations of nervefibres. Internal to the row of inner hair-cells there are two or more
rows of columnar cells, which are continuous with the columnar
epithelium of the sulcus spiralis laminae. The outer hair-cells are
disposed in three or four rows external to the outer row of rods. They
are much more numerous than the inner hair-cells. Their free extremities, like those of the inner cells, are each provided with a tuft
of short, hair-like filaments, and their deep, nucleated ends are related
to the terminal arborizations of nerve-fibres.
1 he cells of Deiters, which are sustentacular, are situated between
the rows of outer hair-cells. Each cell is nucleated and contains a
slender filament, known as the sustentacular filament or phalangeal
process. This filament is attached by its base to the basilar membrane, and is prolonged into the tapering upper end of the cell. It
terminates in an expansion, which forms a phalanx of the lamina
reticularis, to be presently described.
The cells of Hensen are disposed as a continuous layer external
to the lamina reticularis.
THE EAR 1693
External to the cells of Hensen there are the cubical or columnar
cells of Claudius: these are merely an epithelial lining layer.
The reticular lamina extends between the heads of the rods of
Corti and the cells of Hensen. It consists of phalanges, which are
arranged in two (or more) rows—inner and outer. The phalanges of
the inner row are formed by the phalangeal processes of the heads of the
outer rods of Corti. The phalanges of the outer row (or rows) are
formed by the phalangeal processes of the cells of Deiters. Between
the phalanges there are openings through which the outer ends of
the outer hair-cells, with their crescentic tufts of hair-like filaments,
project.
The membrana tectoria, or membrane of Corti, which is elastic,
is the most superficial structure in connection with the spiral organ.
It extends from the limbus spiralis near, and external to, the attachment of the vestibular membrane to the region of the outer hair-cells.
It covers (1) the limbus laminae spiralis; (2) the labium vestibulare,
- Hehcotrema
Scala Vestibuli
Membranous Spiral
Lamina
Scala Tympani
1
1
Expansion of Cochlear Nerve
Fig. 1042.—Section of the Cochlea, showing the Distribution of the
Cochlea Branch of the Auditory Nerve (magnified) (Hirschfeld
and Reveille).
and the auditory teeth; (3) the sulcus laminae spiralis; (4) the inner
hair-cells; (5) the inner and outer rods of Corti; (6) the cells of Deiters;
and (7) the lamina reticularis.
Auditory Nerve.—The auditory nerve, within the meatus auditorius
internus, breaks up into two divisions—vestibular and cochlear.
The vestibular nerve, as it traverses the meatus auditorius internus, has a gangliform enlargement, the vestibular ganglion, and
divides into three branches. These enter the vestibule through the
foramina in the superior vestibular area of the lamina cribrosa at the
deep end of the internal meatus. They are distributed to the macula
utriculi and to the cristae acusticas of the ampullae of the superior
and external semicircular canals.
The cochlear nerve in the meatus auditorius internus divides into
two branches—one to the macula sacculi, and the other to the crista
of the ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal. The filaments of
the former, which has a gangliform enlargement, pass through the foramina in the inferior vestibular area of the lamina cribrosa, and the
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
1694
latter passes through the foramen singulare in the lamina cribrosa.
The cochlear nerve, having parted with these two branches, breaks
up into filaments which pass through the foramina of the cochlear
area of the lamina cribrosa, and so reach the base of the modiolus
of the cochlea. They traverse the canals of the modiolus, from which
they pass into the canals between the two layers of the lamina spiralis.
In doing so they have to cross the spiral canal of the modiolus, which
is situated close to the attached margin of the lamina spiralis. This
canal contains a ganglion, called the spiral ganglion, which follows
the windings of the canal, and contains bipolar nerve-cells. As the
auditory fibres pass from the canals of the modiolus into those of
the lamina spiralis the course of each fibre is probably interrupted
by a bipolar cell of the spiral ganglion. The nerve-fibres, leaving
these bipolar cells, traverse the canals between the two layers of the
lamina spiralis. Having lost their medullary sheaths, they pass
through the foramina of the labium tympanicum on the outer margin
of the limbus spiralis, and enter the basilar membrane, where they
end in arborizations which are connected with the inner and outer
hair-cells.
Blood-supply of the Labyrinth.—The labyrinth derives its blood
from the internal auditory, which is a branch of the basilar artery
or of the anterior inferior cerebellar. The vessel traverses the meatus
auditorius internus, and divides at its deep end into two branches—
vestibular and cochlear. The vestibular artery supplies the utricle,
saccule, and semicircular canals, and the cochlear artery supplies the
cochlea.
The veins of the labyrinth ultimately join to form one vessel, called
the internal auditory vein, which opens into the inferior petrosal
sinus. The aqueductus cochleae and the aqueductus vestibuli each
transmit a vein; that which passes through the former joins the inferior
petrosal sinus or the bulb of the internal jugular vein, and that which
passes through the latter opens into the superior petrosal sinus.
