Talk:Book - Buchanan's Manual of Anatomy including Embryology 16: Difference between revisions

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of the ectodermal cells of the edge of the optic cup, which has extended forward  
of the ectodermal cells of the edge of the optic cup, which has extended forward  
in front of the lens, and the back of the iris receives a pigmentary covering {uvea)  
in front of the lens, and the back of the iris receives a pigmentary covering {uvea)  
from the pars iridica retince.  
from the pars iridica retince.
 
 
/
 
 
CHAPTER XVII
 
THE EAR
 
 
The organ of hearing is divided into three parts—the external,
middle, and internal ear.
 
 
External Ear.
 
The external ear consists of the auricle (or pinna) and the external
auditory meatus. The former has been already described (see p. 1294)*
The external auditory meatus extends from the bottom of the
concha to the membrana tympani, and is about 1 inch in length.
It consists of two parts—outer, or cartilaginous, and inner, or osseous.
The cartilaginous part, which is also fibrous, is about J inch in length,
and the osseous part, which lies within the petrous portion of the
temporal bone, is about § inch long. The widest part of the meatus
is its orifice, which is oval, the long measurement being vertica .
The narrowest part is situated in its osseous portion, about T mch
from the tympanic membrane, and it is known as the isthmus. There
is another constriction of the canal situated near the deep end of t e
cartilaginous part, and produced by a projection which is placed
antero-inferiorly. The chief direction of the canal is inwards and
slightly forwards. At first it is also inclined upwards, then backwards,
 
and finally downwards. . ,
 
The cartilaginous part is continuous with the cartilage of the auricle,
and is attached to the external auditory process of the temporal bone.
Its cartilage is folded so as to form a deep groove which is open at its
upper and back part, the cartilaginous deficiency being completed
by fibrous tissue. In the anterior wall of the cartilaginous part are
two clefts (called the fissures of Santorini ) which are occupied by fibrous
Ssuf In important and close inferior relation of the cartilaginous
 
meatus is the parotid gland (see Fig. 1027). ,
 
The osseous part has been described in connection with the temporal
hone (d IQ4) At its deep end there is a narrow groove, called the
sulcus tvmianicus, which forms about five-sixths of a circle, the
 
deficiency being placed superiorly, at the V^femporaf^The
rinp- ic completed by the squamous part of the temporal bone, me
 
tympanic membrane is set obliquely within the tympanic sulcus
being inclined in such a way that its front part is nearer the nudd
line of the body than its back, and its lower part nearer the middle
line than the upper. The floor and anterior wall of the meatus
consequently longer than the roof and posterior wall.
 
^ 1671
 
 
 
1672
 
 
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
 
 
The meatus is lined with skin, which is continuous with that of
the auricle. In the osseous part of the canal the skin is very thin,
and is provided with vascular papillae, but is destitute of glands and
hairs.. It is reflected over the outer surface of the membrana tympani,
of which it forms the outer layer. In the cartilaginous part of the canal
the skin is thicker, and is provided with hairs, connected with the
follicles of which are sebaceous glands. In addition to these there are
convoluted tubular glands, similar in structure to sweat-glands, and
called the ceruminous glands, which secrete the ear-wax.
 
Blood-supply.—The arteries are derived from the posterior auricular
of the external carotid, the deep auricular of the first part of the maxil
 
Upper Part ofHelix
 
 
Lateral Ligament of the Malleus
 
1
 
Incus
 
 
Semicircular Canals
 
 
Concha
 
 
External Auditory
Meatus
 
 
 
Malleus
Vestibule
__ Cochlea
x , Tympanum
 
Tensor Tympani Muscle
 
Apex of Pet. Portion
of Temporal Bone
 
_Anterior Lig. of
 
the Malleus
 
-Internal Carotid
 
Artery
 
 
Lobule
 
Pharyngotympanic Tube
 
 
Parotid Gland
 
 
Tip of Styloid Process of
Temporal Bone
 
 
Tympanic Membrane
 
Iug. 1027. General View of the Right Organ of Hearing (after
 
Hirschfeld and Leveill£).
 
The external ear and middle ear are seen in section.
 
 
iary, and the anterior auricular branches of the superficial temporal.
The veins follow the course of the arteries.
 
Lymphatics. These pass to the mastoid glands and to the preauricular lymphatic glands.
 
Nerves. The auriculo-temporal nerve gives two branches to the
meatus, upper and lower, which enter it by passing between the
cartilaginous and osseous walls. The upper branch supplies the skin
covering the upper part of the membrana tympani, while the auricular
branch (Arnold s nerve) of the vagus supplies that of the osseous
part of the canal in its lower and back part, and also that covering
the lower part of the membrana tympani.
 
Early Condition of the Meatus.—At birth the osseous part of the
 
canal is represented by the tympanic annulus and a small portion of
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE EAR
 
 
1673
 
the squamous part of the temporal bone. It is connected by fibrous
tissue to the cartilaginous framework of the auricle, and within this
fibrous tissue the osseous canal is formed by two outgrowths from the
tympanic annulus.
 
 
Middle Ear.
 
I he middle ear, or tympanum, is an irregular space within the
petrous part of the temporal bone, which lies between the membrana
tympani externally and the outer osseous wall of the internal ear or
labyrinth internally. It is lined with mucous membrane, and it
communicates with the naso-pharynx by means of the pharyngotympanic tube, through which it receives air. It has three parts:
(1) the tympanum proper, or cavum tympani; (2) the attic, or epitympanic recess; and (3) the tympanic or mastoid antrum.
 
The tympanum proper (or cavum tympani) is situated between the
tympanic membrane and the outer wall of the internal ear. Its
contents are as follows:
 
1. A chain of ossicles (malleus,
 
incus, and stapes), with
their ligaments.
 
2. Muscles.
 
The vertical and antero-posterior diameters (inclusive of the attic)
are fully \ inch. The transverse measurement is from | to £ inch,
except opposite the centre of the membrana tympani, where it is
only T V inch, and the shape of its cavity may, perhaps, be visualized
by likening a cast of it to a biconcave disc about the size of a threepenny piece.
 
The tympanic cavity has six walls—lateral, medial, roof, floor,
anterior, and posterior.
 
The lateral wall is formed chiefly by the tympanic membrane,
which has the handle of the malleus fixed to it, and slightly by the
tympanic annulus, within the circumference of which there is a groove,
called the tympanic sulcus, in which the membrane is set. The tympanic annulus and sulcus are interrupted superiorly by a notch, called
the tympanic notch. In front of the tympanic annulus is the open,
inner extremity of the squamo-tympanic fissure, which lodges the
processus gracilis of the malleus, and transmits the tympanic branch
of the internal maxillary artery. At the inner end of the fissure is
the opening of the iter chordce anterius, by which the chorda tympani
nerve leaves the tympanum.
 
The (medial) wall (see Fig. 1028) separates the tympanum from the
internal ear or labyrinth. It is very irregular, and is formed by the
following parts :
 
1 The fenestra vestibuli. 3 - The promontory.
 
2. Projection of the facial canal. 4 - The fenestra cochleae.
 
5. The sinus tympani.
 
 
3. Nerves.
 
4. Bloodvessels.
 
5. Air.
 
 
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
 
 
^74
 
 
The fenestra vestibuli is situated in a depression, called the fossa
ovalis, at the upper part of the inner wall, and it leads into the cavity
of the vestibule. It is irregularly oval, and is elongated from before
backwards. It is occupied by the foot-piece of the stapes, and the
annular ligament which connects the circumference of the foot-piece
to the margin of the opening, the margin being covered by cartilage.
 
The projection of the facial canal lies above the fenestra ovalis.
The canal, which contains the facial nerve, is here directed backwards,
and has walls of a paper-like thinness.
 
The promontory is seen below the fossa ovalis, between it and the
fossa rotunda, and slightly in front of both. It is a rounded promin
 
Mastoid
 
Antrum
 
 
 
Sinus Tympam Outlet of Facial Canal at
Stylo-mastoid Foramen
 
kiG. 1028. Section through the Petrous and Mastoid Portions of the
Temporal Bone, showing the Tympanum and Mastoid Cells.
 
ence made by the first turn of the cochlea, and is grooved by the nerves
of the tympanic plexus.
 
The fenestra cochlese is situated in a funnel-shaped depression
called the fossa rotunda, below and behind the promontory. It leads
into the scala tympani of the cochlea, and in the recent state is closed
by the secondary membrane of the tympanum.
 
1 he sinus tympani is a depression behind the promontory, and
between the fossa ovalis and fossa rotunda. In close relation to this
is the ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal.
 
The roof of the tympanum is a thin plate of bone, called the tegmen
tympani, which forms part of the anterior surface of the petrous part
of the temporal bone.
 
The floor, narrower than the roof, is a thin plate of bone which
separates the tympanum from the jugular fossa.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE EAR
 
 
1675
 
 
The anterior wall is narrow, owing to the descent of the roof, and
the inclination towards each other of the outer and inner walls. In
it are the openings of two canals, the upper of which lodges the tensor
tympani muscle, whilst the lower is the osseous part of the pharyngotympanic tube. The two orifices are separated by the margin of the
processus cochleariformis. The carotid canal lies just in front of the
lower part of the anterior wall.
 
 
 
Fig. 1029.—Diagrammatic Outline of Tympanum and Associated
 
Recesses.
 
 
The posterior wall is formed by the anterior or tympanic surface
of the petrous part of the temporal bone. From above downwards
the following parts are seen: (1) the opening of the mastoid antrum,
which communicates with the attic of the tympanum, or epitympanic
recess; (2) a depression called the fossa incudis, receiving the short
process of the incus* (3) a small conical projection, called the pyramid,
at the summit of which is an opening for the tendon of the stapedius
muscle (posteriorly the canal within the pyramid, which contains the
 
 
 
Mastoid Antrum
 
 
Lateral Semicirc.C. ~ *
Pyramid •
Sinus Tympanum —
 
 
-Epitympanic Recess
 
-Site of Geniculate Ganglion
 
Fenestra Vestibuli
 
Promontory
 
Fenestra Cochleae
 
 
Fir jo^o_ Diagram to show Course and Relations of Facial Canal on
 
' 'the Medial and Posterior Walls of the Tympanum.
 
 
stapedius muscle, passes downwards in the posterior wall of the
tympanum, and communicates with the descending part of the canal
which contains the facial nerve; this explains how the branch of that
nerve to the stapedius reaches the muscle); and (4) the iter chordae
 
posterius, for the chorda tympani nerve. .
 
Tympanic Membrane.-This is the membrane which closes the
inner extremity of the external auditory meatus. It is situated on
the outer wall of the tympanum, of which it forms the chief part, and
it is set for the most part in the sulcus tympamcus, which marks the
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1676
 
 
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
 
 
inner surface of the tympanic annulus. Superiorly, however, where
the ring is wanting, the membrane is attached to the tympanic notch
(of Rivinus). This part of it is thinner and looser than the rest, and
is called the membrana flaccida, or Shrapnell’s membrane. The
attachment of the membrana tympani to the sulcus is by a thickened
ring of fibres, called the annulus fibrosus. This annulus passes from
the extremities of the notch to the short process of the malleus in the
form of two bands, the anterior and lateral ligaments of the malleus,
which form the lower boundary of the membrana flaccida. The membrane is set obliquely in the tympanic sulcus, so that its lower part
forms an acute angle with the floor of the meatus externus, and its
upper part an obtuse angle with the roof of the passage.
 
 
Superior Ligament of Malleus
 
 
Head of Malleus
Insertion of Tensor Tympani
 
Chorda Tympani Nerve
 
 
Pharyngo-tympanic
Tube
 
 
 
Superior Ligament of Incus
Body of Incus
 
Attic of Tympanum
 
^ Short Process of
Incus
 
L ’\ST ^Posterior Liga^ ment of Incus
 
s ^_Long Process of
 
 
_Processus Orbicu
1 & • laris of Incus
 
y ' 0 _Handle of Malleus
 
 
_Membrana Tympani
 
 
 
 
Fig. 1031.—The Right Membrana Tympani, Malleus, and Incus
(Internal, Posterior, and Superior View) (Spalteholz).
 
 
The tympanic membrane is somewhat oval. In the vertical
direction it measures about 10 mm., and horizontally from 8 to 9 mm.
The handle of the malleus lies between the mucous and fibrous layers
of the membrane, and descends to a point a little below its centre,
where it ends in a small knob, from which the radiating fibres of the
membrane proceed. This knob is firmly attached, and, being directed
inwards, the membrane is consequently drawn inwards at that point,
and its outer surface presents a slight conical depression, the deepest
part of which is called the umbo.
 
Structure.— The membrane consists of three layers—external,
middle, and internal.
 
The external or cutaneous layer is very thin, and is derived from
the skin of the external meatus. It contains no glands, is freely provided with bloodvessels and nerves, and is covered by stratified
squamous epithelium.
 
 
/
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE EAR
 
 
1677
 
The middle or fibrous layer forms the proper substance of the
membrane, and consists of fibrous tissue. The fibres are radial and
circular. The radial fibres lie beneath the cutaneous layer, and radiate
from the handle of the malleus to the annulus fibrosus. The circular
fibres are deep to the radial fibres, and are most numerous towards the
circumference of the membrane. Both sets of fibres are absent from
the membrana flaccida.
 
The internal or mucous layer is continuous with the mucous membrane of the tympanum, and is covered by a single layer of squamous
epithelium.
 
The membrana flaccida, pars flaccida, or Shrapnell’s membrane, has
cutaneous and mucous layers only. These are united by connective
tissue, which is so loosely arranged that the membrane is flaccid. This
part is very liable to perforation.
 
Cone of Light.—Extending from the knob, in which the handle of
the malleus terminates, downwards and inwards to the antero-inferior
margin of the membrana tympani there is seen a specially bright
reflection, triangular in outline, with the apex towards the umbo.
This is called the cone of light.
 
Arterial Supply of the Tympanic Membrane.—(1) Deep auricular
branch of the maxillary artery. This vessel, which passes through the
anterior wall of the external meatus, supplies the cutaneous layer. It
descends from the skin of the roof of the meatus along the course of the
handle of the malleus to the umbo, where it divides into branches
which radiate towards the circumference of the membrane. (2) The
stylo-mastoid branch of the posterior auricular; and (3) the tympanic
branch of the maxillary. The former artery enters the tympanum from
the facial canal, and the latter through the squamo-tympanic fissure.
Branches from them supply the mucous layer, and form an anastomotic
ring around the circumference of the membrane. The fibrous layer
receives its arterial supply from the vessels of the cutaneous and
mucous layers.
 
The veins join the external and internal jugular.
 
Nerve-supply.—(1) The auriculo-temporal of the mandibular, (2) the
auricular branch of the vagus, and (3) branches from the tympanic
plexus.
 
Secondary Membrane of the Tympanum.—This membrane closes
the fenestra cochleae on the inner wall of the tympanum, and separates
the tympanic cavity from the scala tympani of the cochlea. It is
concave towards the tympanum, and, like the membrana tympani,
consists of three layers. The external layer is formed by the tympanic
mucous membrane; the middle layer is fibrous; and the internal layer is
formed by the lining membrane of the cochlea.
 
The mastoid antrum and mastoid air-cells are described with the
temporal bone on p. 188, while the Eustachian or pharyngo-tympanic
tube is dealt with on p. 1378.
 
 
1678
 
 
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
 
 
Lateral Process
Long Process
 
 
 
Ant.
 
Process
 
 
Plandie
 
 
Fig. 1032.—The Malleus.
 
1. anterior view; 2, posterior view.
 
 
Ossicles of the Tympanum.
 
The tympanum contains three small bones, arranged in the form
of a chain which extends from the membrana tympani to the fenestra
vestibuli. The bones are the malleus, the incus, and the stapes. The
malleus is related to the membrana tympani, the stapes to the fenestra,
and the incus occupies an intermediate position between these two.
 
The malleus is so named from its resemblance to a hammer. It is
composed of a head, neck, handle, and two processes, long and short.
 
T 2 The head is the upper, enlarged,
 
Facet for incus rounded end. Posteriorly it has
 
a saddle-shaped facet, directed
obliquely downwards and inwards,
for articulation with the incus in a
synovial joint. The neck is the
constricted part below the head.
The handle (; manubrium) is directed
downwards, inwards, and backwards
from the neck; it is compressed
from before backwards, slightly
curved, and ends in a knob. It
lies between the fibrous and mucous layers of the membrana tympani,
descending to a point a little below the centre of the membrane. It
is firmly attached to the fibrous layer by its periosteum. The tensor
tympani muscle is inserted into the inner part close to its root. The
long or anterior process (processus gracilis ), which is slender, springs
from the front of the neck, and is directed forwards and downwards to
the petro-tympanic fissure, where it is embedded in fibres which form
part of the anterior ligament of the malleus, and connect it to the
margins of the fissure. The long process is in the adult for the most
part replaced by fibrous tissue except close to the neck of the malleus.
In early life it is continuous with Meckel’s cartilage. The short or
lateral process is situated immediately below the long process. It is
directed laterally to the upper part of the
membrana tympani, with which it is connected by the annulus fibrosus. It is also
connected with the extremities of the notch
by the anterior and posterior malleolar
ligaments.
 
Ihe incus resembles an anvil. It consists
of a body and two processes—short and
 
long. The body is thick, somewhat four- ^ ~ Head ° f Sta fu
 
sided, and laterally compressed. Anteriorly y^ 08 '
 
it presents a saddle-shaped articular surface
 
for the head of the malleus, with which it forms a synovial joint.
The short process is directed backwards, is tipped with cartilage, and
articulates with the fossa incudis on the posterior wall of the tympanum. The long process is directed downwards and medially, behind
 
 
Facet
 
for Malleus
 
/ Short Process
 
/
 
 
 
Long Process
 
 
'*■' Lentiform Nodule for
Head of Stapes
 
 
THE EAR
 
 
1679
 
 
and parallel to the handle of the malleus. Its lower extremity is bent
inwards, and becomes narrowed into a neck, upon which is placed a
disc-like knob of bone, called the os orbiculare, which is covered by
cartilage for articulation with the head of the stapes. In early life,
and up to the sixth month of intra-uterine life, this process forms a
separate ossicle.
 
The stapes resembles a stirrup. It has a head, neck, two crura,
and a foot-piece or base. The head is directed laterally, is concave
and covered by cartilage, and articulates with the processus lenticularis
of the incus. The neck is the constricted part which lies immediately
internal to the head. Posteriorly it gives
insertion to the stapedius muscle. The
crura are anterior and posterior respectively,
and spring from the neck. They diverge as
they pass inwards, and are attached to the
foot-piece near its extremities. The anterior
crus is straighter and shorter than the
 
posterior. The foot-piece or base is some- Malleus
what oval, is directed medially, and occupies incus,,
the fenestra ovalis, which it almost completely fills; its circumference is covered by
cartilage, being attached to the margins of
the fenestra by annular ligamentous fibres. Stapes-
The arch formed by the crura and foot-piece _ ~
 
is occupied by a delicate membrane, which tympanic Os
is attached to a slight groove on the inner sicles in Position.
aspect of the arch.
 
Development of the Tympanic Ossicles— The malleus and incus are usually
regarded as being developed from the proximal end of Meckel’s cartilage,
which forms the cartilaginous bar of the first or mandibular arch. According to
some authorities, however, the incus is developed from the hyoid bar. The stapes
is developed from the dorsal part of the hyoid bar of the second visceral arch.
 
Ligaments of the Ossicles.—The synovial joints between the malleus
and incus and between the incus and stapes are provided with thin
capsular ligaments. The ligaments which connect the ossicles to the
walls of the tympanic cavity are five in number, three of them belonging
to the malleus, one to the incus, and one to the stapes.
 
The ligaments of the malleus are anterior, lateral, posterior, and
superior. The anterior ligament is arranged as a fibrous band which
extends from the root of the long process to the petro-tympanic fissure,
through which it passes to be attached to the spine of the sphenoid
bone. The lateral ligament (or malleolar fold) extends from the
short process to the anterior extremity of the tympanic notch. The
posterior ligament extends from the short process to the posterior
extremity of the notch. The superior ligament extends from the head
of the malleus to the roof of the attic or epitympanic recess.
 
The ligament of the incus connects the short process, near its
posterior extremity, to the fossa incudis.
 
 
 
 
i68o
 
 
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
 
 
The annular ligament of the stapes connects the circumference of
the foot-piece, which is covered by cartilage, to the margin of the
fenestra vestibuli, which is also covered by cartilage.
 
Muscles of the tympanum are the tensor tympani and the stapedius.
 
Tensor Tympani— Origin .—(i) The cartilaginous part of the
pharyngo-tympanic tube; (2) the apex of the petrous part of the
temporal bone; and (3) the wall of the osseous canal through which
the muscle passes.
 
Insertion, —The medial aspect of the handle of the malleus close to
its root.
 
Nerve-supply.—A branch from the otic ganglion, and through it
from the internal pterygoid branch of the mandibular division of the
fifth cranial nerve.
 
The muscle consists of a fleshy belly, about inch long, and a
delicate tendon. In passing backwards to the tympanum it lies in a
canal, the entrance to which is situated within the petro-squamous
angle of the temporal bone. The canal is placed above the osseous
part of the tube, from which it is separated by the processus cochlearifor mis. On entering the tympanum the tendon of the muscle bends
sharply over the edge of the processus cochleariformis, and then passes
laterally to reach its insertion. The tendon forms very nearly a
right angle with the fleshly belly.
 
Action. —To render tense the membrana tympani by drawing
inwards the handle of the malleus, and along with it the membrane.
 
Stapedius Origin. —The wall of the canal within the pyramid, and
of the continuation of this canal in front of the descending part of the
facial canal.
 
The tendon emerges from the canal within the pyramid through a
small orifice on the apex.
 
Insertion. —The posterior aspect of the neck of the stapes.
 
Nerve-supply. —The facial nerve.
 
Action. To draw the head of the stapes backwards. The result
is that the front part of the foot-piece of the stapes is tilted away
 
from the vestibule, and its back part is pressed inwards towards the
vestibule.
 
Movements of the Ossicles.—The malleus and incus both act as
levers of the first kind, the fulcra of which are represented by an axis
passing backwards from the slender process of the malleus. When a
sound-wave presses the tympanic membrane inward, the handle of the
malleus travels inward with it, and the head of the malleus, or short
arm of the lever, moves outward. The upper part, or short arm of
the incus lever, must move out too, since it is attached to the head
of the malleus, and the long process moves inward, thus pressing the
 
stapes into the fenestra ovalis and compressing the perilymph in the
cochlea.
 
Ihe secondary membrane of the tympanum, stretched across the
fenestra rotunda, is bulged outward by the perilymph, thus allowing
vibrations to travel through that fluid.
 
 
/
 
 
THE EAR
 
 
1681
 
Mucous Membrane of the Tympanum.—The tympanic mucous
membrane is continuous anteriorly with that of the naso-pharynx
through the pharyngo-tympanic (or Eustachian) tube. Posteriorly it is
prolonged into the mastoid antrum, and thence into the mastoid cells.
It forms the internal layer of the tympanic membrane, and the external
layer of the secondary membrane of the tympanum. It also furnishes
sheaths for the tendons of the tensor tympani and stepedius muscles,
and for the chorda tympani nerve. Two folds extend downwards from
the roof of the attic or epitympanic recess, one in front of and the other
behind the superior ligament of the malleus. The former is connected
with the head of the malleus, and the latter (sometimes described as
the superior ligament of the incus) with the incus.
 
Attic or Epitympanic Recess and its Pouches.—The part of the
tympanic cavity which lies above the level of the upper margin of the
tympanic membrane is called the attic or epitympanic recess, as distinguished from the atrium or tympanum proper. It contains the
head and neck of the malleus, and the body and short process of the
incus. These divide it incompletely into two compartments—outer
and inner. The outer attic is subdivided into two pouches—superior
and inferior. The superior pouch is partially separated from the
inner attic by the two mucous folds which have been already referred
to as descending from the roof of the attic in front of and behind the
superior ligament of the malleus. The inferior pouch of the outer attic
is known as the pouch of Prussak. It is bounded laterally by the
membrana flaccida, superiorly by the lateral ligament of the malleus,
which partially separates it from the superior pouch, and internally
by the neck of the malleus. The pouch communicates posteriorly
with the tympanic cavity by an opening which is situated a little above
the level of the bottom of the pouch. If fluid, therefore, should
accumulate in Prussak’s pouch, it may readily lead to perforation of
the membrana flaccida.
 
Two other pouches are present—namely, the anterior and posterior
recesses or pouches of Troltsch. These lie one in front of and the other
behind the handle of the malleus, and are produced by the fold of
mucous membrane which invests the chorda tympani nerve.
 
The tympanic mucous membrane is covered for the most part by
columnar ciliated epithelium, except over the ossicles and membrana
tympani, where the epithelium consists of a single layer of squamous,
non-ciliated cells.
 
The tympanic or mastoid antrum is supplementary to the tympanum proper, or cavum tympani, behind which it is situated. It
communicates by a large irregular opening with the attic, and is
lined with mucous membrane, which is continuous with that of the
attic and cavum tympani. Opening from the antrum there are the
mastoid cells, which are lined with mucous membrane, continuous
with that of the antrum.
 
The average measurements of the antrum are as follows: vertical,
about Q millimetres; antero-posterior, about n millimetres; and
 
106
 
 
1682
 
 
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
 
 
transverse, about 8 millimetres. The roof is formed by the thin
tegmen tympani, which enters into the formation of the middle fossa
of the base of the skull, and is consequently related to the temporal
lobe of the cerebrum and its meninges. The genu and descending
limb of the sigmoid sinus lie behind the antrum, and a little farther
back is the cerebullum. The facial nerve, as it traverses the descending part of its canal, lies in the posterior wall of the cavum tympani,
close to the medial wall and in front of the mastoid antrum. This
part of the nerve is on a plane anterior to the mastoid process, and is
nearly flush with the opening of the antrum. The ampulla of the
lateral semicircular canal of the internal ear gives rise to a slight
eminence on the medial wall at its anterior part.
 
The lateral wall corresponds on the surface with the area of the
suprameatal triangle of Macewen, and is formed by the postmeatal
plate of the squamous portion of the temporal bone. For a description
of this triangle, which is the region selected for mastoidectomy , and also
for the mastoid cells, see the description of the temporal bone.
 
Summary of Important Structures closely related to the Mastoid Antrum.
 
1. Temporal lobe of cerebrum and its meninges (roof).
 
2. Genu and descending limb of sigmoid sinus, and farther back the cerebellum (posterior wall).
 
3 - Facial nerve (posterior wall of cavum tympani, close to medial wall and
nearly flush with antral opening).
 
4 - Lateral semicircular canal (anterior part of medial wall).
 
The upper part of the antrum communicates, as stated, with the
attic of the cavum tympani, but the lower part is shut off by bone from
the cavity of the cavum tympani.
 
The mucous membrane of the mastoid antrum is continuous with
that which lines the mastoid cells. Anteriorly it is also continuous
with the mucous membrane of the attic and cavum tympani or tympanum proper. The mucous membrane of the cavum tympani is
continuous anteriorly with that of the pharyngo-tympanic tube, and
the mucous membrane of the tube is continuous with that of the
naso-pharynx. This extensive and continuous tract of mucous
membrane is covered by columnar ciliated epithelium except in the
following regions: (1) the promontory; (2) the tympanic ossicles;
(3) the tympanic membrane; (4) the mastoid antrum; and (5) the
mastoid cells. In these regions the epithelium consists of a single
layer of squamous, non-ciliated cells.
 
It is of considerable importance to note that micro-organisms
may pass from the naso-pharynx through the tube into the cavum
tympani and attic, and thence into the mastoid antrum and mastoid
cells. Purulent affections of these regions may therefore readily be
caused in this manner. Such affections may subsequently involve
(1) the temporal lobe of the cerebrum and its meninges, (2) the genu
and descending limb of the sigmoid sinus, and (3) the internal ear or
labyrinth.
 
 
/
 
 
THE EAR
 
 
1683
 
Arteries of the Tympanum. —The principal arteries are: (1) the tympanic
branch of the maxillary, and (2) the stylo-mastoid branch of the posterior
auricular. The tympanic artery enters through the petro-tympanic fissure, and
supplies the membrana tympani and front part of the tympanum. The stylomastoid artery enters the facial canal through the stylo-mastoid foramen, and
passes from the descending part of the canal into the tympanum. It supplies
the back part of the cavity and the mastoid cells, and it forms, with the tympanic
artery, a ring round the circumference of the membrana tympani.
 
In addition to the foregoing two arteries, the following three arteries enter
the tympanic cavity: (1) the petrosal branch of the middle meningeal, which
enters from the facial canal, into which it passes through the hiatus; (2) the
tympanic branch of the ascending pharyngeal, which accompanies the nerve
through the tympanic canaliculus; and (3) the tympanic branch of the internal
carotid, which enters by a minute foramen on the posterior wall of the ascending
part of the carotid canal in company with a sympathetic twig from the carotid
plexus.
 
The veins of the tympanum pass to the pterygoid plexus, the superior petrosal
sinus, the internal jugular vein, and the pharyngeal plexus.
 
Nerves of the tympanum are described on pp. 1325 and 1400.
 
Internal Ear.
 
The internal ear is the essential part of the organ of hearing, and
is known as the labyrinth from its remarkable complexity. It consists
of two parts—namely, the osseous labyrinth and the membranous
labyrinth.
 
Osseous Labyrinth.
 
The osseous labyrinth is a cavity situated within the petrous part
of the temporal bone, and is divided into three parts—namely, the
vestibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. These divisions
are lined with a delicate periosteum, between which and the contained
membranous labyrinth there is a clear fluid, called the perilymph.
 
Vestibule.—The vestibule is the central division of the osseous
labyrinth. The semicircular canals lie behind it, and the cochlea is
situated in front of it. In the lateral wall is the fenestra vestibuii, which
is occupied by the foot-piece of the stapes and its annular ligament.
The medial wall has anteriorly a depression called the fovea spherica
or spherical recess, which corresponds to the lamina cribrosa at the
deep end of the meatus auditorius internus. It is pierced by apertures
for the passage of filaments of the auditory nerve to the saccule.
Behind and above the fovea spherica there is a ridge, called the vestibular crest, which lies obliquely. Posteriorly it bifurcates, and
between its two divisions there is a small depression, called the cochlear
recess, in which are openings for nerve filaments to the canalis cochlese.
Anteriorly it becomes somewhat triangular, and forms a pyramid,
which is pierced by nerves to the utricle.
 
The roof of the vestibule, behind and above the crista vestibuii,
has an oval depression, called the elliptical recess, which encroaches on
the inner wall and lodges the recess of the utricle. It is pierced by
nerves to the ampulke of the superior and external semicircular canals.
Below the fovea elliptica is the opening of the aqueduct of the vesti
 
1684
 
 
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
 
 
bule, which leads to the posterior surface of the petrous part of the
temporal bone about J inch external to the orifice of the meatus
auditorius internus. It transmits the ductus endolymphaticus and
a minute vein.
 
Anteriorly the vestibule communicates with the scala vestibuli
of the cochlea, and posteriorly are the five openings of the semicircular
canals.
 
Semicircular Canals.—The osseous semicircular canals are situated
behind the vestibule. They are three in number—superior, posterior,
 
 
Cupola of Cochlea
Petrous part of Tern- 5
 
poral Bone
 
 
Facial Canal
A
 
 
 
Superior Semicircular Canal
 
 
Fenestra Vestibuli
 
Lateral Semicircular
Canal
 
 
Posterior Semicircular
Canal
 
Vestibule
 
 
Fenestra Cochleae
 
 
_ Superior Semicircular Canal
 
 
Inner Wall of Canal '
of Cochlea
 
Helicotrema
 
 
Lamina Spiralis
 
 
Crus Commune of Sup. and
Post. SemicircularCanals
 
 
Posterior Semicircular
Canal
 
Lateral Semicircular
Canal
Elliptical Recess
\ Crista Vestibuli
Spherical Recess
 
 
1 \ .
 
1 '
 
> Orifice of Aqueductus Vestibuli
Recessus Cochlearis
 
 
Fenestra Cochleae
Scala T.ympani Scala Vestibuli
 
Fig. 1035. —The Osseous Labyrinth of the Left Side (Lateral View).
A, entire; B opened (Hirschfeld and Leveille; B, modified).
 
 
and lateral—and they open into the vestibule by five circular apertures,
the contiguous ends of the superior and posterior canals having a
common orifice. Each canal forms about two-thirds of a circle, and
each presents at one end an enlargement, called the ampulla. The
superior semicircular canal occupies a vertical position, and lies transversely as regards the long axis of the petrous part of the temporal
bone, giving rise to the eminentia arcuata on its superior surface.
Its ampullary end (antero-external) opens independently into the upper
part of the vestibule above the ampullary orifice of the external canal.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE EAR
 
 
1685
 
 
Its non-ampullary end unites with the non-ampullary end of the
posterior canal to form the crus commune, and the two open by a
common orifice into the vestibule. The posterior semicircular canal
arches backwards towards the posterior surface of the pars petrosa,
with which it is almost parallel, and, like the superior, it occupies a
vertical position. Its ampullary end (inferior) opens independently
into the lower and back part of the vestibule, and its non-ampullary
end, as just stated, joins that of the superior canal. The lateral
semicircular canal arches outwards, and occupies a horizontal position.
Its extremities are independent of those of the other two canals,
and they open by separate apertures into the upper and back part
of the vestibule. Its ampullary end is in front.
 
Cochlea.—The osseous cochlea is situated in front of the vestibule.
It consists of a tube coiled spirally upon itself, like a snail s shell,
 
 
 
Fig. 1036. _Median Section of the Left Osseous Cochlea of Man
 
from Apex to Base (Arnold).
 
 
S.V. Scala Vestibuli
S.T. Scala Tympani
 
 
L.S.O. Lamina Spiralis Ossea
C.C. Central Canal of Modiolus
 
 
M.A.I. Internal Auditory Meatus
 
 
and is conical. Its base is opposite the lamina cribrosa at the deep
end of the meatus auditorius interims; and its apex, known as the
cupola is directed outwards and slightly forwards towards the canal
which contains the tensor tympani muscle. Its length from base to
apex is about i inch. It consists of (1) a winding tube, called the
spiral canal of the cochlea ; (2) a central pillar, called the modiolus,
round which the spiral canal turns; and (3) a thin plate of bone, called
the osseous spiral lamina, which winds spirally round the modiolus
and projects into the spiral canal of the cochlea. . .
 
The spiral canal of the cochlea (cochlear canal or tube) winds round
the modiolus which forms its inner wall. It describes two and threenuarter turns, and its basal turn or coil gives rise to the promontory on
the inner wall of the tympanum. At the cupola it ends in a blind
extremity. It gradually diminishes in size from base to cupola; its
 
 
 
i686
 
 
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
 
 
length is about 32 millimetres; and its diameter is about 2 millimetres
at the base, where it is greatest.
 
The modiolus is the central pillar round which the spiral canal of
the cochlea turns, and it forms the inner wall of that canal. It commences at the cochlear area of the lamina cribosa at the deep end of the
internal auditory meatus, and extends almost to the cupola, gradually
tapering. It is traversed by minute canals for branches of the cochlear
division of the auditory nerve. One of these canals occupies the
centre of the modiolus, and is called the central canal of the modiolus.
This canal begins at the foramen centrale of the cochlear area of the
lamina cribrosa, and it transmits the nerve-filaments for the apical
coil. The other canals, which have no special name, commence at
the tractus spiralis foraminosus of the cochlear area of the lamina
cribrosa, and they transmit the nerve-filaments for the other coils—
middle and basal. At successive levels these canals change their
direction, and pass outwards to the attached margin of the lamina
spiralis, to be presently described. Here they coalesce and form a
winding canal, called the spiral canal of the modiolus, which lodges
the spiral ganglion or ganglion of Corti. From this canal secondary
canals for nerve-filaments pass into the lamina spiralis.
 
The osseous spiral lamina is a thin plate of bone, which winds
spirally round the modiolus, to which it is attached. It projects from
the modiolus into the spiral canal of the cochlea throughout the windings
of the latter, and it extends for about half-way towards the outer wall
of the cochlear canal. It divides that canal incompletely into two
passages or scalar —an upper or scala vestibuli, and a lower or scala
tympani, the commencement of which is at the fenestra cochleae.
Close to the cupola the lamina spiralis terminates in a hook-like process,
called the hamulus. The spiral lamina consists of two plates of bone,
between which there are canals for nerve-filaments, these canals being
offsets of the spiral canal of the modiolus, which, as has been said,
contains the spiral ganglion or ganglion of Corti. They extend to the
free margin of the spiral lamina. The free margin of the lamina
spiralis is, in the recent state, attached to the outer wall of the spiral
canal of the cochlea by means of the basilar membrane or basilar
lamina, and the scala vestibuli and scala tympani are now completely
separated, except in the region of the hamulus, where they communicate
through an opening, called the helicotrema.
 
The lamina cribrosa, at the deep end of the internal auditory
meatus, will be found described in connection with the temporal
bone (p. 190).
 
At the lower end of the scala tympani is the upper opening of the
aqueductus cochleae, which passes downwards and medially to the
posterior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone. It transmits
a small vein to the inferior petrosal sinus, and establishes a communication between the scala tympani and the subarachnoid space.
 
 
 
THE EAR
 
 
1687
 
 
Membranous Labyrinth.
 
The membranous labyrinth is situated within the osseous labyrinth,
and its constituent parts receive the terminal branches of the auditory
nerve. It is separated from the periosteal lining of the osseous labyrinth by the perilymph, and it contains the fluid known as the endolymph. In the case of the vestibule and the osseous semicircular
canals the. membranous labyrinth corresponds more or less with
them; but in the case of the osseous cochlea it forms part of the septum
between the scala tympani and scala vestibuli, and contains a passage
called the membranous canal of the cochlea (ductus cochleae).
 
 
 
Fig. 1037. —Diagram of Membranous Labyrinth.
 
Vestibular Part of the Membranous Labyrinth.—The vestibule
contains two membranous sacs—namely, the utricle and the saccule
 
_which are in close contact, but do not communicate with each other
 
directly. These sacs contain endolymph.
 
The utricle is the larger of the two sacs, and into it the membranous
semicircular ducts open. It occupies the upper and back part of the
vestibule, a portion of it, known as the recessus utriculi, lying in the
fovea elliptica. Near the crista vestibuli the wall of this recess receives
fibres of the auditory nerve and is thickened, this part of it being called
the macula utriculi. From the anterior and medial part of the utricle
a minute canal, called the ductus utriculi («ductus utriculo-saccularis ),
passes to join the ductus sacculi, and so form the ductus endolymphaticus (see Fig. 1037).
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1688
 
 
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
 
 
The saccule, which is somewhat oval, lies in front of the utricle,
and occupies the fovea spherica, where it is near the opening leading
into the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. Through the openings of the
fovea spherica it receives filaments of the auditory nerve, and this
portion of the saccule, being thickened, is known as the macula sacculi.
Interiorly the saccule is connected with a small canal, called the
ductus reuniens, which opens into the canal of the cochlea, or ductus
cochlearis, not far from its closed vestibular end. From the posterior
part of the saccule a minute canal, called the ductus sacculi, passes off,
which is soon joined by the ductus utriculi, and so the ductus endolymphaticus is formed. This latter duct traverses the aqueductus
vestibuli, and, having reached the posterior surface of the petrous
part of the temporal bone, it ends in a small blind dilatation, called the
saccus endolymphaticus , which lies beneath the dura mater. The saccule
and utricle are thus indirectly connected by means of the ductus sacculi
and ductus utriculi; and the saccule communicates with the ductus
cochlearis by means of the ductus reuniens.
 
Semicircular Ducts.—The membranous semicircular ducts correspond in outline to the osseous semicircular canals, within which they
lie; they form about two-thirds of a circle, and each has an ampulla
at one end, which is situated within the ampulla of the osseous canal.
They are elliptical in transverse section, and open into the utricle by
five orifices, the non-ampullated ends of the superior and posterior
canals being united, so that these two open by a common orifice
forming the crus commune. The convex wall of each canal is attached
to the periosteal lining of the osseous canal, whilst the concave wall is
practically free from the osseous wall, and is bathed by the perilymph.
These canals contain endolymph.
 
Structure.—The walls of the utricle, saccule, and membranous
semicircular canals consist of three layers: an outer or fibrous layer,
which is vascular; a middle layer, or membrana propria, which is translucent; and an inner or epithelial layer. In each ampulla the middle
layer, or membrana propria, projects into the cavity of the canal from
the peripheral wall, this projecting part being known as the septum
transversum. It partially divides the interior of the ampulla into two
compartments, and its free margin, which is covered by the auditory
epithelium, is called the crista acustica or ampullaris. The epithelial
layer consists of a single stratum of squamous cells, except in those
regions to which the filaments of the auditory nerve are distributed. These regions are as follows: (i) the macula (acustica)
utriculi; (2) the macula (acustica) sacculi; and (3) the crista of each
ampulla.
 
The macula utriculi is the thickened part of the antero-inferior wall
of the recessus utriculi, and is lined with auditory epithelium. The
macula is covered by calcareous particles, called otoconia, which
consist of crystals of calcium carbonate. The macula sacculi is the
thickened part of the anterior wall of the saccule, and is also lined with
auditory epithelium covered by otoconia. The crista ampullaris, as
 
 
THE EAR
 
 
1689
 
 
we have seen, is the free margin of the septum trailsversum in each
ampulla, and is covered by auditory epithelium.
 
The auditory epithelium is of the columnar variety, and consists of
two kinds of cells, auditory and sustentacular. The auditory cells are
nucleated, and each is provided at its free extremity with a slender,
tapering, hair-like filament, which projects into the cavity. These
filaments are sometimes spoken of collectively as auditory hairs, and
the cells are hence called hair-cells. Their deep extremities fall short
of the membrana propria. The sustentacular cells lie between the haircells, and are elongated and nucleated. Their deep extremities are
attached to the membrana propria, and their free extremities give rise
to a kind of limiting membrane. The auditory nerve-fibres pierce
the membrana propria, and, having lost their medullary sheaths, the
axons end in arborizations round the deep ends of the auditory or
hair cells.
 
Superior Semicircular Duct
 
 
Lateral Semicircular Duct i
 
 
Posterior Semicircular Duct
 
 
 
Facial Nerve
 
 
Crus Commune of Superior and
' l Posterior Semicircular Ducts
 
j r Ampulla
 
_ l Nerve to Ampulla
Nerve to Utricle
~ . Nerve to Saccule
_ Cochlear Nerve
 
 
Fig. 1038. —The Membranous Semicircular Ducts, showing the Distribution of the Branches of the Auditory Nerve to their Ampullae
 
(Breschet).
 
Membranous Cochlea.—The membranous cochlea is situated within
the osseous cochlea, and fills the gap which is left by the lamina
spiralis. It consists of two membranes, the basilar membrane and the
vestibular membrane (membrane of Reissner, Fig. 1040), which enclose
between them the ductus cochlearis, or scala media. 1 he osseous
cochlea in the recent state is therefore divided into three spiral
passages—the scala tympani, the scala vestibuli, and the ductus
cochlearis. The scala vestibuli is continuous with the scala tympani
at the cupola through an aperture, called the helicotrema ; and at the
base of the cochlea it opens upon the anterior wall of the vestibule.
The scala tympani begins at the fenestra cochleae, and in the recent
state is separated from the tympanic cavity by the secondary membrane of the tympanum. The scala media, or ductus cochlearis,
communicates near its lower end with the saccule by means of the ductus
reuniens. The scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain perilymph,
which is continuous with the perilymph of the vestibule and osseous
semicircular canals. The scala media contains endolymph, which is
continuous with that of the saccule,
 
 
 
 
1690
 
 
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
 
 
Basilar Membrane.—The basilar membrane extends from the free
margin of the lamina spiralis to the crista basilaris, or lower part of
the spiral ligament, a thickening of the periosteum of that part of the
outer wall of the cochlea which forms the outer wall of the scala media,
or ductus cochlearis. It separates the ductus cochlearis from the scala
tympani, and is divisible into two zones, inner and outer. The inner
is called the zona arcuata, and supports the spiral organ. The outer
is known as the zona pectinata, and extends from the foot-plates of
the outer rods of this organ to the crista basilaris. The basilar membrane consists of a homogeneous membrana propria, with fibres embedded in it, the fibres being most numerous in the zona pectinata.
 
Vestibular Membrane, or Membrane of Reissner.—This is a delicate
membrane which extends from the upper surface of the lamina spiralis
a short distance from its free margin to the outer wall of the cochlea,
where it is attached to the periosteum a little above the outer attachment of the basilar membrane. It separates the cochlear duct from the
scala vestibuli, and consists of very delicate connective tissue lined on
each side with a single layer of squamous epithelium.
 
 
Osseous Spiral Lamina
 
 
Vestibular Membrane
Basilar Membiane
 
 
Scala Vestibuli
 
Ductus Cochlearis
 
 
Sc' NYll ESy/: ,'-.;
 
| Scala Tympan*
 
 
 
 
Fig. 1039.
 
 
-Vertical Section of the Cochlea of a Fcetal Calf, showing
THE SCALAE AND MODIOLUS (KoLLIKER).
 
 
The scala media, or ductus cochlearis, is situated between the
basilar membrane and the vestibular membrane. It is triangular in
transverse section, and has a roof, an outer wall, and a floor. The
roof is formed by the vestibular membrane (see Fig. 1040). The
outer wall is the wall of the cochlea and its periosteum, between the
external attachments of the basilar membrane and the vestibular
membrane. The periosteum in this region is much thickened, and
forms the spiral ligament of the cochlea, the lower part of which gives
rise to the crista basilaris. The floor is formed by the basilar membrane, and a part of the upper surface of the lamina spiralis. It has
been seen that the basilar membrane separates the ductus cochlearis
from the scala tympani. The ductus ends above in a closed extremity
at the cupola, and it has a similar ending at the base of the cochlea.
Near its lower blind extremity it receives the ductus reuniens, by
which it communicates with the saccule.
 
It has just been shown that part of the floor of the cochlear duct
is formed by some of the lamina spiralis. In the recent state it is
of some thickness, which is due to a thickening of its periosteal
 
 
/
 
 
 
 
THE EAR
 
 
1691
 
 
covering. This fibrous thickening forms the limbus laminae spiralis
(see Fig. 1040).
 
Its outer margin is crescentic, the deep notch being called the sulcus lamince
spiralis. The sulcus has two lips, upper and lower. The upper is called the
labium vestibulare, the upper surface of which is marked by several interlacing
prominences and grooves. At the free margin of this labium the prominences
assume the form of tooth-like projections, which are known as the auditory
teeth. The lower lip of the sulcus is called the labium tympanicum. It is continued into the basilar membrane, and is perforated by a great number of apertures
for the branches of the cochlear division of the auditory nerve.
 
Spiral Organ (of Corti).—Over the upper surface of the inner part
(zona arcuata) of the basilar membrane the epithelium undergoes
 
 
 
Fig. 1040.—The Organ of Corti (Wiedersheim, after Lavdowsky).
 
 
1. Spiral Ligament
 
2. Limbus
 
3. Sulcus Spiralis
 
4. Inner Rod of Corti
 
5. Outer Rod of Corti
 
6. Tunnel of Corti
 
7. Phalangeal Process of Outer Rod
 
8. Inner Hair-cells
 
 
9. Outer Hair-cells
 
10. Cells of Deiters
 
11. Lamina Reticularis
 
12. Cells of Hensen
 
13. Cells o Claudius
 
14. Spiral Ganglion
 
15. Cochlear Nerve
 
16. Nerve-fibres to Hair-cells
 
 
remarkable modification, and gives rise to the spiral organ or organ
of Corti. The constituent parts of this very complicated organ are as
 
follows:
 
1 The rods of Corti. 4. The cells of Hensen and of Claudius.
 
2 The auditory or hair cells. 5 - The lamina reticularis.
 
3! The cells of Deiters. 6. The membrana tectona.
 
The rods of Corti are arranged in two rows, inner and outer (see
Fig 1041). Each rod consists of a foot-plate or base, an intermediate
portion, and a head. The foot-plate, which is expanded, rests upon
the zona arcuata of the basilar membrane, and the foot-plates of the
inner rods are separated from those of the outer rods by a slight
interval. As the rods rise the intermediate portions of the inner and
 
 
 
 
 
 
1692
 
 
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
 
 
outer rods incline towards each other, and the heads of the two sets
of rods come into contact. In this manner a triangular tunnel is
enclosed between the two sets of rods and the basilar membrane,
which is called the tunnel of Corti. This extends along the entire
length of the ductus cochlearis.
 
 
phalangeal
 
PROCESS
 
 
IfSNER ROD
 
 
 
BASILAR. MEMBRANE
 
 
The inner rods are more numerous than the outer, there being from
5,000 to 6,000 of the former and about 4,000 of the latter. They
incline upwards and outwards. The head of each has a concavity on
its outer side, above and below which there is a projecting portion, so
 
that it resembles the upper extremity
of the ulna, with its great sigmoid
cavity and olecranon and coronoid
processes. The concavity on the head
of the inner rod receives the round
head of the outer rod. Finally, the
tic. 1041. A Pair of Rods of inner rods are shorter than the outer.
Corti from the Rabbit’s Coch- The ou + pr rn d<? lpcc nnmprrmQ
 
lea (Side View, highly mag- An ? ouler * oas j ^ re . Aess nui ? e 5 , 0US
 
nified) (Schafer, in Quain’s ? nd lon § er than the inner, and they
 
‘Anatomy’). ~ incline upwards and inwards. The
 
head of each is divisible into two
parts—inner and outer. Ihe inner part is round, and is received
mto the concavity on the outer aspect of the head of the inner rod.
The outer part is prolonged into a beak-like projection, called the
phalangeal process, which forms part of the lamina reticularis, to be
presently described.
 
The auditory or hair cells are arranged in two sets—inner and
outer. Ihe inner hair-cells lie internal to the row of inner rods, and
form a single row. They are from 3,000 to in number. Their
 
free extremities, which lie close to the heads of the inner rods, are each
provided with a tuft of short, hair-like filaments. The deep, nucleated
ends of the cells are related to the terminal arborizations of nervefibres. Internal to the row of inner hair-cells there are two or more
rows of columnar cells, which are continuous with the columnar
epithelium of the sulcus spiralis laminae. The outer hair-cells are
disposed in three or four rows external to the outer row of rods. They
are much more numerous than the inner hair-cells. Their free extremities, like those of the inner cells, are each provided with a tuft
of short, hair-like filaments, and their deep, nucleated ends are related
to the terminal arborizations of nerve-fibres.
 
 
1 he cells of Deiters, which are sustentacular, are situated between
the rows of outer hair-cells. Each cell is nucleated and contains a
slender filament, known as the sustentacular filament or phalangeal
process. This filament is attached by its base to the basilar membrane, and is prolonged into the tapering upper end of the cell. It
terminates in an expansion, which forms a phalanx of the lamina
reticularis, to be presently described.
 
The cells of Hensen are disposed as a continuous layer external
to the lamina reticularis.
 
 
 
 
THE EAR 1693
 
External to the cells of Hensen there are the cubical or columnar
cells of Claudius: these are merely an epithelial lining layer.
 
The reticular lamina extends between the heads of the rods of
Corti and the cells of Hensen. It consists of phalanges, which are
arranged in two (or more) rows—inner and outer. The phalanges of
the inner row are formed by the phalangeal processes of the heads of the
outer rods of Corti. The phalanges of the outer row (or rows) are
formed by the phalangeal processes of the cells of Deiters. Between
the phalanges there are openings through which the outer ends of
the outer hair-cells, with their crescentic tufts of hair-like filaments,
project.
 
The membrana tectoria, or membrane of Corti, which is elastic,
is the most superficial structure in connection with the spiral organ.
It extends from the limbus spiralis near, and external to, the attachment of the vestibular membrane to the region of the outer hair-cells.
It covers (1) the limbus laminae spiralis; (2) the labium vestibulare,
 
 
 
 
- Hehcotrema
 
 
Scala Vestibuli
 
 
Membranous Spiral
Lamina
 
 
Scala Tympani
 
 
1
 
1
 
Expansion of Cochlear Nerve
 
Fig. 1042.—Section of the Cochlea, showing the Distribution of the
Cochlea Branch of the Auditory Nerve (magnified) (Hirschfeld
and Reveille).
 
and the auditory teeth; (3) the sulcus laminae spiralis; (4) the inner
hair-cells; (5) the inner and outer rods of Corti; (6) the cells of Deiters;
and (7) the lamina reticularis.
 
Auditory Nerve.—The auditory nerve, within the meatus auditorius
internus, breaks up into two divisions—vestibular and cochlear.
 
The vestibular nerve, as it traverses the meatus auditorius internus, has a gangliform enlargement, the vestibular ganglion, and
divides into three branches. These enter the vestibule through the
foramina in the superior vestibular area of the lamina cribrosa at the
deep end of the internal meatus. They are distributed to the macula
utriculi and to the cristae acusticas of the ampullae of the superior
and external semicircular canals.
 
The cochlear nerve in the meatus auditorius internus divides into
two branches—one to the macula sacculi, and the other to the crista
of the ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal. The filaments of
the former, which has a gangliform enlargement, pass through the foramina in the inferior vestibular area of the lamina cribrosa, and the
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
 
 
1694
 
latter passes through the foramen singulare in the lamina cribrosa.
The cochlear nerve, having parted with these two branches, breaks
up into filaments which pass through the foramina of the cochlear
area of the lamina cribrosa, and so reach the base of the modiolus
of the cochlea. They traverse the canals of the modiolus, from which
they pass into the canals between the two layers of the lamina spiralis.
In doing so they have to cross the spiral canal of the modiolus, which
is situated close to the attached margin of the lamina spiralis. This
canal contains a ganglion, called the spiral ganglion, which follows
the windings of the canal, and contains bipolar nerve-cells. As the
auditory fibres pass from the canals of the modiolus into those of
the lamina spiralis the course of each fibre is probably interrupted
by a bipolar cell of the spiral ganglion. The nerve-fibres, leaving
these bipolar cells, traverse the canals between the two layers of the
lamina spiralis. Having lost their medullary sheaths, they pass
through the foramina of the labium tympanicum on the outer margin
of the limbus spiralis, and enter the basilar membrane, where they
end in arborizations which are connected with the inner and outer
hair-cells.
 
Blood-supply of the Labyrinth.—The labyrinth derives its blood
from the internal auditory, which is a branch of the basilar artery
or of the anterior inferior cerebellar. The vessel traverses the meatus
auditorius internus, and divides at its deep end into two branches—
vestibular and cochlear. The vestibular artery supplies the utricle,
saccule, and semicircular canals, and the cochlear artery supplies the
cochlea.
 
The veins of the labyrinth ultimately join to form one vessel, called
the internal auditory vein, which opens into the inferior petrosal
sinus. The aqueductus cochleae and the aqueductus vestibuli each
transmit a vein; that which passes through the former joins the inferior
petrosal sinus or the bulb of the internal jugular vein, and that which
passes through the latter opens into the superior petrosal sinus.
 
 
Development of the Ear.
 
Internal Ear—Membranous Labyrinth. —The membranous labyrinth is
developed from the surface ectoderm in a manner similar to the development
of the crystalline lens. Over a circumscribed area, corresponding to the upper
end of the first visceral cleft, and upon the side of the hind-brain, the ectoderm
becomes thickened and invaginated. A depression is thus formed, which is
called the auditory pit. This pit becomes deepened, its mouth becomes constricted, and its lips, coming together, unite. The auditory pit then becomes
transformed into a closed sac, called the auditory or otic vesicle, or otocyst.
The auditory vesicle now becomes isolated from the surface ectoderm, and sinks
into the adjacent mesoderm, taking up a position close to the side of the hindbrain.
 
The auditory vesicle, which is at first almost spherical, soon becomes pyriform, this being due to the formation of a process, called the recess of the labyrinth
or vestibule, which is prolonged from its dorsal wall. As this process lengthens
it gives rise to the ductus endolymphaticus, which occupies the aqueductus
vestibuli of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. The expanded terminal
 
 
 
THE EAR
 
 
1695
 
part of the ductus endolymphaticus is called the saccus endolymphaticus, and it
lies underneath the dura mater. The ventral aspect of the vesicle gives off a
tapering diverticulum, which gives rise to the ductus cochlearis, or scala media,
of the cochlea. This duct describes a bend, within which lies the cochlear
ganglion of the cochlear division of the auditory nerve. As the duct elongates
it continues to bend in a spiral manner, and so the ductus cochlearis is formed.
The cochlear ganglion elongates, and follows the spiral turns of the duct, from
which circumstance the ganglion is known as the ganglion spirale.
 
The three semicircular ducts are developed from the upper or cephalic part
of the auditory vesicle, this part representing the future utricle. This portion
of the vesicle presents two folds—vertical and horizontal. From the vertical
fold the superior and posterior semicircular canals are formed, whilst the horizontal fold gives rise to the lateral semicircular canal.
 
The auditory vesicle now becomes transversely constricted, and is divided
into two sacs—large and small. The large sac is called the utricle, from which
the semicircular ducts have just been developed. The small sac is called the
saccule, from which the ductus cochlearis has been developed. The portion
of this duct which communicates with the saccule becomes constricted, and
forms the canalis reuniens of Hensen.
 
The constriction which completely divides the auditory vesicle into utricle
and saccule also involves the vesicular end of the ductus endolymphaticus, and
divides it into two ducts, called the ductus utriculi and ductus sacculi. This
arrangement constitutes the only communication which now exists between the
utricle and the saccule.
 
As stated, the cochlear ganglion, or ganglion spirale, of the cochlear division
of the auditory nerve lies within the spiral turns of the ductus cochlearis. As
the osseous cochlea becomes formed, the ganglion spirale comes to occupy the
spiral canal of the modiolus. The vestibular ganglion of the vestibular division
of the auditory nerve lies in the internal auditory meatus after the completion
of ossification.
 
The membranous labyrinth, hitherto considered, is entirely epithelial.
Certain of its epithelial cells undergo important specializations to fit them for
sensorial purposes. These cells form six groups in definite regions. These groups
are as follows: (1) The crista acustica ampullaris, of which there are three, one in
the ampulla of each of the three epithelial semicircular canals; (4) the macula
(1 acustica) utriculi’, (5) the macula ( acustica) sacculi', and (6) the spiral organ {of
Corti), specialized from the epithelial ductus cochlearis. The groups connected
with the ampullae of the semicircular canals, the utricle, and the saccule, receive
their nerve-fibres from the vestibular ganglion of the vestibular division of the
auditory nerve. The organ of Corti receives its nerve-fibres from the cochlear
ganglion, or ganglion spirale, of the cochlear division of the auditory nerve.
 
Osseous Labyrinth. —The membranous labyrinth is surrounded by mesodermic
tissue, which becomes disposed in four layers. These layers, from within outwards,
may be spoken of as (1) the connective-tissue layer, (2) the gelatinous layer,
(3) the perichondrial layer, and (4) the cartilaginous layer. The connectivetissue layer forms the connective tissue of the various parts of the epithelial
labyrinth. The fibrous tissue of the gelatinous layer acquires vacuoles, and gives
place to the various perilymphatic spaces, which contain a fluid called the perilymph. In the case of the cochlea, the scala vestibuli and scala tympani alone
contain perilymph, the cochlear duct containing endolymph. The perichondrial
layer forms the lining perichondrium of the periotic cartilaginous capsule, and
subsequently becomes the lining periosteum of the osseous labyrinth. The
cartilaginous layer forms the periotic cartilaginous capsule, which undergoes
ossification, and gives rise, amongst other parts, to the osseous labyrinth, which
jg q£ i ar ger size than the membranous labyrinth. The osseous semicircular canals
conform in shape to the membranous semicircular ducts, but are of larger size.
The osseous vestibule differs from the membranous vestibule in being a single
osseous case, whereas its contents are the utricle and the saccule.
 
Whilst the perilymph lies external to the membranous labyrinth, the interior
 
 
1696
 
 
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
 
 
of the semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule, and scala media contain endolymph,
the latter being in communication with the saccule by means of the canal is
reuniens.
 
The middle ear or tympanum and pharyngo-tympanic tube (see p. 73 et seq.)
 
are developed from the tubo-tympartic recess of the pharynx. This is the widest
part of the early pharynx, opposite the second and third arches, and by the
time the embryo has reached the second month of development the recess is
definitely indicated; it projects laterally with its contained cavity, compressed
dorso-ventrally, widely open into the general pharyngeal cavity. Its roof
supports the otic capsule, while the outer parts of the first two visceral grooves
are seen in its floor, with the second arch between them. It is bounded in
front by the first arch, and caudally by the third arch. The first lateral pouch,
on its lateral edge, is in contact with the persistent upper end of the first outer
groove; the second pouch, which has lost contact, is at its postero-lateral angle.
The recess deepens, and the third arch grows forward, cutting off the outer part
of the cavity from the pharynx and narrowing the anterior part, which still
remains continuous with the pharynx; the outer and larger part is the early
tympanum, and the constricted front portion becomes the tube.
 
The otic capsule enlarges and chondrifies, and as it grows depresses the
inner part of the tympanum, slightly rotating it, so that its former roof now
becomes its inner wall, applied to the surface of the capsule. Its floor, also
rotated, now slopes downwards and medially, and is in close relation with the
meatal plate, a cellular ingrowth from the upper end of the first outer groove;
this has grown in below the tympanum, and by a later process of hollowing
forms the ectodermal lining of the outer meatus and membrane.
 
Meckel’s cartilage develops in the mesoderm of the first arch, therefore
antero-lateral to the recess, in front of the position of the first pouch. It sends
an extension over the pouch to invade the second arch area behind this, passing
under the floor between the endoderm and the meatal plate; this extension forms
the basis of the tympanic membrane and the manubrium, and its upper part probably also forms the incus. The hyoid bar (Reichert’s cartilage), the bar of the
second arch, is behind this, immediately in front of the second pouch; an exten
sion from its upper end over the roof gives rise to the stapes. The stapes becomes
associated with the cartilaginous capsule, which has enlarged considerably; the
enlargement extends postero-laterally, and leads to the fusion of Reichert’s bar
with the capsule (tympano-hyal) and the position of the remnant of the second
pouch in the fossula rotunda (fenestra cochleae).
 
The chorda tympani crosses the first pouch; the level of the early tympanum
might roughly be taken as extending up to this nerve. The higher level of the
adult cavity is attained by a later extension. In the early condition of the
tympanum, the malleus, incus, stapes, and chorda tympani nerve lie embedded
in the mesodermic tissue which intervenes between the epithelial or mucous
roof of the membranous tympanum and its osseous roof. This mesodermic
tissue disappears, and the mucous (originally epithelial) lining of the tympanum
now comes into direct contact with the malleus, incus, stapes, and chorda
tympani nerve, all of which it encloses within folds. Though these structures
apparently lie within the tympanic cavity, this is not their actual position. They
are really outside the cavity, inasmuch as they lie external to the mucous lining of
the cavity. This may be illustrated by stating that the handle or manubrium
of the malleus and the chorda tympani nerve do not lie in the tympanic cavity,
but are placed between the middle, or fibrous, layer and the internal, or mucous,
layer of the membrana tympani.
 
External Ear.— AThe external ear consists of (1) the external auditory meatus,
including the membrana tympani, and (2) the pinna.
 
The external auditory meatus is developed from the upper part of the first
external or ectodermic furrow, which corresponds in position to the first
internal visceral cleft.
 
The membrana tympani is developed from the closing membrane which
separates the first internal visceral cleft from the first external ectodermic furrow.
 
 
THE EAR
 
 
1697
 
This closing membrane is a trilaminar structure. Its inner layer consists of
entoderm; its middle layer of mesoderm; and its outer layer of ectoderm. The
membrana tympani, which is developed from it, is therefore trilaminar. The
outer layer is ectodermic, and is continuous with the cuticular lining of the external
auditory meatus; the middle layer is mesodermic, or fibrous; and the inner layer
is entodermic, or mucous, and is continuous with the mucous lining of the
tympanic cavity.
 
The component parts of the pinna are developed from six projections, consisting of mesoderm, covered by ectoderm. These appear on the upper ends
of the first and second visceral arches, where these bound the upper part of
the first external ectodermic furrow, which gives rise to the external auditory
meatus. The helix is developed from two of these tubercles, and each of the
other four gives rise to the antihelix, tragus, antitragus, and lobule. The mesodermic tissue of the projections becomes differentiated into connective tissue
and cartilage, and the ectoderm covers these.
 
 
107
 
 
GLOSSARY
 
 
Terms still in common use, though now ‘discardedare included in this list,
with a certain number of proper names coming in the same category.
 
 
Abdomen, a word of uncertain derivation, but possibly from abdo,
I hide or conceal.
 
Aberrant, wandering from the normal
source.
 
Acervulus, a little heap.
 
Acervulus cerebri, brain-sand.
 
Acetabulum, a vessel for holding
vinegar; a juggler’s cup. But
used by Pliny to signify hipsocket.
 
Acinus, any juicy berry with stones
— e.g., the grape; the kernel in the
berry.
 
Acrocephalous, having a pointed or
conical head.
 
Acromion, the point or summit of
the shoulder.
 
Acusticus, a, um, pertaining to sound,
or to the sense of hearing.
 
Adamantoblast, enamel germ cell.
 
Adductor canal, subsartorial canal.
 
Adenoid, glandular.
 
Aditus, an approach or access.
 
Adrenal, near to the kidney.
 
Advehens, carrying to.
 
Afferent, carrying to.
 
Agger, a mound or rampart.
 
Agminated, disposed in columns.
 
Ala, a wing.
 
Ala cinera, vagal triangle.
 
Albicans, white.
 
Albuginea, whitish.
 
Alcock’s canal, pudendal canal.
 
Allantois, sausage-like.
 
Alveolus, a little trough.
 
Alveus, a trough.
 
Amacrine, without a long fibre.
 
Ambiguus, dark, obscure.
 
Ameloblast, enamel germ.
 
Ammonis, cornu, horn of Ammon,
who was represented as having
the head of a ram.
 
 
Amphiarthrosis, literally, articulation on both sides. Secondary
cartilaginous joint (fibro-cartilage).
 
Ampulla, a flask.
 
Amygdala, an almond.
 
Anastomosis, literally, an outlet; the
communication of branches of
vessels with one another.
 
Anconeus, pertaining to the elbow.
 
Ankylosis, bony union between two
bones which are normally separate.
 
Annulus, a little ring.
 
Ansa, a handle, loop, or brace.
 
Ansa cervicis, ansa hypoglossi.
 
Anserinus, pertaining to a goose.
 
Antecubital, in front of the elbow.
 
Antibrachium, forearm.
 
Anticubital fossa, cubital fossa.
 
Anticus, in front, anterior.
 
Antinion, opposite to the inion.
 
Antrum, a cave or cavity.
 
Antrum of Highmore, maxillary
sinus.
 
Antrum, mastoid, tympanic antrum.
 
Anus, a ring.
 
Aorta, literally, the lower end of the
trachea; a carrier.
 
Apertura piriformis, anterior aspect
of nose.
 
Aponeurosis, an expansion from a
tendon.
 
Aponeurosis, lumbar, lumbar fascia.
 
Aponeurosis, pharyngeal, pharyngobasilar fascia.
 
Apophysis (‘ grow from ’), a process
or swelling on a bone.
 
Appendix ventriculi laryngis, saccule.
 
Aqueductus cerebri, aqueduct of
 
 
mid-brain.
 
Aqueductus Fallopii, facial canal.
Arachnoid, like a spider’s web.
 
1698
 
 
 
 
GLOSSARY 1699
 
 
Arantii, corpus, nodule (in cusps of
aortic and pulmonary valves).
 
Archenteron, primitive intestine.
 
Arcuatus, curved.
 
Area acustica, vestibular area.
 
Areola, a small open place.
 
Arnold’s ganglion, otic ganglion.
 
Arnold’s nerve, tympanic nerve.
 
Artery, literally, an air vessel; the
trachea was known as the arteria
aspera; a bloodvessel which carries
the blood from the heart.
 
Arthrodia, from the Greek word
meaning * a joint ’; applied to a
gliding joint.
 
Arthrosis, plane joint.
 
Arytenoid, pitcher-like.
 
Ascending frontal convolution, precentral convolution.
 
Ascending parietal convolution, postcentral convolution.
 
Aspera, rough.
 
Asterion, a star.
 
Astragalus, the ankle-bone; a die
(pi. dice); talus.
 
Atlas, a support; refers to Atlas,
who carried the earth on his
neck.
 
Atresia, imperforation.
 
Atrium, the hall in a Roman house.
 
Attic, epitympanic recess.
 
Attollens, raising up, elevating.
 
Attrahens, drawing to or towards.
 
Auditory, pertaining to the organ, or
sense, of hearing.
 
Auerbach’s plexus, myenteric plexus.
 
Auricle, the external ear.
 
Auricle (O.T.), atrium (heart).
 
Auricular appendix (O.T.), auricle.
 
Azygos, without a pair, single.
 
Bacillary, pertaining to a small staff
or rod.
 
Balanus, an acorn.
 
Barba, a beard.
 
Bartholin’s duct (great duct of Rivini),
 
principal sublingual duct.
 
Basilar, belonging to the base.
 
Basilic, royal, important.
 
Basion, base.
 
 
Bechterew, nucleus of, superior
vestibular nucleus.
 
Bell, nerve of, nerve to serratus
anterior.
 
Bellini, ducts of, terminal collecting
tubules of kidney.
 
Biceps, having two heads.
 
Bicornis, two-horned.
 
Bicuspid (teeth), pre-molar.
 
Bigelow, Y-shaped ligament of, iliofemoral ligament.
 
Biventer, having two bellies.
 
Bowman’s capsule, capsule of glomerulus.
 
Bowman’s membrane, anterior elastic lamina of cornea.
 
Brachium, the arm.
 
Brachium conjunctivum, superior
cerebellar peduncle.
 
Brachium pontis, middle cerebellar
peduncle.
 
Brachycephalic, short-headed.
 
Bregma, from a Greek verb meaning
‘ to moisten/
 
Broca, area of, parolfactory area.
 
Broca, band of, diagonal band.
 
Bronchiole, a little bronchus.
 
Bronchus, literally, a draught; the
windpipe.
 
Bryant’s triangle, (1) horizontal line
from anterior superior spine;
(2) vertical line from top of great
trochanter; (3) line joining anterior superior spine to top of
great trochanter.
 
Bubonocele, a variety of tumour in
the groin.
 
Buccinator, a trumpeter.
 
Bulla, a knob; a bubble.
 
Burdach, fasciculus of, fasciculus
cuneatus.
 
Burns, falciform process of (ligament
of Hey), superior cornu of saphenous opening.
 
Burns’ space, suprasternal space.
 
Bursa, a sac containing fluid.
 
Bursa omentalis, lesser sac.
 
Cacumen, tip, peak, or end.
 
Caecum, blind.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GLOSSARY
 
 
1700
 
Caeruleus, dark blue.
 
Calamus, a reed-pen.
 
Calcaneum, the heel.
 
Calcar, a spur.
 
Calcination, reduction to a powder
(or line) by heat.
 
Calcis, of the heel.
 
Calix, a cup or goblet.
 
Callosal convolution, gyrus cinguli.
 
Calloso-marginal fissure, sulcus cinguli.
 
Callosum, hard, thick.
 
Calvaria ( calva , the bald scalp), the
upper part of the skull.
 
Canalis reuniens, ductus reuniens.
 
Cancellated, lattice-formed, reticulated.
 
Canthus, the angle of the eye.
 
Capillary, pertaining to the hair;
a vessel of hair-like minuteness.
 
Capitellum, a small head.
 
Capsular, suprarenal.
 
Caput gallinaginis, urethral crest.
 
Caput medusae, varicose veins radiating from umbilicus in portal
obstruction.
 
Cardia, the opening of the stomach;
the heart.
 
Cardiac, pertaining to the heart
(originally to the stomach).
 
Cardinal, principal or chief.
 
Carina, a keel.
 
Carneae, pertaining to flesh.
 
Carotid, stupefying; or perhaps from
two Greek words meaning ‘ head ’
and ‘ ear.’
 
Carpus, the wrist.
 
Cartilages, alar, lower lateral cartilage.
 
Cartilages, lateral, upper lateral cartilage (of nose).
 
Cartilages, Santorini, of, corniculate
cartilage.
 
Cartilages, Wrisberg, of, cuneiform
cartilage.
 
Caruncula, a little piece of flesh.
 
Caruncula sublingualis, sublingual
papilla.
 
Carunculae myrtiformes, carunculae
hymenales.
 
 
Cauda, a tail.
 
Caudate, tailed.
 
Caudate lobe (O.T.), tail of caudate
lobe.
 
Cavernous, full of hollows or cavities.
 
Centimetre (cm.), § of an English
inch.
 
Cephalic, pertaining to the head.
Cerato, horny.
 
Ceruminous, pertaining to wax.
Chiasma, two lines placed like an X.
Choana, a funnel.
 
Choanse, posterior apertures of nose.
Choledochus, bile-receiving.
Chondral, pertaining to cartilage.
 
Choroid (Chorioid), like skin.
Cinereus, ash-coloured.
 
Cingulum, a small girdle.
Circumflexus, bent around.
Circumvallate papillae, vallate papillae.
 
Cisterna, a cistern or reservoir.
Clarke, posterior vesicular column of,
 
thoracic (dorsal) nucleus.
Claustrum, a bulwark, barrier, or
inclosure.
 
Clava, a club; gracile tubercle.
Clavicle, from clavis, a key, or possibly a hoop-stick.
 
Cleido-, pertaining to the clavicle.
Clinoid, like the knob of a bedpost.
Clitoris, from a Greek verb meaning
‘ I shut up ’ or ‘ enclose.’
 
Clivus, a slope.
 
Cloaca, a sewer or drain.
 
Coccyx, a cuckoo.
 
Cochlea, a snail.
 
Cochlea, membranous, duct of cochlea.
 
Cochleariformis, spoon-like.
 
Coeliac, pertaining to the belly.
Colliculus, a little hill.
 
Colliculus, quadrigeminal body.
Colliculus seminalis, urethral crest.
Colon, the great gut.
 
Columns, rectal (Morgagni), anal
columns.
 
Comes, a companion.
 
Comma tract, semilunar tract.
 
 
 
 
 
 
GLOSSARY
 
 
Complexus, literally, folded together;
encompassing.
 
Concatenatae, chained together.
Concatenate glands, deep cervical
(lymph) glands.
 
Concha, a shell.
 
Condyle (‘ knuckle ’), a small round
prominence covered by cartilage.
Coni vasculosi, lobules of epididymis.
Conjunctiva, connecting.
Conniventes, winking or blinking.
Conoid, cone-like.
 
Conoid tubercle, coracoid tuberosity.
Conus arteriosus, infundibulum.
Conus elasticus, crico-vocal membrane.
 
Convoluta, rolled together.
 
Coracoid, like a crow or raven.
 
Cord, vocal, false, vestibular folds.
Cord, vocal, true, vocal fold.
Cordiform, heart-shaped.
 
Cords (gangliated, lumbo-sacral,
etc.), trunks.
 
Cornea, horny.
 
Corniculum, a little horn.
 
Cornu ammonis, hippocampus.
Coronal, literally, pertaining to a
crown; transverse.
 
Coronary, encircling.
 
Coronoid, like a crooked beak.
Corpora albicantia (brain), corpora
mamillaria.
 
Corpus (of long bone), shaft.
 
Corpus adiposum buccae, buccal pad.
Corpus arantii, nodule (aortic and
pulmonary valves).
 
Corpus cavernosum penis, corpus
cavernosum.
 
Corpus cavernosum urethrae, corpus
spongiosum.
 
Corrugator, a wrinkler.
 
Cortex, the bark or outer covering.
Costal, pertaining to a rib.
 
Cotyloid, cup-like.
 
Cowper’s gland, bulbo-urethral gland.
Coxa, the hip.
 
Cranium, the skull.
 
Crassum, thick, dense, or bulky.
Cremaster, a suspender.
 
Cribriform, sieve-like.
 
 
1701
 
Cribrosa, perforated with sieve-like
pores.
 
Cricoid, like a ring.
 
Crista tuberculi majoris, lateral lip
of bicipital groove.
 
Crista tuberculi minoris, medial lip
of bicipital groove.
 
Crucial, pertaining to, or shaped like,
a cross.
 
Crural, pertaining to the leg.
 
Crural canal, femoral canal.
 
Crural ring, femoral ring.
 
Crural septum, femoral septum.
 
Crus, cerebral peduncle.
 
Crusta, basis pedunculi.
 
Cryptorchismus, concealment of the
testis.
 
Cryptozygous, hidden arches.
 
Cubitum, the elbow.
 
Cucullaris, pertaining to a cowl or
hood.
 
Culmen, the top or summit.
 
Cuneate, wedge-shaped.
 
Cuneiform bone (hand), triquetrum.
 
Cuneus, a wedge.
 
Cupola, a dome.
 
Cymba, a boat or skiff.
 
Cystic, pertaining to the gall-bladder.
The condition of a thin-walled
swelling containing fluid or semifluid.
 
Cytoplasm, formative yolk; protoplasm in a cell.
 
Dacryon, a tear.
 
Dartos, skinned or flayed.
 
Deciduous, falling away.
 
Decussation of lemnisci (fillet), sensory decussation.
 
Deferens, carrying away.
 
Deiters, nucleus of, lateral vestibular
nucleus.
 
Dens, odontoid process.
 
Dens serotinus, wisdom tooth.
 
Dentate fascia, dentate gyrus.
 
Descemet’s membrane, posterior elastic lamina of cornea.
 
Detrusor, from detrudo, I drive away.
 
Deutoplasm, literally, wet plasm;
nutritive yolk.
 
 
 
 
 
 
1702
 
 
GLOSSARY
 
 
Dia-, through or between.
 
Diaphragm, a partition.
 
Diaphysis grow between ’), the
shaft of a bone, or the part which
grows between the epiphyses.
 
Diarthrosis, an ‘ apart ’ joint— i.e.,
a ‘ free ’ joint (the articular surfaces being free to play upon each
other); synovial joint.
 
Diencephalon, the ’tween-brain or
inter-brain; thalamencephalon.
 
Digastric, having two bellies.
 
Diploe, a doubling.
 
Discus proligerus, cumulus ovaricus.
 
Diverticulum, from diverto, ‘ I separate/ or ‘ part/ or ‘ go a different
way.’
 
Dolichocephalic, long-headed.
 
Dorsal, pertaining to the back
aspect.
 
Dorsum, the back.
 
Douglas, pouch of, recto-uterine or
recto-vaginal pouch.
 
Douglas, semilunar fold of, arcuate
line.
 
Duct, nasal, naso-lacrimal duct.
 
Ductus deferens, vas deferens.
 
Ductus perilymphaticus, aqueduct of
cochlea.
 
Duodenum, twelve (probably fingerbreadths) .
 
Ebur, -oris, ivory.
 
Eburnea, pertaining to ivory.
 
Ectopia, a displacement.
 
Efferent, carrying out.
 
Embolif ormis, beak-shaped or wedgeshaped.
 
Emissary, sent out.
 
Emulgent, milking, straining out.
 
Enarthrosis, ball-and-socket joint.
 
Encephalon, the contents of the head
or skull.
 
Endocardium, ‘ within the heart ’;
the lining membrane of the cardiac
chambers.
 
Endognathion, literally, inner jaw.
 
Endosteum, ‘ within a bone ’; the
medullary membrane.
 
Ensiform, sword-like.
 
 
Ensiform process, xiphoid process.
 
Entomion, a notch.
 
Ependyma, from Greek words meaning ' clothing upon/
 
Ephippium, a saddle.
 
Epi-, upon or over, above.
 
Epicardium, upon the heart.
 
Epididymis, upon the testicle.
 
Epiglottis, cushion of, tubercle of
epiglottis.
 
Epiotic, upon or over the ear.
 
Epiphysis (‘ grow upon ’); a process
of a bone which has a secondary
centre of ossification.
 
Epiploon, from a Greek verb meaning
‘ to float upon/
 
Epipteric, upon a wing.
 
Epipteric bone, sutural bone at
pterion.
 
Epistropheus, axis.
 
Epoophoron, above the egg-bearing
organ.
 
Erythroblast, red (cell) germ.
 
Ethmoid, like a strainer.
 
Eustachian cushion, tubal elevation.
 
Eustachian spine (of medial pterygoid plate), processus tubarius.
 
Eustachian tube, pharyngo-tympanic
tube.
 
Eustachian valve, valve of inferior
 
vena cava.
 
Exognathion, literally, outer jaw.
 
Exomphalos, out of the navel.
 
Facet (French, facette, a little face),
a small plane surface, usually
articular.
 
Falciform, sickle-like.
 
Fallopian tube, uterine tube.
 
Falx, a sickle.
 
Falx aponeurotica inguinalis, conjoint tendon.
 
Fascia, a bandage, or a bundle of
reeds.
 
Fascia bulbi, fascial sheath of eyeball.
 
Fascia, Camper’s, superficial layer of
superficial fascia of anterior abdominal wall.
 
Fascia, Colies’, deep layer of superficial fascia of perineum.
 
 
 
 
/
 
 
 
 
GLOSSARY
 
 
1703
 
 
Fascia, coraco-clavicular, clavi-pec
toral fascia.
 
Fascia infundibular, internal spermatic fascia.
 
Fascia intercolumnar, external spermatic fascia.
 
Fascia, Scarpa’s, deep layer of superficial fascia of anterior abdominal
wall.
 
Fascia, Sibson’s, suprapleural membrane.
 
Fasciculus, a small bundle.
 
Fasciola cinerea, splenial gyrus.
 
Fastigium, a roof.
 
Fauces, the throat.
 
Fauces, anterior pillar, glosso-palatine arch.
 
Fauces, posterior pillar, pharyngopalatine arch.
 
Fel, the gall-bladder.
 
Femur, the thigh.
 
Fenestra, an opening, a window.
 
Fenestra ovalis, fenestra vestibuli.
 
Fenestra rotunda, fenestra cochleae.
 
Ferruginea, pertaining to iron-rust.
 
Fibula, a buckle, clasp, or brace.
 
Fillet, lemniscus.
 
Filum, a thread.
 
Fimbria, a fringe.
 
Fimbriatum, fringed.
 
Fissure, a cleft or slit.
 
Fistula, .a pipe or tube.
 
Flechsig, tract of, posterior spinocerebellar tract.
 
Flocculus, a little lock of wool.
 
Fold, bloodless (Treves), ileo-caecal
fold.
 
Fold, ileo-colic, vascular fold of
caecum.
 
Fold, recto-vesical, sacro-genital fold.
 
Follicle, a small bag or sac.
 
Fontana, spaces of, spaces of iridocorneal angle.
 
Fontanelle, a small spring.
 
Foramen, an aperture or a hole.
 
Forceps, a claw of a beetle.
 
Fornicatus, pertaining to an arch.
 
Fornix, an arch or a vault.
 
Fossa, a ditch or trench.
 
Fossa, antecubital, cubital.
 
 
Fossa ovalis, saphenous opening.
 
Fossa, rhomboid, floor of fourth
ventricle.
 
Fossa, spheno-maxillary, pterygopalatine fossa.
 
Fourchette, a fork.
 
Fovea, a small pit.
 
Foveola, a very small pit.
 
Frenulum, a small bridle.
 
Frenum, a bridle.
 
Frontal, pertaining to the forehead.
 
Frontal spine (of frontal), nasal spine.
 
Fundiform, sling-like.
 
Funicular, pertaining to a cord.
 
Funiculus, a slender rope, a cord.
 
Furcalis, pertaining to a two-pronged
fork.
 
Furcula, a small two-pronged fork.
 
Fusca, dark or dusky.
 
Galactophorous, milk-carrying.
 
Galea, a helmet.
 
Galea aponeurotica, epicranial aponeurosis.
 
Galen, great vein of, great cerebral
vein.
 
Galen, veins of, internal cerebral
veins.
 
Gallinaginis, of a woodcock.
 
Gallus, a cock.
 
Ganglion, a swelling or excrescence.
 
Ganglion, aortico-renal, lower part
of coeliac ganglion.
 
Ganglion, Gasserian, trigeminal ganglion.
 
Ganglion, jugular (O.T.), superior
ganglion of ninth.
 
Ganglion, jugular (B.N.A.), superior
ganglion of tenth.
 
Ganglion, lenticular, ciliary ganglion.
 
Ganglion, Meckel’s, spheno-palatine
ganglion.
 
Ganglion nodosum (B.N.A.), inferior ganglion of tenth.
 
Ganglion, ophthalmic, ciliary ganglion.
 
Ganglion, petrous (O.T. and B.N.A.),
 
inferior ganglion of ninth.
 
Ganglion, semilunar, trigeminal ganglion.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1704
 
 
GLOSSARY
 
 
Ganglion, stellate, first thoracic
ganglion.
 
Ganglion, submaxillary, submandibular ganglion.
 
Gartner’s duct, duct of epoophoron.
Gastric, pertaining to the stomach.
 
Gastrocnemius, the belly of the
leg.
 
Gemellus, paired or double.
 
Geminus, twin or twofold.
 
Geniculate, knee-like.
 
Genio-, pertaining to the chin.
Gennari, stria of, visual stria.
 
Genu, the knee.
 
Gerota’s capsule, renal fascia.
Giacomini, banderella or frenulum,
tail of dentate gyrus.
 
Gimbernat’s ligament, pectineal part
of inguinal ligament.
 
Ginglymus, a hinge.
 
Ginglymus, hinge-joint.
 
Giraldes, organ of, paradidymis.
Glabella, without hair; smooth.
Gladiolus, a small sword.
 
Gladiolus, body of sternum.
 
Gland, Bartholin’s, greater vestibular
gland.
 
Gland, Cowper’s, bulbo-urethral
gland.
 
Glenoid, like a shallow socket.
Glisson’s capsule, hepato-biliary capsule.
 
Globosus, round or spherical.
Globus, a globe or sphere.
Glomerulus, a small ball of thread.
Glosso-, pertaining to the tongue.
Glottis, the mouthpiece of a flute.
Gluteal, pertaining to the buttock.
 
Gnathic, pertaining to the jaw.
Gnathion, the jaw.
 
Gomphosis, a bolting together.
Gonion, an angle.
 
Gracilis, slender.
 
Grisea, grey.
 
Gubernaculum, a rudder.
 
Gula, the gullet.
 
Gustatory, pertaining to taste.
Guttural, pertaining to the throat.
Gyrus, a circle; a crook.
 
 
Habenula, a small thong or rein.
Hsemorrhoidal, associated with
haemorrhoids.
 
Hallux, the great toe.
 
Ham, a thing bent or crooked.
Hamular, hook-shaped.
 
Harmonia, a fitting together.
Hartmann’s pouch, sacculation at
junction of neck and body of gallbladder.
 
Hassall, corpuscles of (thymus), concentric corpuscles.
 
Haustrum, a machine for drawing
water.
 
Heister’s valves, spiral valve.
Helicine, spiral.
 
Helicotrema, hole of a spiral.
 
Helix, a coil or spiral.
 
Hepar, the liver.
 
Hepatic, pertaining to the liver.
Hernia, a sprout; a rupture.
Hesselbach’s triangle, inguinal triangle.
 
Hiatus, a gap.
 
Hiatus Fallopii, hiatus for superficial
petrosal nerve.
 
Highmore, antrum of, maxillary
sinus.
 
Hilum, a little thing; a trifle.
 
Hippocampus, a seahorse.
Hippocampus major, hippocampus.
Hippocampus minor, calcar avis.
Hircina, pertaining to a goat.
 
His, bundle of, atrio-ventricular
bundle.
 
Homodynamic]
 
Homogenesis see Chapter I.
Homologous )
 
Houston’s valves, horizontal folds of
rectum.
 
Huguier, canal of, anterior canaliculus for chorda tympani.
 
Humerus, the upper part of the arm;
the shoulder.
 
Hunter’s canal, subsartorial canal.
Hyaline, glassv.
 
Hyaloid, like glass.
 
Hydatid, a watery vesicle.
 
Hydrocele, a watery tumour.
 
Hymen, the marriage deity.
 
 
/
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GLOSSARY
 
 
1705
 
 
Hyoid, like the Greek letter upsilon.
 
Hypo-, beneath or under.
 
Hypophysis, ‘ grow beneath.’
 
Hypothenar, beneath the palm of the
hand.
 
Ileum, implying twists or coils.
 
Ilium, literally of the soft parts—
i.e., of the flank; os ilium, the bone
of the flank.
 
Ima, lowest.
 
Impar, dissimilar (in number), unequal.
 
Incisivus, cutting into.
 
Incisura jugularis, suprasternal notch.
 
Incisura scapularis, suprascapular
notch.
 
Incisura semilunaris (ulna), trochlear
notch.
 
Infundibuliform, funnel-shaped.
 
Infundibulum, a funnel.
 
Inguinal, pertaining to the groin.
 
Inion, literally, the occiput.
 
Innominatum, unnamed.
 
Insula, an island.
 
Intercalary, inserted.
 
Internodium, the space between two
knots or joints.
 
Interparietal bone, membranous part
of occipital as a separate bone.
 