Development of the Ear.
Internal Ear—Membranous Labyrinth. —The membranous labyrinth is
developed from the surface ectoderm in a manner similar to the development
of the crystalline lens. Over a circumscribed area, corresponding to the upper
end of the first visceral cleft, and upon the side of the hind-brain, the ectoderm
becomes thickened and invaginated. A depression is thus formed, which is
called the auditory pit. This pit becomes deepened, its mouth becomes constricted, and its lips, coming together, unite. The auditory pit then becomes
transformed into a closed sac, called the auditory or otic vesicle, or otocyst.
The auditory vesicle now becomes isolated from the surface ectoderm, and sinks
into the adjacent mesoderm, taking up a position close to the side of the hindbrain.
The auditory vesicle, which is at first almost spherical, soon becomes pyriform, this being due to the formation of a process, called the recess of the labyrinth
or vestibule, which is prolonged from its dorsal wall. As this process lengthens
it gives rise to the ductus endolymphaticus, which occupies the aqueductus
vestibuli of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. The expanded terminal
THE EAR
1695
part of the ductus endolymphaticus is called the saccus endolymphaticus, and it
lies underneath the dura mater. The ventral aspect of the vesicle gives off a
tapering diverticulum, which gives rise to the ductus cochlearis, or scala media,
of the cochlea. This duct describes a bend, within which lies the cochlear
ganglion of the cochlear division of the auditory nerve. As the duct elongates
it continues to bend in a spiral manner, and so the ductus cochlearis is formed.
The cochlear ganglion elongates, and follows the spiral turns of the duct, from
which circumstance the ganglion is known as the ganglion spirale.
The three semicircular ducts are developed from the upper or cephalic part
of the auditory vesicle, this part representing the future utricle. This portion
of the vesicle presents two folds—vertical and horizontal. From the vertical
fold the superior and posterior semicircular canals are formed, whilst the horizontal fold gives rise to the lateral semicircular canal.
The auditory vesicle now becomes transversely constricted, and is divided
into two sacs—large and small. The large sac is called the utricle, from which
the semicircular ducts have just been developed. The small sac is called the
saccule, from which the ductus cochlearis has been developed. The portion
of this duct which communicates with the saccule becomes constricted, and
forms the canalis reuniens of Hensen.
The constriction which completely divides the auditory vesicle into utricle
and saccule also involves the vesicular end of the ductus endolymphaticus, and
divides it into two ducts, called the ductus utriculi and ductus sacculi. This
arrangement constitutes the only communication which now exists between the
utricle and the saccule.
As stated, the cochlear ganglion, or ganglion spirale, of the cochlear division
of the auditory nerve lies within the spiral turns of the ductus cochlearis. As
the osseous cochlea becomes formed, the ganglion spirale comes to occupy the
spiral canal of the modiolus. The vestibular ganglion of the vestibular division
of the auditory nerve lies in the internal auditory meatus after the completion
of ossification.
The membranous labyrinth, hitherto considered, is entirely epithelial.
Certain of its epithelial cells undergo important specializations to fit them for
sensorial purposes. These cells form six groups in definite regions. These groups
are as follows: (1) The crista acustica ampullaris, of which there are three, one in
the ampulla of each of the three epithelial semicircular canals; (4) the macula
(1 acustica) utriculi’, (5) the macula ( acustica) sacculi', and (6) the spiral organ {of
Corti), specialized from the epithelial ductus cochlearis. The groups connected
with the ampullae of the semicircular canals, the utricle, and the saccule, receive
their nerve-fibres from the vestibular ganglion of the vestibular division of the
auditory nerve. The organ of Corti receives its nerve-fibres from the cochlear
ganglion, or ganglion spirale, of the cochlear division of the auditory nerve.
Osseous Labyrinth. —The membranous labyrinth is surrounded by mesodermic
tissue, which becomes disposed in four layers. These layers, from within outwards,
may be spoken of as (1) the connective-tissue layer, (2) the gelatinous layer,
(3) the perichondrial layer, and (4) the cartilaginous layer. The connectivetissue layer forms the connective tissue of the various parts of the epithelial
labyrinth. The fibrous tissue of the gelatinous layer acquires vacuoles, and gives
place to the various perilymphatic spaces, which contain a fluid called the perilymph. In the case of the cochlea, the scala vestibuli and scala tympani alone
contain perilymph, the cochlear duct containing endolymph. The perichondrial
layer forms the lining perichondrium of the periotic cartilaginous capsule, and
subsequently becomes the lining periosteum of the osseous labyrinth. The
cartilaginous layer forms the periotic cartilaginous capsule, which undergoes
ossification, and gives rise, amongst other parts, to the osseous labyrinth, which
jg q£ i ar ger size than the membranous labyrinth. The osseous semicircular canals
conform in shape to the membranous semicircular ducts, but are of larger size.