Interpositum, placed between.
 
Interstitial, belonging to interstices
or small parts between the main
parts of bodies.
 
Intertubercular sulcus, bicipital
groove.
 
Intumescentia, enlargement (spinal
cord).
 
Iris, the rainbow.
 
Ischiatic, pertaining to the hip.
 
Ischium, the hip.
 
Isthmus, faucium, oro-pharyngeal
isthmus.
 
Isthmus rhombencephali, upper constricted end of fourth ventricle.
 
Iter, a passage or road.
 
Jacobson, cartilage of, sub-vomerine
cartilage.
 
Jacobson, organ of, vomero-nasal
organ.
 
 
Jacobson’s nerve, tympanic nerve.
 
Jejunum, empty or hungry.
 
Jugal, yolking.
 
Jugular, pertaining to the throat.
 
Jugular notch (B.N.A.), suprasternal
notch.
 
Jugum, a yolk.
 
Kerckring, ossicle, occasional centre
in posterior margin of foramen
magnum.
 
Key and Retzius, foramina of
 
(Luschka), lateral apertures of
fourth ventricle.
 
Kobelt’s tubes, epoophoron.
 
Labbe, vein of, inferior anastomotic
vein (connects superficial middle
cerebral with transverse sinus).
 
Labrum, a basin.
 
Lacertus fibrosus, bicipital aponeurosis.
 
Laciniosum, full of folds, indented,
jagged.
 
Lacrimal, pertaining to tears.
 
Lacteal, pertaining to milk.
 
Lactiferous, milk-carrying.
 
Lacuna, a hollow or cavity.
 
Lacunee (of sagittal sinus), lacunae
laterales.
 
Lacunar, pertaining to a hollow or
gap.
 
Lacunar ligament, pectineal part of
inguinal ligament.
 
Lamella, a small plate.
 
Lamina, a plate.
 
Lamina cinerea, lamina terminalis.
 
Lamina cribrosa, medial boundary
of internal auditory meatus.
 
Lamina papyracea, orbital plate of
ethmoid.
 
Lamina quadrigemina, tectum.
 
Lateral, on the side of. Used in
reference to the sagittal plane of
the body.
 
Lateral mass (ethmoid), labyrinth.
 
Lateral sinus, transverse sinus.
 
Latissimus, broadest.
 
Latum, broad.
 
Lemniscus, a ribbon.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1706
 
 
GLOSSARY
 
 
Leptorhine, having small narrow
nostrils.
 
Levator, a lifter or raiser.
 
Lien, the spleen.
 
Lieno-, pertaining to the spleen.
Ligament, a band or bandage.
 
Ligula, a little tongue.
 
Limbic lobe, gyrus fornicatus.
Limbous, pertaining to a border.
Limbus, a border.
 
Limbus fossae ovalis (or limbus
ovalis), annulus ovalis.
 
Limen, a threshold.
 
Linea, a line.
 
Lines, oblique (tibia), soleal line.
Lines, oblique internal (jaw), mylohyoid line.
 
Lines (occiput), nuchal lines.
 
Lines, popliteal, soleal line.
 
Lingual, pertaining to the tongue.
Lingula, a little tongue.
 
Lister’s tubercle, dorsal tubercle of
radius.
 
Longissimus, longest.
 
Longitudinal sinus, sagittal sinus.
Lower, tubercle of, intervenous
tubercle (heart).
 
Lumbar, pertaining to the loin.
Lumbricalis, like an earth-worm.
Lunar, pertaining to the moon.
Lunula, a little moon; a crescent.
Luteum, of a yellow colour.
 
Luys’ nucleus, subthalamic body.
Lymphatic, from lympha, pure or
spring water; lymph.
 
Lyra, a lyre; hippocampal commissure.
 
McBurney’s point (base of appendix),
 
junction of lower and middle
thirds of spino-umbilical line.
Macula, a spot.
 
Magendie, foramen, median aperture
of fourth ventricle.
 
Magnum, os, capitate bone.
 
Malar, pertaining to the cheek.
 
Malar bone, zygomatic bone.
Malleolus, a small hammer or mallet.
 
Malleus, a hammer or mallet.
 
 
Mamma, a breast or pap.
 
Mammilla, a little breast or pap.
Properly spelt mamilla.
 
Mandible, the chewing bone— i.e.,
lower jaw.
 
Manubrium, a handle or hilt.
 
Marshall, oblique vein, oblique vein
of left atrium.
 
Massa intermedia, interthalamic
 
connexus.
 
Masseter, the chewing muscle.
 
Mastoid, breast- or pap-like (nipplelike).
 
Maxilla, jaw.
 
Meatus (pi. Meatfis), a passage or
canal.
 
Meckel’s cave, cavum trigeminale.
 
Meckel’s diverticulum, diverticulum
ilei.
 
Mediastinum, standing in the middle;
a partition.
 
Medulla, marrow.
 
Megacephalic, having a large head.
 
Megaseme, having a large index.
 
Meibomian glands, tarsal glands.
 
Meissner’s plexus, plexus of the submucosa.
 
Membrane, costo-coracoid, clavi
pectoral fascia.
 
Meninges, membranes.
 
Meniscus, a crescent.
 
Meniscus (knee), semilunar cartilage.
 
Mental, pertaining to the chin.
 
Mesaticephalic, having a head with
an index of mean value.
 
Mesencephalon, the mid-brain.
 
Mesentery, in the middle of, or
among, the intestines.
 
Mesial, nearer to the sagittal plane
of the body.
 
Meso-, in the midst of. In compounds usually implies a structure
like a mesentery, a peritoneal attachment fold.
 
Mesocephalic, pertaining to a head
of mean capacity.
 
Mesogastrium=meso- (q.v.) and
stomach.
 
Mesognathion, middle jaw.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GLOSSARY
 
 
Mesometrium=meso- [q-v.) and
womb.
 
Mesonephros, mid-kidney.
 
Mesorhine, pertaining to an intermediate nasal index; a condition
intermediate between broad-nosed
and narrow-nosed.
 
Mesosalpinx =meso- (q.v.) and tube.
 
Mesoseme, intermediate index.
 
Meta-, after or beyond.
 
Meta-nephros, hind-kidney.
 
Metencephalon, the after-brain.
 
Metopic, pertaining to the forehead.
 
Metopism, persistence of the metopic
or frontal suture.
 
Microcephalic, pertaining to a small
head.
 
Microseme, small index.
 
Middle commissure, interthalamic
connexus.
 
Millimetre (mm.), slightly less than
2V of an English inch.
 
Minimae, least, smallest.
 
Mitral, resembling an Asiatic headdress, or mitre.
 
Modiolus, the nave of a wheel.
 
Molar, pertaining to a mill, or to
grinding.
 
Monro, foramen, interventricular
foramen.
 
Mons veneris, mons pubis.
 
Montanum, pertaining to a mountain.
 
Monticulus, a small mountain.
 
Morbus, a disease.
 
Muliebris, pertaining to a woman,
feminine.
 
Miillerian duct, para-mesonephric
duct.
 
Multangulum majus, os, trapezium.
 
Multifidus, many cleft; divided into
many parts.
 
Musculo-spiral nerve, radial nerve.
 
Myelencephalon, marrow-brain.
 
Myeloplaxes, marrow-plates.
 
Myentericus, pertaining to the muscular tissue of the bowel.
 
Mylo-, pertaining to a mill.
 
Myocardium, the muscular tissue of
the heart.
 
Myrtiform, like a myrtle-berry.
 
 
1707
 
Nares, posterior, posterior apertures
of nose.
 
Naris (pi. nares), a nostril.
 
Nasal, pertaining to the nose.
 
Natal, pertaining to the buttock.
Natis (pi. nates), the buttock.
Navicular, pertaining to a boat.
Nephros, a kidney.
 
Neural, pertaining to a nerve.
Neuroglia, literally ‘ nerve glue.’
Nictitans, winking.
 
Norma, a rule or measure (aspect).
Notochord, string or cord of the back.
Nucha, the nape of the neck.
 
Nuck, canal, vaginal process.
Nucleus, a kernel.
 
Nuhn, glands, anterior lingual (seromucous) glands.
 
Nymphae, nymphs or goddesses of
the fountains, woods, trees, etc.;
labia minora.
 
Obelion, a horizontal line (perhaps
a little spit).
 
Obex, a bolt; a barrier.
 
Obturator, one who closes or stops
up.
 
Occipital, pertaining to the back
part of the head.
 
Odontoblast, a tooth-germ.
 
Odontoid, tooth-like.
 
Odoriferae, carrying odours.
(Esophagus, food-carrier.
 
Olecranon, head or point of the
forearm.
 
Olfactory, pertaining to smell.
Olfactory trigone, olfactory pyramid.
Olivary, pertaining to an olive.
Omentum, that which is drawn over.
 
Omentum, gastro - hepatic, lesser
omentum.
 
Omentum, gastro-splenic, gastrosplenic ligament.
 
Omo-, pertaining to the shoulder.
Omphalo-, pertaining to the navel.
Operculum, a cover or lid.
 
Ophryon, the eyebrow.
 
Ophthalmic, pertaining to the eye.
Opisthion, hinder or rear.
 
Opisthotic, behind the ear.
 
 
 
 
1708
 
 
GLOSSARY
 
 
Optic, pertaining to sight.
 
Optic thalamus, thalamus.
 
Ora, a border or margin.
Orthognathous pertaining to a
straight (non-projecting) jaw.
 
Os incae, interparietal bone.
 
Os japonicum, bi-partite zygomatic
bone.
 
Os magnum, capitate bone.
 
Os, oris, a mouth.
 
Os, ossis, a bone.
 
Os tincae, external os of uterus.
Ossicle of Kerckring, occasional
centre in posterior margin of
foramen magnum.
 
Osteoblast, bone-germ.
 
Osteoclast, bone-destroyer.
Osteogenetic, bone-forming.
 
Ostium, a door, entrance, or exit.
Otic, pertaining to the ear.
 
Otoconia, ear-dust.
 
Otoliths, ear-stones.
 
Ovary, egg-forming organ.
 
Oxyntic, producing acid.
 
Pacchionian bodies, arachnoid granulations.
 
Pacinian corpuscles, lamellated corpuscles.
 
Palatum, the palate.
 
Pallium, a covering.
 
Palmar, pertaining to the palm.
Palpebra, an eyelid.
 
Pampiniform, tendril-like.
 
Pancreas, literally, all or completely
flesh.
 
Para-, near, by the side of.
Paradidymis, near the testis.
Parametrium, near the womb.
Parietal, pertaining to a wall.
Paroophoron, near the egg-bearing
organ; medial mesonephric tubules.
 
Parbtid, near the ear.
 
Parovarium, epoophoron.
 
Pars intermedia (Wrisberg), sensory
root of facial nerve.
 
Patella, a small dish; a plate.
 
Pecten, another name for the os
pubis; a comb.
 
 
Pectinatus, pertaining to a comb.
 
Pectineal or Pectineus, associated
with the pecten bone or os pubis.
 
Pectiniform, comb-like.
 
Pectoralis, pertaining to the breast.
 
Peduncle of corpus callosum, paraterminal gyrus.
 
Pelvis, a basin.
 
Penicillus, a painter’s brush or pencil.
 
Penis, a tail, or pendant process.
 
Peri-, around, about, or near.
 
Pericardium, around the heart.
 
Perineum, from a Greek verb meaning ‘ I dwell, or am situated,
around/
 
Perineum, central point of, perineal
 
body.
 
Periosteum, around bone.
 
Periotic, around the ear.
 
Peritoneum, from a Greek word
meaning ‘ stretched around/
 
Peroneal or Peroneus, ‘ pertaining
to the peronee/ the Greek name for
fibula.
 
Petit’s canal, zonular spaces.
 
Petit’s triangle, lumbar triangle.
 
Petrous, rocky.
 
Phalanx, a rank of soldiers.
 
Pharynx, the throat.
 
Phenozygous, having visible arches.
 
Philtrum, a love potion.
 
Phrenic, pertaining to the diaphragm.
 
Pineal, belonging to, or like, a pinenut or pine-cone.
 
Pinna, a kind of shell-fish; a feather
or wing.
 
Pisiform, like a pea.
 
Pituitary, pertaining to phlegm or
mucus; hypophysis.
 
Placenta, a flat cake.
 
Plagiocephalous, pertaining to an
oblique or twisted head.
 
Planta, the sole of the foot.
 
Plantar, pertaining to the sole of the
foot.
 
Platycnemism, broadness of leg.
 
Platyrhine, having a broad nose.
 
Platysma, a broad sheet.
 
Pleura, a rib.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
iyog
 
 
GLOSSARY
 
i
 
 
Plexus, a twining or network.
 
Plexus, Auerbach’s, myenteric plexus.
Plexus, gulae, cesophageal plexus.
Plexus, Meissner’s, plexus of the
submucosa.
 
 
Plica, a fold.
 
Plica hypogastrica, lateral umbilical
 
 
fold.
 
Plica urachi, median umbilical fold.
Plicae palmatae (uterus), arbor vitae.
Pneumogastric, pertaining to the
breathing organs and stomach.
Pocularis, pertaining to a cup.
 
 
Pollex, the thumb.
 
Pomum Adami, laryngeal prominence.
 
Pons, a bridge.
 
Popliteal or Popliteus, pertaining to
the ham.
 
Porta, a gate.
 
Portal, pertaining to a gate.
 
Portio major and minor, sensory and
motor roots of trigeminal nerve.
 
Postaxiah r , , T
Preaxial / see Cha P ter L
 
Posterior vesicular column (Clarke),
thoracic (or dorsal) nucleus.
 
Posticus, posterior.
 
Poupart’s ligament, inguinal liga
 
ment.
 
Primary divisions (of spinal nerves),
 
anterior and posterior rami.
Proctodaeum, the threshold of the
 
 
anus.
 
Prognathous, having a projecting
lower jaw.
 
Proligerus, bearing offspring; germinating.
 
Pro-nephros, fore-kidney.
 
Pro-otic, before the ear.
 
Prosencephalon, the fore-brain.
 
Prostate, standing before; or, more
probably, pertaining to a porch
or vestibule.
 
Psalterium, a psaltery or instrument
of the lute kind.
 
Psalterium (lyra), hippocampal commissure.
 
Psoas, from a Greek word meaning
* the muscles of the loins,’ and
secondarily ‘ the loins themselves.’
 
 
Pterion, a wing.
 
Pterotic, pertaining to a wing.
Pterygoid, wing-like.
 
Pubes, the hair which appears on the
external genital organs at the age
of puberty.
 
Pubic, pertaining to the os pubis.
Pudendal, pertaining to the pudendum.
 
Pudendum, ‘ of which one ought to
be ashamed.’
 
Pudic, modest or chaste.
 
Pulmo, a lung.
 
Pulmonary, belonging to the lungs.
Pulvinar, a couch or cushion,
Putamen, trimmings or clippings.
Pyloric vestibule, pyloric antrum.
Pylorus, literally, a gate-keeper.
Pyriformis, pear-shaped.
 
Quadratus, square.
 
Quadriceps, having four heads.
Quadrigeminus, fourfold, four.
 
Racemose, pertaining to a cluster of
grapes; full of clusters; clustering.
Radius, a staff or rod; the spoke of
a wheel.
 
Ramus, a branch.
 
Ranine, pertaining to a frog.
 
Raphe, a seam.
 
Receptaculum, a receptacle.
Receptaculum chyli, cisterna chyli.
Rectus, straight.
 
Recurrent, running back.
 
Refractory, breaking up.
 
Reil, island of, insula.
 
Ren, a kidney.
 
Restiform, like a rope or cord.
Restiform body, inferior cerebellar
peduncle.
 
Rete, a net.
 
Retina, from rete, a net.
 
Retrahens, drawing back.
 
Retzius, cave, retro-pubic space.
Revehens, carrying back.
 
Rhinencephalon, the ‘ nose ’ or olfactory brain.
 
Rhinion, a nose.
 
Rhombencephalon, the rhomb-brain
(hind-brain).
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1710
 
 
GLOSSARY
 
 
Rhomboid ligament, costoclavicular
ligament.
 
Riedel’s lobe, an elongation of lower
margin of right lobe of liver (due
to pressure).
 
Rima, a cleft or chink.
 
Risorius, laughing.
 
Rivini, ducts, sublingual ducts.
 
Rolando, fissure, central sulcus.
 
Rostrum, a beak.
 
Rotula, a little wheel.
 
Rugae, wrinkles.
 
Saccus reuniens, sinus venosus
(heart).
 
Sacrum, sacred; derivation and original meaning very doubtful.
 
Sagittal, pertaining to an arrow;
antero-posterior.
 
Salpinx, a trumpet or tube.
 
Salvatella, saving, or making well.
 
Santorini, cartilages, corniculate cartilages.
 
Santorini, duct, accessory pancreatic
duct.
 
Santorini, fissures, clefts in cartilage
of exterior auditory meatus.
 
Saphenous, apparent, manifest.
 
Sartorius, pertaining to a tailor.
 
Scala, a ladder, flight of steps, or
staircase.
 
Scala media, duct of cochlea.
 
Scalenus, of unequal sides.
 
Scansorius, of, or for, climbing.
 
Scaphocephalous, having a head like
a boat.
 
Scaphoid, like a boat.
 
Scapula, a spade; probably from a
Greek verb meaning ‘ I dig/
 
Scarpa’s triangle, femoral triangle.
 
Schlemm, canal, sinus venosus
sclerae.
 
Schindylesis, a splitting or cleavage.
 
Sciatic (identical with Ischiatic),
pertaining to the hip.
 
Sclera, hard.
 
Sclerotic, hard; sclera.
 
Scrobiculus, a little ditch or trench.
 
Scrotum, a skin bag or pouch; a hide
(probably originally ‘ scortum J ).
 
 
Sebaceous, pertaining to grease.
Sella, a seat; a saddle.
 
Semilunar bone, lunate.
 
Semilunar fold of Douglas, arcuate
line.
 
Seminalis, pertaining to semen.
Septum, a fence or barrier.
 
Serotinus, that comes or happens
late.
 
Serratus, jagged like a saw.
 
Sesamoid, like sesame (a kind of
grain).
 
Shrapnell’s membrane, flaccid part
of membrana tympani.
 
Sibson’s fascia, suprapleural membrane.
 
Sigmoid, like the Greek letter S
 
(sigma).
 
Sigmoid cavity, greater, trochlear
notch.
 
Sigmoid cavity, lesser, radial notch.
Sigmoid cavity (of radius), ulnar
 
notch.
 
Sigmoid notch (mandible), mandibular notch.
 
Sinus, a cavity or hollow.
 
Sinus, Valsalva, of, sinuses of aorta.
Smegma, a cleanser.
 
Solar, relating to the sun.
 
Solar plexus, coeliac plexus.
 
Soleus, a sole or sandal; a sole-fish.
Sperma, seed or semen.
 
Spermatic, pertaining to semen.
Spermatoblast, a seminal bud.
Spermatozoa (plural), seminal
animals.
 
Sphenoid, wedge-like.
Spheno-maxillary fossa, pterygopalatine fossa.
 
Sphenotic, pertaining to the sphenoid
bone and ear-capsule.
 
Sphincter, binding or closing tight.
Spigelian lobe, caudate lobe.
Splanchnic, pertaining to viscera.
Splenium, a bandage or compress.
Splenius, pertaining to a bandage.
Squamous, scaly.
 
Stapes, a stirrup.
 
Stellatum, starry.
 
Stensen’s duct, parotid duct.
 
 
/
 
 
 
 
 
 
GLOSSARY
 
 
Stephanion, a crown or wreath.
 
Sternebra, a segment of the sternum.
 
Sternum, the breast or chest.
 
Stomata, mouths or pores.
 
Stomatodaeum or Stomodaeum, the
threshold of the mouth.
 
Stria medullaris, stria habenularis.
 
Striae acusticae, auditory striae.
 
Striae medullares, auditory striae.
 
Styloid, pen-like.
 
Subflava, somewhat yellow.
 
Subiculum, an under layer or support.
 
Submaxillary, submandibular.
 
Substantia gelatinosa (Roland), gelatinous matter.
 
Sudoriferous, sweat-carrying.
 
Sulcus, a furrow.
 
Supercilium, an eyebrow.
 
Supracallosal gyrus, indusium griseum.
 
Sural, pertaining to the calf of the
leg.
 
Sustentaculum, a prop or support.
 
Sustentaculum lienis, phrenico-colic
ligament.
 
Suture, a sewing together, a seam.
 
Sylvius, aqueduct, aqueduct of midbrain.
 
Symphysis, growth together.
 
Syn-, with; together with (union or
harmony may be implied).
 
Synarthrosis, literally, a * together
with ' (direct) joint; fibrous joint.
 
Synchondrosis, bound together with
cartilage; cartilaginous joint.
 
Syndesmosis, bound together with
bands or bonds.
 
Synovia, resemblance to the white
of an egg.
 
Taenia, a band or ribbon.
 
Talus, a die (pi. dice); the ankle-bone.
 
Tapetum, a carpet or coverlet.
 
Tarsus, a broad flat surface; the
instep.
 
Tectorius, pertaining to a cover.
 
Tegmen, a covering.
 
Tegmentum, a covering.
 
Tela, a web.
 
Telencephalon, the end-brain.
 
 
1711
 
Temporal, pertaining to the temples
of the head.
 
Tendo Achillis, tendo calcaneus.
 
Tendon, from tendo, ‘ I stretch.’
 
Tenon’s capsule, fascial sheath of
eyeball.
 
Tentorium, a tent.
 
Tenuis, slender, small.
 
Teres, rounded.
 
Testis, a witness.
 
Thalamencephalon, the bedchamberbrain, or inter-brain.
 
Thalamus, a bedchamber; a marriage-bed.
 
Thebesian valve, valve of coronary
sinus.
 
Thebesian veins, venae cordis minimae.
 
Theca, a cover, case, or sheath.
 
Thenar, the flat of the hand.
 
Thorax, the breast or chest; a breastplate.
 
Thymus, thyme.
 
Thyroid, like a shield.
 
Tibia, a pipe or flute; the shin-bone.
 
Tinea, a small fish, perhaps the tench.
 
Tonsil, palatine, tonsil.
 
Tonsil, pharyngeal, naso-pharyngeal
tonsil.
 
Torcular, a wine-press (twisting is
implied).
 
Torcular Herophili, confluens sinuum.
 
Torus, a protuberance.
 
Torus tubarius, tubal elevation.
 
Trabecula, a little beam.
 
Trachea (‘ rough ’), the wind-pipe.
 
Trachelo-, belonging to the neck.
 
Tragus, a goat.
 
Trapezium, a table; a four-sided,
figure, no two sides of which are
parallel to one another.
 
Trefoil, having three leaves.
 
Treitz, muscle, suspensory muscle of
duodenum.
 
Treves, bloodless fold of, ileo-csecal
fold.
 
Triangular fascia, reflected part of
inguinal ligament.
 
Triangular fibro-cartilage, articular
disc.
 
 
 
1712
 
 
GLOSSARY
 
 
Triangular ligament, inferior or superficial layer; perineal membrane.
 
Triceps, having three heads.
 
Trigeminus, threefold, triple.
 
Trigdnocephalus, a triangular head.
 
Trigonum, a triangle; triangular.
 
Triquetrum, three-cornered; triangular.
 
Triticea, wheaten, or like a grain of
wheat.
 
Trochanter, from a Greek verb meaning ‘ I roll, turn, or revolve.'
 
Trochlea, the wheel of a pulley.
 
Trochlear, pulley-shaped.
 
Trochlearthrosis, a pulley-joint.
 
Trochoides, wheel-like.
 
Trolard, vein of, superior anastomotic
vein.
 
Tuba, a trumpet.
 
Tubarius, pertaining to a trumpet.
 
Tube, auditory, pharyngo-tympanic
tube.
 
Tube, Eustachian, pharyngo-tympanic tube.
 
Tubercle, a small swelling.
 
Tubercle, articular, articular eminence.
 
Tubercle, greater multangular, of,
 
crest of trapezium.
 
Tubercle, Lister’s, dorsal tubercle of
radius.
 
Tubercle, Lower, of, intervenous
tubercle (heart).
 
Tubercle, radial, dorsal tubercle of
radius.
 
Tuberosity, an exaggerated tubercle.
 
Turbinals or turbinate bones, conchse.
 
Turbinate, whirled or coiled; like a
top.
 
Turbo, a whirl or coil; a top.
 
Turcica, Turkish.
 
Tympanum, a drum.
 
Ulna, the elbow, but more usually
the forearm.
 
Umbilicus, the navel.
 
Umbo, a boss or knob.
 
Unciform, hook-like.
 
Unciform bone, hamate.
 
Uncinate, furnished with a hook.
 
 
Ungual, relating to a nail.
 
Unguis, a nail.
 
Unicornis, one-horned.
 
Urachus, urine-holder.
 
Ureter, from a Greek verb meaning
‘ I pass urine.'
 
Urethra, the canal by which urine is
passed.
 
Uriniferous, urine-carrying.
 
Uterus, the womb or matrix.
 
Uterus masculinus, prostatic utricle.
Utricle, a little womb or matrix.
Uvea, from uva, a bunch of grapes;
a cluster.
 
Uvula, a small bunch of grapes.
 
Vagina, a scabbard or sheath.
 
Vagus, strolling about, wandering,
vagrant.
 
Valgus, bow-legged.
 
Vallecula, a little valley.
 
Vallecula Sylvii, vallecula cerebri.
Vallum, a rampart.
 
Valsalva, sinuses, sinuses of aorta.
Valve, bicuspid, left atrio-ventricular
valve.
 
Valve, Eustachian, valve of inferior
 
vena cava.
 
Valve, ileo-caecal, ileo-colic valve.
Valve, mitral, left atrio-ventricular
 
valve.
 
Valve, Thebesian, valve of coronary
sinus.
 
Valve, tricuspid, right atrio-ventricular valve (cusps are anterior
inferior medial).
 
Valve, Vieussens, superior medullary
velum.
 
Varus, bent or turned inwards.
 
Vas (pi. vasa), a vessel.
 
Velum, a curtain or veil.
 
Velum interpositum, tela choroidea.
Velum palatinum, soft palate.
Veneris, ' of Venus.’
 
Ventral, pertaining to the belly.
Ventricle of larynx, sinus of larynx.
Vermiform, like a worm.
 
Vertebra, primarily means a joint,
but more particularly a joint of
the spine.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GLOSSARY
 
 
Vertex, the top or crown of the head.
 
Veru, a dart, javelin, or spear.
 
Verumontanum, urethral crest.
 
Vesalii, foramen, emissary sphenoidal
foramen.
 
Vesica, the urinary bladder.
 
Vesical, pertaining to the urinary
bladder.
 
Vespertilio, a bat.
 
Vestibular nucleus, principal or
dorsal; medial nucleus.
 
Vestigial, pertaining to a trace.
 
Vestigium, a trace or vestige.
 
Vibrissa, a stiff hair of the nostril.
 
Vicq d’Azyr, bundle of, mamillothalamic tract.
 
Vidian canal, pterygoid canal.
 
Vidian nerve, nerve of pterygoid
canal.
 
Vieussens, ansa of, ansa subclavia.
 
Vieussens, valve, superior medullary
velum.
 
Villus, shaggy hair; a tuft of hair.
 
Vinculum, a band or bond.
 
Vitelline, pertaining to the yolk of
an egg.
 
Vitellus, the yolk of an egg.
 
Vitreous, like glass, glassy.
 
Vola, the palm of the hand.
 
Volar, pertaining to the palm; palmar, or anterior.
 
Vomer, a ploughshare.
 
 
I 7 I 3
 
Vorticosse, full of whirlpools, eddying, coiled.
 
Vulva, a wrapper or covering.
 
Wharton’s duct, submandibular
duct.
 
Willis, circle of, circulus arteriosus.
 
Winslow, foramen, opening of lesser
sac.
 
Winslow, ligament, oblique posterior
ligament of knee.
 
Wirsung, duct, pancreatic duct.
 
Wolffian duct, mesonephric duct.
 
Wood’s muscle, abductor metatarsi
quinti.
 
Wormian bones, sutural bones.
 
Wrisberg, cartilage, cuneiform cartilage.
 
Wrisberg, ligament, accessory attachment of lateral semilunar cartilage.
 
Wrisberg, nerve, medial cutaneous
nerve of arm.
 
Xiphoid, like a sword.
 
Y-shaped ligament of Bigelow, iliofemoral ligament.
 
Zinn, inferior tendon or ligament
 
(eye), lower part of common tendinous ring.
 
Zinn, zonule, ciliary zonule.
 
Zygoma, a yoke.
 
 
108
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
Arteries, nerves, ligaments, joints, muscles, and veins are classified under corresponding
headings. Where a number is given in heavy type, the principal reference is indicated.
 
 
Abapical pole of ovum, 25
Abdomen, 674, 754
 
division into regions, 755
Abdominal cavity, 756
pregnancy, 19
wall, 704
 
landmarks of, 704
Abducent nerve, 1166, 1447, 1616
in orbit, 1254
 
Abductor digiti minimi (foot), 646
(hand), 496
hallucis, 644
 
ossis metatarsi quinti, 643
pollicis brevis, 493
longus, 505
 
Abernethy, fascia of, 854
Aberrant ductules, 751
Abnormal definition, 5
Accessory bile-ducts, 779
 
nerve. See Cranial nerves
obturator nerve, 580, 847
process, 140
Acervulus cerebri, 1590
Acetabulum, 340
 
ossification of, 341
Acrocephaly, 270
Acromial anastomosis, 443
Acromion, 296 , 298
Acromio-clavicular joint, 444
Acromio-thoracic artery, 426
Adamantoblasts, 287
Addison's lines, 755
Adductor brevis, 577
hallucis, 649
longus, 576
magnus, 577
minimus, 578
pollicis, 494, 496
Adenoids, 1373
Agger nasi, 214
Aggregated nodules, 868
Air-cells, mastoid, i88
sphenoidal, 199
Akinesis, 9
Ala cinerea, 1490
 
of frontal bone, 181
orbitalis, 273
of sacrum, 148
temporalis, 275
 
 
Alae of ethmoid, 207
of vomer, 228
Alar thoracic artery, 427
Alimentary canal (embryonic), 23
Allantoic diverticulum, 31
Allantois, 31, 32, 33, 954
Alveolar arches, 1337
index, 269
point, 244, 268
process of maxilla, 214
Alveoli, pulmonary, 1028
Alveus, 1525, 1569
Ambiguus nucleus, 1625 , 1626, 1627
Ameloblasts, 287
Amitosis, 9, 12
Amnion, 27, 30, 32, 106
Amniotic cavity, 25, 26, 32
duct, 32
fluid, 106
folds, 31, 32
 
Amphioxus gastrulation, 35
mesoderm, 36
Ampulla of duodenum, 865
of ear, 1684
of rectum, 944
of vas deferens, 935
Amygdaloid nucleus, 1524, 1532
tubercle, 1524
 
Anal canal, development of, 965
of female, 978
lymphatics of, 964
of male, 945
structure of, 961
columns, 961
fascia, 922
membrane, 965
valves, 962
Analogy, 122
Anaphase, 10
 
Anastomosis, acromial, 443
cruciate, 538, 585 , 587
round, elbow-joint, 479
knee-joint, 548
scapular, 441
trochanteric, 585
Anatomical description, 2
snuff-box, 484
textbooks, 2
Anatomy, 1
 
 
1714
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1715
 
 
Anconeus muscle, 500
Angle, cranio-facial, 260
of eye, 1289
of mandible, 232
pubic, 339, 552
sacro-vertebral, 151
sternal, 102, 1013
subcostal, 165
subpubic, 344
 
Angles of pharyngeal lateral pouches. 70,76
Angular process, medial, 181
Animal cell, 8
Ankle-joint, 661
 
Annular-ligament of radius, 520
Annulus fibrosus—
 
of intervertebral disc, 1107
of tympanic membrane, 1676
ovalis, 1055
 
Ano-coccygeal body, 675
Ansa hypoglossi, 1206
 
lenticularis, 1531, 1539 , 1567
peduncularis, 1565, 1567
subclavia, 1239, 1335
Antecubital lymphatic glands, 452, 514
Antihelix, 1295
Antinion, 268
Antitragicus muscle, 1296
Antrum, definition, 115
pyloric, 760
tympanic, 188, 1681
Anus, 674
 
development of, 965
imperforate, 965
lymphatics of, 964
Aorta, abdominal, 825
 
branches of, 825
guides to bifurcation of, 708
arch of, 1037
 
development of, 1041
ascending, 1033
 
branches of, 1036
development of, 1037
great sinus of, 1036
descending, 1089
 
development of, 1094
embryonic, 51, 68
thoracic, 1033
varieties of, 1040
Aortic arches, 68, 91, 1118
isthmus, 1038
lymphatic glands, 832
nodule, 1063
orifice, 1062
 
position of, 1064
plexus, 811
sinuses, 1063
spindle, 1038
valve, 1062
vestibule, 1060
Aortico-renal ganglion, 809
Aperture, bony, of nose, anterior, 244
posterior, 251
 
median, of fourth ventricle, 1492, 1608
Apex of lung, 1021
Apical pole of ovum, 25
 
 
Aponeurosis, bicipital, 453
epicranial, 1156
palatine, 1351
palmar, 484
plantar, 642
Apophysis, 114
 
Appendices epiploicae, 768, 871
Appendix, vermiform, 764
 
development of, 63, 872, 883
mesentery of, 764, 787 , 884
Aquatic respiration, 1377
Aqueduct of mid-brain, 1488, 1560
 
development of, 58, 1561, 1589
of vestibule, 191, 264
Aqueductus cochleae, 193, 1165, 1686
Aqueous humour, 1661
Arachnoid granulations, 1599, 1609
membrane, cranial, 1608
spinal, 1413
 
Arbor vitae cerebelli, 1485
of uterus, 977
 
Arc, longitudinal, of skull, 269
Arch, coraco-acromial, 445
crico-thyroid, 1215
femoral, deep, 719, 734
jugular, 1175
nasal, 1154
palato-glossal, 1350
palato-pharyngeal, 1350
palmar, deep, 484, 497 , 499
superficial, 483, 487, 498
plantar, 614, 657
subpubic, 344
superciliary, 181
Archenteric cavity, 25
Archenteron, 27, 30
Arches, arterial, 1118
dental, 281
of foot, 672
visceral, 66, 278
 
metamorphosis of, 1376
Archoplasm, 9
 
Arcuate eminence, 189, 263, 1684
fibres of medulla, 1465
ligaments of knee-joint, 631
of diaphragm, 836
line, 727
 
Arcus parieto-occipitalis, 1501
tendineus, 947
Area, bucco-pharyngeal, 34
cochlear, 190
embryonic, 33
orbital, 1493
proto-cardiac, 34
tentorial, 1493
vestibular, 1491
Areas of Broca, 1446
of cortex, 1569
of Flechsig, 1467
 
vestibular, superior and inferior, 190
Areola of nipple, 414
Arm, landmarks of, 446
Arteria, centralis retinae, 1260
rectae, 906
 
thyroidea ima, 1038, 1204, 1221
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1716
 
 
INDEX
 
 
Artery or arteries—
 
acromio-thoracic, 426
alar thoracic, 427
anastomosis, cruciate, 538, 585 , 87
round, elbow-joint, 479
knee-joint, 548
scapular, 441
aorta, abdominal, 825
 
branches of, 825
development of, 1041, 1118
guides to bifurcation, 708
arch of, 1037
 
development of, 1041
ascending, 1033
 
branches of, 1036
development of, 1037
great sinus of, 1036
descending, 1089
 
development of, 1094
embryonic, 51, 68
primitive dorsal, 1118
ventral, 1118
thoracic, 1033
varieties of, 1040
aortic arches (emb.), 68, 91
appendicular, 797
arch, crico-thyroid, 1215
 
palmar, deep, 484, 497 , 499
superficial, 483, 487, 498
plantar, 614, 657
arcuate, 612
 
ascending pharyngeal, 1219
auditory, internal, 1448, 1576
of auricle, 1672
auricular, deep, 1305
 
posterior, 1161, 1219
axillary, 425
 
varieties of, 428
azygos, of vaginal, 980
basilar, 1447, 1575
brachial, 454
 
collateral circulation after ligature, 457
profunda, 455
varieties of, 456
bronchial, 1090, 1029
buccal, 1282, 1307
of bulb, female, 703
male, 688
 
bulbar, of vertebral, 1575
caecal, 797
 
calcaneal, lateral, of peroneal, 626
medial, of post-tibial, 627
calcarine, 1577
capsular, of liver, 885
carotid, common, 1207
 
left, in thorax, 1039
ligation of, 1210
surgical compression, 1210
internal, 1323
 
at base of brain, 1449
cavernous part of, 1169
cerebral part of, 1570
development of, 91, 1118,
1122, 1324
 
 
Artery or arteries ( continued )—
 
carotid, internal, petrous part of, 1399
carpal, anterior, of radial, 475
of ulnar, 479
 
arch, posterior, 478, 508, 511
posterior, of radial, 511
of ulnar, 478
 
rete, anterior, 478, 479, 498
centralis, retinae, 1260, 1658
cerebellar, anterior inferior, 1448, 1576
posterior inferior, 1575
superior, 1448, 1576
cerebral, anterior, 1449, 1572
middle, 1449, 1573
posterior, 1448, 1576
 
cerebral areas of, 1577
cervical, ascending, 1242
deep, 1148, 1244
transverse, 1193, 1243
 
deep branch of, 402, 1192,
1243
 
superficial branch of, 1142,
 
1243
 
of uterine, 980
 
choroidal, anterior, 1449, 1571
posterior, 1577
ciliary, anterior, 1260, 1651
long, 1260, 1651
posterior, 1260
short, 1260
 
circulus arteriosus, 1449, 1577
major, 1651
minor, 1651
 
circumflex, anterior humeral, 427
fibular, 609
iliac, deep, 732
 
superficial, 508, 712
lateral femoral, 585, 588
medial femoral, 585, 589
posterior humeral, 427, 428
scapular, 427
 
clitoris, dorsal artery of, 703
cochlear, 1694
coeliac, 811
colic, left, 801
middle, 797
right, 797
 
communicating, anterior, 1449, 1573
posterior, 1449, 1571
companion artery of sciatic nerve,
538
 
coronary, of heart, 1036
of uterine, 980
of corpus callosum, 1573
cremasteric, 731
crico-thyroid arch, 1215
 
branch of superior thyroid, 1214
dental, anterior superior, 1308
inferior, 1307
posterior superior, 1307
dorsalis, indicis, 511
linguae, 1216
pedis, 611
 
varieties of, 614
pollicis, 511
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1717
 
 
Artery or arteries ( continued )—
epigastric, inferior, 729
 
branches of, 731
guide to, 708
superficial, 584, 711
superior, 731, 1000
 
ethmoidal, anterior, 1261, 1281,
 
1362
 
posterior, 1261
facial, on face, 1278
in neck, 1217
transverse, 1158, 1281
femoral, 563, 581 » 587
 
profunda of, 584, 588
fibular, circumflex, 609
 
of frenulum linguae, 1216
ganglionic, 1449, 1573 , 1577
gastric, left, 812
right, 814
 
gastro-duodenal, 814
gastro-epiploic, left, 812
right, 814
 
genicular, of popliteal, 548
gluteal, inferior, 538, 926
superior, 536, 927
helicine, 953
hepatic, 813, 885
 
varieties of, 815
hyaloid, 1664
ileal, 796
ileo-colic, 787
iliac, circumflex deep, 732
superficial, 712
common, 849
 
branches of, 851
collateral circulation after
ligature of, 852
guide to, 708
varieties of, 852
external, 853
 
branches of, 854
collateral circulation after
ligature of, 854
guide to, 708
varieties of branches, 854
internal, 923
 
branches of, 924
foetal condition of, 923
varieties of, 923
ilio-lumbar, 926
indicis, dorsalis, 511
radialis, 487, 498
infra-hyoid, 1214
infra-orbital, 1282 , 1307
innominate, 1038
 
varieties of, 1039
intercostal, 997
 
anterior, 998, 1000
collateral, 1093
lower two, 732, 999
posterior, 998, 1091
superior, 997, 1093, 1243
interlobar, of kidney, 904
interlobular, of kidney, 905
of liver, 885
 
 
Artery or arteries ( continued )—
interosseous, anterior, 478
common, 478
posterior, 506, 507
recurrent, 508
of iris, 1651
jejunal, 796
of kidney, 904
labial, inferior, 1279
 
superior, 1280, 1362
of labyrinth, 1694
lacrimal, 1260
laryngeal, inferior, 1243
superior, 1214
of larynx, 1396
lenticular, 1573
lenticulo-striate, 1573
lenticulo-thalamic, 1573
of ligamentum teres of uterus, 731
lingual, 1215
lumbar, 847
 
abdominal branches of, 732
branches of, 847
malleolar, lateral anterior, 609
medial anterior, 609
of posterior tibial, 627
mammary, external branches of
lateral thoracic artery, 426
internal, cervical part of, 1242
thoracic part of, 999
branches of, 1000
masseteric, 1307
mastoid of occipital, 1146, 1219
maxillary, 1304
 
branches of, 1305
median, 478 , 498, 5 1 ^>
meningeal, accessory, 1306, 1600
anterior of ethmoidal, 1599
of ascending pharyngeal, 1220,
1601
 
of internal carotid, 1600
middle, 1306, 1600
of occipital, 1146, 1219, 1601
of vertebral, 1575, 1601
mental, of facial, 1279
 
of inferior dental, 1283, 1307
mesenteric inferior, 801
branches of, 801
superior, 796
 
branches of, 796
metacarpal, dorsal, 511
palmar, 498
metatarsal, dorsal, 613
first plantar, 657
musculo-phrenic, 1000
mylo-hyoid, of inferior dental, 1307
nasal, dorsal, 1261, 1281
lateral, of facial, 1280
nutrient arteries—
of femur, 587
of fibula, 626
of humerus, 455, 456
of radius, 478
of tibia, 626
of ulna, 478
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1718
 
Artery or arteries [continued )—
obturator, 589, 925, 927
abnormal, 566
occipital, first part, 1218
 
descending branch of, 1218
second and third parts, 1146
olecanon rete, 479
ophthalmic, 1170, 1259
ovarian, 830
 
in pelvis, 978
of palate, soft, 1354
palatine, ascending, of facial, 1217
of ascending pharyngeal, 1220
greater, 1308 , 1338, 1362
lesser, 1308
 
palmar arch, deep, 484, 497, 499
superficial, 483, 487, 498
palpebral, lateral, 1260, 1281
medial, 1261, 1281
pancreatica magna, 812
pancreatico-duodenal, inferior, 798
superior, 814
pedis, dorsalis, 611
varieties of, 614
perforating, foot, 613, 657
hand, 498
 
of profunda femoris, 586
pericardiaco-phrenic, 1000
perineal, superficial, of female, 703
of male, 687
transverse, 687
peroneal, 610, 626
branches of, 626
communicating branch of, 627
varieties, 626
 
pharyngeal, ascending, 1219
of maxillary, 1308
of pharynx, 1373
phrenic, 827
placental, 51
plantar arch, 655, 657
lateral, 655 , 657
medial, 654 , 657
pollicis, dorsalis, 511
princeps, 487, 497
pontine, 1448, 1575
popliteal, 541, 546
varieties of, 548
princeps pollicis, 487, 497
profunda, of brachial, 455
femoris, 584 , 588
linguae, 1216, 1346
of pterygoid canal, 1308, 1362
pterygoid, of maxillary, 1307
pubic, 731
 
of obturator, 589
pudendal, accessory, 689
deep external, 584
internal, 925
female, 703
in gluteal region, 539
male, 686
 
superficial external, 584, 710
pulmonary, 1028, 1042
development of, 1042
 
 
Artery or arteries [continued )—
pulmonary, trunk, 1042
 
development of, 1042
radial, 473
 
first part, 474
 
recurrent branch of, 475
second part, 509
third part, 497
varieties of, 475, 498
radialis indicis, 487, 498
rectal, 906
 
inferior, 963
middle, 925, 963
superior, 802, 963
recurrent, anterior tibial, 609
ulnar, 477
 
posterior interosseous, 508
tibial, 609
ulnar, 477
radial, 475
renal, 827
 
aberrant, 828
accessory, 828
varieties, 828
rete, olecranon, 479
retinal, 1658
sacral, lateral, 926
median, 946
 
saphenous, of descending genicular,
 
587, 589
 
of scalp, 1153
scapular, circumflex, 427
of sclera, 1643
septal, of facial, 1280
 
of spheno-palatine, 1308, 1339,
1362
 
spheno-palatine, 1308, 1361
spinal, anterior, 1447, 1575
lateral, 1434
 
posterior, 1434, 1447, 1575
of posterior intercostals, 1093,
1411
splenic, 812
striate, 1573
stylo-mastoid, 1219
subclavian, 1237
 
development of, 1240
left, first part of, 1240
in thorax, 1040
right, first part of, 1237
second part of, 1240
third part of, 1191
 
guide to, 1192
subcostal, 732, 848, 1093
sublingual, 1216
submental, 1218
subscapular, 427
suprahyoid, 1216
supra-orbital, 1154, 1260
suprarenal, inferior, 828
middle, 827
 
superior, of phrenic, 827
suprascapular, 402, 438 , ii 93 ; 1243
suprasternal of suprascapular,
 
43 8 . 1243
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1719
 
 
Artery or arteries ( continued )—
supratrochlear (brachial), 456
of ophthalmic, 1154, 1261
sural cutaneous, 548
tarsal, 612
 
temporal, anterior deep, 1307
middle, 1158
posterior deep, 1307
superficial, 1158
testicular, 829
 
terminal part of, 738
varieties, 829
thoracic, alar, 427
lateral, 427
somatic, 1244
superior, 426
 
thyro-cervical trunk, 1242
thyroid, inferior, 1242
superior, 1213 , 1242
thyroidea ima, 1038, 1204, 1221
tibial, anterior, 607
 
guide to, 599
recurrent, 609
posterior, 624
guide to, 599
recurrent, 609
varieties, 627
of tongue, 1346
of tonsils, 1215, 1355
tonsillar, of facial, 1217
transverse facial, 1158
tympanic, anterior, 1306
inferior, 1220
 
of tympanic membrane, 1677
ulnar, 475
 
collateral, 456
first part, 476
 
recurrent branches of, 477
second part, 480
third part, 487
varieties, 479. 49$
umbilical, 51, 9 2 3> io8 3
urachal, of superior vesical, 924
ureteric, of superior vesical, 924
uterine, 979
vaginal, 980
 
azygos, 980
of liver, 885
of uterine, 980
 
vas aberrans, brachial, 456, 475
to vas deferens, 738, 925
vertebral, at base of brain, 1447
development of, 1121, 1242
first part, 1241
fourth part, 1574
second part, 1241
third part, 1151
varieties of, 1242
vesical, inferior, 925
superior, 924
vestibular, 1694
zygomatic, 115 8
Articular discs— . .
 
of acromio-clavicular joint, 444
of mandibular joint, 1318
 
 
| Articular discs ( continued )—
of radio-ulnar joint, 520
of sterno-clavicular joint, 444
Articularis genu muscle, 573
Articular nerves—
 
ankle-joint, 610, 615, 627, 663
calcaneo-cuboid, 654
carpal joints, 507, 525
carpo-metacarpal, 526
elbow-joint, 461, 480, 519
hip-joint, 545, 574, 580, 597
intermetacarpal, 526
interphalangeal, foot. 653, 654
shoulder-joint, 432, 464
talo-calcanean, 615
tarsal, 614, 652, 654
tarso-metatarsal, 614, 652, 654
tibio-fibular, inferior, 550, 610, 660
intermediate, 660
superior, 550, 659
wrist-joint, 489, 507, 523
Aryepiglottic fold, 1386
development of, 73
Arytenoid cartilages, 1382
development of, 1383
Arytenoideus muscle, 1393
Aspera, linea, 350
 
Association fibres of cerebrum, 1568
Aster, 9, 10
 
Asterion, 180, 239, 251, 268, 1630
Atavism, 6
 
Atlanto-axial joints, 1404 , 1408
Atlanto-occipital joints, 1406, 1409
Atlas, 128
 
development of, 170
ossification of, 142
Atresia ani, 955
Atria of heart, left, 1052
 
interior of, 1059
right, 1051
 
interior of, 1054
of lung, 1027
 
Atrio-ventricular bundle, 1071
node, 1071
 
Atrium of middle meatus, 1357
Attraction particles, 9
sphere, 9
 
Atypical, definition, 6
Auditory artery, internal, 1448, 1576
cells, 1689, 1692
epithelium, 1689
hairs, 1689
 
meatus, external, 193 , 1671
internal, 190, 264
nerve, 1165, 1404, 1447, 1620
process, external, 194
radiation, 1531, 1568
striae, 1471, 1489, 1620
teeth, 1691
Auricle, 1294
 
blood-supply of, 1297
lymphatics of, 1297
muscles of, extrinsic, 1160
intrinsic, 1296
nerve-supply of, 1297
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1720
 
Auricle, structure of, 1295
veins of, 1297
Auricles of heart, left, 1052
right, 1051
 
Auricular artery, deep, 1305
posterior, 1219
nerve, great, 1142 , 1278
posterior, 1160, 1272
point, 251, 268, 1629
surface of sacrum, 147
tubercle, 1295
tubercles (emb.), 68
vein, posterior, 1161
Auricularis anterior muscle, 1160
posterior, 1160
superior, 1160
 
Auriculo-temporal nerve, 1157, 1277
Auscultation triangle, 400
Autonomic nervous system, 1634
parasympathetic, 1639
cranial, 1639
sacral, 1640
sympathetic, 1635
 
course of efferent impulses, 1636
development of, 1640
ganglia, 1635
 
rami communicantes, 1635
Axial filament in spermatozoon, 13
skeleton, 23
Axillary artery, 425
 
varieties of, 428
fascia, 414
folds, 412
 
lymphatic glands, 416, 424, 434 , 514
sheath, 429
space, 412, 422
vein, 428 , 451
Axis, 131
 
odontoid process of, 131
ossification of, 143
Azygos arteries of vagina, 890
veins, 839
 
Back, landmarks of, 397
of scalp and neck, 1141
Baillarger, bands of, 1565
Balfour’s cell-chain theory, 55
Ball-and-socket joint, 393
Band, diagonal, 1515
ilio-trochanteric, 593
moderator, 1057
pudendal, 929
sciatic, 929
 
Basal cartilaginous plate in skull, 89
ganglia, 1526
Base of brain, 1443
Base-line of Reid, 1633
Basi-bregmatic axis, 260
Basi-cranial axis, 260
Basi-facial axis, 260
Basi-hyal, 236
Basilar artery, 1447, 1575
 
branches of, 1447, 1575
groove, 174
membrane, 1690
 
 
Basilar, part of occipital bone, 174
vein, 1521, 1579
Basilic vein, 450, 451
Basi-occipital, 275
Basion, 258, 268
Basket cells of cerebellum, 1487
Beak of ulna, 312
Bechterew, band of, 1565
Bellini, duct of, 903
Bergmann, fibres of, 1487
Biceps brachii, 452 , 463
third head, 454
femoris, 542
 
Bicipital aponeurosis, 453
groove, 300
synovial sheath, 465
Bifurcated ligament—•
 
calcaneo-cuboid part, 666
calcaneo-navicular part, 665
Bile canaliculi, 886
capillaries, 886
ducts, 779
 
accessory ducts, 779
interlobular ducts, 886
Birth of foetus, 107
Biventer cervicis muscle, 407
Bladder, urinary, blood-supply of, 952
development of, 955
female, 977
infantile, 952
 
ligaments of, false, 918, 952
true, 952
 
lumen of empty bladder, 951
male, 932
 
nerve-supply of, 953
orifices of, 951
peritoneal relations of, 934
structure of, 949
trigone, external, of, 934
internal, of, 951
 
Blastocele, 24
Blastocyst, 24
Blastoderm, 24
Blastodermic vesicle, 24
Blastomere, 21
Blastopore, 35
Blastula, 24
Blind spot, 1653
 
Blood circulation, development of, so, s
islands, 51
 
Bochdalek, ganglion of, 1320
Body, ano-coccygeal, 675
carotid, 1211
cavity, primitive, 23, 42
ciliary, 1647
geniculate, lateral, 1538
medial, 1538
Pacinian, 490, 653
perineal, female, 701
male, 681
pineal, 1540
ponto-bulbar, 1584
stalk, circulation in, 51, 52
morphology, 31 "
relation to umbilicus, 65
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1721
 
 
Body, ultimo-branchial, 76
vitreous, 1662
wall, development of, 59
split by pleurae, 78
Bone, canaliculi, 117
cell, 117
chemical, 115
lacunae, 117
marrow, 121
Bones, cancellated, 118
classification of, 118
compact, 116
of head, 172
ossification, 119
Borders, post- and pre-axial, 5
Bowman, capsule of, 901, 906
Brachia of corpora quadrigemina, 1538,
 
1548
 
Brachial artery, 454, 456
 
collateral circulation after ligature, 457
profunda, 455
varieties of, 456
plexus, 439
 
infraclavicular branches, 431
in neck, 1193
 
supraclavicular branches, 430,
1194
 
Brachialis muscle, 454
Brachio-radialis, 501
Brachycephalic skulls, 243, 267, 269
Brain, 1442
 
development of, 55, 15 81
superior surface of, 1433
weight of, 1570
 
Bregma, 180, 237, 238, 268, 1629
Bregmatic bone, 265
Broca, area of, 1446
Bronchioles, 1027
 
development of, 1030
Bronchus, eparterial, 1027, 1030
hyparterial, 1027
 
development of, 1030
left, 1086
right, 1086
 
Bruch, membrane of, 1646
Bryant’s triangle, 552
Buccal mucous glands, 1272
Buccinator muscle, 1269
Bucco-pharyngeal area, 34, 44
 
fascia, 1179, I 3 68
membrane, 44, 56. 69
Bulb, olfactory, 1165, 1510 , 157 °
of penis, 682
of posterior horn, i 5 2 4
Bulbar ridges, 1079
Bulbo-urethral glands, 685
Bulbs of vestibule, 696
Bulla ethmoidalis, 1357
Bundle, atrio-ventricular, I ° 7 I
 
medial longitudinal, 1464, 1555
of Munzer, 1588
Bursa of biceps brachii, 453
femoris, 542, 641
 
of coraco-clavicular ligament, 405
 
 
Bursa, under gastrocnemius, 544, 619, 640
gluteal muscles, 598
of infraspinatus, 465
under obturator internus, 535
olecranon, 447
of popliteal tendon, 641
prepatellar, 554, 640
under semimembranosus, 544, 64°
subacromial, 436, 464
subhyoid, 235
subpsoas, 598
subscapular, 464
suprapatellar, 574, 640
of teres major, 465
Bursae at elbow-joint, 519
at hip-joint, 598
at knee-joint, 640
at shoulder-joint, 464
 
Caecum, 762
 
development of, 63, 882
peritoneal relations of, 763
varieties of, 764
vascular fold of, 792
Cajal, horizontal cells of, 1562
moss fibres of, 1488
Calamus scriptorius, 1452
Calcaneal arteries—
 
lateral of peroneal, 626
medial of post-tibial, 627
Calcaneo-cuboid joint, 666
Calcaneo-navicular ligament, plantar, 665,
673
 
part of bifurcated ligament, 665
Calcaneum, 370
 
ossification of, 378
peroneal tubercle, 372, 388
structure of, 372
 
sustentaculum tali of, 371, 388, 390
tubercles on, 370, 386
tuberosity of, 370
varieties of, 372
Calcar avis, 1524
femorale, 354
 
Calcarine area of cortex, 1569
artery, 1577
Callosal radiation, 1568
Calvaria, 260
Canal or canals—
anal, 945, 97 8
carotid, 189, 191, 258, 263
central, of cord, 1422
condylar, 175, 258
cranio-pharyngeal, 197, 206
dental, 212, 213
facial, 190
femoral, 566
Haversian, 116
hepatic, 886
hyaloid, 1664
incisive, 248
infra-orbital, 245
inguinal, 708, 735
innominate, 201
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1722
 
 
INDEX
 
 
Canal or canals—( continued )
intestinal, 761
lacrimal, 245
mandibular, 231
naso-lacrimal, 248
neural, 40
 
of Nuck, 743, 744, 969
obturator, 993
 
palatine, greater and lesser, 255
palato-vaginal, 199, 255
palmar, 332
 
pharyngo-tympanic, 257
portal, 885
 
pterygoid, 204, 255, 263
pterygo-palatine, 227
pudendal, 688
pyloric, 760
of sacrum, 148
semicircular, 1684
spiral, of cochlea, 1685
subsartorial, 580
vertebral, 154
Volkmann's, 117
zygomatico-facial, 219
zygomatico-temporal, 219
Canaliculus for chorda tympani, anterior,
187, 1673
 
posterior, 190, 1675
lacrimal, 1287
mastoid, 191, 258
tympanic, 258
Cancellated bone, 118
Canine fossa, 212
ridge, 211
teeth, 280
Capitate bone, 320
 
ossification of, 322
Capitellum, definition, 114
Capitulum of humerus, 304
Capsular decidua, 104, 106
Capsule, external, of brain, 1531
internal, of brain, 1528
Caput cornu, 1421
 
gyri hippocampi, 1507
medusae, 712
 
Cardiac nerves of sympathetic cervical,
1334 . 1335
 
of vagus, cervical, 1330
thoracic, 1045
plexus, 1046
deep, 1046
superficial, 1046
 
Cardinal veins, 51, 1127, 1132, 1136
Carotico-clinoid foramen, 200
Carotid artery, common, 1207
 
left, in thorax, 1039
external, 1212
 
development of, 1119, 1213
internal, 1169, 1323, 1324, 1399'
1449
 
development of, 91, 1118,
1122, 1324
 
body, 1211
 
canal, 189, 191, 258, 263
groove of sphenoid, 200
 
 
Carotid notch of sphenoid, 200
plexus, 1333
sheath, 1207
triangle, 1196
tubercle, 134, 1172
Carpal arch, posterior, 478, 508, 511
arteries—
 
anterior, of radial, 475
posterior, of radial, 511
of ulnar, 479
joints, 524
 
rete, anterior, 478, 479, 498
Carpo-metacarpal joints, 525
Carpus, 315
 
morphology, 323
ossification of, 322
varieties of, 322
as a whole, 321
Cartilage or cartilages—
arytenoid, 1382
corniculate, 1383
costal, 160
cuneiform, 1383
of larynx, 1379
 
of mandibular arch, 74, 75, 232
nasal, 1298
of second arch, 75
semilunar, 632
thyroid, 1380
 
Cartilaginous base of skull, 89, 270, 275
Cartilago triticea, 1384
Caruncula lacrimalis, 1289, 1292
Carunculae hymenales, 696
Cauda equina, 1417
Caudal, definition, 122
Caudate nucleus, 1526
Cave of Retzius, 339
Cavernous sinus, 1169, 1606
Cavity, glenoid, 294 , 461
of larynx, 1386
nasal, 1356
 
of septum lucidum, 1520
thoracic, 1002
Cavum trigeminale, 1167
Cell, animal, 8
 
of Cajal, 1562
division, 9
germ, 12
of Golgi, 1564
membrane, 8
pyramidal, 1562
Cement, 285
 
Centra, vertebral development, 59
Central artery of retina, 1260, 1658
canal of cord, 1422
lobule of cerebullum, 1478
tendon of diaphragm, 835
Centrale, os, 322
 
Centro-acinar cells of Langerhans, 891
Centrosome, 9, 10, 21
in spermatozoa, 13
Centrum of vertebrae, 125
Cephalic, definition, 122
vein, 450, 451
Cerg,to-hyal, 76, 23$
 
 
 
/
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
I 7 2 3
 
 
Cerebellar fossae, 264
 
Cerebelli, tentorium, 1163, 1602, 1633
 
Cerebellum, 1475
 
arbor vitae of, 1485
association and commissural fibres
of, 1485
 
basal surface, 1443
development of, 1488, 1586
lobes and lobules of under surface
of, 1480
 
of upper surface, 1478
medullary vela, 1485
morphology of, 1481
nuclei of, i486
peduncles, inferior, 1484
middle, 1484
superior, 1483 , 1553
structure of, i486
under surface of, 1479
upper surface of, 1476
Cerebral commissure, anterior, 1518, 1568
hippocampal, 1518, 1568
posterior, 1542
cortex, 1561
 
development, 1510, 1591
fissures of, 1495
 
calcarine, 1503
choroidal, 1525
collateral, 1497
dentate, 1508
ecto-rhinal, 1508
lateral, 1495
parieto-occipital, 1496
postcalcarine, 1503
precalcarine, 1503
ganglia, basal, of, 1526
gyri of, 1493. See under Gyri
hemispheres, 1493
lobes of—
 
frontal, 1497
insula, 1505
limbic, 1506
occipital, 1502
olfactory, 1510
parietal, 1499
pyriform, 1508
 
temporal, 1504
lobules of—
 
cuneus, 1504
paracentral, 1499
parietal, 1501
postcentral, 1506
prsecuneus, 1502
precentral, 1506
quadrate, 1502
pole, frontal, of, 1451
 
occipital, of, 1451, i 5°3
temporal, of, 1444
veins, 1578
vesicles, primary, 58
Cerebri, crura, 1445. 1551
Cerebro-spinal axis, 1410
Cerebrum, the, 1493
Ceruminous glands, 1672
Cervical canal in pregnancy, 104
 
 
Cervical fascia, deep, 1178
 
compartments of, 1180
 
fistula, 1377
 
lymphatic glands, deep, 1189, H 99
superficial, 1178
plexus, 1185
 
branches, deep, 1188
 
superficial, 1141, 1187
spinal nerves, origins of, 1418
vertebrae, 126
Cervix cornu of cord, 1421
of uterus, 973
 
Check ligaments of eyeball, 1253
Cheeks, 1337
Chiasma, optic, 1545
Chondrocranium, 89, 270, 275
Chorda tympani nerve, 1347, 1402
Chordae tendineae, 1057
Chorio-decidual vessels, 109
Chorion, 29, 106
Chorionic ectoderm 29
mesoderm, 29
villus, 29
 
Choroid coat of eyeball, 1645
nerves of, 1651
structure of, 1646
plexus of fourth ventricle, 1492
of lateral ventricle, 1521
 
of inferior horn of, 1525
of third ventricle, 1521
Choroidal fissure, 1525
Chromatin, 9
 
discharged from nucleus, 18
Chromosomes, 10, 17, 18
Chyli, cisterna, 838, 1100
Ciliary body of eye, 1647
ganglion, 1257
margin, 1649
nerves, long, 1256
short, 1258
processes, 1647
vessels, 1260, 1651
Cinereum, tuber, 1445* 1544
Cingulate sulcus, 1496
Circular folds of small intestine, 864
sinus, 1606
sulcus, 1497
 
Circulation, course of, 1050
embryonic, 51
 
Circulus arteriosus, 1449, 1 577
major, 1651
minor, 1651
Circumduction, 395
 
Circumflex artery, anterior humeral, 427
fibular, 609
 
lateral femoral, 585, 588
medial femoral, 585, 589
posterior humeral, 427, 428
scapular, 427
iliac artery, deep, 732
 
superficial, 584, 712
nerve, 432 , 436
Cisterna basalis, 1609
 
cerebello-medullaris, 1609
chyli, 838, 1100
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1724
 
 
Cisterna pontis, 1609
venae magnae, 1609
Classification of joints, 394
of movements, 395
Claustrum, 1531
 
Clava of medulla oblongata, 1455
Clavicle, 289
 
in female, 291
ossification of, 292
structure of, 291
varieties of, 291
Clavi-pectoral fascia, 420
Cleavage nucleus, 21
Cleft, intratonsillar, 1354
palate, varieties of, 218
uro-genital, 693
 
Clinoid process, anterior, 200 , 261
middle, 200 , 261
posterior, 198 , 261
Clitoris, 694
 
arteries of, 703
development of, 698
frenulum, 694
glans, 695
lymphatics of, 695
prepuce, 695
Clivus monticuli, 1478
of sphenoid, 197, 264
Cloaca, 45, 99, 954
division of, 98
Cloacalfossa, 956
 
membrane, 45, 955, 956
septum, 99, 954
Closing membrane, 66
Coats of eyeball, 1641
Coccygeal plexus, 531
Coccygeus muscle, 948
Coccyx, 149
 
cornua of, 150
ossification of, 151
varieties, 151
Cochlea, 1685, 1689
 
aqueduct of, 193, 1165, 1686
Coeliac artery, 811
ganglia, 809
plexus, 807, 809
Coelom, 23, 29, 65
 
extra-embryonic, obliterated,
106
 
Coils of intestine, formation, 63
Collateral fissure, 1497
Colliculus facialis, 1491
Colon, ascending, 766
descending, 767
 
iliac part of, 767
left flexure of, 767
pelvic, 943
right flexure of, 766
taeniae of, 768, 870
transverse, 766
Column, vertebral, 124
as a whole, 151
Columnae rugarum, 986
Columns, anal, 961
renal, 900
 
 
Commissures of brain—
 
anterior, 1518, 1568
corpus callosum, 1513 * 1568
Gudden, of, 1545, 1547
habenular, 1541
hippocampal, 1518, 1568
posterior, 1542
of female perinaeum, 692
of spinal cord, 1418, 1420, 1426
Communicating artery, anterior, 1449,
1573
 
posterior, 1449, 1571
Companion artery of sciatic nerve, 538
Comparative anatomy, 1
embryology, 23
 
Compressor venae dorsalis penis, 680
Conchae, nasal, inferior, 223
middle, 209
superior, 209
sphenoidal, 204
Condylar canals, 176, 258, 264
fossa, 176, 258
tubercle, 234
Condyles of femur, 352
occipital, 175, 258
of tibia, 357
 
Condyloid process of mandible, 232
Cone-bipolar cells of retina, 1655
Cone of light, 1677
Cones of retina, 1656
 
Confluence of the sinuses, 174, 1603, 1631
Congenital cystic kidney, 95
Conjoint tendon, 725
Conjugation of pronuclei, 20
Conjunctiva, 1291, 1292
Conoid impression, 297
ligament, 444
tubercle, 289
 
Constrictor muscles of pharynx, 1368,
1369
 
Contrahentes, 515
 
Conus medullaris of spinal cord, 1416
Convoluted tubules of kidney, 901,903
Convolutions of brain. See Gyri
Coraco-acromial arch, 445
ligament, 445
 
Coraco-brachialis muscle, 452
Coraco-clavicular ligament, 444
Coracoid process and bone, 296 , 298
Cord, spermatic, 736
Cornea of eyeball, 1643
Corneal corpuscles, 1644
spaces, 1644
 
Corniculate cartilages, 1383
Corona glandis, 715
 
radiata, 1515, 1531
of ovum, 14, 19
Coronal, definition, 5
suture, 238, 1630
Coronary arteries of heart, 1036
of uterine, 980
ligaments of knee, 623
plexuses, 1048
sinus, 1065
Coronoid fossa, 304
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
I7 2 5
 
 
Coronoid process of mandible, 232
of ulna, 312
Corpora bigemina, 58
geniculata, 1538
mamillaria, 1543
 
peduncles of, 1544
quadrigemina, 1547
 
development of, 58
Corpus albicans of ovary, 982
callosum, 1513
 
development of, 1531, 1596
forceps major, 1516
minor, 1515
genu,1514
peduncles of, 1514
radiatio corporis callosi,
 
1515
 
fimbriatum, 972
luteum, 982
striatum, 1526
 
development of, 58, 1591
trapezoides of cerebellum, 1484
of pons, 1470
Corrugator cutis ani, 675
supercilii muscle, 1266
Cortex, cerebral, 1561
Corti, rods of, 1691
tunnel of, 1692
 
Cortical branches of cerebral arteries,
1572, 1574, 1577
 
Cortico-medullary, arterial arches of
kidney, 904
venous arches, 907
Cortico-pontine fibres, 1552
Cortico-thalamic tract, 1566
Costal cartilages, 160
 
extensions from sclerotomes, 59
groove, 156
zone, 755
 
Costo-capitular facets, 134, 153
Costo-clavicular ligament, 443
Costo-coracoid ligament, 420
Costo-transverse lamella, 128
Costo-tubercular facets, 136
Cotyledons, no
Cranial capacity, 268
fossae, 260, 261, 263
index, 269
Cranial nerves, 1610
 
at base of brain, 1446
of skull, 1165
superficial origin of, 1446
abducent, at base of skull, 1166
distribution, 1166, 1447, 1616
nucleus of, 1473, 1616
in orbit, 1254
superficial origin, 1447
accessory, at base of skull, 1166
bulbar part, 1628
course, 1331, 1447, 1628
cranial root, 1331
distribution of, 1331, 1628
origin of, deep, 1628
superficial, 1447
spinal part, 1628
 
 
Cranial nerves {continued )—
 
auditory, at base of skull, 1166
 
cochlear nerve, 1404, 1620, 1693
in internal ear, 1693
meatus, 1404
nuclei of, 1620
spiral ganglion, 1620, 1694
superficial origin, 1447
vestibular ganglion, 1404, 1620,
1693
 
nerve, 1404, 1622, 1693
facial, at base of skull, 1166
 
distribution, 1157, 1272, 1401,
1447, 1682
 
after emerging from facial canal,
1272
 
in facial canal, 1400
ganglion of, 1403 , 1618
meatal portion of, 1400
nuclei of, motor, 1472, 1617
sensory, 1619
origin of, deep, 1617
superficial, 1447
petrous portion, 1400
sensory root, 1403
glosso-pharyngeal, at base of skull,
1166
 
distribution of, 1325, 1626
extracranial portion of, 1324,
1447, 1625
ganglia of, 1325
origin of, deep, 1619, 1624
superficial, 1447
 
hypoglossal, at base of skull, 1167
distribution of, 1322, 1629
extracranial portion of, 1332,
1447
 
origin of, deep, 1458, 1629
superficial, 1447
 
oculo-motor, at base of skull, 1165
nucleus of, 1561, 1611
in orbit, 1253
superficial origin, 1446
olfactory, 1165, 1360 , 1611
optic, at base of skull, 1165
development of, 1668
in orbit, 1253
origin, deep, 1611
superficial, 1446
 
trigeminal, at base of skull, 1165
distribution of, 1446
ganglion, 1167
 
mandibular nerve, 1168, 1309,
1616
 
maxillary nerve, 1168, 1616
mesencephalic root, nucleus of,
1561
 
motor root, nuclei of, 1474, 1615
ophthalmic nerve, 1168, 1254
 
1616
 
origin, deep, 1614
superficial, 1446
sensory root of, 1472
 
nuclei of, 1472, 1474,
1615
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1726
 
Cranial nerves ( continued )—
vagus, in abdomen, 861
 
auricular branch of, 1161, 1328,
1672, 1677
 
at base of skull, 1166
cardiac branches of, 1330
cervical cardiac branches of, 1330
portion of, 1327, 1330, 1447
distribution of, 1626
ganglia of, inferior, 1328 , 1626
superior, 1328 , 1626
nuclei of, motor, 1626
sensory, 1626
origin, deep, 1625
superficial, 1447
pharyngeal branch of, 1329
pulmonary plexuses of, 1029,
1043, 1045
 
thoracic portion of left, 1044
of right, 1043
 
Cranio-cerebral lobes of cerebrum, 1634
topography, 1629
Cranio-facial angle, 260
Cranio-metrical terms, 268
Cranio-pharyngeal canal, 197, 206
Cranium, 172
 
development of, 91, 270
interior of, 259
Cremaster muscle, 723
Cremasteric fascia, 716, 723
reflex, 724
 
Crest, conchal, of maxilla, 213
ethmoidal, of palatine, 225
external occipital, 259
of ilium, 334
incisive, of maxilla, 216
incisor, of maxilla, 216
infratemporal, 202
internal occipital, 264
lacrimal, 222
nasal, of maxilla, 216
of palatine, 225
obturator, 340
pubic, 399
 
relations of structures at, 728
sphenoidal, 199
supramastoid, 185
of tibia, 1359
 
transverse, of internal auditory
meatus, 190
of trapezium, 319, 333
urethral, female, 988
male, 939
vestibular, 1683
Cretinism, 270
Cribriform fascia, 561 , 568
plate of ethmoid, 207
Crico-arytenoideus posterior, 1392
lateralis, 1392
Crico-arytenoid joint, 1385
Cricoid cartilage, 1382
 
development of, 73, 1382
Crico-thyroideus, 1390
Crico-thyroid joint, 1385
Crico-vocal membrane, 1384
 
 
Crista ampullaris, 1688
galli, 207, 261
 
Cruciate anastomosis, 538, 585 , 587
ligaments of knee, 634
occipito-axial, 1405
 
transverse part, 1405,1408
vertical part, 1407
Crura cerebri, 1445, 1551
 
development of, 1589
Crus commune, 1688
of helix, 1295
Crusta-petrosa, 285, 287
Cryptorchismus, 743
Cryptozygous skull, 243
Crystalline lens, 1661
 
development of, 1667
Cubital fossa, 458
Cuboid bone, 377
 
ossification of, 378
 
peroneal groove of, 378 , 388, 390
 
varieties, 378
 
Cuboideo-metatarsal joint, 669
Culmen monticuli, 1478
Cuneate tubercle, 1455
Cuneatus, fasciculus, 1429
funiculus, 1455
nucleus, 1460
 
Cuneiform bones of tarsus, 373
intermediate, 375
lateral, 375
medial, 374
ossification of, 378
cartilages, 1383
Cuneo-cuboid joint, 669
Cuneo-navicular joint, 668
Cuneus of brain, 1504
Cupola of cochlea, 1695
Curved form of embryo, 48
Curves of vertebral column, 151
Cutaneous nerves. See also under Nerves,
cutaneous
of arm, 447
of back, 397
of forearm, back of, 449
front of, 465
of gluteal region, 529
of hand, 449, 465
of leg, outer side of, 614
of pectoral region, 412
of perinaeum, male, 675
of scapular region, 436
of sole of foot, 644
of trunk, 710
 
Cuvier, ducts of, 51, 92, 1127
Cystic duct, 778
 
development of, 891
structure of, 890
notch, 756, 777
Cytomicrosomes, 9
Cytoplasm, 8
Cytotrophoblast, 27, 29
 
Dachryon, 244, 268
Dartos muscle, 709, 713, 716
Daughter cells, 12
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1727
 
 
Daughter chromosomes, 10
nuclei, 12
 
Decidua basalis, 104
capsularis, 104, 106
parietalis, 104
Decidual cells, 107
 
change in pregnancy, 107
Decussation, fountain, 1433, 1551
of lemnisci, 1465
of pyramids, 1453
Deferens, vas, 737
 
development of, 738 , 753
in pelvis, 935
structure of, 737
Deiters, cells of, 1692
Deltoid, 436
 
tuberosity, 300
Dental arches, 281
canaliculi, 284
 
canals, anterior and middle, 213
posterior, 212, 253
groove, 218
lamina, true, 286
papilla, 285, 287
pulp, 283, 287
sac, 285, 287
Dentate fissure, 1508
nucleus, 1485
Dentatum, os, 133
Dentine, 284
 
Depressor alae nasi muscle, 1268
anguli oris muscle, 1270
labii inferioris muscle, 1270
Descent of testis, 739
 
abnormal conditions of, 743
positions of, 743
gubernaculum testis, 740
mesorchium, 740
plica gubernatrix, 740
uro-genital mesentery, 740
Descriptive terms, 1
Deutoplasm, 9, 15
Development—
 
of anal canal, 965
of anus, 965
 
of appendix, vermiform, 63, 872, 883
of aqueduct of mid-brain, 58, 1561
of arteries, principal, 1118
 
aorta, arch of, 1018, 1041
ascending, 1037
descending, 1094
carotid, common, ni 9 > I2I 3
external, 1119. I2I 3
internal, 91, 1118,1122, 1324
central, of retina, 1667, 1668
femoral, 1123
hyaloid, 1667, 1669
innominate, 1119
of limbs, 1123
upper, 516
pulmonary, 91, 1042
subclavian, 1119. 1121
tibial, 1123
umbilical, 151
vertebral, 1121
 
 
Development ( continued )—
of ary epiglottic folds, 73
of arytenoid cartilages, 1383
of atlas vertebra, 170
of atria of heart, 1075
of atrial septa, 1075
of atrio-ventricular valves, 1081
of auditory meatus, external, 68,
1696
 
of ossicles, 1679
of auricle of ear, 1697
of basal ganglia, 1594
of bile-duct, 868
of bladder, urinary, 955
of blood, 51
 
of body cavities, 47, 48
wall, 59
 
of brain, 55, 1581
of bronchi, 1030
of bronchioles, 1030
of bulbo-urethral glands, 686
of bulbs of vestibule, 699
of caecum, 882
of calyces, 95
 
of cartilages of larynx, 1397
of caruncula lacrimalis, 1292
of cement of teeth, 287
of cephalic ganglia, 1598
of cerebellum, 58, 1488, 1586
of cerebral hemispheres, 1510, 1591
peduncles, 1588, 1589
vesicles, 58, 1591
of choroid plexuses, 1596
of circulatory system, 51, 5 2
of cisterna chyli, 1138
of clitoris, 698
 
of commissures of brain, 1594
of conchae of nose, 1363
of conjunctiva, 1292
of cornea, 1670
of corniculate cartilages, 1383
of coronary sinus, 1076
of corpora mamillaria, 58, 1590
quadrigemina, 58, 1589
of corpus callosum, 1531, I 59 ^
striatum, 58, 1591
of cranial nerves, 1597
of cranium, 91, 270
of cricoid cartilage, 73, 1382
of crura cerebri, 1598
of cuneiform cartilages, 1383
of cystic duct, 891
of decidua, 104
of dentine, 287
of diaphragm, 837
of diencephalon, 58, 1589
of duodenum, 80
of dura mater, 90
of ear, external, 1696
internal, 1694
 
membranous labyrinth, 1694
middle, 1694
osseous labyrinth, 1695
of ejaculatory duct, 102, 959
of endolymphatic duct, 1694
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1728
 
Development ( continued )—
of epididymis, 753
of epoophoron, 753, 987
of ethmoid bone, 276
of excretory system, 92
of eye, 1664
of eyelids, 1292
of face, 88
 
of facial musculature, 68
skeleton, 277
of flocculus, 1586
of fore-brain, 56
of fore-gut, 44
of fornix, 1518, 1595
of frontal bone, 277
of gall-bladder, 891
of geniculate bodies, 1591
of genital organs, external, female,
698
 
male, 699
 
of genito-urinary system, 92
of gonads, 100
of gums, 1339
of heart, 90, 1073
of hind-brain, 55, 57
 
metamorphosis of, 1581
of hind-gut, 44
 
of hippocampal commissure, 1596
of hymen, 696, 699
of hyoid bone, 76, 278
of hypophysis cerebri, 58, 87,1171
of infundibulum cerebri, 58, 87, 1171,
1590
 
of insula, 1510, 1592
of interventricular foramen, 1535
of intervertebral disc, 59, 169
of intestine, large, 872
small, 870
 
of intrinsic muscles of hand, 515
of iris,. 1670
 
of islets of Langerhans, 895
of kidney, 92-97, 910
of labia pudendi, 699
of labyrinth of ear, 1695
of lacrimal bone, 277
of lamina terminalis, 1510, 1595
of laminae of cord, 54, 1438
of larynx, 1397
of lens, 1667
of lesser omentum, 80
sac, 79, 81
of lips, 1339
of liver, 79, 888
of lungs, 70, 77, 1029
of lymphatic glands, 1139
system, 1137
vessels, 1138
of malleus, 74, 1679
of mammary gland, 417
of mandible, 234
of massa intermedia, 1591
of medulla oblongata, 1581
of medullary vela, 1597
of meninges of brain, 1596
of cord, 1442
 
 
Development ( continued )—
 
of mesonephros, 92, 94, 914
of metanephros, 92, 94, 910
of metencephalon, 1585
of mid-brain, 56, 1589
of middle ear, 1696
of mitral valve, 1081
of mouth, 84, 1339
of myelencephalon, 1581
of nasal apertures, 84, 1363
bone, 277
cartilages, 1363
chonchas, 1363
of naso-lacrimal duct, 1294
of neopallium, 1592
of nervous system, 53
of nose, 1363
 
external, 1365
 
of notochord, 23, 39 , 134, 167
of nucleus, arcuate, 1585
caudate, 1592
cuneate, 1584
gracilis, 1584
hypoglossal, 1581
lentiformis, 1592
oculo-motor, 1581
pontis, 1584
red, 1589
trigeminal, 1589
trochlear, 1589
of oesophagus, 66, 78, 108
of olfactory, apparatus, 1511
bulb, 1512, 1570
epithelium, 1364, 1512
lobe, 1511
nerves, 1512
organ, 1364
tract, 1570
 
of omental bursa, 79, 81
of omentum, greater, 81
lesser, 80
 
of opercula insulae, 1510
of optic nerve, 1668
of otocyst, 74
of ovary, 100, 753
of palate, 86
of palatine bone, 277
of pancreas, 80, 894
of pancreatic ducts, 81, 894
of paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct,
101 , 987
 
of paranasal sinuses, 1363
of parathyroid glands, 76
of paroophoron, 754
of parotid gland, 1289
of penis, 700
 
of pericardium, 43, 46, 1019
of peripheral nervous system, 1597
of peritoneum, 795
of pharyngo-tympanic tube, 73, 74,
1378 ‘
 
of pharynx, 1373
of philtrum, 1341
of pineal body, 58, 1590
of pinna, 67, 1697
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1729
 
 
Development ( continued )—
of placenta, 106
of pleura, 78, 1011
of pleural sac, 78
of pons, 1586
 
of position of intestinal canal, 874
of stomach, 874
of pronephros, 92, 94
of prostate, 960
of prostatic utricle, 101
of pulmonary valve, 1081
of pulvinar, 1591
of pyramid of brain, 1584
of Rathke’s pouch, 87 , 206, 1171
of rectum, 99, 965
of respiratory system, 752
of rete testis, 752
of retina, 1667
of ribs, 59, 170
of saccule, 1695
of salivary glands, 1289
of sclera, 1670
of scrotum, 700
of semicircular canals, 1695
ducts, 1695
 
of seminal vesicles, 102, 959
of seminiferous tubules, 752
of septal cartilage, 1363
of septum lucidum, 1520
of skull, 270
of soft palate, 1354
of spinal cord, 53, 1436
ganglia, 54, 1597
nerves, 55
of spleen, 80, 897
of stapes, 75, 1679
of sternum, 170
of stomach, 861
of sublingual gland, 1235
of submandibular duct, 1234
gland, 1234
 
of suprarenal glands, 899
of sympathetic system, 1640
of tarsal glands, 1292
of teeth, 285
of tela choroidea, 1596
of telencephalon, 58, 1591
of tentorium cerebelli, 90, 273
of testis, 100, 752
of thalamus, 1539, 159°
of thoracic duct, 1138
of thymus, 76, 1020
of thyroid cartilage, 1381, 1387
gland, 70, 76, 1222
of tongue, 72, 1348
of tonsil, 76, 1356
of trachea, 70, 1029
of transverse processes of vertebrae,
 
59
 
of tricuspid valve, 1081
of tuber cinereum, 58, 1589
of tympanic cavity, 73, 74, 1696
membrane, 75, 1696
of umbilical cord, 31/32
of umbilicus, 63
 
 
Development [continued )—
of ureter, 910
of urethra, female, 988
male, 700, 956
of urinary bladder, 955
of uterine tubes, 987
of uterus, 101, 987
of utricle of ear, 1695
prostatic, 101
of vagina, 101, 987
of valve of heart, arterial, 1081
of vas deferens, 100, 102, 738, 753
of veins, principal, 1123
 
azygos veins, 1098, 1136
cardinal, 51, 1127
anterior, 1127
posterior, 1131
thoracic formation, 1136
cerebral, 1128
of gonads, 1135
iliac, common, 1132
innominate, 1032
portal, 817, 1124, 1125
primitive jugular, 51, 1127
renal, 1132, 1135
subcardinal, 1133
supracardinal, 1132, 1133
suprarenal, 1135
umbilical, 51, 1125, 1126
of upper limb, 516
vena cava, inferior, 1033
superior, 1032
vitelline, 51, 63, 1124
of venous system, 91
of ventricles of brain—
fourth, 1493
lateral, 1594
third, 1535
 
of vermiform appendix, 63, 872, 883
of vermis, 1587
of vertebrae, 59
of vertebral column, 168
of vestibular glands, 699
of visceral arches, 1373
of vitreous body, 1669
of vocal folds, 1397
of vomero-nasal organ, 1366
of xiphoid process, 170
of zygomatic bone, 277
Diaphragm, 883
 
arcuate ligaments of, 836
blood-supply, 833
central tendon of, 835
crura of, 835
lymphatics of, 834
openings of, 835
Diaphragma sellae, 1163, 1603
Diaphragmatic plexus of nerves, 809
Diencephalon, 58
Digastric fossa, 230
muscle, 1127
triangle, 1198
 
Digital arteries, palmar, 488
plantar, 655, 657
nerves of foot, 652, 654
 
 
109
 
 
 
 
 
1730
 
 
INDEX
 
 
Digital nerves of hand, 489, 499
 
processes, palmar aponeurosis, 485
plantar, 643
veins, foot, 644
hand, 467
 
Digitate impressions, 181
Dilator naris muscle, 1268
 
papillae muscle, 1650, 1652
Diploe, 119, 260
 
veins of, 1154, - i 6 oi
Diploid number of chromosomes, 18
Disc, .embryonic, 33, 39
Discs, intervertebral, 1107
Discus proligerus, 18, 982
Diverticula of ischio-rectal fossa, 676,
677
 
Diverticulum, amniotic, 31
ilei (Meckel's), 63, 762
Dolichocephalic skull, 243, 269
Dorsal aortae, 68
concavity, 50
convexity, 122
laminae of cord, 54
mesentery, 79
venous plexus of foot, 610
hand,467
 
Dorsalis indicis artery, 511
pedis artery, 611 , 614
pollicis artery, 511
Dorsum sellae of sphenoid, 197, 261
Duct or ducts—
bile, 779
 
of Cuvier, 51, 92, 1127
cystic, 778
efferent, 751
ejaculatory, 936
endolymphatic, 191, 1688, 1694
of Gaertner, 102
hepatic, 778
lactiferous, 415, 417
lymphatic, right, 1246
mesonephric, 94, 102
naso-lacrimal, 1294
pancreatic, 892
 
paramesonephric (Mullerian),
 
101 , 987
parotid, 1287
perilymphatic, 193
pronephric, 94
prostatic, 939
semicircular, 1688
sublingual, 1235
submandibular, 1233
thoracic, in abdomen, 838
in neck, 1246
in thorax, 1100
thyro-glossal, 1222
vitelline, 762
vitello-intestinal, 61, 762
Ductus arteriosus, 1043', 1082
cochlearis, 1689, 1690
reuniens, 1688
sacculi, 1688
utriculi, 1687
venosus, 1126
 
 
Duodenal curves, formation of, 81
glands, 867
papilla, 865
recesses, 791
 
Duodeno-ieiunal flexure, 762
fold, 805
 
Duodenum, 761, 803
ampulla of, 865
first part of, 803
fourth part of, 805
glands of, 867
second part of, 804
suspensory muscle of, 805
third part of, 804
Dura mater at base of skull, 1162
blood-supply of, 1599
of brain, 1598
nerves of, 1601
 
processes of, 1601
sinuses of, 1163, 1603
of spinal cord, 1410
 
blood-supply of, 1412
 
Ear, development of, 73, 1694
external, 1671
internal, 1683
middle, 1673
 
Earliest known stage of human embryo,
 
26
 
Ectoderm, primitive, 25
 
structures formed from, in
Ectognathion, 218
Ectopia testis, 743
Efferent ducts, 751
Ejaculatory duct, 936
 
development of, 959
structure of, 959
Elastic laminae of cornea, 1644
Elbow-joint, 516
bursae of, 519
ligaments of, 517, 518
nerves of, 519
relations of, 519
synovial membrane, 519
Elliptical recess of labyrinth, 1683
Embedding of ovum, 28, 104
Emboliformis, nucleus, 1485
Embryo, the, 39
 
formation of, 26
general form of, 48
Embryological terminology, 4
Embryology, general, 1, 8
Embryonic area, 33
disc, 39
 
plate, 26, 33, 36
 
Eminence, arcuate, 189, 263, 1684
frontal, 181, 1633
ilio-pubic, 335
parietal, 178, 1633
Eminentia medialis, 1491
saccularis, 1544
Emissary veins, 1608
Enamel, 285
cells, 287
cuticle, 285
 