The osseous vestibule differs from the membranous vestibule in being a single
osseous case, whereas its contents are the utricle and the saccule.
Whilst the perilymph lies external to the membranous labyrinth, the interior
1696
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
of the semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule, and scala media contain endolymph,
the latter being in communication with the saccule by means of the canal is
reuniens.
The middle ear or tympanum and pharyngo-tympanic tube (see p. 73 et seq.)
are developed from the tubo-tympartic recess of the pharynx. This is the widest
part of the early pharynx, opposite the second and third arches, and by the
time the embryo has reached the second month of development the recess is
definitely indicated; it projects laterally with its contained cavity, compressed
dorso-ventrally, widely open into the general pharyngeal cavity. Its roof
supports the otic capsule, while the outer parts of the first two visceral grooves
are seen in its floor, with the second arch between them. It is bounded in
front by the first arch, and caudally by the third arch. The first lateral pouch,
on its lateral edge, is in contact with the persistent upper end of the first outer
groove; the second pouch, which has lost contact, is at its postero-lateral angle.
The recess deepens, and the third arch grows forward, cutting off the outer part
of the cavity from the pharynx and narrowing the anterior part, which still
remains continuous with the pharynx; the outer and larger part is the early
tympanum, and the constricted front portion becomes the tube.
The otic capsule enlarges and chondrifies, and as it grows depresses the
inner part of the tympanum, slightly rotating it, so that its former roof now
becomes its inner wall, applied to the surface of the capsule. Its floor, also
rotated, now slopes downwards and medially, and is in close relation with the
meatal plate, a cellular ingrowth from the upper end of the first outer groove;
this has grown in below the tympanum, and by a later process of hollowing
forms the ectodermal lining of the outer meatus and membrane.
Meckel’s cartilage develops in the mesoderm of the first arch, therefore
antero-lateral to the recess, in front of the position of the first pouch. It sends
an extension over the pouch to invade the second arch area behind this, passing
under the floor between the endoderm and the meatal plate; this extension forms
the basis of the tympanic membrane and the manubrium, and its upper part probably also forms the incus. The hyoid bar (Reichert’s cartilage), the bar of the
second arch, is behind this, immediately in front of the second pouch; an exten
sion from its upper end over the roof gives rise to the stapes. The stapes becomes
associated with the cartilaginous capsule, which has enlarged considerably; the
enlargement extends postero-laterally, and leads to the fusion of Reichert’s bar
with the capsule (tympano-hyal) and the position of the remnant of the second
pouch in the fossula rotunda (fenestra cochleae).
The chorda tympani crosses the first pouch; the level of the early tympanum
might roughly be taken as extending up to this nerve. The higher level of the
adult cavity is attained by a later extension. In the early condition of the
tympanum, the malleus, incus, stapes, and chorda tympani nerve lie embedded
in the mesodermic tissue which intervenes between the epithelial or mucous
roof of the membranous tympanum and its osseous roof. This mesodermic
tissue disappears, and the mucous (originally epithelial) lining of the tympanum
now comes into direct contact with the malleus, incus, stapes, and chorda
tympani nerve, all of which it encloses within folds. Though these structures
apparently lie within the tympanic cavity, this is not their actual position. They
are really outside the cavity, inasmuch as they lie external to the mucous lining of
the cavity. This may be illustrated by stating that the handle or manubrium
of the malleus and the chorda tympani nerve do not lie in the tympanic cavity,
but are placed between the middle, or fibrous, layer and the internal, or mucous,
layer of the membrana tympani.
External Ear.— AThe external ear consists of (1) the external auditory meatus,
including the membrana tympani, and (2) the pinna.
The external auditory meatus is developed from the upper part of the first
external or ectodermic furrow, which corresponds in position to the first
internal visceral cleft.
The membrana tympani is developed from the closing membrane which
separates the first internal visceral cleft from the first external ectodermic furrow.
THE EAR
1697
This closing membrane is a trilaminar structure. Its inner layer consists of
entoderm; its middle layer of mesoderm; and its outer layer of ectoderm. The
membrana tympani, which is developed from it, is therefore trilaminar. The
outer layer is ectodermic, and is continuous with the cuticular lining of the external
auditory meatus; the middle layer is mesodermic, or fibrous; and the inner layer
is entodermic, or mucous, and is continuous with the mucous lining of the
tympanic cavity.
The component parts of the pinna are developed from six projections, consisting of mesoderm, covered by ectoderm. These appear on the upper ends
of the first and second visceral arches, where these bound the upper part of
the first external ectodermic furrow, which gives rise to the external auditory
meatus. The helix is developed from two of these tubercles, and each of the
other four gives rise to the antihelix, tragus, antitragus, and lobule. The mesodermic tissue of the projections becomes differentiated into connective tissue
and cartilage, and the ectoderm covers these.