 
/
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
173
 
 
Enamel, organ, 285, 287
prism, 287
Encephalon, 1442
base of, 1443
 
arteries at base of, 1447
development of, 55, 1581
flexures of primitive, 57
Endocardium, 1068
Endognathion, 218
Endolymph of internal ear, 1697
Endolymphatic duct, 191, 1688, 1694
Endoskeleton, 113
Endosteum, 122
Endothelium, 112
Entoderm derivatives, 112
Entomion, 251, 268
Ependymal layer of cord, 54
Epiblast, 25
Epibolic growth, 35
Epicardium, 1018, 1068
Epicondyles of femur, 352, 353
of humerus, 304
Epicoracoid bone, 299
Epididymis, 749
 
development of, 753
structure of, 750
Epigastric artery, inferior, 729
superficial, 584, 711
superior, 731, 1000
depression, 705
Epiglottis, 1379
 
development of, 73
Epi-hyal, 76, 237
 
Epiotic centres of temporal bone, 196
Epiphyses, 114
 
and ossification, 305
Epiploicae, appendices, 768, 871
Epipteric bone, 180, 253, 265
Episternal bones, 162, 165
Epithalamus, 1540
Epitympanic recess, 188, 1681
pouches of, 1681
Epoophoron, 971
 
development of, 753, 987
Equator of eye, 1641
Equina, cauda, 1417
Eruption of teeth, 288
Erythroblasts, 51, 121
Ethmoid bone, 207
alae of, 207
labyrinth, 208
ossification of, 211
Ethmoidal crest of palatine, 225
 
foramina, 183, 210, 247, 248 * 261
notch, 182
 
process of inferior nasal concha, 223
spine, 197
 
Evolution of embryo, 23
Excretory organs, connection with
splanchnocoele, 93
development, 92
Exoskeleton, 113
Expulsion of foetus, 107
Extensor carpi radialis brevis, 502
longus, 501
 
 
Extensor carpi ulnaris, 503
digiti minimi, 503
digitorum, 502
brevis, 611
longus, 607
hallucis brevis, 611
longus, 606
indicis, 506
pollicis brevis, 505
longus, 505
retinacula of foot, 603
of hand, 508
Extra-dural space, 1412
Extra-embryonic coelom, 29
obliterated, 106
mesoderm, 26
 
Extra-peritoneal tissue, 743
Extravasation of urine, 678
Eye, 1641
 
chambers of, 1661
coats of, 1641
development of, 1664
equator of, 1641
movements of, 1231
Eyelashes, 1290
Eyelids, 1289
 
development of, 1292
structure of, 1290
 
Face, arteries of, 1278
bones of, 172
development of, 88
landmarks of, 1263
Facet, 115
 
Facial artery on face, 1278
in neck, 1217
transverse, 1158, 1281
canal, 190
ganglion, 1403
 
lymphatic glands, deep, 1309
nerve. See Cranial nerves
skeleton, development of, 277
vein, anterior, 1218, 1280
common, 1218
deep, 1308
transverse, 1281
Falx cerebelli, 1602
cerebri, 1601
anal, 675
 
Fascia of abdominal wall, anterior, deep,
7°9
 
superficial, 709
posterior, 839
of Abernethy, 854
of arm, deep, 451
axillary, 414
of back, deep, 397
bucco-pharyngeal, 1179, 1368
bulbi, 1252
cervical, deep, 1178
clavi-pectoral, 420
cremasteric, 716, 723
cribriform, 561, 568
of dorsum of foot, deep, 611
superficial, 610
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1732
 
Fascia of forearm, deep, 468
of gluteal region, 531
of hand, back of, 509
iliac, 839
 
infundibuliform, 716, 739
lata, 560
 
iliac portion, 561
pubic portion, 561
of leg, deep, 600
lumbar, 840, 841
 
posterior lamella of, 403
thoracic part of, 404
masseteric, 1337
obturator, 920
orbital, 1252
of palm, superficial, 484
of pectoral region, 414, 420
pelvic, parietal, 919
visceral, 921
perineal, deep, 677
superficial, 677
pharyngo-basilar, 1371
popliteal, 546
pretracheal, 1179
prevertebral, 1179
propia of Cooper, 716
psoas sheath, 839
of pyriformis, 919
of scapular region, deep, 436
spermatic, external, 716
internal, 716
temporal, 1161
transversalis, 733
 
Fascial compartments of neck, 1180
Fasciculus cuneatus, 1418, 1429
gracilis, 1418, 1429
longitudinal, inferior, 1569
superior, 1569
occipito-frontal, 1569
perpendicular, 1569
postero-lateral, 1430
retroflexus, 1541, 1558, 1561
solitarius, 1625, 1626
uncinate, 1569
Fasciola cinerea, 1513
Fastigii, nucleus, 1485
Fecundation, 20
Femoral artery, 563, 581 , 587
profunda of, 584, 588
canal, 566
 
cutaneous veins, 559
 
hernia, parts concerned in, 568
 
ring, 566
 
septum, 743
 
sheath, 565, 568
 
triangle, 552, 563
 
vein, 563, 589
 
Femoro-patellar joint, 628, 639
Femur, 345
 
adductor tubercle, 350, 354, 553
calcar femorale, 354
condyles, 352
epicondyles, 352, 353
fossa hypotrochanterica, 354
gluteal tuberosity, 350
 
 
Femur head, 345
 
intercondylar notch, 353
linea aspera, 350
neck, 346
ossification of, 355
patellar surface, 351
pectineal line, 350
pilastered, 354
popliteal groove, 352
surface, 358
quadrate line, 350
tubercle, 350
relation to stature, 354
sexual differences, 354
shaft, 348
structure, 353
trochanteric fossa, 348
line, 346
 
trochanters, 346, 348
tubercles of neck, 346
varieties, 354
Fenestra cochleae, 1674
vestibuli, 1674
Fertilization of ovum, 20
Fertilized ovum, 20
 
developmental stages, 22
segmentation, 21
Fibrinoid, 108
Fibula, 364
head, 364
 
malleolar fossa, 364
malleolus, 364
 
guide to, 599
oblique line, 366
ossification of, 367
structure of, 367
varieties, 367
 
Fibular circumflex artery, 609
intermuscular septa, 601
Fifth arch, rudimentary, 70
month foetus, no
Filum terminale of cord, 1417
Fimbria of brain, 1510, 1518, 1525
ovarian, 972
Fimbriae, 972
 
Fimbriata, plica, of tongue, 1343
Fimbriatum, corpus, 972
Fimbrio-dentate sulcus, 1509
First pharyngeal groove obliterated, 74
Fissure for ligamentum teres, 775
venosum, 776
longitudinal, 1450
orbital, inferior, 247, 253 , 1262
superior, 247, 263 , 1262
palpebral, 1289
pterygoid, 203
pterygo-maxillary, 253
squamo-tympanic, 187, 1673
tympano-mastoid, 192
1 Fissures of brain—
calcarine, 1503
choroidal, 1523
collateral, 1497
ecto-rhinal, 1508
lateral, 1495
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1733
 
 
fissures of brain ( continued )—
parieto-occipital, 1496
postcalcarine, 1^03
postclival, 1477
precalcarine, 1503
primary, of cerebellum, 1477
transverse, 1520
Fistula in ano, 677
 
umbilical urinary, 954
Fixation villi, 109
Fixed terms in anatomy, 3
Flaccida, membrana, 1676, 1677
Flagellum in spermatozoon, 13
Flava, ligamenta, 1108
Flexor—
 
accessorius, 647
carpi radialis, 470
ulnaris, 473
digiti minimi, 496
 
brevis, 650
digitorum brevis, 645
longus, 621
profundus, 481
sublimis, 470
hallucis brevis, 648
longus, 623
pollicis brevis, 494
longus, 482, 496
retinacula of ankle, 602
of hand, 493
Flexures of brain, 57, 58
of colon, left, 767
right, 766
Floor plate, 53
Foetal circulation, 1082
 
changes in, at birth, 1083
peculiarities of, 1082
membranes, 106
Foetus, 4, no
 
general growth of, no
maternal connections, 104
monthly growth, no
Fold or folds—
 
ary epiglottic, 73
glosso-epiglottic, 1380
lacrimal, 1294
peritoneal, 744
pharyngo-epiglottic, 1380
recto-uterine, 967
of Treeves, 792
vesico-uterine, 967
vestibular, 1385, 1387
vocal, 1388
 
Fontanelles, 180, 237, 239, 265, 266
sagittal, 180, 266
Foot, arches of, 672
as a whole, 386
Foramen or foramina—
 
caecum of frontal bone, 181, 261, 1604
of medulla oblongata, 1451
of tongue, 72, 1222
carotico-clinoid, 200
definition, 115
 
emissary, sphenoidal, 201, 263
of Hiischke, 194, 197
 
 
Foramen or foramina ( continued )—
incisive, 216, 255
infra-orbital, 212, 245
interventricular, of brain, 1535
of heart, 1081
jugular, 258, 264, 1166
lacerum, 258, 263
magnum, 176, 258, 264, 1167, 1633
 
structures passing through, 1167
mandibular, 231
mastoid, 187
mental, 229, 245
obturator, 340
optic, 229, 245, 247, 261
ovale, 201 , 253, 257, 263
 
of capsule of shoulder - joint,
461
 
in heart, 1065
tentorii, 1602
palatine, 226, 257
parietal, 243
pterygo-spinous, 203
rotundum, 201 , 255, 263
sacral, anterior, 144
sciatic, greater, 993
lesser, 535, 993
singulare, 190
spheno-palatine, 255
spinosum, 201 , 253, 263
sternal, 164, 171
stylo-mastoid, 192
supra-orbital, 244
supra-trochlear, 304
transversarium, 128
vertebral, 128
zygomatic, 219
 
zygomatico-facial, 219, 245, 247
zygomatico-temporal, 219, 247
Forceps major, 1516
minor, 1515
Fore-brain, 46, 56, 57
Fore-gut, 44, 62, 65
Formal position, the, 21
Formatio-reticularis alba, 1459
grisea, 1458
 
Formative cell-mass, 24
Fornix of brain, 1516, 1569
of conjunctive, 1292
Fossa or fosse—•
 
at base of skull, anterior, 260
middle, 261
posterior, 263
canine, 212
cerebellar, 264
condylar, 176, 258
coronoid, 304
cubital, 458
digastric, 230
digital, 744
for gall-bladder, 774
guttural, 257
hypophysial, 197, 261
iliac, 336, 708
incudis, 1675
incisive, of mandible, 229
 
 
 
 
 
 
I 734
 
 
INDEX
 
 
Fossa or fossae ( continued )—
 
incisive, of maxilla, 211, 216, 255
infraclavicular, 412
infraspinous, 292
infratemporal, 253
interpeduncular, 1561
intrabulbar, 941
ischio-rectal, 676
jugular, 191, 258
for lacrimal gland, 183, 245
nasal, 248
olecranon, 304
ovalis of heart, 1055
 
of middle ear, 1674
parafloccular, 191, 264
popliteal, 541, 545
pterygoid, 203, 257
pyriform, 76, 1376, 1386
radial, 304
retro-duodenal, 791
rotunda, 1674
scaphoid, 204
subarcuate, 191, 264
sublingual, 230
submandibular, 230
subnasal, 244
supraspinous, 292
temporal, 251
terminal, 941
tonsillar, 76
trochanteric, 348
trochlear, 183, 245, 1251
for vena cava, 777
vermian, 176, 264
vestibular, 696
 
Fountain decussation, 1433, 1551
Fovea-centralis, 1652
 
structure of, 1658
inferior, of fourth ventricle, 1490
spherica, 1683
 
superior, of fourth ventricle, 1491
Foveola of kidney, 903
Frankfurt plane, 242
Frenulum clitoridis, 695
labiorum, 696
linguae, 1336, 1343
lingulae of cerebellum, 1478
praeputii, 713
 
veli of superior medullary velum
1485, 1548
Frontal bone, 180
 
development of, 275
ossification of, 184
varieties of, 184
eminence, 181, 1633
lobe of brain, 1497
nerve, 1254
 
process of zygomatic, 220
sinus, 184, 250
suture, 238
 
Fronto-nasal process, 83, 88
Fronto-pontine tract, 1529, 1566
Funiculus, cuneatus, 1455
gelatinosus, 145 s
gracilis, 1455
 
 
Gaertner’s duct, 102
Galactophorous ducts, 415, 417
Gall-bladder, 778
 
development of, 891
lymphatics of, 891
spiral valve, 890
structure of, 890
Ganglia, basal, 1526
Gangliform enlargement on anterior
tibial nerve, 614
on median nerve, 489
on nerve to anconeus, 461
to teres minor, 432
on posterior interosseous nerve,
507
 
Ganglion, aortico-renal, 809
basal, 1526
of Bochdalek, 1320
cardiac, 1046
cervical, inferior, 1335
middle, 1334
superior, 1333
ciliary, 1257
coccygeal, 946
coeliac, 809
 
diaphragmaticum, 833
of facial nerve, 1403, 1618
of glosso-pharyngeal nerve,
inferior, 1325
superior, 1325
habenulae, 1541
impar, 946
 
interpedunculare, 1541, 1561
mesenteric, inferior, 811
superior, 809
otic, 1314
phrenic, 1016
spheno-palatine, 1320
spinal, 1419, 1428
spiral, 1694
splanchnic, 1105
stellate, 1104
submandibular, 1315
sympathetic, 1655
lumbar, 838
sacral, 922
trigeminal, 1167
of vagus nerve, inferior, 1328
superior, 1328
vestibular, 1404, 1693
Ganglionic layer of retina, 1654
Gastral mesoderm, 36
Gastrocnemius, 617
Gastro-phrenic ligament, 789
Gastrulation, 38
Gemellus, inferior, 535
superior, 535
Genial tubercles, 230
Genicular arteries, 548, 587, 589
nerves, 550, 580, 637
Geniculate bodies, 1538 , 1621
gyrus, 1514
 
Genio-glossus muscle, 1230
Genio-hyoid muscle, 1230
Genital cord, ioj
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
Genital eminence, 99, 694, 698
swellings, 694, 698
Genito-femoral nerve, 554, 846
Genito-iirinary development, 92
Gennari, band of, 1547
Genu of central sulcus, 1496
of corpus callosum, 1514
of internal capsule, 1528
of sigmoid sinus, 1632
Gerlach, valve of, 764
Germ-cells, female, 14, 16
male, 12
origin, 13
 
Germinal cells in developing cord, 54
epithelium, 13, 16
layers, structures derived from, 111
vesicle, 15
Gill-slits, 66, 70
Glabella, 181, 244, 268
Gland or glands. See also Lymphatic
glands
buccal, 1272
bulbo-urethral, 685
cardiac, of stomach, 858
ceruminous, 1672
ciliary, 1290
duodenal, 867
gastric, 858
Haversian, 596, 598
intestinal, 867
labial, 1271
lacrimal, 1247
lingual, anterior, 1345
mammary, 412, 414 , 416
molar, 1272
of Montgomery, 415
nasal, 1359
palatal, 1351
parathyroid, 1223
parotid, 1284
prostate, 937
pyloric, 859
sublingual, 1234
submandibular, 1233
tarsal, 1291, 1292
thymus, 1019
thyroid, 1204, 1220
accessory, 1221
of tongue, 1344, 1345
urethral, 942
vestibular, greater, 697
Glandis, corona, 715
Gians clitoridis, 695
penis, 715
 
Gleno-humeral ligaments, 462
Glenoid cavity, 294 , 298
Glenoidale, labrum, 463
Glia cells of cerebellum, 1487
Glisson, capsule-*>f, 884
Globosus, nucleus, 1485
Globus pallidus, 1528
Glomeruli, external and internal, 93
Glomerulus of kidney, 905
Glomus coccygeum, 946
Glosso-epiglottic fold, 1343, 1380
 
 
1735
 
Glosso-pharyngeal nerve. See Cranial
nerves
 
Glottidis, rima, 1388
Gluteal artery, inferior, 538, 926
superior, 537, 927
fascia, 531
 
fold, 529 1
 
lines, 336
 
nerve, inferior, 539, 930
superior, 539, 930
region, 529
tuberosity, 350
reins, inferior, 538
superior, 536
Gluteus maximus, 531
medius, 532
minimus, 534
quartus, 534
Gnathic index, 269
Gnathion, 244, 268
Golgi, cells of, 1487, 1564
Gomphosis, 242 , 285
Gonads, 100
Gonion, 251, 268
Gracilis, fasciculus, 1418, 1429
funiculus, 1455
muscle, 516
nucleus, 1459
 
Granulations, arachnoid, 1599, 1609
Granulosa, membrana, 982
Grey matter—•
 
central, of medulla, 1459
of mid-brain, 1560 ” '
of cerebellum, 1484
of cerebral hemispheres, 1561
of spinal cord, 1420, 1424
of tegmentum, 1533
Groove, bicipital, 300
carotid, 200, 261
costal, 156
 
dental, of maxilla, 218
infra-orbital, 213
lacrimal, 222, 247
of maxilla, 213
medullary, 34
meningeal, anterior, 180
mylo-hyoid, 232
nasal, of ethmoid, 208
nuchal, 397
 
obturator, 340 *
 
olfactory, of ethmoid, 207
of sphenoid, 197
optic, 197, 261
 
peroneal, of cuboid, 377, 388, 390
 
for pharyngo-tympanic tube, 257
 
popliteal, 352 -- L
 
pulmonary, of thorax, 166
 
sacral, 146, 153
 
sigmoid, 188
 
spinal, 397
 
spiral, 300
 
subclavian, 290
 
of trapezium, 319, 333
 
vertebral, 153
 
Growth, embryonic, 48 ■
 
 
 
 
 
 
1736
 
 
INDEX
 
 
Growth, foetal, no
Gubernaculum of testis, 103, 740
Guerin, valvule of, 942
Gums, 1338
 
development of, 1339
Gustatory cells, 1348
organs, 1347
pore, 1348
Guttural fossa, 257
Gyrus or gyri—
angular, 1501
annectant, 1498
breves, 1506
cinguli, 1507
dentatus, 1509
frontal, 1498
geniculate, 1514
hippocampal, 1507
lingual, 1504
longus, 1506
marginal, 1499
occipito-temporal, 1505
orbital, 1499
precentral, 1497
postcentral, 1501
postparietal, 1502
rectus, 1499
subcallosal, 1514
supracallosal, 1514
supramarginal, 1501
temporal, 1505
 
Habenula, 1541
Habenulae, ganglion, 1541
striae, 1541
trigonum, 1541
Habenular commissure, 1541
Hair-cells, auditory, 1689, 1692
Hallucis, abductor, 644
adductor, 649
extensor brevis, 611
longus, 606
flexor brevis, 648
longus, 623
 
tendon of, 646
Hamate bone, 320
 
hook of, 321, 333
ossification of, 322
Hamstring muscles, 542, 544
Hamulus of lacrimal, 222
pterygoid, 203
of spiral lamina, 1686
Hand as a whole, 330
Hand-plates, no
 
Haploid number of chromosomes, 18
Harmonic suture, 394
Hassall, concentric corpuscles of, 1020
Haversian canals, 116
 
gland of hip-joint, 340, 596, 598
system, 117
Head, bones of, 173
process, 36
Heart, 1048
 
apex of, 1052, 1059
atrial portion of, 1051
 
 
Heart atrium, left, 1052, 1059
right, 1051, 1054
auricles of, 1051, 1052
base of, 1048, 1053
block, 1072
bloodvessels of, 1064
course of circulation, 1050
development of, 1073
exterior of, 1050
interior of, 1054
Latham’s circle, 1048
lymphatics of, 1067
nerves of, 1068
size of, 1073
topography of, 1048
of orifices of, 1064
tube, 90
 
ventricle, left, 1060
right, 1055
 
ventricular portion of, 1052
weight of, 1073
Helicine arteries, 953
Helicis major muscle, 1296
minor muscle, 1296
Helicotrema, 1686, 1689
Helix, 1294
 
spine of, 1295
tail of, 1295
 
Hemisternal cartilages, 170
Henle, loop of, 901, 903
Hensen, cells of, 1692
 
continuity theory of, 55
Hepatic artery, 813, 885
canals, 886
cells, 886
cylinders, 889
duct, 778
lobule, 884
plexus, 809
veins, 885
 
Hepatis, pons, 775, 777
porta, 775
sustentaculum, 789
Hernia, appendicular, 787
congenital, 747
diaphragmatic, 838
encysted, 747
femoral, 568
infantile, 747
 
inguinal, direct, medial, 746
oblique, lateral, 745
medial, 746
 
mesenteric, 786 s
 
meso-colic, 787
retro-peritoneal, 791
umbilical, 748
 
congenital, 748
Hertwig, sheath of, 287
Heterotypical mitosis, 17
Hiatus, definition, 115
 
for greater superficial petrosal nerve,
189, 190, 263
 
for lesser superficial petrosal nerve,
189, 263
 
semilunaris, 1357
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1737
 
 
Hilton, white line of, 962
Hilton’s law, 433
Hilum of lung, 1022
Hind-brain, ss, =>7
Hind-gut, 44, 45
Hinge-joint, 393
Hip bone, 334
 
ossification of, 341
joint, 590
 
arterial supply of, 596
bursae of, 598
capsular ligament, 590
Haversian gland, 596, 598
ilio-femoral ligament, 591
ischio-femoral ligament, 591
nerves of, 596
pubo-femoral ligament, 592
relations of, 596
synovial membrane, 595
Hippocampal commissure, 1518, 1568
gyrus, 1507
 
Hippocampus, 1509, 1532
His’ theory of nerve growth, 35
Histology, 1
 
Holden’s guide to greater trochanter, 552
Holoblastic ova, 25
Homodynamy, 6, 122
Homogeneity, 6
Homology, 6, 122
serial, 6, 122
 
Horns of cord, 1421, 1422
 
of lateral ventricle, 1523, 1524
Horseshoe kidney, 822
Humeral lymphatic glands, 424
Humerus, 299
 
anatomical neck of, 299
bicipital groove, 300
capitulum, 304
epicondyles, 304
greater tuberosity, 299
lesser tuberosity, 300
nutrient foramen, 300
ossification of, 305
shaft, 300
spiral groove, 300
structure, 304
supracondylar process, 302
surgical neck of, 300
trochlea, 304
varieties, 305
Humphry’s ligament, 633
Hiischke, foramen of, 194, 197
Hyaloid artery, 1664
canal of eye, 1664
membrane, 1662
Hyaloplasm, 8
 
Hydroccele, encysted, of spermatic cord,
743
 
Hymen, 695
 
development of, 696, 699
Hyo-glossus muscle, 1231
Hyoid arch, 75, 278
bone, 235
 
body, 235
horns, 236
 
 
Hyoid bone, development of, 278
ossification of, 236
tubercle of, 235
Hyperchordal bar, 143
Hypoblast, 25
 
Hypobranchial eminence, 70
Hypochordal bar, 168
Hypogastric sympathetic plexus, 811
zone, 755
 
subdivisions of, 755
Hypoglossal nerve. See Cranial
nerves
 
triangle, 1490
Hypophysial fossa, 197
Hypophysis cerebri, 1171
 
development of, 58, 87, 1171
infundibulum, 1171
structure of, 1171
Hypospadias, 700
Hypothalamus, 1543
 
.
 
Ichthyopsida, 23, 69
Ileo-caecal fold, 792
Ileo-colic valve, 873
 
frenula of, 873
Ileum, 762, 869
 
peritoneal relations of, 786
Iliac arteries. See Arteries
fossa, 336
 
left, contents of, 708
right, contents of, 708
veins. See Veins
Ilio-costalis muscle, 404
Ilio-costo-cervicalis muscles, 404
Ilio-femoral ligament, 591
Ilio-hypogastric nerve, 531, 710, 728, 845
Ilio-inguinal nerve, 554, 729, 845
Ilio-pectineal septum, 856
Ilio-psoas muscle, 571, 842
Ilio-pubic eminence, 335
Ilio-tibial tract, 531, 560 , 57 °
Ilio-trochanteric band, 593
Ilium, 334
 
anterior inferior spine, 334
superior spine, 334
auricular area, 336
groove, 346
crest, 334
gluteal lines, 336
surface, 336
ligamentous area, 336
muscular area, 336
posterior spines, 334, 336
Impar, ganglion, 946
tuberculum, 70
Impregnation, 20
Impression, trigeminal, 189, 263
Incisive canal, 248
crest, 248
foramina, 216, 255
fossa of mandible, 229
Incisor crest, 216
teeth, 278
 
Incisura semilunaris cerebelli, 1475
temporalis, 1507
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1738
 
Incus, 1678
 
ligament of, 1679
Index, alveolar, 269
cranial, 269
gnathic, 269
nasal, 269
orbital, 269
vertical, of skull, 269
Indicis, dorsalis, artery, 511
extensor, muscle, 506
radialis, artery, 487, 498
Indusium griseum, 1510
Infarcts, red and white, 109
Infraclavicular fossa, 412
 
lymphatic glands, 416, 434
Infrahyoid muscles, 1200
region, 1203
 
Infra-orbital canal, 245, 247
foramen, 212, 245
groove, 213
nerve, 1276, 1319
plexus, 1274, 1276
process of zygomatic, 220
Infrapatellar tendon, 574
Infraspinatus muscle, 437
Infratemporal crest of sphenoid, 202
Infundibuliform fascia, 716, 739
Infundibulum of ethmoid, 209
of frontal, 184
of heart, 1056
 
of hypophysis cerebri, 1171, 1544
of lung, 1028
of nasal fossa, 250, 1357
of uterine tube, 972
Inguinal canal, 735
 
position of, 708
hernia, 745-748
ligament, 551, 707, 719
lymphatic glands, 558
recesses, 745
triangle, 708, 736
Inion, 243, 268
Inner cell mass, 24, 25
Innominate canal, 201
Intercellular passages of liver, 886
Interclavicular ligament, 443
Intercostal arteries, 411, 997
membranes, 994, 995
muscles, 994, 995
nerves, 728, 996, 1099
spaces, 167
 
Intercosto-brachial nerve, 433 , 447
Intercrural fibres, 718
Intercuneiform joints, 669
Interfoveolar ligament, 726
Interglobular spaces, 285, 287
Interior of cranium, 259
Interlamina sulcus, 54
Interlobar notch of liver, 777
Interlobular plexuses of liver, 885
Intermediate cell mass, 42
 
formation from, 92, 93
Intermetacarpal joints, 526
Intermetatarsal joints, 671
Interosseous artery, anterior, 478
 
 
Interosseous artery, common, 478
posterior, 506, 507
recurrent, 508
membrane of forearm, 521
of leg, 660
muscles of foot, 650
dorsal, 651
plantar, 650
of hand, 512
dorsal, 512
palmar, 494, 512
nerve, anterior, 481
posterior, 506
Interparietal bone, 177
Interpeduncular fossa, 1561
space, 1445
 
Interphalangeal joints, foot, 572
hand, 528
 
Interspinales muscles, 410
Intertragic notch, 1294
Intertransversales muscles, 410
Intertubercular line, 755
plane, 755
 
Interventricular foramen, 1535
Intervertebral discs, 1107
 
development of, 59, 169
Intervillous space, 105, 108
Intestinal canal, 761
 
blood-supply of, 795
development of, 870
glands, 867
lymphatic trunk, 832
Intestine, large, 762
 
appendices epiploicae, 871
blood-supply of, 871
character of, 871
development of, 872
of position of, 874
lymphatics of, 799, 802
nerves of, 871
structure of, 870
small, blood-supply of, 869
 
characteristics of different parts
of, 869
 
circular folds of, 864
development of, 870
 
of positions of, 874
glands of, 867
lacteal vessels, 866
lymphatics of, 869
structure of, 863
villi of, 865
 
Intra-embryonic coelom, 42, 46
Intralobular plexuses of liver, 885
Intratonsillar cleft, 1354
Intra-uterine conditions in pregnancy,
104
 
Iris, 1648
 
blood-supply, 1651
development of, 1670
muscles of, 1650
nerves of, 1651
structure, 1650
 
Ischio-cavernosus, female, 702
male, 679
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1739
 
 
Ischiofemoral ligament, 591
Ischiorectal fossa, 676
contents of, 677
diverticula of, 676, 677
Ischium, 347
body, 337
ramus, 338 *
spine of, 338
tuberosity of, 338, 529
Islets of Langerhans, 892
Isolecithal eggs, 23
 
Isthmus of external auditory meatus, 194
of gyrus cinguli, 1507
oropharyngeal, 1330
pharyngeal, 1371
of rhombencephalon, 38
 
Japonicum, os, 221
Jejunum, 762, 869
Joints, acromio-clavicular, 444
ankle, 661
 
atlantoaxial, 1404, 1408
altanto-occipitai, 1406, 1409
ball-and-socket, 393
calcaneo-cuboid, 675
carpometacarpal, 325
of thumb, 523
cartilaginous, 393
classification of, 394
condyloid, 393
costochondral, 1112
costotransverse, 1112
costovertebral, mo
cricoarytenoid, 1383
crico-thyroid, 1385
cuboideometatarsal, 669
cuneo-cuboid, 669
cuneo-navicular. 668
elbow, 316
 
femoropatellar. 628, 639
fibrous, 393
of foot, 664
general, 393
of hand, 522
hinge, 303
hip, 590
intercarpal, 324
xnterchondral, 1114
intercoccygeal, 989
intercuneiform, 669
mtermetacarpal, 526
intermetatarsal, 671
interphalangeal, of foot. 672
of hand, 528
knee, 62S
lumbosacral, 988
mandibular, 1316
metacarpophalangeal, 327
metatarsophalangeal, 671
mid-tarsal, 663
movements of joints, 393
naviculo-cuboid, 668
obstetrical, 177
of occipital bone, 1406, 1409
of pelvis, 988
 
 
Joints, pisiform, 324
pivot, 393
plane, 393
 
pubic symphysis, 092
radioulnar, 520
of ribs, mo
sacro-coccygeal, 989
sacroiliac, 990
saddle, 393
shoulder, 461
sternal, 1114
stemo-clavicular, 443
stemo-costal, 1113
suture, 394
syndesmosis. 393
synovial, 393
talo-calcaneal 664
talo-ca lcaneonavicula r 663
tarsometatarsal, 669
tibiofibular, inferior. 639
intermediate, 660
superior, 639
transverse carpal, 323
of vertebral column, 1105
wrist, 322
Jugular arch, 1175
facet, 192
 
foramen, 258, 264, 1166
fossa of temporal, 191, 238
lymphatic trunk, 1199
notch of occipital, 1 76
process of occipital. 176. 258
vein, anterior, 1173
external, 1176
 
development of, 1177
internal, 1211
 
posterior external 1142, 1178
Jugum sphenoidale 197, 206
 
Karyokinesis, 9
Karyoplasm, 8, 9. 13
Karyosomes, 9
Kata phase, 10
Kidneys, 817
 
arteries of, 904
calyces of, 907, 908
cortex of, 901
development of, 95. 910
early condition of, 909
glomerulus, 903
hilum of, 821
lymphatics of, 907
medulla of, 900
pelvis of, 907
sinus of, 821
structure of, 900
uriniierous tubules 901
varieties of, S22
veins of, 906
Knee-joint, 628
 
arterial supply. 637
bursae of, 640
ligaments of. arcuate. 631
capsular. 622
cruciate, 634
 
 
174 ° INDEX
 
 
Knee-joint, ligaments, Humphry’s, 633
lateral, 630
medial, 629
oblique posterior, 631
patellae, 629
transverse, 633
Wrisberg’s, 633
movements of, 637
nerve supply, 637
semilunar cartilages, 632
synovial membrane, 634
 
Labia majora, 692
 
development of, 694
minora, 693
 
development of, 694
Labial mucous glands, 1271
Labrum, acetabulare, 594, 597
glenoidale, 463
 
Labyrinth of ear, membranous, 1687
blood-supply of, 1694
of themoid, 208
of kidney, 901
osseous, 1683
Lacrimal apparatus, 1293
artery, 1260
bone, 222
 
development of, 277
hamulus of, 222
ossification, 223
structure, 223
varieties, 223
canal, 245
canaliculi, 1293
crest, 222
fold, 1294
fossa, 183, 245
gland, 1247
groove, 247
 
of lacrimal, 222
of maxilla, 213
nerve, 1254, 1276
notch of maxilla, 213
process of inferior nasal concha, 223
sac, 1293
 
Lacrimalis, caruncula, 1289, 1292
lacus, 1289
Lacteal vessels, 866
Lactiferous ducts, 415, 417
Lacuna or lacunae—
laterales, 1603
magna, 942
muscular, 856
urethales, 942
vascular, 856
Lacunar region, 855
Lacus lacrimalis, 1289
Lambda, 180, 237 , 242, 268, 1629
Lambdoid suture, 237 , 1630
Lamina basalis, 1646
 
chorio-capillaris, 1646
cribrosa of internal auditory
meatus, 190 , 1686
of sclera, 1643
dorsal, of cord, 54, 1440
 
 
Lamina elastic, of cornea, 1644
fusca, 1643
labio-dental, 286
osseous spiral, 1685
reticular, 1693
suprachoroid, 1646
terminalis of brain, 1510, 1544
vasculosa of choroid, 1646
ventral, of cord, 54, 1439
vertebral, 127
 
Landmarks of abdominal wall, 704
of arm, 446
axilla, 412
of back, 397
 
of scalp and neck, 1141
of thigh and popliteal space, 540
of face, 1263
 
of front and inner side of thigh, 551
of wrist and palm, 482
of gluteal region, 529
of leg, 598
 
of male perinaeum, 674
of pectoral region, 412
of side of neck, 1172
of sole of foot, 641
 
Langerhans, centro-acinar cells of, 891
islets of, 892
 
Laryngeal artery, inferior, 1243
superior, 1214
nerve, external, 1329, 1395
internal, 1329, 1395
recurrent, 1044, 1045, 1330 * 1395
superior, 1329, 1395
Larynx, cartilages of, 1379
development of, 73, 1397
epiglottis, 1379
inlet, 1386
lymphatics of, 1396
mucous membrane of, 1399
muscles, intrinsic, of, 1390
 
actions of, summary of,
1394
 
nerves of, 1395
 
pyriform fossa, 76, 1373, 1386
rima glottidis, 1388
vestibuli, 1388
saccule of, 1387
sinus of, 1387
structure of, 1379
vessels of, 1396
vestibular folds, 1385, 1387
ligaments, 1387
vestibule of, 1387
vocal folds, 1388
ligaments, 1385
Latham, circle of, 1048
Latissimus dorsi muscle, 399
nerve to, 431
Law of ossification, 305
Lemniscus, decussation of, 1465
lateral, in mid-brain, 1557
in pons, 1471, 1475
medial, in medulla, 1465, 1466
in mid-brain, 1556
in pons, 1473
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
I 74 I
 
 
Lens, crystalline, 1661
 
capsule of, 1662
development of, 1667
at different ages, 1662
vesicle, 1665, 1667
Lenticularis, ansa, 1531, 1539, 1567
Lentiformis, nucleus, 1526
Leptorhine skulls, 269
Lesser, triangle of, 1228
Levator anguli oris, 1268
ani, 947
 
glandulae thyroidae, 1221
labii superioris, 1268
alaeque nasi, 1267
palati, 1353, 1378
palpebrae, superioris, 1247
scapulae, 400
Levatores costarum, 410
longiores, 411
Lienis, sustentaculum, 767
Ligament or ligaments—
 
accessory, of atlas and axis, 1405
of knee, 629
acromio-clavicular, 444
alar, of odontoid process, 1408
of ankle-joint, 661
annular, of stapes, 1690
 
of superior radio-ulnar joint,
520
 
apical, of odontoid process, 1408
arcuate, of diaphragm, 836
of knee, 631
 
atlanto-axial, posterior, 1406
atlanto-occipital, 1406
of auricle, 1296
bifurcated, 665
of bladder, false, 918, 952
true, 952
 
brachial, medial, 452
of calcaneo-cuboid joint, 666
calcaneo-navicular, plantar, 665, 673
of carpo-metacarpal joints, 525
check, of orbit, 1253
conoid, 444
 
Cooper, oblique ligament of, 518
coraco-acromial, 445
coraco-clavicular, 444
coraco-humeral, 462
coronary, of knee, 628
costo-clavicular, 443
costo-coracoid, 420
costo-transverse, 112
cruciate, of atlas and axis, 1407, 1408
of knee, 634
 
of cuboideo-metatarsal joint, 671
of cuneo-cuboid joint, 669
of cuneo-navicular joint, 669
digital vaginal, of hand, 492
of elbow, 517, 518
fundiform, of Retzius, 604
gastro-phrenic, 789
gastro-splenic, 789
gleno-humeral, 462
of head of femur, 593
of hip-joint, 590
 
 
Ligament or ligaments (< continued )—
of knee-joint, capsular, 590
of head of femur, 593
ilio-femoral, 590
ischio-femoral, 592
transverse, 595
Humphry’s 633
hyo-epiglottic, 1380
ilio-femoral, 590
ilio-lumbar, 988
inguinal, 551, 707, 719
pectineal part of, 719
reflected part of, 720
relations of, 718
of intercarpal joints, 524
interclavicular, 443
interclinoid, 1163
of intercuneiform joints, 669
interfoveolar, 725
of intermetacarpal joints, 526
of intermetatarsal joints, 671
of interphalangeal joints of hand, 528
of foot, 672
 
interspinous, of vertebrae, 1109
intertransverse, of vertebrae, mo
intra - articular, of costo - vertebral
joints, 1111
 
of sterno-costal joints, 1113
of knee-joint, 628
accessory, 629
arcuate, 631
capsular, 628
coronary, 628
cruciate, 634
Humphry’s, 633
lateral, 630
medial, 629
oblique posterior, 613
patellae, 574, 629
transverse, 633
of Wrisberg, 633
of laminae of vertebrae, 1108
of larynx, 1384
of left vena cava, 1018
lieno-phrenic, 789
lieno-renal, 789
of liver, 788
 
coronary, 788
falciform, 788
triangular, 788
 
longitudinal, anterior, 1105, 1406
posterior, 1106
lumbo-sacral, 988
of malleus, 1679
of mandibular joint, 1316
of metacarpo-phalangeal joints, 527
of metatarso-phalangeal joints, 671
oblique posterior, of knee, 631
occipito-axial, 1407
of ovary, 982
palpebral, lateral, 1291
medial, 1265, 1291
pectinate, of iris, 1644, 1645
pectineal, 856
peritoneal, 78S
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1742
 
Ligament or ligaments [continued)
petro-sphenoidal, 193
phrenico-colic, 789
phrenico-splenic, 789
piso-hamate, 473, 524
piso-metacarpal, 473, 524
plantar, long, 667
short, 667
 
pterygo-mandibular, 1181
pterygo-spinous, 1181
of pubic symphysis, inferior, 682, 98
pubo-femoral, 592
pubo-prostatic, 922
pulmonary, 1005
quadrate, 520
radiate, mi
 
radio-carpal, posterior, 522
radio-ulnar, 520
sacro-coccygeal, 989
sacro-iliac, 990
sacro-spinous, 991
sacro-tuberous, 542, 990
 
falciform process of, 991
of the scapula, 445
of shoulder-joint, 461
spheno-mandibular, 234, 1181, 1316
spino-glenoid, 445
spiral, of cochlea, 1690
of spleen, 789
of sternal joints, 1114
sterno-clavicular, 443
sterno-costal, 1113
sterno-pericardial, 1018
stylo-hyoid, 1232
stylo-mandibular, 1181, 1317
suprascapular, 445
supraspinous, 1109
suspensory, of axilla, 420
of eye, 1252
of lens, 1664
of ovary, 970
of penis, 713
talo-calcaneal, 664
of talo-calcaneo-navicular joint, 605
of tarso-metatarsal joints, 669
temporo-mandibular, 1316
thyro-epiglottic, 1380
thyro-hyoid, 1384
of tibio-fibular joints, 659
transverse, of atlas, 1405
deep, of palm, 526
of foot, 671
of hip-joint, 595
 
of inferior tibio-fibular joint, 660
of perinaeum, 682
of shoulder-joint, 453, 463
superficial, of palm, 484
trapezoid, 444
of uterus, broad, 968
of vertebrae, 1105
vestibular, 1385
vocal, 1385
of Wrisberg, 633
of wrist-joint, 522
of Zinn, 1250
 
 
INDEX
 
Ligamentum or ligamenta—*
arteriosum, 1043
denticulata, 1413, 1415
flava, 1108
nuchae, 399, 1144
patellae, 574, 629
pectinatum iridis, 1644, 1655
suspensoria of mammary gland,
414
 
teres of liver, 788, 1126
of uterus, 986
venosum, 1127
 
Ligula of fourth ventricle, 1492
Limb buds, no
lower, 529
upper, 397
Limbic lobe, 1506
Limbous suture, 237
Limbus, lamina spiralis, 1691
sphenoidalis, 197, 261
Limen insulae, 1506
Line or lines—
 
Addison’s, 755
arcuate, 340
gluteal, 336
intertubercular, 755
lateral, of abdomen, 755
mylo-hyoid, 230
Nelaton’s, 552
nuchal, 172, 250
oblique, of mandible, 231
of ulna, 314
pectineal, 350
quadrate, 350
soleal, 361
spino-umbilical, 707
subcostal, 755
Sylvian, 1632
temporal, 178
trapezoid, 290, 297
vertical, of tibia, 361
Linea alba, 704
aspera, 350
splendens, 1415
Lineae semilunares, 705
Lingual artery, 1215
glands, 1345
nerve, 1313
 
Lingula of cerebellum, 1477
of mandible, 231
of sphenoid, 200, 276
Linin, 9
Lips, 1336
 
Liquor folliculi, 19, 982
Lithotomy, lateral, structures divided in,
692
 
Liver, 771
 
borders of, 777
cells of, 886
component parts, 771
connections of, 771
cystic notch, 777
development of, 79, 888
duct of, 778
 
excretory apparatus of, 778
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
17 43
 
 
Liver fissures or fossae of—
 
for gall-bladder, 774
for ligamentum teres, 775
venosum, 776
for vena cava, 777
impression, cardiac, 773
colic, 775
duodenal, 775
oesophageal, 776
renal, 775
suprarenal, 777
interlobar notch, 777
ligaments of, 788
lobes of—
 
caudate, 777
left, 773
quadrate, 774
right, 773
lobules of, 884
lymphatics of, 887
nerves of, 868
peritoneal relations of, 777
porta hepatis, 775, 777
position of, 771
structure of, 884
surface of, 773
topography of, 771
tuber omentale, 774
Lobes of cerebral hemispheres—
frontal, 1497
insula, 1505
limbic, 1506
occipital, 1502
olfactory, 1510
parietal, 1499
pyriform, 1508
temporal, 1504
 
of cerebellum. See Cerebellum
of testis, 750
Lobule of ear, 1294
Lobules of cerebral hemispheres—cuneus, 1504
paracentral, 1499
parietal, 1501
postcentral, 1506
praecuneus, 1502
precentral, 1506
quadrate, 1502
 
of cerebellum, See Cerebellum
of epididymis, 751, 752
Locus caerulus, 1491
Longissimus capitis muscle, 406
cervicis muscle, 406
thoracis muscle, 406
Lucidum, septum, 1518
cavity of, 1520
Lumbar arteries, 847
 
fascia, 403, 404, 840, 841
lymphatic trunk, 833
plexus, 844
puncture, 154
triangle, 400, 708
vertebrae, 138
Lumbo-sacral trunk, 847
Lumbrical muscles of foot, 649 .
 
 
Lumbrical muscles of hand, 492
Lunate bone, 317
 
ossification, 322
Lung buds, 77, 1029
Lungs, 1021
 
cervical part of, 1246
development of, 77, 1028
difference between lungs, 1025
in foetus, 1031
lobes of, 1023
lymphatics of, 1029
nerves of, 1029
root of, 1025
structure of, 1027
Lunules of aortic valve, 1063
Luteum, corpus, 982
Lymphatic duct, right, 1246
Lymphatic glands—
antecubital, 452
aortic, 832
apical, 424
 
axillary, 416, 424, 434
buccinator, 1284
caval, 1104
central, of axilla, 434
cervical, deep, 1189, 1199
superficial, 1178
coeliac, 815
colic, 803
facial, 1280
 
deep, 1309
gastric, 815
hepatic, 816
humeral, 424, 434
ileo-colic, 800
iliac, common, 849, 852
external, 855
internal, 927
infraclavicular, 416, 434
inguinal, 558
deep, 559
superficial, 558
innominate, 1101
intercostal, 1095, 1101
of intestine, large, 803
small, 799
juxta-aortic, 833
lingual, 1217
 
mammary, internal (or sternal),
1101
 
mastoid, 1161
 
mediastinal, anterior, 1014.
 
See also Innominate
posterior, 1101
mesentric, inferior, 802
superior, 789
obturator, 855
occipital, 1148
pancreatic, 815
pararectal, 964
paratracheal, 1199, 1227
parotid (pre-auricular), 1285
pectoral, 424, 434
popliteal, 551
pre-aortic, 832
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
*744
 
 
INDEX
 
 
Lymphatic glands ( continued ,)—
pre-laryngeal, 1199, 1386
pretracheal, 1199, 1225
pubic, 558
retro-aortic, 833
retro-femoral, 855
sacral, 946
splenic, 815
submandibular, 1198
submental, 1199, 1203
subscapular, 424, 434
supratrochlear, 452
thoracic, 1101
tibial, anterior, 610
tracheo-bronchial, 1103
Lymphatic nodules of spleen, 896
system, development of, 1377
trunk, intestinal, 832
lumbar, 833
vessels of—
 
abdominal wall, deep, 733
superficial, 558, 712
anal canal, 964
antebrachial, 514
anus, 964
auricle, 1672
bladder, 952
brachial, 514
buttock, 658
carpal, 513
clitoris, 695, 715
colon, ascending, 800
descending, 802
pelvic, 802, 943
transverse, 800
diaphragm, 834
digital, foot, 658
hand, 513
epididymis, 750
face, 1283
gall-bladder, 891
genitals, external, 558
gluteal region, 540, 558
gums, 1338
heart, 1067
inguinal region, 558
intercostal spaces, 999
intestine, large, 800, 802, 943
small, 799, 869
kidney, 907
larynx, 1396
lips, 1336
liver, 887
 
lower limb, 558, 658
lungs, 1029
mammary gland, 416
nasal cavity, 1363
nose, 1298
oesophagus, 1088
ovary, 982
 
palate, mucous membrane, of
hard, 1338
palm, 513
pancreas, 893
parotid gland, 1288
 
 
Lymphatic vessels ( continued )—
penis, 715
pericardium, 1019
perineum, female, 693
male, deep, 690
superficial, 558, 690
pharynx, 1373
pleura, ion
rectum, 964
scalp, 1162
scrotum, 717
seminal vesicles, 959
spleen, 897
stomach, 860
suprarenals, 898
testis, 750
thyroid gland, 1222
tongue, 1347
tonsils, 1355
trachea, 1225
upper limb, 513
ureter, 909
urethra, female, 988
male, 942, 943
uterine tubes, 983
uterus, 986
vagina, 986
vulva, 704
Lymph sacs, 1137
 
jugular, 1137
posterior, 1137
retro-peritoneal, 1137
 
McBurney, point of, 708
Macrocephaly, 268
Macrosomes, 25
Macula, lutea, 1653
sacculi, 1688
utricli, 1688
Magma reticulare, 32
Malleolar arteries, 609, 627
Malleolus, lateral, 364
medial, 361
Malleus, 1678
 
development of, 74, 1678
Mamillo-thalamic tract, 1517, 1543
Mammalia, 23
 
Mammary artery, internal —•
 
cervical part, 1242
thoracic part, 999
gland, 412, 414
accessory, 416
blood-supply, 415
development of, 417
lymphatics of, 416
nerves, 416
structure of, 416
lymphatic glands, 11 or
Mammillary process, 139
Mandibular arch, 66
canal, 231
foramen, 231
fossa, 186
joint, 1316
notch, 232
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1745
 
 
Mandible, 229
angle of, 232
base, 231
body, 229
changes in age, 234
condyloid process, 233
coronoid process, 232
development, 234
lingula, 231
ossification of, 234
structure, 234
symphysis of, 229
Mantle layer of cord, 54, 1437
Manubrium sterni, 161
Marginal layer of cord, 54, 1437
sinus of placenta, 106, no
tubercle of zygomatic, 220
Marrow, 121
Massa intermedia, 1534
Masseter muscle, 1301
Masseteric artery, 1307
nerve, 1309
Mastoid air-cells, 188
emissary vein, 1608
foramen, 187, 259
lymphatic glands, 1161
notch, 187, 258
process of temporal, 187
Maternal connections of foetus, 104
Maturation of ovum, 19
Maxilla, 211
 
alveolar process, 214
body, 211
 
development of, 277
frontal process, 214
ossification of, 218
palatine process, 215
structure of, 217
zygomatic process, 214
Maxillary processes—
 
of inferior nasal concha, 223
of palatine, 226
of zygomatic, 220
sinus, 217
 
Meatus, auditory, external, 193,
1671
 
bloodvessels of, 1672
early condition of, 1672
lymphatics, 1672
nerves of, 1672
internal, 190, 264
definition, 115
inferior, 1357
middle, 1357
of nasal fossae, 250
superior, 1356
 
Medial and median, definition, 122
Median artery, 478 , 498, 516
basilic vein, 450
cephalic vein, 450
nerve in arm, 458
 
digital branches of, 489
in forearm, 480
in hand, 489
lateral root of, 432
 
 
Median artery, medial root of, 423
 
palmar cutaneous branch of, 466,
481
 
summary of, 490
vein, 448
 
deep, 450
 
Mediastinal space, ion
Mediastinum, 1003, ion
anterior, 1006, 1013
middle, 1006, 1015
superior, 1006, 1012
testis, 750
 
Medulla oblongata, 1443, 1451
central canal of, 1446
development of, 1581
grey matter of, 1456
structure, internal, of, 1456
white matter of, 1462
Medullary cords in gonads, 100
groove, 34
 
laminae of nucleus lentiformis, 1528 *
1538
 
rays of kidney, 901
ridges, 34
spaces, 118
vela, 1485, 1491
Megakaryocytes, 121
Megaseme, 269
Membrana eboris, 284, 287
flaccida, 1676, 1677
granulosa, 982
limitans retinae, 1654
nictitans, 1292
propria, 1688
pupillaris, 1652
sacciformis, 315, 521
tectoria, 1407
 
of cochlea, 1693
Membrane or membranes—
 
atlanto-occipital, 1406, 1407
basilar, 1690
cell, 9
 
crico-vocal, 1384
intercostal, 994, 995
interosseous, of arm, 521
of leg, 660
nuclear, 8, 9
obturator, 993
perineal, 683
 
secondary, of tympanum, 1677
suprapleural, 1007, 1246
thyro-hyoid, 1384
tympanic, 1675
vestibular, 1690
Membranous labyrinth, 1687
Meningeal arteries, 1599
veins, 1601
 
Meninges of brain, 1598
 
of spinal cord, 1410 •*»
 
Menstruation, 19
Mental foramen, 229, 245
nerve, 1277 , 1313
point, 244, 268
protuberance, 229
tubercle, 229
 
 
no
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1746
 
 
INDEX
 
 
Mentalis muscle, 1271
Mercier, bar of, 951
Meridian of eyeball, 1641
Meroblastic ova, 25
Mesaticephalic skulls, 243, 269
Mesencephalon, 1547
Mesenchyme, 112
Mesenteric artery, inferior, 801
superior, 796
hernia, 786
 
lymphatic glands, inferior, 802
superior, 789
plexus, inferior, 811
superior, 809
vein, inferior, 802
superior, 798
windows, 787
 
Mesentery, definition of, 780
primitive dorsal, 79, 793
ventral, 61, 79
proper, 786
 
ventral gastro-duodenal, 793
of vermiform appendix, 787
Mesoblast, 22, 26
Mesocardium, 90
Mesocephalic skulls, 268
Meso-colon, pelvic, 787
transverse, 787, 794
Mesoderm, 22
 
chorionic, 30, 33
covering fore-brain, 56
of visceral arches, 68
embryonic, 33
formation of, 26
gastral, 36
intra-embryonic, 30
lateral sheet of, 40, 41
paraxial, 40, 41
primitive, 26
prostomial, 36
somatic, 41
splanchnic, 41
 
structures derived from, 112
Meso-gastrium, 793
Mesognathion, 218
Mesognathous skulls, 244, 269
Mesonephros, 92, 94, 91^
Mesorchium, 740
Mesorhine skulls, 269
Meso-salpinx, 968
Mesoseme, 269
Mesothelium, 112
Mesovarium, 968
Metacarpal arteries, dorsal, 511
palmar, 498
bone, first, 323
 
Metacarpo-phalangeal joints, 527
Metacarpus, 323
 
ossification of, 329
as a whole, 327
Metakinesis, 10
Metanephros, 92, 94, 910
Metatarsal arteries, dorsal, 613
first plantar, 657
Metatarso-phalangeal joints, 671
 
 
Metatarsus, 378
 
ossification of, 386
varieties of, 384
as a whole, 384
Metathalamus, 1538
Metopic suture, 238
Meynert, ganglion of, 1544
Microcephalic skulls, 268
Microseme, 269
Mid-gut, 45, 61
Mid-tarsal joints, 665
Mitral cells, 1570
orifice, 1156
 
position of, 1064
valve, 1061
 
Moderator band of heart, 1057
Modiolus, 1686
Molar glands, 1272
teeth, 280
 
Molecular layer of cerebellum, "i486
Mons pubis, 692
Montgomery, glands of, 415
Morbus cseruleus, 1085
Morgagni, sinus of, 1370
Morphology, 1
 
of intrinsic muscles of hand, 515
Morula, 22
 
Moss-fibres of Cajal, 1488
Mouth cavity, 1335
 
development of, 86
I proper, 1336
 
vestibule of, 1336
Movable kidney, 822
Movements of joints, 395
Multifidus muscle, 409
Munzer, bundle of, 1558
Muscles—
 
abductor digiti minimi—
foot, 646
hand, 496
hallucis, 644
 
ossis metatarsi quinti, 643
pollicis brevis, 493
longus, 505
adductor brevis, 577
hallucis, 649
longus, 576
magnus, 577
minimus, 578
pollicis, 494, 496
anconeus, 500
antitragicus, 1296
articularis genu, 573
ary-epiglotticus, 1394
arytenoideus, 1393
obliquus, 1393
transversus, 1394
auricularis, anterior, 1160
posterior, 1160
superior, 1160
of Bell, 951
biceps brachii, 452
femoris, 542
biventer cervicis, 407
brachialis, 452
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
17 47
 
 
Muscles ( continued )—
brachio-radialis, 501
buccinator, 1269
bulbo-spongiosus, of female, 702
of male, 680
ciliary, 1648
coccygeus, 948
compressor naris, 1267
sacculi laryngis, 1394
venae dorsalis penis, 680
constrictor inferior, of pharynx, 1368
middle, of pharynx, 1368
radicis penis, 680
superior, of pharynx, 1369
coraco-brachialis, 452
corrugator cutis ani, 675
supercilii, 1266
costalis, 405
cremaster, 723
 
crico-arytenoideus lateralis, T392
posterior, 1392
crico-thyroideus, 1390
dartos, 716
deltoid, 436
 
depressor alae nasi, 1268
anguli oris, 1270
labii inferioris, 1270
detrusor urnae, 950
diaphragm, 1833
 
central tendon of, 833
development of, 837
orifices of, 835
digastric, 1227
dilator naris, anterior, 1268
posterior, 1268
pupillae, 1650, 1652
extensor carpi radialis brevis, 502
longus, 501
ulnaris, 503
digiti minimi, 303
digitorum, 302
brevis, 611
longus, 607
hallucis brevis, 611
longus, 606
indicis, 506
pollicis brevis, 305
longus, 505
flexor accessorius, 647
carpi radialis, 470
ulnaris, 470
digiti minimi, 496
 
brevis, 650
digitorum brevis, 645
longus, 621
profundus, 481
sublimis, 470
hallucis brevis, 648
longus, 623
pollicis brevis, 494
longus, 482, 496
gastrocnemius, 617
gemellus inferior, 535
superior, 535
genio-glossus, 1230
 
 
Muscles ( continued )—
genio-hyoid, 1230
gluteus maximus, 531
medius, 532
minimus, 334
quartus, 534
gracilis, 376
hamstring, 542, 544
helicis major, 1296
minor, 1296
hyo-glossus, 1231
iliacus, 842
ilio-capsularis, 842
ilio-costalis, 404
ilio-costo-cervicalis, 404
ilio-psoas, 571
infraspinatus, 437
intercostal, external, 994
internal, 995
intercostales intimi, 996
interosseous, of foot, 650
of hand, 494, 512
interspinales, 410
intertransversales, 410
ischio-cavernosus, of female, 702
of male, 679
 
of larynx, intrinsic, 1390
latissimus dorsi, 399 » 439
levator anguli oris, 1268
ani, 947
 
glandulae thyroidae, 1221
labii superioris, 1268
 
alaeque nasi, 1267
palati, 1353, 1378
palpebrae superioris, 1247
prostatae, 947
scapulae, 400
levatores costarum, 410
longiores, 411
longissimus, 406
capitis, 406
cervicis, 406
 
longitudinalis linguae inferior, 1346
superior, 1346
longus, capitis, 1397
cervicis, 1398
lumbricales, of foot, 648
of hand, 492
masseter, 1301
of mastication, 1301
mentaiis, 1271
multifidus, 409
mylo-hyoid, 1229
obliquus auriculae, 1297
capitis inferior, 1150
superior, 1150
externus abdominis, 717
inferior, of eye, 1251
internus abdominis, 722
superior, of eye, 1250
obturator externus, 579
internus, 535, 949
occipito-frontalis, 1154
omo-hyoid, 1200
 
inferior belly of, 402, 437
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1748
 
 
INDEX
 
 
Muscles ( continued )—
 
opponens digiti minimi, 496
pollicis, 494
orbicularis ciliaris, 1647
oculi, 1264
 
lacrimal part, 1265
orbital part, 1264
palpebral part, 1265
oris, 1271
 
palato-glossus, 1351
palato-pharyngeus, 1352
palmaris brevis, 484
longus, 470, 487
papillary, 1057
pectineus, 571
pectoralis major, 418
minor, 420
 
perinaeum, deep, transverse
muscle of, 681
peroneus brevis, 617
longus, 613
tertius, 607
plantaris, 620
platysma, 1175
popliteus, 621
prevertebral, 1397
procerus, 1267
pronator quadratus, 482
teres, 469, 470
psoas major, 841
minor, 842
 
pterygoid, lateral, 1302
medial, 1304
pubo-vesical, 922
pyramidalis, 727
pyriformis, 534, 948
quadratus femoris, 535
lumborum, 843
quadriceps femoris, 572, 573
rectus abdominis, 726
capitis anterior, 1397
lateralis, 1397
posterior major, 1149
minor, 1150
femoris, 572
inferior, of eye, 1249
lateralis, of eye, 1249
medialis, of eye, 1249
superior, of eye, 1249
of respiration, 1115
rhomboideus major, 401
minor, 401
risorius, 1269
rotatores, 410
sacro-spinalis, 404
salpingo-pharyngeus, 1378
sartorius, 568
scalenus anterior, 1235
medius, 1236
posterior, 1236
scansorius, 534
semimembranosus, 543
semispinalis capitis, 407
cervicis, 408
thoracis, 408
 
 
Muscles ( continued )—
semitendinosus, 543
serratus anterior, 401, 434
posterior inferior, 403
superior, 402
of soft palate, 1351
soleus, 619
 
sphincter ani externus, 675
internus, 961, 963
pupillae, 1650, 1652
urethrae, female, 702
male, 680
vesicae, 950
spinalis, 406
 
thoracis, 406
splenius, 404
capitis, 404
cervicis, 404
stapedius, 1680
sternalis, 420
sterno-costalis, 1002
sterno-hyoid, 1201
sterno-mastoid, 1145, 1182
sterno-thyroid, 1201
stylo-glossus, 1232
stylo-hyoid, 1228 , 1272
stylo-pharyngeus, 1323
subanconeus, 459
subclavius, 421
subcostal, 995
subscapularis, 440
supinator, 504
supraspinatus, 437
temporalis, 1302
tensor fasciae latae, 570
palati, 1353 , 1378
tympani, 1680
teres major, 439
minor, 438
 
thyro-arytenoideus, 1392
thyro-epiglotticus, 1392, 1394
thyro-hyoid, 1201
tibialis anterior, 606
posterior, 622
of tongue, intrinsic, 1346
tragicus, 1296
transversus abdominis, 724
auriculae, 1296
linguae, 1346
superficialis perinaei, 678
thoracis, 996
trapezius, 398
 
in neck, 1144
triceps brachii, 458 , 501
vastus intermedius, 573
lateralis, 572
medialis, 573
verticalis linguae, 1346
vocalis, 1392
zygomaticus major, 1269
minor, 1268
Musculi pectinati, 1054
Musculo-cutaneous nerve of arm, 432, 458
of leg, 604
 
Musculus-uvulae, 1352
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1749
 
 
Myelinization in cord, 1440
Myeloplasm, 53
Myenteric plexus, 863, 869
Mylo-hyoid groove, 232
line, 231
muscle, 1229
Myocardium, 1068
structure of, 1072
Myotomes of visceral arches, 1375
 
Nabothi, ovula, 985
Nasal bones, 221
crest, 222
 
development of, 277
ossification of, 222
capsule, 86, 1363
conchse, inferior, 223
middle, 209
superior, 209
crest of maxilla, 216
of palatine, 225
folds, 83
fossae, 248, 1356
 
arteries of, 1361
development of, 83, 85, 1363
lymphatics of, 1363
nerves of, 1360
groove, 208
index, 269
 
mucous membrane, 1359
notch of frontal, 181
part of maxilla, 212
of pharynx, 1371
pits, 83
 
process of frontal, 181
septum, osseous, 248
slit, 207, 250, 261
spine of frontal, 181
posterior, 225
Nasion, 240, 244, 268
Naso-lacrimal canal, 248
duct, 1294
 
Naso-pharyngeal tonsil, 1373
Natal cleft, 529
Navicular bone, 372
 
ossification, 378
tuberosity of, 373, 388, 641
varieties, 373
 
Naviculo-cuboid joint, 668
Neck, landmarks of, 1172
N 41 aton's line, 552
Neopallium, 1592
Nephric tubules, 93
Nephrocoele, 93
Nephrostome, 93
Nerves—
 
of abdominal wall, deep, 728
abducent. See Cranial nerves
accessory. See Cranial nerves
accessory obturator, 580, 847
to anconeus, 461
ansa hypoglossi, 1206
subclavia, 1335
auditory. See Cranial nerves
auricular, great, 1142 , 1278
 
 
Nerves ( continued )—
 
auricular, posterior, 1160, 1272
of vagus, 1161 , 1328, 1672,
 
1677
 
auriculo-temporal, 1157, 1277,
 
1311
 
bigeminus, 928
brachial plexus, 439, 1193
 
infraclavicular branches, 431
in neck, 1193
 
supraclavicular branches,
 
43 °> 1194
buccal, 1277, 1310
of facial, 1274
carotico-tympanic, 1404
cervical branches of facial, 1275
plexus, 1185
branches, deep, 1188
 
superficial, 1141, 1187
spinal, posterior rami, 1142,
1152
 
chorda tympani, 1347, 1402 , 1619
as pretrematic nerve, 69
ciliary, long, 1256
circumflex, 432 , 436
coccygeal, 530, 928, 929
cochlear, 1404, 1693
cutaneous nerves. See also Cutaneous
nerves
 
of arm, lateral, 448
 
medial, 432, 448, 457
posterior, 448, 460
of calf, lateral, 551
of forearm, lateral, 448
medial, 432, 448 , 457
posterior, 448
 
of ilio-hypogastric, anterior, 710
lateral, 531, 728
of neck, anterior, 1143, 1187
palmar, of median, 466, 481
of ulnar, 466, 477
perforating, of sacral plexus, 931
of subcostal, lateral, 531, 728
of thigh, intermediate, 555
lateral, 534, 564, 846
medial, 556
of ulnar, 448, 466, 499
dental, inferior, 1311
of maxillary—
 
anterior superior, 1319,1361
middle, 1320
posterior, 1320
digastric, 1272
digital, of foot, 652, 654
of hand, 489, 499
dorsal, of penis, 691
dorso-lumbar, 844
of dura mater, 1601
ethmoidal, anterior, 1361
posterior, 1257
of face, 1272
 
facial. See Cranial nerves
femoral, 575, 846
branches of, 576
frontal, 1254
 
 
 
 
 
175 o
 
 
INDEX
 
 
Nerves ( continued )—
 
furcalis, 847, 928, 931
genicular, 550, 580, 637
genito-femoral, 554, 846
 
femoral branch of, 554 , 846
genital branch of, 846
glosso-pharyngeal. See Cranial
nerves
 
gluteal, inferior, 539, 930
superior, 539, 930
haemorrhoidal, inferior, 675, 691
hypoglossal. See Cranial nerves
ilio-hypogastric, 728, 845
cutaneous branches—anterior, 710
lateral, 531, 728
ilio-inguinal, 554, 845, 729
incisive, of inferior dental, 1313
infra-orbital, 1276, 1319
infratrochlear, 1256, 1276
intercostal, 996, 1099
branches of, 997
lower five, 728
intercosto-brachial, 433 , 447
interosseous, anterior, 481
 
of nerve to popliteus, 550
posterior, 506
lacrimal, 1254 , 1276
laryngeal, external, 1329, 1395
internal, 1329, 1395
recurrent, 1044, 1045, 1330,1395
superior, 1329, 1395
to latissimus, dorsi, 431
lingual, 1313 , 1347
lumbo-sacral trunk, 847
mandibular, 1168, 1309
distribution, 1616
summary of, 1316
masseteric, 1309
maxillary, 1168, 1319
 
branches of, 1259, 1319
distribution of, 1616
summary of, 1323
median, in arm, 458
 
branches of, 459, 481
digital branches of, 489
in forearm, 480
in hand, 489
lateral root of, 432 .
medial root of, 432
palmar cutaneous branch of, 466,
481
 
summary of, 490
meningeal, 1168
mental, 1277 , 1313
musculo-cutaneous, of arm, 432, 458
of leg, 604
mylo-hyoid, 1312
nasal nerves—
 
of greater palatine, 1361
of infra-orbital, 1276
of spheno-palatine ganglion, 1360
naso-ciliary, 1255
nutrient, to fibula, 627
to radius, 481
 
 
Nerves ( continued )—
 
nutrient, to tibia, 550
to ulna, 481
 
obturator, 557, 579, 846
accessory, 580, 847
genicular branch of, 580
to obturator internus, 539, 930
occipital, greater, 1141, 1152
lesser, 1142
third, 1142, 1152
ophthalmic, 1254, 1258
distribution, 1616
optic. See Cranial nerves
palatine, greater, 1322, 1338,
lesser, 1322
 
palmar cutaneous, of median, 466,
481
 
of ulnar, 466, 477
patellar plexus, 557
pectoral, 431
 
pelvic splanchnics, 930, 947
of penis, dorsal, 691
perforating cutaneous, 931
perineal, 691
 
deep branch of, 691
of fourth sacral, 675, 932
long, 691
 
to peroneus tertius, 610
petrosal, deep, 1404
 
external, 1169, 1402, 1403
superficial, greater, 1168, 1401
lesser, 1169, 1402, 1403
pharyngeal plexus, 1329
 
of spheno-palatine ganglion, 1321
of vagus, 1329
phrenic, in neck, 430, 1189
in thorax, 1015
plantar, lateral, 653
medial, 652
 
popliteal, lateral, 550 , 931
medial, 550 , 931
to popliteus, 550
post- and pre-trematic, 69
of pterygoid canal, 1321, 1360
pudendal, 690, 704, 931
to pyriformis, 930
to quadratus femoris, 540, 930
radial, 433
 
in arm, 459
 
cutaneous branches of, 433, 460,
467
 
in forearm, 475
 
muscular branches of, 433, 460,
461
 
rami communicantes, 1635
in abdomen, 838
cervicales, 1189, 1206
in neck, 1334
in pelvis, 947
in thorax, 1104
 
ramus descendens hypoglossi, 1189,
 
1205
 
to rhomboids, 402, 430 , 1194
sacral, 928, 929
 
posterior rami, 529, 530
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
i75i
 
 
Nerves ( continued )—
saphenous, 557
sciatic, 540, 544, 931
scrotal, posterior, 691
to serratus anterior, 430, 1194
spinal nerves, origins of, 1418
 
posterior primary rami of,
 
4 11 , I 4 1 9
roots of, 1419
 
thoracic, 1099
spinosus, 1168, 1399
splanchnic, 1105
pelvic, 930, 947
to stapedius, 1402
stylo-hyoid, 1272
to subclavius, 431, 1195
subcostal, 728, 849
 
lateral cutaneous branch of, 531,
728
 
suboccipital, 1141, 1152
subsartorial plexus, 431
subscapular, 431
subtrapezial plexus, 399
supraclavicular, 412, 1144
supra-orbital, 1153 , 1254, 1276
suprascapular, 431, 438, 1195
supratrochlear, 1154 , 1254, 1276
sural, 550, 615
 
communicating, 551
sympathetic trunk in abdomen, 838
ganglia of—
 
cervical, inferior, 1335
middle, 1334
superior, 1333
impar, 946
in neck, 1333 , 1335
 
cardiac branches, 1334,
1335
 
constitution of, 1335
in pelvis, 946
plexuses—
 
aortic, 811
cardiac, 1046
carotid, internal, 1170
coeliac, 807, 809
coronary, 1048
diaphragmatic, 809
gastric, 809
hepatic, 809
hypogastric, 811, 922
mesenteric, inferior, 811
superior, 809
ovarian, 811
pelvic, 922
phrenic, 809
renal, 809
splenic, 809
suprarenal, 809
testicular, 811
in thorax, 1104
temporal, deep, 1309, 1311
tentorii, 1168
thoracic, spinal, 1099
 
anterior rami, 996
to thyro-hyoid, 1206
 
 
Nerves ( continued )—
 
tibial, anterior, 610, 614
posterior, 627
of tongue, 1347
trochlear. See Cranial nerves
tympanic, 1325
ulnar, 432
 
in arm, 458
 
cutaneous branches of, 448, 466,
499
 
deep division of, 499
digital branches of, 499
dorsal branch of, 467
in forearm, 480
in hand, 499
 
palmar cutaneous branch of, 466,
 
477
 
vagus. See Cranial nerves
vestibular, 1404, 1622, 1693
in visceral arches, 69, 1121
zygomatic, 1319
zygomatico-facial, 1259, 1277
zygomatico - temporal, 1158, 1259,
 
1276
 
Nerve-plexuses—
 
annularis, of cornea, 1645
 
aortic, 811
 
brachial, 429, 1193
 
buccal, 1275, 1277
 
cardiac, deep and superficial, 1046
 
carotid, internal, 1170
 
cervical, 1185
 
coccygeal, 531, 931
 
coeliac, 807, 809
 
coronary, 1048
 
diaphragmatic, 809
 
gastric, 809
 
hepatic, 809
 
hypogastric, 811, 922
 
infra-orbital, 1274, 1276
 
intra-epithelial, of eye, 1645
 
lumbar, 844
 
mesenteric, inferior, 811
superior, 809
myenteric, 863, 869
oesophageal, 1043, 1087
ovarian, 811
parotid, 1273
patellar, 557
pelvic, 922
pharyngeal, 1329
phrenic, 809 , t
 
pudendal, 929
pulmonary, 1043, 1045
renal, 809
sacral, 928
splenic, 809
 
subepithelial, of eye, 1645
of submucosa of small intestine,
 
863, 869
 
subsartorial, 558
subtrapezial, 399
suprarenal, 809
testicular, 811
tympanic, 1325
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
T 75 2
 
 
INDEX
 
 
Nerve-roots, 1419
Nervous system, 1410
 
development, 53
Neural canal, 40
crest, 54
groove, 34, 40
tube, 42, 53
 
Neurenteric canal, 34, 35, 37
Neuroblasts, 54, 1438
Neuro-central lip, 126
synchondrosis, 142
Neuroglia of spinal cord, 1410
Nictitans, membrana, 1292
Nigra, substantia, 1539, 1560
Node, atrio-ventricular, 1071
sino-atrial, 1070
Nodules of aortic valve, 1063
Normal, definition of, 5
Nose, 1298
 
cartilages of, 1298
development of, 83, 1363
lymphatics of, 1298, 1363
nerves of, 1360
Notch or notches—
acetabular, 340
carotid, 200
 
cystic, of liver, 756, 777
ethmoidal, of frontal, 182
fibular, of tibia, 363
frontal, 181
intercondylar, 353
interlobar, of liver, 777
jugular, 176
mandibular, 232
mastoid, 187, 258
nasal, 212
 
of frontal, 181
of maxilla, 221
parietal, 188
pre-occipital, 1499
sciatic, greater and lesser, 340
spheno-palatine, 228
spino-glenoid, 294
supra-orbital, 181, 247
suprasternal, 162
trochlear, of ulnar, 312
tympanic, 1673
umbilical, of liver, 777
Notochord, 23, 39 , 167
in vertebras, 59
Notochordal groove, 35, 167
Nuchae, ligamentum, 399, 1144
Nuchal flexure, 58
furrow, 1141
groove, 397
 
Nuck, canal of, 743, 744, 969
Nuclear membrane, 9, 15
reticulum, 9, 15
Nuclein, 9
Nucleolus, 9, 15
Nucleoplasm, 8
Nucleus or nuclei—
abducent, 1473
accessory, 1628
ambiguous, 1626 , 1626, 1627
 
 
Nucleus or nuclei ( continued )—
amygdaloid, 1524, 1632
arcuate, 1462
caudatus, 1526
of cell, 9, 15
cochlear, 1620
cuneatus, 1460
dentate, 1485
emboliformis, 1485
of facial nerve, motor, 1472, 1617
sensory, 1619
 
of fasciculis solitarius, 1619, 1626
 
globosus, 1485
 
gracilis, 1459
 
hypoglossal, 1629
 
of lateral lemniscus, 1475
 
lateralis, 1462
 
lentiformis, 1526
 
oculo-motor, 1561, 1611
 
olivary, 1461, 1472
 
pontis, 1469, 1470
 
pulposus, 1107, 1108
 
red, 1539, 1553
 
subthalamic, 1540
 
thoracici, 1424, 1425
 
of trapezium, 1471
 
of trigeminal nerve —
 
mesencephalic root of, 1561, 1615
motor of, 1474, 1615
pontine, 1474
 
sensory of, 1472, 1474, 1615
trochlear, 1561 , 1614
vago-pharyngeal, dorsal, 1624
vestibular, 1622
Nutrient arteries—
of femur, 587
of fibula, 626
of humerus, 455, 456
of radius, 478
of tibia, 626
of ulna, 478
Nutrient foramina—
of clavicle, 290
of fibula, 366
of humerus, 300
of radius, 307, 311
of ribs, 157
of scapula, 295
of tibia, 361
of ulna, 314
nutrient nerves—
to fibula, 627
to radius, 481
to tibia, 550 '
to ulna, 481
 
Obelion, 238, 243, 268
Obex, 1490
 
Oblique cord of forearm, 521
ligament of Cooper, 518
Obliquus capitis inferior, 1150
superior, 1150
externus abdominis, 717
inferior, of eye, 1251
internus abdominis, 722
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1753
 
 
Obliquus, superior, of eye, 1250
Oblongata, medulla, 1443, 1451
Obstetrical hinge-joint, 177
Obturator artery, 589, 925 , 927
abnormal, 566
canal, 579, 993
crest, 340
 
externus muscle, 579
fascia, 920
foramen, 340
groove, 340
 
internus muscle, 535, 949
nerve to, 539, 93°
membrane, 993
nerve, 557, 579, 846
accessory, 580 , 847
Occipital artery, first part, 1218
second part, 1146
third part, 1146
bone, 172
 
condyles, 175, 258
crests of, 174, 259, 264
ossification of, 177
point, 243, 268
 
protuberance, 172, 174, 243, 1141
varieties, 176
groove, 258
lobe of brain, 1148
lymphatic glands, 1148
nerve, greater, 1141 , 1152
lesser, 1142
third, 1142 , 1152
point, 243, 268
 
protuberance, external, 172, 243, 1141
sinus, 1606
triangle, 1184
veins, 1148
venous plexus, 1147
Occipito-axial ligaments, 1407
Occipito-frontalis, 1154
Ocular appendages, 1289
Oculo-motor nerve, 1165, 1253, 1446
nucleus, 1561, 1611
Odontoblasts, 284, 287
Odontoid process of axis, 131
(Esophagus, cervical part of, 1227
development of, 66, 78, 1088
lymphatics of, 1088
structure of, 1088
thoracic part of, 1087
Olecranon, 312
bursa, 447
fossa, 304
rete, 479
 
Olfactorium, trigonum, 1511
Olfactory apparatus, development of, 1511
bulb, 1165, 1510 , 1570
structure of, 1570
capsule, 271, 276
foramina; 261
groove of ethmoid, 207
of sphenoid, 197
lobe, 1510
 
mucous membrane, 1359
nerves, 1165, 1360 ? i6ji
 
 
[ Olfactory organ, 271
 
tract, 1445, 1511 , 1570
Olivary nuclei, 1461, 1472
Olive of medulla, 1453, 1454
Omentale, tuber, of liver, 774
of pancreas, 807
Omentalis, bursa, 79, 81
Omentum, definition of, 779
greater, 756, 784
lesser, 785
Omo-hyoid, 1200
 
inferior belly of, 402, 437
Ontogeny, 7
Oocyte, 13, 14, 16, 17
Oogenesis, 16
Oogonia, 13, 16
Opening into lesser sac, 790
saphenous, 551, 561 , 707
to tympanic antrum, 188, 1681
Openings in diaphragm, 835
Opercula insulae, 1506
Operculum, frontal, 1498
fronto-parietal, 1498
orbital, 1498
Ophryon, 244, 268
Ophthalmic artery, 1170, 1259
 
nerve, 1168, 1254, 1258, 1616
veins, 1261
Opisthion, 258, 268
Opisthotic centre, 195
Opponens digiti minimi, 496
pollicis, 494
Optic chiasma, 1545
cup, 1666, 1668
disc of retina, 1653
foramen, 200, 245, 247, 261
groove, 197, 261
nerve, 1545
 
development of, 1668
in orbit, 1253
origin, deep, 1611
superficial, 1446
radiation, 1547 , 1566, 1568
recess, 1545
stalk, 1665, 1668
tract, 1445, 1545
vesicle, 1664
Oral fissure, 1337
Ora serrata of retina, 1652
structure of, 1658
Orbicularis ciliaris, 1647
oculi, 1264, 1265
oris, 1271
Orbit, 245
 
contents of, 1247
fascia of, 1252
 
Orbital area of cerebrum, 1493
fascia, 1252
fissure, inferior, 247
superior, 247
index, 269
 
plate of ethmoid, 208
of frontal, 182
of maxilla, 213
process of zygomatic, 219
 
 
 
 
 
1754
 
 
INDEX
 
 
Organ, spiral, 1691
Organogeny, 48
Orifice or orifices—
aortic, 1062
of bladder, 951
cardiac, topography of, 1064
of coronary sinus, 1055
mitral, 1061
 
oesophageal, of stomach, 760, 761
pulmonary, 1059
pyloric, 760
tricuspid, 1055, 1057
urethral—
 
female, 695
male, 715, 938
of vagina, external, 695
vena cava, inferior, 1054
superior, 1054
 
Oropharyngeal isthmus, 1350
Orthognathous skulls, 244, 269
Os centrale, 322
dentatum, 133
japonicum, 221
pubis, 331
trigonum, 370
of uterus, external, 974
internal, 976
Ossa suturarum, 265
Ossification of bones, 119
centres, 119
law of, 304
of named bones—of atlas, 142
of axis, 143
of carpal bones, 322
of clavicle, 292
of coccyx, 151
of ethmoid, 211
of femur, 354
of fibula, 367
of hip bone, 341
of humerus, 305
of lacrimal, 223
of maxillae, 218
of metacarpals, 329
of metatarsals, 386
of nasal, 222
 
concha, inferior, 224
of occipital, 177
of palatine, 228
of phalanges of foot, 386
of hand, 386
of radius, 311
of sacrum, 149
of scapula, 298
of sphenoid, 205
of sternum, 164
of tarsal bones, 378
of temporal, 195
of tibia, 363
of ulna, 315
of vomer, 229
of zygomatic, 221
 
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts, 120, 121
Osteogenic fibres, 120
 
 
Ostium abdominale, 19, 972
Otic capsule, 75, 272
ganglion, 1314
Otoconia, 1688
 
Ovarian follicles, vesicular, 982
plexus, nervous, 811
venous, 979
pregnancy, 19
Ovary, 969
 
abnormal positions of, 104, 971
descent of, 970
development of, 100, 980
ligament of, 970, 982
suspensory, of, 970
ovulation in, 18, 19
structure of, 98
Ovocentre, 21
Ovulation, 18, 19
Ovum, 8, 14 , 16
 
fertilization of, 20
growth in pregnancy, 105
maturation of, 19
segmentation of, 21
transit to uterus, 19
 
 
Pacinian bodies of foot, 653
of hand, 490
Palate folds, 84
soft, 1350
 
development of, 86, 1354
glands of, 1351
muscles of, 1351
nerves of, 1354
relation to structures in, 1354
Palatine arteries—
 
ascending, 1217
of ascending pharyngeal, 1220
greater, 1308 , 1338, 1362
lesser, 1308
bones, 224
 
development of, 277
foramina of, 226
ossification of, 228
tubercle of, 226
nerves, 1322, 1338
Palatino-vaginal canal, 199
Palato-glossal arches, 1350
Palato-glossus, 1351
Palato-pharyngeal arches, 1350
Palato-pharyngeus, 1351
Pallidus, globus, 1528
Palmar aponeurosis, 484
 
arch, deep, 484, 497, 499
 
superficial, 483, 484, 498
cutaneous branch of median, 466, 481
of ulnar, 466, 477
metacarpal arteries, '498
space, 492
 
Palmaris brevis, 484
longus, 470, 487
Palpebral arteries, 1260, 1281
Pampiniform plexus, 738
Pancreas, 806
 
blood^supply, 893
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1755
 
 
Pancreas connections, position and relations of, 806
development of, 80, 894
lymphatics of, 893
structure of, 891
tuber omentale of, 807
Pancreatic duct, 892
 
accessory, 892
Panniculus carnosus, 1175
Papilla, duodena], 865
lacrimalis, 1289
Papillae of tongue, 1344
Paracentral lobule, 1499
Parachordal cartilages, 271
Paradidymis, 750
Parafloccular fossa, 191
Paraflocculus, 1481
Paraganglia, 1105
Paramesonephric duct, 101, 987
Parametrium, 974
Paranasal sinuses, 250
 
development of, 1364
Pararectal recess, 919
Parasympathetic system, 1410, 1639
cranial, 1639
sacral, 1640
 
Parathyroid glands, 1223
 
development of, 76
Paravesical recess, 919
Paraxial mesoderm, 40, 41
Parietal bones, 178
 
ossification of, 180
varieties of, 180
eminence, 178, 1633
foramen, 179, 243
notch of temporal, 188
Paroccipital process, 176
Paroophoron, 971
 
development of, 754, 987
Parotid duct, 1287
gland, 1284
 
development of, 1289
structure of, 1288
lymphatic glands, 1283
plexus, 1273
Pars iridica retinae, 1650
Patella, 355
 
ossification of, 357
structure, 356
Patellar plexus, 557
retinacula, 629
Pectineus muscle, 571
Pectoral lymphatic glands, 424, 434
nerves, 431
region, 412
ridge, 300
 
Pectoralis major, 418
minor, 420
 
Pedicles of vertebrae, 128
Pelvic fascia in female, visceral, 968
in male, parietal, 919
visceral, 921
 
Pelvis, 914
 
axes of, 344
 
bony, 342
 
 
Pelvis, brim of, 342
of child, 345
contents of, 915
diameters, 342
false, 342
female, 965
 
peritoneum, 966
viscera, position of, 966
inclination, 344
inlet, 342
of kidney, 907
male, 916
 
peritoneum of, 917
viscera, position of, 916
measurements of, 345
outlet, 344
 
sexual differences of, 345
true, 342
Penis, 712
 
angle of, 942
bulb of, 682, 953
composition of, 714
corona glandis, 712, 715
corpora cavernosa, 953
corpus spongiosum, 953
coverings of, 712
crus, 682
 
fascial sheath of, 713
frenulum of, 713
glans, 715
prepuce, 713
septum of, 953
structure of, 953
suspensory ligament of, 713
Perforaculum, 13
 
Perforating arteries of foot, 613, 657
of hand, 498
of profunda femoris, 586
cutaneous nerve, 931
Pericardium, 1017
 
development of, 46, 67, 1019
lymphatics of, 1019
sinus, transverse, of, 1018
structure of, 1019
Perichoroidal lymph space, 1643
Pericranium, 1157
Perilymph of internal ear, 1687
Perilymphatic duct, 193
Perineal body, female, 701
male, 681
fascia, 675
fold, 957
 
membrane, 683, 701
pouch, 679
triangle, deep, 682
Perineum, female, 692, 701
male, 674
 
Periodontal membrane, 287
Periosteum, 121
 
Periotic cartilaginous capsules, 195
Perirenal capsule, 818
Peritoneum, 779
 
course of transverse, 782
vertical, 780
development of, 81, 795
 
 
 
 
 
1756
 
 
x INDEX
 
 
Peritoneum in foetus, 793
folds of, 744, 792
ligaments, 788
mesenteries, 786
omenta, 784
fossae, 744, 791
parietal, 744
pelvic, in female, 966
in male, 917
primitive, of testis, 741
recesses of, 791, 919
sac, greater, 789
 
lesser, 81, 785, 790
structure of, 795
Perivascular spaces, 1436
Peroneal artery, 610, 626
retinaculum, 601
tubercle, 372, 388
Peroneus brevis, 617
longus, 615
tertius, 607
 
Perpendicular plate, ethmoid, 208
of palatine, 214
Pes hippocampi, 1525
Petrosal process, posterior, 198
sinus, inferior, 1607
superior, 1606
 
Petro-sphenoid ligament, 193
Pfliiger, cords of, 753
Phalanges of foot, 384, 385
ossification of, 386
of hand, 329
 
ossification of, 329
Pharyngeal artery, ascending, 1219
bursa, 168, 1373
plexus, 1329
pouches, 70, 76, 1373
recess, 1372
tubercle, 258
 
Pharyngo-basilar fascia, 1371
Pharyngo-epiglottic folds, 73, 1380
Pharyngo-tympanic canal, 257 "
groove, 257
tube, 1378
 
development of, 73, 74, 1378
Pharynx, 1366
 
blood-supply of, 1373
development of, 1373
laryngeal part of, 1373
lymphatics of, 1373
muscles of (constrictor), 1368
nasal part of, 1371
oral part of, 1373
Phenozygous skulls, 243
Philtrum, 1336
Phrenic artery, 827
 
nerve in neck, 430, 1189
in thorax, 1015
Phylogeny, 7
Pia mater, cranial, 1610
spinal, 1414
 
Pigmentary layer of retina, 1657
Pillars of fornix, 1516, 1517
Pineal body, 1540
 
development of, 58, 1390
 
 
1 Pineal recess, 1534
Pinna, development of, 67, 1697
Pisiform bone, 318, 333
 
ossification of, 322
joint, 524
 
Piso-hamate ligament, 473, 524
Piso-metacarpal ligament, 473, 524
Pit for ligament of head of femur, 346
Placenta, 24, 108
 
formation of, 106
separation of, 107
septa, 109
 
sinus, marginal, of, 106, no
structure of, 108
Plagiocephalus, 270
Plane, intertubercular, 755
subcostal, 755
Plantar aponeurosis, 642
arch, 655, 657
artery, lateral, 655 , 657
medial, 654 , 657
ligament, long, 667
short, 667
nerve, lateral, 653
medial, 652
triangle, 650
Plantaris, 620
Planum temporale, 178
Plasmodi-trophoblast, 27
Plasmodium in embedding of ovum, 27
Platycnemism, 363
Platymeria, 354
Platyrhine skulls, 269
Platysma, 1175
Pleura, 1005
 
development of, 78, ion
lymphatics of, ion
reflection of, 1005
lines of, 1007
 
Pleural sacs, development of, 78
differences between, ion
Plexus, choroid, of fourth ventricle, 1492
of lateral ventricle, 1521
 
of inferior horn of, 1525
 
of nerves—
 
annularis, of cornea, 1645
aortic, 811
brachial, 429, 1193
buccal, 1275, 1277
cardiac, deep and superficial,
1046
 
carotid, internal, 1170
cervical, 1185
coccygeal, 531, 931
coeliac, 807, 809
coronary, 1048
diaphragmatic, 809
gastric, 809
hepatic, 809
hypogastric, 811, 922
infra-orbital, 1274, 1276
intra-epithelial, of eye, 1645
lumbar, 844
 
mesenteric, inferior, 811
superior, 809
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1757
 
 
Plexus of nerves ( continued )—
myenteric, 863, 869
oesophageal, 1043, 1087
ovarian, 811
parotid, 1273
patellar, 557
pelvic, 922
pharyngeal, 1329
phrenic, 809
pudendal, 929
pulmonary, 1043, 1045
renal, 809
sacral, 928
splenic, 809
 
subepithelial, of eye, 1645
of submucosa of small intestine, 863, 869
subsartorial, 558
subtrapezial, 399
suprarenal, 809
testicular, 811
tympanic, 1325
of veins—
 
dorsal, of foot, 610
of hand, 467
spinous, 1435
occipital, 1147
ovarian, 979
pampiniform, 738
prostatic, 952
pterygoid, 1308
suboccipital, 1152
vesical, 952
Plica fimbriata, 1343
 
semilunaris of conjunctiva, 1289,
1292
 
sublingualis, 1336
Plicae villosae, 858
Point, alveolar, 244, 268
auricular, 251, 268
jugal, 251, 268
mental, 244, 268
nasal, 240, 244, 268
occipital, 243, 268
pre-auricular, 1629
Rolandic, inferior, 1633
superior, 1633
subnasal, 244, 268
Sylvian, 1632
Polar bodies, 16, 17
Pollicis, abductor brevis, 493
longus, 505
adductor, 494, 496
dorsalis artery, 511
extensor brevis, 505
longus, 505
flexor brevis, 494
longus, 482, 496
opponens, 494
princeps artery, 487, 497
Pons of brain, 1444, 1468
hepatis, 775, 777
Pontine flexure, 57
Pontis, cisterna, 1609
Poto-bulbar body, 1584
 
 
Popliteal artery, 541, 546
 
genicular branches, 548
fascia, 546
fossa, 541, 545
groove, 352
lymphatic glands, 551
nerve, lateral, 550 , 931
Popliteal nerve, medial, 550 , 93 i
vein, 546, 549
Popliteus, 621
nerve to, 550
Porta hepatis, 775
Portal canals, 885
sinus, 816
vein, 816 , 885
Porus opticus, 1653
Position, formal, 3
Post-anal gut, 98
Post-auditory process, 193
Post-axial, definition, 5, 122
Post-glenoid tubercle, 183
Post-trematic nerves, 69
Pouch or pouches—
 
of epitympanic recess, 1681
perineal, 679
of Rathke, 87 , 206, 1171
recto-uterine, 966
recto-vesical, 918
vesico-uterine, 967
Praecuneus of brain, 1502
Pre-auricular, 1629
Pre-axial, definition, 5, 122
Precervical sinus, 67
Preglenoid tubercle, 186
Pregnancy, extra-uterine, 19
Pre-interparietal bone, 265
Prelaryngeal lymphatic glands, 1199,
1386
 
Premaxilla, 218, 277
Prepatellar bursa, 554, 640
rete, 548
 
Prepuce of clitoris, 695
of penis, 713
 
Pretracheal lymphatic glands, 1199, 1225
Pretrematic nerves, 69
Primitive jugular, 51, 1127
mesoderm, 26
oesophagus, 66
pharynx, 44, 65, 66
floor, 70
segments, 40
streak, 33 , 34
 
Princeps pollicis artery, 487, 497
Process or processes—
 
alveolar, of maxilla, 214
angular, medial, 181
articular, 139
 
auditory, external, of temporal, 194
clinoid, anterior and middle, 200, 261
posterior, 198, 261
condyloid, of mandible, 233
coracoid, 296
coronoid, of mandible, 232
of ulna, 312
 
costal, of cervical vertebrae, 128
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1758
 
 
INDEX
 
 
Process or processes ( continued )—
 
ethmoidal, of inferior nasal concha,
223
 
frontal, of maxilla, 214
of zygomatic, 220
infra-orbital, of zygomatic, 220
jugular, of occipital, 176 , 258
of lacrimal, descending, 222
 
of inferior nasal concha, 223
mamillary, 139
maxillary—
 
of inferior nasal concha, 223
of palatine, 226
of zygomatic, 220
nasal, of frontal, 181
odontoid, 131
orbital, of zygomatic, 219
palatine, of maxilla, 215
paroccipital, 176
petrosal, posterior, 198
post-auditory, 195
pterygoid, of sphenoid, 203
sphenoidal, of palatine, 227
spinous, of cervical vertebrae, 127
styloid, of fibula, 364
of radius, 309
of temporal, 194, 257
of ulna, 315
supracondylar, 302
temporal, of zygomatic, 220
transverse, of cervical vertebrae, 128
uncinate, of ethmoid, 210
of pancreas, 806
vaginal, of sphenoid, 198
of temporal, 192, 194
xiphoid, 163
 
zygomatic, of frontal, 181
of maxilla, 214
of temporal, 185
 
Processus cochleariformis, 193, 1675
reticularis of spinal cord, 1421
tubarius, 204
Proctodaeum, 698
Profunda brachial artery, 455
femoris artery, 584 , 588
Prognathous skulls, 244, 269
Projection of facial canal, 1674
fibres of cerebrum, 1565
Proligerus, discus, 18, 982
Promontory of middle ear, 1674
of sacrum, 144
Pronator quadratus, 482
teres, 469, 470
Prone, definition, 5
Pronephros, 92, 94 , 912
Pronucleus, female, 8, 16
male, 8
 
Pro-otic centre, 196
Prostate gland, 937
 
blood-supply of, 960
development of, 960
lymphatics of, 960
structure of, 959
Prostatic fissure, 937
sinus, 939
 
 
Prostatic utricle, 939
Prostomial mesoderm, 36
Protocardiac area, 34
Protoplasm, 8
. Protuberance, mental, 229
occipital, external, 172
internal, 174
 
Pseudo-ganglion. See Gangliform enlargement
Psoas major, 841
minor, 842
sheath, 839
 
Pterion, 180, 239, 253, 268, 1631
Pterotic centre, 196
Pterygoid canal, 204, 255, 263
artery of, 1308, 1362
nerve of, 1321, 1360
fissure, 203
fossa, 203, 257
hamulus, 204
muscle, lateral, 1302
medial, 1304
 
plates of sphenoid, 203, 204
development, 277
plexus of veins, 1308
processes, 203
tubercle of sphenoid, 204
Pterygo-mandibular ligament, 1181
Pterygo-maxillary fissure, 253
Pterygo-palatine canal, 227
fissure, 253
fossa, 254
 
Pterygo-spinous foramen, 203
ligament, 1181
Pubic angle, 339, 552
artery, 731
crest, 339, 552
guide to, 707
 
relation of structures at, 728
lymphatic glands, 558
symphysis, 992
tubercle, 339
 
guides to, 551, 706
Pubis, os, 339
 
Pubo-femoral ligament, 599
Pudendal arteries—
 
external, deep, 584
 
superficial, 548, 710
internal, 539, 686, 703, 925
accessory, 689
band, 929
canal, 688
nerve, 690, 704, 931
Pulmonary alveoli, 1028
groove of thorax, 166
orifice of heart, 1059
 
position of, 1064
outgrowth from foregut, 70, 77
valve of heart, 1059, 1064
Pulvinar of thalamus, 1537
Punctum lacrimale, 1289
Pupil, 1648
 
Pupillaris, membrana, 1652
Purkinje, cells of, i486
fibres of, 1070
 
 
/
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1759
 
 
Pyloric antrum, 760
glands, 859
sphincter, 857, 861
valve, 861
Pylorus, 861
 
position of, 761
Pyramid of cerebellum, 1480
of medulla, 1452 , 1470
of middle ear, 190, 1765
Pyramidal fibres in mid-brain, 1559
layer of cortex, 1562
lobe of thyroid, 1221
tract, 1565
 
Pyramids, decussation of, T451, T433
Pyriform fossa, 76, 1373, 1386
Pyriformis, 534, 948
 
Quadrate lobe of liver, 774
lobule of brain, 1502
Quadratus femoris, 535
 
nerve to, 540, 930
lumborum, 843
Quadriceps femoris, 572, 573
Quadrigemina, corpora, 1547
Quadrilateral space, 441
 
Radial artery, 473
 
first part, 474
 
recurrent branch of, 475
second part, 509
third part, 497
varieties of, 475, 498
nerve, 433
 
in arm, 459
 
cutaneous branches of, 433, 460,
467
 
in forearm, 475
 
muscular branches of, 433,
 
460, 461
vein, 450
 
Radiata, corona, 1515, I 53 1
of ovum, 14, 19
Radiatio corporis callosi, 1513
Radiation, auditory, 1568
callosal, 1568
optic, 1566, 1568
thalamic, 1567
Radius, 306
 
grooves of, 309
head of, 306
lines, 307
ossification of, 311
styloid process, 309
tubercle, dorsal, of, 309
tuberosity of, 307
Rami communicantes, 1635
in abdomen, 838
cervicales, 1189, 1206
in neck, 1334
in pelvis, 947
of pubis, 339
in thorax, 1104
 
Ramus descendens hypoglossi, 1205
of ischium, 338
of mandible, 231
 
 
Raphe, palpebral lateral, 1265
scrotal, 716
 
Rathke, pouch of, 87 , 206, 1171
Rays, medullary, of kidney, 901
Receptive cone, 21
Recess or recesses—
cochlear, 1683
elliptical, 1683
epitympanic, 1681
 
infundibular, of third ventricle, 1533
lateral, of fourth ventricle, 1489
optic, of third ventricle, 1533
peritoneal, duodenal, 791
duodeno-jejunal, 792
inguinal, 745
pararectal, 919
paravesical, 919
pericaecal, 792
sphero-ethmoidal, 1337
suprapineal, 1334
tubo-tympanic, 73
of the utricle, 1687
Rectal arteries, inferior, 963
middle, 925, 963
superior, 802, 963
pits, 961
 
Recti muscles of eyeball, 1249
Recto-uterine folds, 967
pouch, 966
 
Recto-vesical pouch, 918
Rectum, ampulla of, 944
blood-supply of, 963
development of, 965
female, 978
flexures of, 944
horizontal folds of, 961
lymphatics of, 964
male, 943
 
peritoneal relations of, 944
structure of, 960
Rectus abdominis, 726
sheath of, 727
capitis anterior, 1397
lateralis, 1397
posterior major, 1149
minor, 1150
femoris, 572
 
Recurrent artery, anterior tibial, 609
ulnar, 477
 
interosseous, posterior, 508
radial, 475
 
laryngeal nerve, 1044, 1045, 1330 ,
1395
 
Red nucleus, 1539, 1553
Reduction division, 14, 16, 17
Refracting media of eyeball, 1661
Reichert’s cartilage (of second arch), 74,
75, 273, 278
scar, 104
 
Reid, base line of, 1633
Renal artery, 827
 
sympathetic plexus, 809
vein, 828
 
Respiratory apparatus, development of,
1029
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1760
 
 
Rete, carpal, anterior, 478, 479 , 498
cords, 100, 752
olecranon, 479
prepatellar, 548
testis, 751
Retina, 1652
 
central artery of, 1260, 1658
ciliary part of, 1647
development of, 1667
fovea centralis, 1653, 1658
macula lutea, 1653, 1658
nerve cells of, 1660
optic disc, 1653
ora serrata, 1652, 1658
rods and cones layer, 1656
structure of, 1653
sustentacular fibres of, 1657
Retinaculum or retinacula—
of ankle, 601
extensor, of ankle, 603
of hand, 508
flexor, of ankle, 602
of hand, 493
of hip-joint, 393
patella, 629
peroneal, 601
 
Retro-pharyngeal space, 1179
Retro-pubic cellular tissue, 919
Retzius, cave of, 339
Rhinencephalon, 1512
Rhinion, 240, 244, 268
Rhombencephalon, 1451
Rhomboideus major, 401
minor, 401
 
Rhomboids, nerve to, 402, 430
Rib, first, 157
second, 158
Ribs, 154
 
development of, 59, 170
ossification of, 160
varieties, 159
Rider’s bone, 354
Ridge, pectoral, 300
 
pelvic, transverse, 101
supinator, of ulna, 314
teres, 300
 
Rima glottidis, 1388
Ring, femoral, 551, 566
guide to, 707
inguinal, deep, 735
 
guide to, 708
superficial, 551, 720
guide to, 707
Risorius, 1269
Rods of retina, 1656
Rolandic angle, 1633
points, 1633
Roof-plate, 53
Roots of spinal nerves, 1419
 
development of, 54
Rostrum of corpus callosum, 1514
Rotatores, 410
Rotunda, fossa, 1674
Rotundum, foramen, 201 , 255, 263
Rugarum, columnae, of vagina, 986
 
 
Sac, lacrimal, 1293
 
development of, 1294
peritoneal, greater, 786, 789
lesser, 785, 790
 
opening into, 790
Saccule of internal ear, 1688
of larynx, 1387
 
Sacculus endolymphaticus, 1688
Sacral groove, 153
 
nerves, posterior rami, 528, 530
plexus, 928
spina bifida, 154
Sacro-spinous ligament, 991
Sacro-tuberous ligament, 542, 990
Sacro-vertebral angle, 15T
Sacrum, 144
alae, 148
apex, 148
canal of, 148
ossification, 149
promontory of, 144
sexual characteristics, 149
varieties, 148
Sagittal line, 1630
suture, 237, 1630
 
Saphenous branch of descending genicular
artery, 587, 589
nerve, 557
 
opening, 551, 552, 561
guide to, 707
vein, long, 559, 600
short, 600, 615
Sartorius, 568
Sauropsida, 23, 33
Scala tympani, 1689
vestibuli, 1689
Scalene tubercle, 157
Scalenus anterior, 1235
medius, 1236
posterior, 1236
Scalp, anterior part of, 1153
fascia of, 1153
 
superficial veins and nerves of, 1153'
as a whole, 1162
Scansorius, 534
Scaphocephalus, 270
Scaphoid bone, 316
 
ossification of, 322
tubercle of, 316, 332
fossa of auricle, 1295
of sphenoid, 204
Scapula, 292
 
acromion, 296
coracoid process, 296
glenoid cavity, 294
ossification, 298
spine, 295
varieties, 298
Scapular anastomosis, 441
circumflex artery, 427
ligaments, 445
Schindylesis, 242 , 394
Sciatic band, 929
 
nerve, 540, 544, 931
notch, greater, 340
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1761
 
 
Sciatic notch, lesser, 340
Sclera, 1642
Scrotum, 715
 
arteries of, 717
development of, 700, 717
lymphatics of, 717
nerves of, 717
septum, 716
skin of, 716
 
structures forming wall, 716
Segmentation, 40
cavity, 24
 
in archenteron, 38
cells, 21, 22
nucleus, 21
in ovum, 21
 
Sella turcica of sphenoid, 197, 261
Sellae, diaphragma, 1163, 1603
Semicircular canals, 1684
ducts, 1688
 
Semicircularis stria, 1532
Semilunar cartilages of knee, 632
tract of cord, 1430
Semilunaris, hiatus, 1357
Semimembranosus, 543
Seminal vesicles, 936
 
blood-supply of, 959
development of, 959
lymphatics of, 959
structure of, 958
Seminiferous tubules 752
Semispinalis capitis, 407
cervicis, 408
thoracis, 408
Septum of clitoris, 694
ilio-pectineal, 856
linguae, 1346
lucidum, 1518
of nose, 248
 
formation of, 85
of penis, 953
primum, 1075
* secundum, 1076
 
transversum, 46, 78, 79
of ear, 1688
 
Serial homology, 6, 41, 122
Serosa, 32
 
Serrata, ora, of retina, 1652, 1658
Serratus anterior, 401, 434
posterior, inferior, 403
superior, 402
 
Sesamoid bones, foot, 386
 
gastrocnemius, 618
great toe, 648
hand, 329
patella, 574
 
in peroneus longus, 617
thumb, 494
 
in tibialis posterior, 623
Sheath, axillary, 429
carotid, 1207
femoral, 565 , 568
of Hertwig, 287
of rectus, 727
 
Shoulder-girdle generalized, 298
 
 
Shoulder-joint, 4&1
ligaments of, 461
Sigmoid groove of temporal, 188
sinus, 1606
 
guide to, 1632
Sino-atrial node, 1070
Sinus, annularis, 1124
basilar, 1607
cavernous, 1169, 1606
cervicalis, 1377
circular, 1606
of epididymis, 748
ethmoidal, 210
frontal, 184
of larynx, 1387
marginal, 1606
 
of placenta, 106, no
maxillary, 217
of Morgagni, 1370
occipital, 1606
 
guide to, 1631
petrosal, inferior, 1607
superior, 1606
 
petro-squamosal, of foetus, 241
petro-squamous, 1607
portal, 816
precervical, 67
prostatic, 939
sagittal, inferior, 1604
superior, 1603
 
guide to, 1631
sigmoid, 1606
 
guide to, 1632
spheno-parietal, 1606
straight, 1605
tarsi, 370, 390
tonsillaris, 1355
transverse, 1605
guide to, 1631
of pericardium, 1018
tympani, 1674
uro-genital, 99
venosus, 46, 52, 90, 1124
sclerae, 1645
 
Sinuses of dura mater, 1163, 1603
paranasal, 250
Sinusoids, 1125
Skeleton, 113
 
general principles, 122
Skull at birth, 265
 
deformities of, 269
development of, 270
of female, 267
racial peculiarities of, 268
sexual characters, 267
as a whole, 237
Smegma, prseputii, 713
Snuff-box, anatomical, 484
Sockets of mandible, 231
of maxilla, 214
Sole of foot, 641
Soleal line, 361
Soleus, 619
 
Solitarius, fasciculus, 1625, 1626
nucleus of, 1619, 1625
 
 
in
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1762
 
 
INDEX
 
 
Solitary lymphatic nodules, 868
Somatopleure, 40
Somites, mesodermal, 40
Space or spaces—
 
interglobular, 285
intervillous, 105, 108
of irido-corneal angle, 1645
middle palmar, 492
perivitelline, 14
quadrilateral, 441
retropharyngeal, 1179
suprasternal, 1179
thenar, 492
triangular, 441
zonular, 1664
Spermatic cord, 736
 
coverings of, 739
fascia, external, 739
internal, 739
 
Spermatids, 12, 14, 16, 752
Spermatocytes, 13 , 1 7 > 752
Spermatogenesis, 13, 14
Spermatozoa, 8 , 12 , 14. 752
Sphenodon, 302
Spheno-ethmoidal plate, 90
recess, 1357
 
Spheno-mandibular ligament, 234, 1181,
1316
 
Spheno-palatine artery, 1308, 1361
foramen, 255
ganglion, 1320
nerves, 1322, 1338, 1361
notch, 228
Sphenoid bone, 197
lingula, 200
openings in, 204
ossification of, 205
spine of, 201, 257
 
ethmoidal, of, 197
varieties 205
wing, greater, 201
lesser, 200
Sphenoidal air-cells, 199
chonchae, 204
crest, 199
 
process of palatine, 227
Sphincter ani externus, 675
internus, 961, 963
pupillae, 1650, 1652
pyloric, 857, 861
vesicae, 950
 
Spinal arteries, anterior, 1434, 1447, 1575
posterior, 1434, 1447, 1575
cord, 1410
cauda equina, 1417
caudal end of, 1440
central canal of, 1422
columns of, 1418
commissures of, 1418
conus medullaris, 1416
development of, 53, 1436
enlargements of, 1416
fibres, association of, 1425
filum terminale of, 1417
grey matter of, 1420
 
 
Spinal arteries, growth of, 1442
horns of, 1421, 1422
ligamenta denticulata of, 1415
meninges of, 1410
nerve fibres of, course of, 1426
processus reticularis, 1421
sections of, 1423
structure of, internal, 1420
minute, 1424
sulci of, 1418
surfaces of, 1420
tracts of, 1429
white matter of, 1423, 1426
ganglia, 1419, 1428
groove, 397
nerves, 1418
 
origin of, 1418
 
relation of vertebrae to, 1420
posterior primary rami of, 411,
1419
 
roots of, 1419
Spinalis, 406
 
thoracis, 406
Spindle, 10
Spine or spines —
definition, 115
ethmoidal, of sphenoid, 197
iliac, anterior, 334, 335, 551, 707
posterior, 335
of ischium, 338
 
nasal, anterior, of maxilla, 221
of frontal, 181
posterior, 225
of scapula, 295
of sphenoid, 201, 257
suprameatal, 187
Spino-glenoid ligament, 445
notch, 294
 
Spino-thalamic tract, 1432
Spino-umbilical lines, 707
Spiral ganglion, 1694
 
groove of humerus, 300
organ, 1691
Spireme, 10
 
Splanchnic ganglion, 1105
nerves, pelvic, 930, 947
thoracic, 1105
Splanchnopleure, 41
Spleen, 768
 
accessory, 771
 
component parts, connections and
position of, 768
development of, 81, 897
ligaments of, 771, 789
lymphatic nodules of, 896
lymphatics of, 897
nerves of, 897
peritoneal relations of, 771
structure of, 895
Splendens, linea, 1415
“ Splenic dulness, area of, 771
sympathetic plexus, 809
Splenium of corpus callosum, 1514
Splenius, 404
capitis, 404
 
 
/
 
/
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
i 7 6 3
 
 
Splenius cervicis, 404
Spongioblasts, 54
Spongioplasm, 8
Squamo-mastoid suture, 241
Squamosal suture, 239, 1631
Squamo-tympanic fissure, 1673
Stapedius, 1680
Stapes, 1679
 
development of, 75, 1679
Stellate ganglion, 1104
Stephanion, 251, 268
Sternal angle, 162, 1013
plate, 170
Sternalis, 420
Sternebrae, 161
Sterno-clavicular joint, 443
Sterno-costalis, 1002
Sterno-hyoid, 1201
Sterno-mastoid, 1145, 1182
Sterno-pericardial ligaments, 1018
Sterno-thyroid, 1201
Sternum, 160
 
angle of, 162
body,162
 
development of, 164, 170
foramen of, 164, 171
manubrium, 161
ossification of, 164
sexual characteristics, 164
varieties, 163
xiphoid process, 163
Stomach, 758
 
blood-supply of, 860
component parts, connections and
position of, 758
curvatures of, 759
development of, 79, 862
divisions of, 760
gastro-phrenic ligament, 789
gastro-splenic ligament, 789
glands of, 858
lymphatics of, 860
nerves of, 860
orifices of, 760
peritoneal relations of, 761
structure of, 856
topography of, 761
trigone or uncovered area of, 761
Stomodaeum, 46, 81, 1339
Straight sinus, 1605 ,
 
Stratum cinereum, 1550
granulosum, 1570
laciniosum, 1569
lemnisci, 1550
opticum, 1550, 1564
radiatum, 1569
zonale, 155°
 
Stria longitudinalis and medialis, 1510,
 
1513, 1514
 
Striae, auditory, 1471, 1489, 1620
habenulae, 1534, 1541
Striatum, corpus, 1526
Strio-frontal fibres, 1529
Stylo-glossus, 1232
Stylo-hyal, 75, 197
 
 
Stylo-hyoid ligament, 1232
muscle, 1228
 
Stylo-mandibular ligament, 1181, 1317
Stylo-mastoid foramen, 192
Stylo-pharyngeus, 1323
Styloid, definition of, 115
pr^pess of fibula, 364
of radius, 309
of temporal, 194, 257
of ulna, 315
 
Subacromial bursa, 436, 464
Subanconeus, 459
Subarachnoid space of brain, 1608
of spinal cord, 1413
Subarcuate fossa, 191, 264
Subcallosal gyrus, 1514
Subclavian artery, 1237
 
development of, 1240
left, first part of, 1240
in thorax, 1040
right, first part of, 1237
second part of, 1240
third part of, 1191
 
guide to, 1192
 
groove, 290
triangle, 1190
vein, 1192, 1244
Subclavius, 421
 
nerve to, 431, 1195
Subcostal angle, 165
line, 755
nerve, 728, 849
 
lateral cutaneous branch of, 531,
728
 
plane, 755
 
Subdural space of brain, 1599, 1608
of spinal cord, 1412
Sublingua, 1343
Sublingual artery, 1216
ducts, 1235
fossa, 230
gland, 1234
 
development of, 1235
Submandibular duct, 1233
fossa, 230
ganglion, 1315
gland, 1233
 
development of, 1234
lymphatic glands, 1198
triangle, 1196
 
Submental lymphatic glands, 1199, 1203
triangle, 1202
Subnasal fossa, 244
point, 244, 268
 
Suboccipital nerve, 1141, 1153
region, 1149
triangle, 1150
venous plexus, 1152
Subpubic angle, 344
arch, 344
 
Subsartorial canal, 580
plexus, 558
 
Subscapular artery, 427
nerves, 431
Subscapularis, 440
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1764
 
Substance, perforated, anterior, 1445, 1511
posterior, 1445, 1561
Substantia ferruginea, 1491
 
gelatinosa, 1421, 1426, 1459
nigra, 1539, 1560
reticularis of medulla, 1458
Subthalamic nuclei, 1540
region, 1539
tegmental region, 1558
Subtrapezial plexus, 399
Suctorial pad of fat, 1270, 1337
Sulcus, callosal, 1507
central, 1495
centralis insulae, 1506
cingulate, 1496
circular, 1497
ethmoidal, of nose, 221
fimbrio-dentate, 1509
frontal, 1498
hypothalamic, 1533
interaminar, 54
intermedius, 759
intraparietal, 1500
lateralis, of mid-brain, 1551
occipital, lateral, 1503
transverse, 1503
occipito-temporal, 1505
oculo-motor, 1551
olfactorius, 214
olfactory, 1498
orbital, 1498
postcentral, 1500
 
postero-lateral, of spinal cord, 1418
precentral, 1500
sagittal, 181
temporal, 1505
 
terminalis, of right atrium, 1052
of tongue, 1342
tympanic, 1673
Superciliary arch, 181
Supination, 5
 
Supinator ridge of ulna, 314
Supracallosal gyrus, 1514
Supraclavicular branches of brachial
plexus, 430, 1194 *
 
nerves, 412, 1144
 
Supracondylar process of humerus, 302
Suprahyoid muscles, 1227
region, 1202
Supramastoid crest, 185
Suprameatal spine, 187
triangle, 187, 1682
Supra-occipital bone, 275
Supra-orbital artery, 1154, 1260
foramen, 244
margin, 181
 
nerve, 1153, 1254, 1276
notch, 181, 247
vein, 1154
 
Suprapatellar tendon, 574
Suprapineal recess, 1534
Suprapleural membrane, 1007, 1246
Suprarenal glands, 823
 
blood-supply of, 898
development of, 899
 
 
Suprarenal glands, lymphatics of, 898
nerves of, 899
structure of, 897
plexus, 809
 
Suprascapular artery, 402, 438, 1193, 1243
nerve, 431, 438, 1195
notch, 294
vein, 1193
 
Supraspinatus, 437
 
Suprasternal bones, 165
 
branch of suprascapular atrery, 438,
 
1243
 
notch, 162
space, 1179
 
Supratrochlear arteries,—
of brachial, 456
ophthalmic, 1154, 1261
nerve, 1154, 1254, 1276
vein, 1154
 
Sural cutaneous arteries, 548
nerve, 550, 616
 
communicating, 551
 
Suspensoria, ligamenta, of mammary
gland, 414
 
Suspensory ligament of lens, 1664
of penis, 713
 
Sustentacular cells of testis, 14, 752
fibres of retina, 1657
 
Sustentaculum hepatis, 789
lienis, 767
tali, 371, 388
 
Sutural bones, 180, 237, 265
 
Sutures, 237, 394
closure of, 240
coronal, 238
frontal, 238
fronto-maxillary, 240
fronto-nasal, 240
fronto-parietal, 239
fronto-squamosal, 240
harmonic, 394
intermaxillary, 240
internasal, 240
interpalatine, 241
lambdoid, 237
limbous, 238
maxillo-maxillary, 255
metopic or frontal, 238
naso-maxillary, 240
occipito-mastoid, 237
palato-maxillary, 241
parieto-mastoid, 238
petro-basilar, 242
petro-sphenoid, 241
petro-squamosal, 241
premaxillary, 216, 218
sagittal, 237, 1630
schindylesis, 242, 394
serrated, 394
spheno-parietal, 239
spheno-squamosal, 240
squamo-mastoid, 240
squamosal, 239, 1631
zygomatico-maxillary, 240
zygomatico-temporal, 240
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1765
 
 
Sylvian line, 1632
point, 1632
 
Sympathetic ganglia, 1635
 
cervical, inferior, 1335
middle, 1334
superior, 1333
 
plexuses. See Nerves or Plexus
system, 1410, 1635
trunk in abdomen, 838
in neck, 1335
in pelvis, 946
in thorax, 1104
Symphysis of mandible, 229
pubis, 992
 
Synapsis in reduction division, 18
Synchondroses, 242
 
petro-occipital, 242
spheno-occipital, 242
spheno-petrosal, 242
Syndesmosis, 392
Synovia, 393
Synovial bursae, 395
joints, 393
membrane, 393, 395
 
of ankle-joints, 663
of elbow-joint, 519
of hip-joint, 595
of knee-joint, 553, 634
of radio-ulnar joint, 520
inferior, 521
superior, 520
of shoulder-joint, 463
of tibio-fibular joint, 659
superior, 659
of wrist-joint, 523
sheaths at ankle, 602, 603 ^ .
 
of biceps tendon, 465
of extensor tendons of hand, 509
of flexor digitorum longus, 622
hallucis longus, 624
tendons in hand, 491
of toes, 646
of hand, 490
palmar, great, 332
of peroneal tendons, 617
of tibialis posterior, 623
at wrist, 490
 
Taeniae coli, 768
Tali-sustentaculum, 371, 388
Talo-calcaneal joint, 664
Talo-calcaneo-navicular joint, 665
Talus, 367
 
ossification of, 378
os trigonum of, 370
varieties of, 370
Tapetum of choroid, 1647
 
of corpus callosum, 1515
Tarsal arteries, 612
tunnel, 370, 390
Tarso-metatarsal joints, 669
Tarsus, 367
 
of conjunctiva, 1290
varieties of, 378
as a whole, 378
 
 
Taste-buds, 1347
 
Tectoria, membrana, of occipital joint,
1407
 
of spiral organ, 1693
Teeth, 278
 
auditory, 1691
canine, 280
development of, 285
eruption of, 282, 288
incisor, 279
molar, 280
premolar, 280
present at birth, 288
sockets of, 214, 231
structure of, 283
temporary or milk, 282
Tegmen tympani, 187, 189, 263, 1674
Tegmentum of brain, 1552
Tela choroidea of fourth ventricle, 1492*
1610
 
of third ventricle, 1553, 1610
Telencephalon, 1493
Telolecithal eggs, 25
Telophase, 11
 
Temporal arteries, deep, 1307
 
artery, superficial, 1158
bone, 184
 
mastoid portion of, 187
process of, 187
ossification of, 195
petrous portion of, 188
squamous portion of, 185
structure of, 195
styloid process, 194, 257
varieties, 195
zygomatic process, 185
fascia, 1161
fossa, 251
 
gyn of cerebrum, 1505
line, 178
 
lobe of cerebrum, 1504
nerves, deep, 1309, 1311
pole of cerebrum, 1444
process of zygomatic, 220
region, 1153
sula of cerebrum, 1505
vein, superficial, 1159
veins, deep, 1308
Temporalis, 1302
 
Tendinous intersections of rectus abdominis, 726
 
Tendo calcaneus, 599, 619
Tendon, conjoint, 725
suprapatellar, 574
Tensor fasciae latae, 570
palati, 1353, 1378
tympani, 1680
 
Tentorium cerebelli, 1163, 1602, 1633
development of, 90
Teres major, 439
minor, 438
ridge, 300
 
Terminale, filum, of cord, 1417
Terms, embryological, 4
position, 2
 
 
 
 
1766
 
 
INDEX
 
 
Testicular artery, 738, 829
plexus, 811
vein, 829, 830
Testis, 749
 
abnormal positions of, 104, 743
descent of, 103, no, 739
development of, 100, 752
lymphatics of, 750
structure of, 750
Thalamencephalon, 58
Thalamic radiation, 1539, 1567
Thalamo-frontal fibres, 1529
Thalamo-striate fibres, 1529
Thalamus, 1535
 
connections of, 1539
development of, 58, 1539
pulvinar of, 1537
structure of, 1538
Theca folliculi, 982
 
of spinal cord, 1410
Thenar space, 492
Theories of nerve growth, 55
Thoracic artery, alar, 427
lateral, 427
superior, 426
cavity, 1002
 
contents of, 1002
diameters of, 1114, 1115
duct, abdominal part of, 838
cervical part of, 1246
cisterna chyli, 838, 1100
thoracic part of, 1100
vertebras, 134
wall, 994
Thorax, 165
 
apertures of, 165
boundaries of, 165
in different animals, 78
sexual characteristics, 167
as a whole, 165
Thymus, 1019
 
in adult, 1019
development of, 76, 1020
structure of, 1020
Thyro-arytenoideus, 1392
Thyro-epiglottic ligament, 1380
Thyro-epiglotticus, 1392, 1394
Ihyro-glossal duct, 1222
Thyro-hyals, 236
Thyro-hyoid arch, 278
ligaments, 1384
membrane, 1384
muscle, 1201
 
Thyroid artery, inferior, 1242
superior, 1213, 1242
cartilage, 1380
 
development of, 1381
gland, 1204, 1220
accessory, 1221
blood-supply of, 1221
development of, 70, 76, 1222
pyramidal lobe of, 1221
structure, 1222
veins, 1222, 1215, 1245
Ihyroidea ima artery, 1038, 1204, 1221
 
 
Tibia, 357
 
condyles of, 357
crest of, 359
head of, 357
 
retroverted, 363
intercondylar eminence, 358
medial malleolus, 361
guide to, 599
notch, fibular, 363
ossification of, 363
pressure (squatting) facet, 363
shaft, 359
structure, 363
torsion of shaft, 363
tubercle of, 357, 553
guide to, 598
varieties of, 363
Tibial artery, anterior, 607
guide to, 599
posterior, 624
 
guide to, 599
nerve, anterior, 610, 614
posterior, 627
recurrent arteries, 609
Tibialis anterior, 602
posterior, 622
 
Tibio-fibular joints, 659, 660
Tomes, fibres of, 284
Tongue, 1342
 
arteries of, 1347
development of, 72, 1348
lymphatics of, 1347
mucous membrane of, 1343
muscles of, intrinsic, 1346
nerves of, 1347
veins of, 1347
 
Tonsil, naso-pharyngeal, 1373
Tonsils, 1354
 
development of, 76
structure of, 1355
Tooth, structure of, 283
Topography, cranio-cerebral, 1629
Torticollis, 1183
 
Torus occipitalis transversus, 177
palatinus, 216, 1338
Trabeculae carneae, 1056
Trachea, cervical part of, 1223, 1224
development of, 77, 1226
lymphatics of, 1225
thoracic part of, 1085
Tracheotomy, 1205
Tract, arcuate, 1464
 
cortico-thalamic, 1566
fronto-pontine, 1529, 1566
fronto-striate, 1529
fronto-thalamic, 1529
ilio-tibial, 560
 
mamillo-thalamic, 1517, 1543
olfactory, 1445, 1511, 157°
olivo-cerebellar, 1484
 
optic, 1445, 1545
 
pallido-rubro-olivary, 1556
pyramidal, 1565
strio-thalamic, 1529
temporo-pontine, 1566
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1767
 
 
Tract, trigemino-thalamic, 1615
 
vago-glosso-pharyngeal, ascending
thalamic, 1627
 
Tracts of spinal cord. See also Fasciculi
cerebro-spinal, anterior, 1431
lateral, 1430
intersegmental, 1431
olivo-spinal, 1432
ponto-spinal, 1464
rubro-spinal, 1432, 1553
semilunar, 1430
spino-cerebellar, dorsal, 1432
ventral, 1432
spino-thalamic, 1432
spino-tectal, 1433
 
tecto-spinal, 1432, 1464. 1353. 1555
vestibulo-spinal, 1431
Tractus spiralis foraminosus, 1686
Tragicus, 1296
Transversalis fascia, 733
Transverse carpal joints, 525
ligament of atlas, 1405
of foot, deep, 671
of hip-joint, 595
of knee-joint, 633
of palm, deep, 526
of perinaeum, 682
of shoulder-joint, 453, 463
of tibio-fibular joint, inferior, 660
pelvic ridge, 101
processes, development of, 59
sinus of dura mater, 1605
of pericardium, 1018
 
development of, 90
Transversus abdominis, 724
nuchae, 1145
 
perinaei, superficialis, 678
Trapezium, 318
crest of, 319
groove of, 319, 333
ossification of, 322
of pons, 1470, 1620
Trapezius, 398
 
cervical portion of, 1144
Trapezoid bone, 319
 
ossification of, 322
line, 290, 297
 
Trapezoides, corpus, of cerebellum, 1484
Triangle or triangles—
 
anterior, of neck, 1196
of auscultation, 400
Bryants’, 552
carotid, of neck, 1196
digastric, of neck, 1198
femoral, 552, 563
inguinal, 708, 736
of Lesser, 1228
lumbar, 400, 708, 772
muscular, of neck, 1196
occipital, of neck, 1184
perineal, deep, 682
plantar, 650
posterior, of neck, 1183
subclavian, of neck, 1190
submandibular, 1196
 
 
Triangle or triangles ( continued )—submental, 1202
suboccipital, 1150
suprameatal, 187
vagal, 1490
 
Triangular spaces (shoulder), 441
Triceps brachii, 458, 501
Tricuspid orifice, 1057
 
position of, 1064
valve, 1057
 
Trigeminal ganglion, 1167
impression, 189, 263
nerve. See Cranial nerves
Trigone, external, of bladder, 934
internal, of bladder, 951
Trigonocephaly, 270
Trigonum, habenulae, 1541
olfactorium, 1511
Trilaminar blastoderm, 34
Triquetral bone, 317
 
ossification of, 322
Trochanter, definition, 115
greater, 346, 529
guide to, 552
lesser, 348
third, 354
 
Trochanteric anastomosis, 585
fossa, 348
 
Trochlea, definition, 115
of humerus, 304
Trochlear fossa, 183, 245, 1251
notch of ulna, 312
Trophoblast, 26, 27, 28
Tubal pregnancy, 19
Tube, pharyngo-tympanic, 1378
 
development of, 73, 1378
muscles connected with, 1378
uterine, 971
 
development of, 987
Tuber cinereum, 1445, 1544
 
development of, 58, 1589
omentale, of liver, 774
of pancreas, 807
valvulae, 1480
 
Tubercle, adductor, 350, 354, 553
amygdaloid, 1524
anterior, of thalamus, 1537
articular, of temporal, 185
auricular, 1295
carotid, 134, 1172
condylar, 235
conoid, 289
cuneate, 1455
dorsal, of radius, 309
of epiglottis, 1380
of fifth metacarpal, 327
genial, 230
hyoid, 235
infraglenoid, 294
mental, 229
of palatine, 226
peroneal, 372, 388
pharyngeal, 174
post-glenoid, 185
pre-glenoid, 186
 
 
 
1768
 
 
INDEX
 
 
Tubercle, pterygoid, 204
pubic, 339, 551, 706
quadrate, 350
of rib, 156
scalene, 157
of scaphoid, 316, 332
of talus, 368
of tibia, 357, 553, 598
vestibular, 1491
Tuberculum impar, 70
sellae, 197
 
Tuberosity of calcaneum, 370
deltoid, 300
gluteal, 350
 
greater, of humerus, 299
of ischium, 338, 529
lesser, of humerus, 300
of maxilla, 213
of navicular, 373, 388
of radius, 307
of ulna, 312
 
Tubo-tympanic recess, 73
Tubules, seminiferous, 752
uriniferous, 901
Tunica albuginea, 750
vaginalis, 748
vasculosa, 750
Tympani, sinus, 1674
Tympanic annulus, 1672
antium, 188, 1681
canaliculus, 191, 258
cavity, 1673
membrane, 1675
 
arterial supply, 1677
nerves of, 1677
secondary, 1677
structure of, 1676
part of temporal, 194, 195
ring, 195
sulcus, 1673
 
Tympano-hyal, 75, 197, 276
Tympano-mastoid fissure, 192
Tympanum, 1673
arteries of, 1683
 
development of, 73, 74, 75, 1696
mucous membrane of, 1681
muscles of, 1680
nerves of, 1325, 1400
ossicles of, 1678
 
ligaments of, 1679
movements of, 1680
Typical, definition of, 6
 
Ulna, 312
 
beak, 312
 
coronoid process, 312
oblique line, 314
olecranon, 312
ossification, 315
radial notch, 313
shaft, 313
structure of, 315
styloid process, 315
supinator ridge, 314
trochlear notch, 313
 
 
Ulnar artery, 475
 
first part, 476
 
recurrent branches of, 477
second part, 480
third part, 487
varieties, 479, 498
collateral artery, 456
nerve, 433
nerve, 432
 
in arm, 458
 
cutaneous branches of, 448, 466,
499
 
deep division of, 499
digital branches of, 499
dorsal branch of, 467
in forearm, 480
in hand, 499
 
palmar cutaneous branch of, 466,
 
477 .
 
vein, anterior, 451
posterior, 451
U-loop, 62, 64, 875
Ultimo-branchial body, 76
Umbilical cord, 65, 105, 108, 110
hernia, 748
notch of liver, 756
sac with gut, 62
vessels, 51, 923, 1083
zone of abdomen, 755
subdivisions of, 755
Umbilicus, 63, 65, 705
Umbo, 1676
 
Uncinate process of ethmoid, 210
of pancreas, 806
Uncus of brain, 1507
Urachus, 65, 933
Ureter in abdomen, 822, 907
blood-supply of, 909
development of, 95, 910
lymphatics of, 909
nerves of, 909
structure of, 908
varieties, 823
Urethra, female; 978
 
development of, 988
external orifice of, 978
lymphatics of, 988
male, 938
 
bulb of, 941
development of, 956
external orifice of, 938
lymphatics of, 942
membranous part of, 940
prostatic part of, 939
spongy part of, 941
structure of, 940, 941, 942
Urethral crest, 939
glands, 942
 
Uriniferous tubules, 901
structure of, 901
summary of, 903
 
Uro-genital division of perinseum—
female, 692
male, 677
sinus, 99, 700
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1769
 
 
Uterine tube, 971
 
development of, 987
fimbriae, 972
lymphatics of, 983
ostia, 972
structure of, 982
Uterus, 972
 
anteflexion of, 975
anteversion of, 975
at birth, 977
body of, 973
 
cavity of, 976
broad ligament of, 968
cervix of, 973
 
arbor vitae of, 977
canal of, 976
development of, 101, 987
fundus of, 973
glands of, 985
gravid, 104
 
iigamentum teres of, 968
lymphatics of, 986
parametrium, 974
position of, 974
relations, general, of, 974
peritoneal, 974
structure of, 983
varieties of, 977
Utricle of internal ear, 1687
prostatic, 939
Uvula of cerebellum, 1480
of soft palate, 1350
vesicae, 951
 
Uvulae, musculus, 1352
 
Vagina, 977
 
arteries of, 986
development of, 101, 987
fornices of, 974
lymphatics of, 986
orifice, external, of, 695
structure of, 986
Vaginal process, 741
 
abnormal conditions of, 743
metamorphosis of, 742
of sphenoid bone, 198
of temporal bone, 192, 194, 257
vestige of, 969
 
Vagus nerve. See Cranial nerves
Valentin, ganglion of, 1320
Vallecula of cerebellum, 1479
cerebri, 1444, 1495
of tongue, 1343, 13 80
Value of anatomy in medicine, 1
Valve or valves—
anal, 962
aortic, 1062
of coronary sinus, 1055
of Gerlach, 872
of Guerin, 942
ileo-colic, 873
mitral, 1061
pulmonary, 1059, 1064
pyloric, 861
spiral, 890
 
 
I Valve, tricuspid, 1057
Valvulae, tuber, 1480
Valvule of Guerin, 942
Variable terms, descriptive, 4
Varieties of joints, 394
Vas aberrans of brachial artery, 456, 475
deferens, 757
 
ampulla of, 935
blood-supply of, 738
development of, 100, 102, 753
pelvic portion of, 935
structure, of 737
Vasa recta, false, of kidney, 905
Vastus intermedius, 573
lateralis, 572
medialis, 573
 
Vegetative pole of ovum, 25
Veins—
 
auricular, posterior, 1161, 1219
axillary, 428, 451
azygos. See Vena azygos
basilar, 1521, 1579
basilic, 450, 451
median, 450
of brain, 1578
bronchial, 1029, 1091
capsular, of liver, 885
cardiac, 1065, 1066
cardinal, 51, 92, 1127
central, of liver, 885
cephalic, 450, 451
median, 450
cerebellar, 1579
cerebral, 1578
 
anterior, 1521
deep middle, 1521
superficial middle, 1578
cervical, deep, 1149
 
transverse, 1193, 1245
chorionic, 51
choroid, 1521, 1578
clitoris, dorsal, of, 704
condylar, emissary, 1608
coronary sinus, 1065
of corpus striatum, 1521, 1578
cystic, 815, 891
 
development of principal veins, 1123
digital, of foot, 644
hand, 467
diploic, 1154, 1601
dorsal plexus of foot, 610
of hand, 467
emissary, 1608
epigastric, inferior, 731
superficial, 712
superior, 731
 
extraspinal, anterior, 1435
facial, anterior, 1218, 1280
common, 1218
deep, 1308
transverse, 1281
femoral, 563, 589
cutaneous, 559
profunda, 589
frontal, diploic, 1601
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX
 
 
1770
 
 
Veins [continued )—
gastric, left, 813
gastro-epiploic, left, 813
right, 815
 
gluteal, inferior, 538
superior, 536
hepatic, 885
 
iliac, circumflex, deep, 732
common, 852
external, 854
internal, 927
infra-orbital, 1282
innominate, 1031, 1032
development, 927
intercostal, 999
anterior, 999
collateral, 999, 1094
posterior, 999, 1094
superior, 1094
intralobular, of liver, 885
intraspinal, 1435
jugular, anterior, 1175
arch, 1175
external, 1x76
internal, 1211
 
posterior, external, 1148, 1178
primitive, 51, 92
lingual, 1217
lumbar, 848
 
ascending, 839, 848
mammary, internal, 1001
mastoid, emissary, 1608
maxillary, 1308
median, 448
deep, 450
meningeal, 1601
mental, 1283
mesenteric, inferior, 802
superior, 798
nasal arch, 1154
emissary, 1608
 
oblique, of left atrium, 1052, 1066
occipital, 1148
diploic, 1601
emissary, 1148, 1608
ophthalmic, 1261
ovarian, 830, 979
plexus, 979
 
palpebral, lateral, 1281
pampiniform plexus, 738
pancreatico-duodenal, superior, 815
parietal emissary, 1147, 1608
parumbilical, 712, 789
penis, dorsal, of, 714
pharyngeal, descending, 1220
phrenic, 827
popliteal, 549
portal, 816, 885, 886
prepyloric, 815
prostatic plexus, 952
pudendal, internal, 689
pulmonary, 1028, 1043
radial, 450
 
rectal, inferior, 698, 964
middle, 964
 
 
Veins ( continued )—
 
rectal, superior, 964
renal, 828
sacral, median, 946
saphenous, long, 559, 600
short, 615
 
of spinal cord, 1436
spinous plexus, dorsal, 1435
splenic, 813
 
subcardinal, 1132, 1133
subclavian, 1192, 1244
subcostal, 848, 1098
sublobular, of liver, 885
suboccipital plexus, 1152
supracardinal, 1132, 1133
supra-orbital, 1154
suprarenal, 827
suprascapular, 1193, 1245
supratrochlear, 1154
temporal, diploic, anterior, 1601
superficial, 1159
testicular, 738, 829, 830
thyroid, 1222
 
inferior, 1245
superior, 1215
ulnar, anterior, 451
posterior, 451
umbilical, 51, 92, 1083
uterine, 980
vaginal, 980
 
of liver, 885
of vas deferens, 738
vertebral, 1244
 
anterior, 1245
 
4 vitelline, 46, 63, 79, 91, 1124
Veli frenulum, 1485, 1548
Velum, medullary, inferior, 1485, 1491
superior, 1485, 1491
Vena azygos, 839, 1096
 
cava, inferior, 830, 1033
 
development of, 92, 1133
tributaries of, 831
superior, 1032
 
development of, 92, 1130
comitans hypoglossi, 1217
hemiazygos, inferior, 839, 1097
superior, 1097
magna cerebri, 1521
Venae advehentes, 1125
comites, brachial, 455
 
pudendal, internal, 689
radial, 474
tibial, anterior, 608
posterior, 624
ulnar, 477
 
cordis minimae, 1067
rectae of kidney, 907
revehentes, 1125
stellatae of kidney, 907
vorticosae, 1643
Venous plexuses—
 
dorsal, of foot, 610
of hand, 467
spinous, 1435
occipital, 1147

Latest revision as of 00:06, 30 June 2020

CHAPTER XVI THE EYE

The eyeball is almost spherical. It consists of the segments of two spheres—namely, a large posterior or sclerotic segment, which is opaque, and a small anterior or corneal segment, which is transparent. The sclerotic segment forms five-sixths of the eyeball, and the corneal segment one-sixth. The centre of the corneal segment is called the anterior pole, and the centre of the sclerotic segment is known as the posterior pole. The sagittal (antero-posterior) axis, or axis of vision, of the eyeball is represented by a line connecting the anterior and posterior poles. The equator is represented by a line encircling the centre of the eyeball in a coronal plane, the diameter of the circle being about I inch. The plane of this circle would therefore divide the eyeball into two halves—an anterior half, consisting of the corneal and the front part of the sclerotic segment, and a posterior half, consisting of the back part of the sclerotic segment. The meridian is represented by a line encircling the eyeball horizontally at right angles to the equator, and passing through the anterior and posterior poles.

Posteriorly the eyeball receives the optic nerve, which pierces the sclerotic coat at a point about J inch to the inner side of and about -f T inch below the posterior pole.

The eyeball is composed of three coats concentrically arranged: (i) an external coat, consisting of an opaque part, called the sclera, and a transparent part, called the cornea; (2) a middle coat, which is vascular, pigmented, and muscular, and consists of (a) a posterior part, called the choroid coat, (b) an anterior part, the iris, and (c) an intermediate part, representing the ciliary body; and (3) an internal

coat , called the retina. .

These three coats enclose the following refracting media : (1) a fluid, called the aqueous humour, which lies between the cornea and the crystalline lens, where it occupies the anterior and posterior chambers, into which this region is divided by the iris; (2) a solid body, called the crystalline lens, which lies behind the aqueous humour, and (3) a soft gelatinous body, called the vitreous body, which occupies the laige space behind the crystalline lens.


Coats of the Eyeball.

External=sclera and cornea.

Middle =choroid, ciliary body, and iris. Internal = retina.


Refracting Media.

Aqueous humour. Crystalline lens. Vitreous body.


T64T


1642


A MANUAL OF ANATOMY


External Coat.

Sclera (or Sclerotic Coat).—The sclera (white of the eye) is a strong white fibrous coat of great density, which surrounds the posterior five-sixths of the eyeball, and maintains the shape of the organ. Anteriorly it unites, and becomes continuous with the cornea, which it slightly overlaps. The junction of the two is indicated by a slight groove, called the sulcus sclerce, and the union is known as the corneoscleral junction . Posteriorly, as has been shown above, the sclera is pierced by the optic nerve a little below and to' the inner side of the centre. The part of the sclera corresponding to the optic entrance

Levatoi Palpebras Superioris


Fornix Conjunctive

Fig. 1005.—Vertical Sagittal Section of the Eye and its Appendages (Hirschfeld and Leveille).

is pierced by a number of openings for the passage of the fasciculi of the optic nerve, and hence is called the lamina cribrosa.

Around the optic entrance there are numerous minute openings for the ciliary vessels and nerves, and here the dura matral sheath of the optic nerve blends with the sclerotic coat. About midway between the optic entrance and the corneo-scleral junction the sclera is pierced by four openings for the passage of the vence vorticosce of the choroid.

The sclera is thickest posteriorly around the optic entrance. It is also thick near the sclero-corneal junction, where it receives the insertions of the recti muscles.

The outer surface of the sclera is covered by a membranous investment, called the fascial sheath of the eyeball (fascia bulbi or capsule of Tenon), and between the two there is the episcleral lymph-space (or


Hyaloid Canal (Canal of Cloquet)


Hyaloid Membrane


Retina

>


Sinus Venosus Sclera?


Anterior Chamber \


. Choroid


Rectus Superior i „--Sclera


Arteria z Centralis


/ Retinas


Cornea

Ciliary / y. Processes'’ ft

Zonuiar Space


Rectus Inferior
















THE EYE


1643


Tenon’s space), which is broken up into a reticulum by processes of connective tissue which pass between the sheath and the sclera. This space communicates with the subdural and subarachnoid spaces. The inner surface of the sclerotic coat is dark brown, and has grooves for the ciliary vessels and nerves. It is lined with connective tissue containing pigment-cells, forming the lamina fusca. Processes from this layer pass to the choroid coat, and these, together with vessels and nerves, traverse an interval, which represents the perichoroidal lymph-space. This space communicates with the episcleral lymphspace through the vascular openings in the sclera. Anteriorly the sclera blends with the cornea at the sclero-corneal junction, the sclera slightly overlapping the cornea. Posteriorly around the optic entrance the sclera blends with the dura matral sheath of the optic nerve.

Structure.—The sclera is composed of fibrous tissue mixed with elastic fibres, and contains many connective-tissue corpuscles. The fibres are arranged in bundles, which are disposed longitudinally and transversely, and interlace with one another. The connective-tissue corpuscles occupy spaces between the fibres, which may be regarded as lymph-spaces.

Arteries.—These are the short ciliary group of posterior ciliary arteries, and the anterior ciliary arteries, which are branches of the ophthalmic. The vessels belonging to the former group are disposed in the form of capillary networks; whilst the vessels derived from the latter form a ring near the sclero-corneal junction beneath the conjunctiva, to which ring they converge in the substance of the sclerotic coat.

The sclerotic veins open into the anterior ciliary veins, and into the vencB vorticosce of the choroid. There is also a slight drainage into the sinus venosus sclerce , a minute channel running deeply at the sclero-corneal junction.

Nerve-supply.—The ciliary nerves.

Cornea.—The cornea is the transparent part of the external coat of the eyeball, of which it forms the anterior sixth, and serves to transmit light. It is almost circular, its transverse measurement being slightly greater than the vertical. At its circumference it is continuous with the sclera, by which it is slightly overlapped. The anterior surface is convex. The posterior surface is concave, and forms the anterior boundary of the anterior chamber of the eye.

Structure.— The cornea consists of the following five layers, from

before backwards: .

1. The conjunctival epithelium.

2. The anterior elastic lamina.

3. The substantia propria.

4. The posterior elastic lamina.

5. A layer of endothelium.

The conjunctival epithelium is stratified, there being not less than five strata of cells, and is continuous with the epithelium, which covers


1644


A MANUAL OF ANATOMY


^ \ Stratified Epithelium of / Conjunctiva Membrane of Bowman or Anterior Elastic Lamina


the free surface of the conjunctiva. The cells of the deepest stratum are columnar; succeeding these there are layers of polygonal cells; and these in turn are overlaid by layers of squamous cells.

The anterior elastic lamina (Bowman) is probably of the same nature as the fibrous portion of the substantia propria. It is closely connected with the substantia propria, is thin, and contains no corpuscles.

The substantia propria is composed of modified connective tissue arranged in bundles which form superimposed laminae. These laminae amount in number to about sixty. The fibres of alternate laminae cross each other at right angles, and at the circumference of the cornea

they are continuous with


the fibres of the sclerotic. The successive laminae are connected by cement substance, and within this substance are branched spaces, called the corneal spaces or lacunae, which communicate with each other by very delicate canaliculi. Each of these spaces contains a nucleated connective-tissue corpuscle, called the corneal corpuscle. These corpuscles, like the spaces which they occupy, are branched, and the offsets of adjacent corpuscles communicate with one another. As seen in vertical sections of the cornea, the corpuscles are spindle - shaped, but in


Substantia Propria


Posterior Elastic Lamina or

Membrane of Descemet 'Single Layer of Squamous Epithelium lining Descemet’s Membrane


Fig. 1006.—Vertical Section of the Cornea

(magnified) .


horizontal sections they appear flattened out, and give off their branches.

The posterior elastic lamina (or membrane of Descemet) covers the posterior surface of the substantia propria. It is thicker than the anterior elastic lamina, and .is composed of an elastic homogeneous membrane, which is very brittle. When stripped from the substantia propria it comes away in shreds, and these curl up at their ends in such a manner that the anterior or attached surface of each shred is turned inwards. At the circumference of the cornea the posterior elastic lamina becomes broken up into fibres. The most posterior of these fibres pass in a radiating manner into the iris, and they form the ligamentum pectinatum iridis, the intervals between the fibres of which represent the spaces of the irido-corneal angle.

The layer of endothelium lines the posterior surface of the posterior




























THE EYE 1645

elastic lamina, and consists of one stratum of cells. It is continued over the front of the iris, and into the spaces of the angle.

The cornea in the adult is non-vascular, except at the circumference, in which situation there are the conjunctival and sclerotic capillaries, which terminate in loops. Being destitute of blood-vessels, the nourishment of the cornea is maintained by the flow of lymph through its surface. It is about 1 mm. thick, slightly more peripherally.

Nerve-supply.—The nerves are derived from the ciliary nerves, and are very numerous. They enter the deep surface of the anterior part of the sclera, and form a plexus round the corneo-scleral junction. Offsets from this plexus enter the cornea, and form what is known as the plexus annularis. From this plexus delicate offsets are given off, which traverse the substance of the cornea and pass through the anterior elastic lamina. They then give rise to a fine plexus upon the surface of that lamina, called the subepithelial plexus. From this plexus, in turn, minute fibrils are given off, which pass amongst the cells of the conjunctival epithelium, and almost reach the surface, forming an intra-epithelial plexus.

Pectinate Ligament of Iris.—It has been seen that the posterior elastic lamina at its circumference breaks up into fibres. The most posterior of these pass in a radiating manner into the iris, constitute the ligamentum pectinatum iridis, and are covered by a prolongation of the endothelial layer of the cornea.

Spaces of Irido-corneal Angle (or Spaces of Fontana).—These spaces represent the irregular intervals which lie between the radiating fibres of the pectinate ligament. They are lined by a prolongation of the endothelial layer of the cornea, and they communicate internally with the anterior chamber and the lymph-spaces within the iris, and externally with the sinus venosus sclerae.

Sinus Venosus Sclerse.—This canal (formerly known as the canal of Schlemm) is situated deeply in the sclerotic, close to the corneo-scleral junction. It communicates internally with the anterior chamber through the spaces of the irido-corneal angle, and externally with anterior ciliary veins of the sclera. It encircles the outer margin of the cornea, and has a little projecting rim of sclerotic on its deep surface, called the ‘ scleral spur/ from which the ciliary muscle takes

origin.

Middle Coat.

1. Choroid Coat.— This is a very vascular, deeply pigmented tunic of a dark brown colour, which lies between the sclera and the retina. It extends over the posterior five-sixths of the eyeball, and reaches as far forwards as the ora serrata of the retina. Anteriorly it is connected with the circumference of the iris, and posteriorly it is pierced by the optic nerve. Its outer surface is connected to the inner surface of the sclera by means of the lamina fusca and its processes, as well as by vessels and nerves which cross the ‘ perichoroidal lymph-space. Its inner surface is in contact with the pigmentary- layer of the retina.


1646


A MANUAL OF ANATOMY


Structure.—The choroid coat consists of connective tissue, bloodvessels, and branched pigment-cells. It is composed of three layers, which are as follows, from without inwards: (1) the lamina supra choroidea; (2) the choroid proper; and (3) the lamina basalis, or membrane of Bruch.

The suprachoroid lamina is composed of delicate, non-vascular lamellae, each of which is made up of elastic fibres arranged in a reticular manner, and of branched pigment-cells.

The choroid proper consists principally of bloodvessels and pigmentcells supported by connective tissue. The bloodvessels are arranged partly as arteries and veins, and partly as capillaries. The choroid proper is therefore composed of two layers—external or lamina vasculosa, and internal or lamina chorio-capillaris.

The lamina vasculosa (arterio-venous layer) is composed of (1) branches of the short ciliary group of the posterior ciliary arteries, which pass forwards before they turn inwards to end in capillaries;

Suprachoroid Lamina


Arterio-Venous Layer


Membrana Chorio-capillaris

Basal Lamina (Bruch’s Memb.)

Pigmentary Layer of the Retina

Fig. 1007.—Vertical Section of the Choroid Coat.

The pigmentary layer of the retina is also shown.

and (2) veins, which form the chief part of the lamina vasculosa, and are called the vense vorticosae. These veins are very closely set, and are arranged in a whorled manner. They ultimately converge and form four or five vessels, which pierce the sclerotic nearly midway between the optic entrance and the corneo-scleral junction at points equally distant from each other. Scattered throughout the lamina vasculosa are branched pigment-cells.

The lamina chorio-capillaris is composed of a plexus of capillary bloodvessels, the arteries leading to it being derived from the short ciliary arteries.

The lamina vasculosa and lamina chorio-capillaris are connected by fine elastic fibres, which form what is known as the stratum intermedium.

The lamina basalis, or membrane of Bruch, is situated on the inner surface of the lamina chorio-capillaris, which it separates from the pigmentary layer of the retina. It is a very delicate membrane without any very definite structure.









THE EYE


1647


Tapetum. —This is present in certain animals. It lies between the lamina vaseulosa and the lamina chorio-capillaris in the stratum intermedium, and it gives rise to an iridescent or rainbow-like appearance. In some animals it is fibrous in structure, and in others cellular.

2. Ciliary Body.—The ciliary body connects the anterior part of the choroid to the circumference of the iris. It is composed of (1) the orbicularis ciliaris, (2) the ciliary processes, and (3) the ciliary muscle.

The orbicularis ciliaris, or ciliary ring, is a narrow zone which lies immediately in front of the anterior part of the choroid, with which it is continuous. In it are folds which are radially disposed, and it separates the ciliary processes from the ora serrata of the retina.

The ciliary processes, about seventy in number, are infoldings (Fig. 1005) of the anterior part of the choroid, and consist of the choroid proper and the basal membrane (of Bruch). They constitute a series


Conjunctiva

Choroid

Sclera


Optic Nerve


Retina


Ciliary Body Iris

Cornea " Lens

'Anterior Chamber Posterior Chamber

— Sinus Venosus Scleras . Ora Serrata


Vitreous


Fig. 1008.—Diagram of Section through the Eyeball to show the Main Layers mentioned in the Description.

S, S, suspensory ligament of lens.


of rays arranged in a circular manner, and converge as they pass inwards and forwards to the periphery of the crystalline lens on its anterior aspect. They are somewhat conical in outline.. Their bases or free extremities, which are round and prominent, lie behind the circumference of the iris upon the anterior aspect of the periphery of the crystalline lens. Their apices are connected with the orbicularis ciliaris Anteriorly they are related to the posterior chamber of the eyeball at its circumference. Posteriorly they are related to and connected with the suspensory ligament of the lens.

Structure._The ciliary processes are similar in structure to the

choroid, but the pigment-cells are not so numerous. On their deep or posterior surfaces the processes are covered by the ciliary part of the retina, which is prolonged from the pigmentary layer of the retina, and is continuous with the pars iridica retinae (uvea) on the posterior surface of the iris.







1648


A MANUAL OF ANATOMY


The arteries of the ciliary processes are derived from those of the anterior part of the choroid, and from the anterior ciliary arteries. The veins pass to those of the choroid.

Ciliary Muscle. —This muscle is composed of unstriped fibres. It forms a greyish-white ring, about T V inch broad, which is situated at the anterior part of the choroid opposite the ciliary processes. The fibres are arranged in two sets—radial and circular. The radial fibres arise from the calcar sclerae close to the corneo-scleral junction and behind the sinus venosus of the sclera. From this origin they pass backwards in a radiating manner, and are inserted into the orbicularis ciliaris and the attached ends of the ciliary processes. The circular fibres form a ring around the circumference of the iris internal to the radial fibres.


Pupil


Fig. 1009.—The Iris and Ciliary Processes (Posterior View)

(Hirschfeld and Leveille).

The ciliary muscle is supplied by the short ciliary nerves, which are branches of the ciliary ganglion, and derive their fibres from the motor oculi nerve.

Action. —The ciliary muscle is the muscle of accommodation , and adjusts the eye to the vision of near objects. When it contracts it draws forwards the choroid and the ciliary processes; the suspensory ligament of the crystalline lens is thereby relaxed, and, as a consequence, the anterior surface of the lens is rendered convex.

The circular fibres of the ciliary muscle are well developed in cases of hypermetropia, but are deficient in cases of myopia.

3. Iris. —The iris forms the anterior part of the middle coat of the eyeball. It is a coloured contractile diaphragm, which is suspended in the aqueous humour between the cornea and the crystalline lens. It is perforated by an almost circular aperture, called the pupil, which is situated slightly to the nasal or inner side of its centre, and serves for the transmission of light. The margin which surrounds the pupil is known as the pupillary margin. Its circumference is continuous














THE EYE


1649

with the ciliary body, and is connected with the posterior elastic lamina of the cornea by means of the ligamentum pectinatum iridis


Anterior Wall of Capsule of Lens..(I


Sphincter Pupillae ...


Membrane of Descemet —


Epithelium . of Cornea


Sinus Venosus Scleras


Suspensory Ligament Middle Portion of Suspensory Ligament

Posterior Portion of Suspensory Ligament


Margin of Cornea

Conjunctiva —


Ciliary Muscle "Radiating Fibres)


Fig. ioio.—Meridional Section through the Anterior Portion of

the Eye (magnified 16X1) (Fuchs).

C.P., C.P., zonular spaces.

at the iridial angle. The circumference is known as the ciliary margin. The surfaces of the iris are anterior and posterior. The anterior

TO4










1650


A MANUAL OF ANATOMY


surface is directed towards the cornea. Its colour varies in different individuals, and it presents a striated appearance, the striae converging towards the margin of the pupil, and being produced by the underlying vessels. The posterior surface is directed towards the crystalline lens and ciliary processes. It has a purple colour, and is covered by two layers of columnar epithelium, the cells of which contain dark pigment. These two layers of pigmented cells constitute the pars iridica retinae (uvea), which is continuous with the pars ciliaris retinae.

_ The iris divides the space between the cornea and the crystalline lens into two compartments, the anterior chamber and posterior chamber, both of which contain the aqueous humour.

Structure. —The component parts of the iris are (1) a layer of endothelium; (2) a connective-tissue stroma, with branched pigmentcells; (3) muscular tissue; and (4) pigment.

The layer of endothelium covers the anterior surface of the iris, and is continuous with the endothelium which lines the posterior elastic lamina of the cornea.


Long Ciliary Artery


Fig. ioii.—The Arteries of the Choroid and Iris (Lateral View).

The connective-tissue stroma is composed of fibres which for the most part pass in a radiating manner towards the pupillary margin. Some, however, are disposed circularly at the ciliary margin. They support the bloodvessels and nerves, and scattered between their bundles there are branched cells. These cells contain pigment in darkcoloured eyes, but in blue eyes there is little pigment here.

The muscular tissue is of the unstriped variety, and its fibres are arranged in two sets, circular and radiating. The circular fibres form a ring round the pupil, and are nearer the posterior surface than the anterior. They are known as the sphincter pupillse. The radiating fibres converge from the ciliary margin of the iris towards the pupillary margin, where they blend with the circular fibres. The radiating fibres constitute the dilator pupillse. Some authorities regard the radiating fibres as elastic, and not muscular.

The pigment of the iris is variously situated, according to the colour of the eye. In the eyes of albinos there is no pigment. In other eyes pigment is contained in the cells of the two layers of columnar







THE EYE


1651

epithelium which line the posterior surface of the iris, and form the pars iridica retinae (uvea). In blue eyes the pigment is largely confined to this region, but in other coloured eyes it is also present in the branched cells of the connective-tissue stroma.

Blood-supply—Arteries. —The arteries of the iris are derived from (1) the long ciliary, and (2) the anterior ciliary vessels.

The long ciliary arteries are two in number, and belong to the posterior ciliary group of branches from the ophthalmic artery. They pierce the back part of the sclera, one on each side of the optic nerve, and pass forwards between the sclera and the choroid towards the ciliary margin of the iris. Here each vessel divides into two branches, upper and lower, which anastomose with those of the opposite side to form an arterial ring round the ciliary margin of the iris, called the circuius arteriosus major. This ring is joined by some of the anterior ciliary arteries, and it gives offsets to the ciliary muscle


Pupil

Iris


Fig. 1012. —The Choroid and Iris, showing the Ven,e Vorticose and Ciliary Nerves (after Hirschfeld and Leveille).

The sclera and cornea have been removed.

and iris. The branches which enter the iris are supported by the connective-tissue stroma, and converge towards the pupillary margin, near which they form by their anastomoses another arterial ring,' called the circulus minor.

The anterior ciliary arteries are about six in number, and are derived from the muscular and lacrimal branches of the ophthalmic artery. They are of small size, and pierce the anterior part of the sclera close to the corneo-scleral junction. Some of them supply the ciliary processes, and others join the circulus major (see Fig. ion).

The veins of the iris accompany the arteries, and are in communication with the sinus venosus sclerse.

Nerves of the Choroid Coat and Iris. —These are derived from the ciliary nerves, short and long, the former coming from the ciliary ganglion, and the latter from the naso-ciliary branch of the ophthalmic or first division of the fifth cranial nerve. They are about sixteen





1652


A MANUAL OF ANATOMY


in number, and pierce the back part of the sclera around the optic nerve. They then pass forwards between the sclerotic and choroid, giving branches to the latter coat, which become disposed in a plexiform manner amongst the bloodvessels. Having reached the corneoscleral junction, the nerves enter the ciliary muscle, in which they form a plexus. From this plexus branches enter the iris at the ciliary margin. These branches accompany the vessels, and by their subdivisions and communications they form a copious plexus of nonmedullated fibres in the connective-tissue stroma of the iris. The sphincter pupillse is supplied by fibres which are derived from the oculomotor or third cranial nerve by means of the motor root of the ciliary ganglion. The dilator pupillae is supplied by fibres which may be traced to the second thoracic ganglion through the sympathetic root of the ciliary ganglion (see p. 1637).

Membrana Pupillaris. —During intra-uterine life the pupil is closed by a delicate membrane, called the membrana pupillaris. This disappears shortly before birth, but remnants of it are sometimes found.


Internal Coat.

Retina.—The retina is the internal or nervous tunic of the eyeball. It is soft in consistence, translucent, and of a pinkish colour. Its internal surface is in contact with the hyaloid membrane, which


Fig. 1013.—The Posterior Portion of the Right Retina

(Anterior View).


encloses the vitreous body, and its external surface is in contact with the choroid coat. Posteriorly it receives the fibres of the optic nerve. Anteriorly it extends almost to the ciliary body, where there is a notched border, called the ora serrata. Here its nervous elements cease, but its pigmentary layer is continued over the deep or posterior





THE EYE


1653


surfaces of the ciliary processes on to the posterior surface of the iris, forming, with the addition of a layer of columnar epithelial cells, the pars ciliaris retinae and pars iridica retinae (uvea) respectively. The retina diminishes in thickness from behind forwards.

The external surface is formed by a stratum of hexagonal pigmentcells, which send processes into the adjacent layer. When the choroid is separated from the retina these processes are torn, and the stratum of pigment-cells remains attached to the choroid, being apparently a part of it. The pigmentary layer, however, really belongs to the retina.

The internal surface shows, in the line of the visual axis of the eyeball, the macula lutea or yellow spot, where vision is most distinct. This spot is transversely oval, and measures about X V inch from side


Fig. 1014.—Longitudinal Section through the Head of the Optic

Nerve (14X1)


r. Retina

b. Centre of Porus Opticus ch. Choroid

s. Sclera

so. Outer Part of Sclera si. Inner part of Sclera ci. Ciliary Artery (in longitudinal section) sd. Subdural Space

nasal, Medial Side


(Fuchs).

sa. Subarachnoid Space n. Bundles of Nerve-fibres se. Septa between the Nerve-bundles a. Arteria Centralis Retinae v. Vena Centralis Retinae p. Sheath formed by Pia Mater ar. Sheath formed by Arachnoid du. Sheath formed by Dura Mater

temporal, Lateral Side


to side. At its centre is a slight depression, called the fovea centralis. In this situation the retina is thinnest, and the dark colour of the hexagonal pigment-cells is visible through it, giving it the appearance of a foramen. About inch to the inner side of the posterior pole of the eyeball, and about iucb below its level, is the porus opticus, or optic disc. This is circular in outline, and its circumference is slightly elevated. It is the point of entrance of the fibres of the optic nerve, and the centre of the disc is pierced by the arteria centralis retinae which immediately divides into two branches upper and lower. * The optic disc consists entirely of nerve-fibres, and is known as the ‘ blind spot,’ vision being absent in this situation.

Structure of the Retina.— The retina consists of eight superimposed layers, seven of which are nervous and one pigmentary.

















A MANUAL OF ANATOMY


1654


In addition to these, there are sustentacular fibres. The eight layers are as follows, from within outwards:


1. Stratum opticum, or layer of nerve-fibres.

2. Ganglionic layer, or layer of nerve-cells.

3. Inner plexiform (inner molecular) layer.

4. Inner nuclear or granular layer.

5. Outer plexiform (outer molecular) layer.

6. Outer nuclear or granular layer.

7. Layer of rods and cones.

8. Pigmentary layer.


Pigmentary Layer


1 Layer of Rods and Cones


A. Membrana Limitans Externa


> Outer Nuclear Layer


„_Outer Plexiform Layer


. Inner Nuclear Layer


In addition to the foregoing layers, there are two very delicate membranes, which really belong to the sustentacular fibres of the

retina, but are known as the membrana limitans interna and externa. The membrana limitans interna covers the retina on its internal surface, and the membrana limitans externa intervenes between the outer nuclear layer and that of the rods and cones. The layers of the retina are supported by fibres called the sustentacular fibres.

1. Stratum Opticum.

—This layer consists of the fibres of the optic nerve, and it extends from the optic disc to the ora serrata. The fibres are non-medullated, and are chiefly centripetal, but some are centrifugal. The

centripetal fibres arise Fus ioi 5. Diagrammatic Section of the Human mainly as the axons of

• R =mIT LTZE) COPIED FR0M QUAIN ’ S the “ lls of the S an 8 lionic layer. The centrifugal fibres pass towards the inner plexiform and inner nuclear layers.

2. Ganglionic Layer.—This consists of large, somewhat flaskshaped, multipolar ganglion-cells, which for the most part form a single layer. In the macula lutea, however, they form several layers.


> Inner Plexiform Layer


Layer of Nerve-cells (Ganglionic Layer)

I Layer of Nerve-fibres

Membrana Limitans Interna



























































THE EYE


1655


The round ends of the cells rest upon the stratum opticum, and from each of these ends an axon is given off, which enters the stratum opticum obliquely, and forms one of its component fibres. The tapering end of each cell sends off several dendrites, which enter the inner plexiform layer, within which they arborize.

3. Inner Plexiform (Inner Molecular) Layer contains the arborizations of the dendrites of (1) the cells of the ganglionic layer, and (2) the bipolar cells of the inner nuclear layer. The intercommunications between these two sets of dendrites give rise to five strata, according to Ramon y Cajal. Besides these, there are the arborizations. of the processes of the spongioblasts of the inner nuclear layer, which are likewise arranged in strata.

4. Inner Nuclear or Granular Layer.—This layer consists of cells which are arranged in three groups: (1) bipolar cells, (2) horizontal cells, and (3) spongioblasts, or amacrine cells. The bipolar cells are the most numerous, and are nucleated. Each cell gives off two processes—internal and external. The internal processes of the cells enter the inner plexiform layer, and end at different levels in arborizations. The external processes pass into the outer plexiform layer, and form arborizations in its outermost part, which are closely related to the terminal parts of the rods and cones of the bacillary layer. According to Cajal, the bipolar cells are of two kinds—rod-bipolars and conebipolars. The external processes of the rod-bipolars ramify round the terminal parts of the rod-fibres, and the internal processes arborize round the cells of the ganglionic layer. The external processes of the cone-bipolars form horizontal arborizations round the ends of the cone-fibres, and the internal processes terminate in arborizations in the inner plexiform layer at different levels.

The horizontal cells occupy the outer part of the inner nuclear layer. Their dendrites enter the outer plexiform layer, and come into relation with the terminal parts of the cone-fibres, whilst their

axons run in a horizontal direction. .

The spongioblasts are situated in the innermost part of the inner nuclear layer. They are destitute of axons, and ha\ e been called amacrine cells, because each cell is ‘ without a long fibre or process. Their dendrites enter the inner plexiform layer, and end in arboriza

tions, which are arranged in strata.

=; Outer Plexiform (Outer Molecular) Layer.—This layer is composed of the following structures: (i) the external processes of the rod-bipolars and cone-bipolars of the inner nuclear layer; (2) the dendrites of the horizontal cells of the inner nuclear layer; and (3) the terminal parts of the rod-fibres, and filaments from the foot-plates

of the cone-fibres. ,

6 Outer Nuclear or Granular Layer.—This consists of granules,

which are of two kinds—rod-granules and cone-granules. The rodgranules are the more numerous, and are oval enlargements m the course of the rod-fibres, as these pass to the outer plexiform layer'• Each rod-fibre has only one rod-granule, and the granules lie at different


1656


A MANUAT, OF ANATOMY


levels. Each granule has a nucleus, which has transverse striations, there being at least two clear bands. The external process of each rod-granule is continuous with one of the rods of the bacillary layer, and the internal process passes into the outer plexiform layer, where it comes into relation with the arborizations of the external process of a rod-bipolar.

The cone-granules are larger than the rod-granules, but not so numerous, and each contains an oval nucleus. Situated in the outermost part of the outer nuclear layer, they lie close to the membrana limitans externa. The outer end of each granule is continuous with one of the cones of the bacillary layer. The inner end is prolonged into a cone-fibre, which passes into the outermost part of the outer


Fig. 1016. —Scheme of the Horizontal Cells and Spongioblasts of the

Retina (Ramon y Cajal).


A. Rod-fibres

B. Cone-fibres

1. Outer Plexiform Layer a, b. Horizontal Cells, with arborizations c. Horizontal Cell, with deep processes


2. Inner Plexiform Layer /» S, h , f Spongioblasts extending to j, l. 1 different depths m, n. Spongioblasts with diffuse processes o. Ganglionic Nerve-cell


plexiform layer, where it expands into a foot-plate, from which filaments are given off. These filaments come into relation with the arborizations of the external process of a cone-bipolar cell.

7. Layer of Rods and Cones consists of rods and cones, the former being cylindrical, and the latter flask-shaped. The rods are much more numerous, longer, and narrower than the cones, and both are placed perpendicularly.

Each rod and cone consists of two segments—outer and inner. In the case of the rods the two segments are of almost equal length the inner segment being rather larger than the outer. The outer segment is the only seat of the colouring matter known as visual purple or rhodopsin In the case of the flask-shaped cones, the inner segment of each forms two-thirds of the cone, and is of large size; whilst the














THE EYE


1657

outer forms one-third, is narrow, and represents the tapering part of the flask. The outer segments of both rods and cones have faint transverse striations. The inner segments of both are subdivided. The outer part is composed of delicate fibrils longitudinally arranged, and therefore presents a longitudinally striated appearance. The inner part is faintly granular. The rods and cones are continued at their inner ends through the membrana limitans externa into the rod-fibres and cone-fibres, which belong to the outer nuclear layer. The outer ends of the rods project into the pigmentary layer.

8 . Pigmentary Layer.—The most external layer of the retina is in close contact with the choroid coat. It consists of a single layer of hexagonal epithelial cells, which contain pigment. The deep surfaces of the cells give off processes which extend into the intervals between the outer ends of the rods and


Layer of Rods and Cones


Membrana Limitans Externa


Outer Nuclear Layer


Outer Plexiform Layer Inner Nuclear Layer


Inne’ Plexiform Layer


Ganglionic Layer


1 1 Nerve-fibre Layer ■/.Membrana Limitans Interna

Fig. 1017.—Section of the Retina as seen

UNDER THE MICROSCOPE (MAGNIFIED).



cones.

Sustentacular Fibres (or Fibres of Muller).—

These fibres form the supporting tissue of the retina, and extend from its internal surface to the boundary-line between the outer nuclear layer and the layer of rods and cones. The inner ends of the fibres are expanded, and blend at their edges to present the appearance of a distinct retinal layer, which is called the membrana limitans interna. Their outer ends, which are very numerous owing to the breaking up of the fibres, also expand and form the membrana limitans externa, which lies between the outer nuclear layer and the layer of rods and cones. (The membrana limitans interna and externa are sometimes considered layers of the retina, under which circumstances the retinal layers would be ten in number, instead of eight.) From the membrana limitans externa delicate offsets enter the layer of rods and cones, in the innermost part of which they form fibre-baskets in connection with the deep ends of the rods and cones. As the sustentacular fibres pass through the inner nuclear layer each has an oval nucleus, which contains a nucleolus. This nucleus is variously described as being situated on one side of the fibre, or as involving its whole circumference. Throughout their course the sustentacular fibres give off lateral offsets, which increase in number from within outwards.



































1658


A MANUAL OF ANATOMY


Structure of the Macula Lutea and Fovea Centralis.—The chief structural characters of the macula lutea and fovea centralis may be stated in the following tabular manner:


Macula Lutea.

1. Cones only.

2. Outer nuclear layer has only cone fibres disposed obliquely.

3. Ganglionic layer very thick, cells being

several layers deep.

4. Stratum opticum not continuously

disposed.

B


Fovea Centralis.

1. Thinnest part of the retina.

2. Pigmentary layer thick.

3. Cones only.

4. Outer nuclear layer has only

cone-fibres.

5. Ganglionic layer absent.

6. Stratum opticum absent.

A


Membrana Limitansv Externa N, “


Fibrous Basket-work


Outer Plexiform Layer


Nucleus of one of Sustentacular Fibres


Inner Plexiform_

Layer


Sustentacular Fibres' Limitans Interna 1 ' Membrana


Centrifugal Nerve-fibre


Rods and Cones


Outer Nuclear Layer


Subepithelial

Ganglion-cell

Stellate Ganglioncell

Bipolar Q.anglioncell

Multipolar

Ganglion-cell


Multipolar Ganglion-cell Layer of Nervefibres


Fig. 1018.—Diagram of the Elements of the Retina (Wiedersheim,

AFTER PH. StoHR).

A, nervous elements; B, supporting elements.


Structure of the Ora Serrata.—At the ora serrata the nervous elements of the retina end, and its pigmentary layer is continued over the deep or posterior surfaces of the ciliary processes. Here is added to its deep or posterior surface a layer of columnar epithelial cells, and the two layers form the pars ciliaris retinas, which is continued into the pars iridica retinae (uvea). In the latter the cells of both layers are pigmented.

Blood-supply of the Retina.—The retina is supplied with blood by the arteria centralis retinae, a branch of the ophthalmic artery. Within the orbit the artery pierces the under aspect of the optic nerve a little behind the eyeball, and passes forwards in the centre of the nerve. At the centre of the optic disc it divides into two branches, upper and lower. Each of these breaks up into two branches, nasal or medial,































THE EYE


1659


and temporal or lateral. The temporal branches keep clear of the macula lutea, but give small twigs to it, which, however, do not enter the fovea centralis, this part being non-vascular. As the branches pass inwards and outwards respectively towards the periphery of the retina they ramify freely, and end at last in capillary networks. The arteries do not extend farther outwards than the inner nuclear layer. No anastomoses take place between the branches of the arteria centralis retinae.


Fig. 1019._Scheme of the Retina, showing the Connection between

the Layer of Rods and Cones and the Ganglionic Layer (Ramon


y Cajal).

A. Layer of Rods and Cones

B. Outer Nuclear Layer

C. Outer Plexiform Layer

E. Inner Nuclear Layer

F. Inner Plexiform Layer

G. Ganglionic Layer

H. Layer of Nerve-fibres M. Sustentacular fibre

a. Rods

b. Cones

c. Granule of Cones

d. Granule of Rods


e. Bipolar Cells of Rods

f. Bipolar Cells of Cones

g, h, i, \ Ganglionic Corpuscles ramifying at different j, k. f levels in Inner Plexiform Layer r, r'. Deep arborizations of Bipolar Cells

s. Centrifugal Nerve-fibre

t. Nucleus of Sustentacular Fibre

X. Deep ends of Rod-fibres amongst superficial arborizations of Bipolar Cells Z. Meeting of arborizations of Cones and Bipolar Cells


In the foetus the arteria centralis retinae sends a branch to the posterior part of the capsule of the crystalline lens, which reaches it through the ‘ canal of Cloquet in the vitreous body.

The veins are ultimately collected into two vessels, upper and lower, which pass through the optic disc, one above and the other below' the artery. They then form one vessel which opens into the superior ophthalmic vein. The veins of the retina are destitute of muscular tissue, the wall of each being formed by a single layer of endothelial cells, external to which there is a perivascular lymph

















i66o


A MANUAL OF ANATOMY


space, this in turn being limited by another layer of endothelial cells. These lymph-spaces are in communication with those of the optic nerve.

Relation of the Retinal Layers to One Another.—The only two layers which are in direct continuity are the stratum opticum and ganglionic layer, some fibres of the former being the axons of the cells of the latter. As regards most of the strata, the constituent elements of successive layers are brought into communication by means of the interlacements which take place between the arborizations formed by their various processes. These interlacements occur in the inner and outer plexiform layers.


Levator Palpebrae Superioris

Hyaloid Canal >

(Canal of Cloquet)


Hyaloid Membrane


Retina


Sinus Venosus S clerae

Posterior Chamber

Anterior Chamber


Choroid


Rectus Superior s „ Sclera


Arteria

, l /Centralis

  • ' '■ / Retinae


Cornea

Ciliary / y.

Processes'

Zonular Space


Rectus Inferior


Fornix Conjunctivas

Fig. 1020.—Vertical Sagittal Section of the Eye and its Appendages (Hirschfeld and Leveille).


In the inner plexiform layer there are several strata of interlacements, by means of which the dendrites of the cells of the ganglionic layer are brought into communication with the internal processes of the bipolar cells of the inner nuclear layer. In the outer plexi orm layer there is a free intermingling between the external processes of the bipolar cells of the inner nuclear layer and the rod-fibres and conefibres.

Nerve-cells of the Retina.—These are arranged in three strata, and communicate with one another through interlacing arborizations. The outermost stratum consists of the rods and cones; the middle stratum is formed by the bipolar cells; and the innermost stratum represents the cells of the ganglionic layer. The axons of the gang
















THE EYE


1661


lionic cells enter the stratum opticum as centripetal fibres, which pass in the optic nerve to the brain. The centrifugal fibres of the stratum opticum ramify in the inner plexiform or inner nuclear layer.

Refracting Media.

Aqueous Humour and Chambers of the Eye.—The aqueous humour occupies the space between the cornea and the front of the crystalline lens, which is divided by the iris into two chambers, anterior and posterior. It is a clear fluid having an alkaline reaction, and is composed of H ? 0 , holding in solution a very small amount of sodium chloride and traces of albumen.

The anterior chamber is bounded anteriorly by the cornea, and posteriorly by the iris and the central portion of the crystalline lens enclosed within its capsule. The anterior chamber communicates with the irido-corneal spaces, through them with the sinus venosus sclerae, and through this canal with the veins of the sclera.

The posterior chamber, which is of limited extent, is bounded anteriorly by the iris, and posteriorly by the peripheral part of the crystalline lens and its suspensory ligament, and by the ciliary processes. The anterior and posterior chambers communicate with each other through the pupil; with lymph-spaces in the iris; and through the latter spaces with the perichoroidal lymph-space.

Crystalline Lens.—The crystalline lens is situated directly behind the pupil and iris, from which latter it is separated by the posterior chamber. It is a solid, transparent, biconvex disc, the posterior surface being more convex than the anterior, and is enclosed within a A ’ 0 fi n br e e 4° e f ) . th ^°L ( man homogeneous, transparent envelope, called the fibres (seen on end). capsule of the lens. The centre of the anterior

surface is called the anterior pole, and that of the posterior surface the posterior pole. The line connecting these two poles constitutes the axis of the lens, and a line surrounding the periphery represents the equator. The transverse measurement of the lens, is about •it inch, and its axis measures about inch. The . anterior surface at its central part faces the pupil. External to this, the pupillary margin of the iris rests upon it, and external to this again is the posterior chamber, with part of the aqueous humour. The posterior surface is received into the ‘ patellar fossa on the anterior aspect of the vitreous body. The periphery is related to the suspensory ligament, the zonular spaces present in this ligament, and the ciliary processes. From the anterior and posterior poles delicate lines radiate


Fig. 1021.—Fibres of the Crystalline Lens (highly magnified) (after Kolliker).















1662


A MANUAL OF ANATOMY


towards the equator. In early life these are three on each surface. Those on the posterior surface form an inverted while those on the anterior form an erect Y. These lines represent the free margins of septa within the lens upon which the ends of the lens-fibres terminate.

Structure.—The lens is laminar in structure. The outer laminae are soft in consistence, but the succeeding ones gradually become firmer, and the central portion, which constitutes the nucleus, is very firm and hard. The laminae are arranged concentrically, and after boiling or immersion in alcohol they may be peeled off, like the coats of an onion. The fibres of which the laminae are composed terminate upon septa within the lens, of which the radiating lines on the surfaces, already referred to, are the free margins. The concentric laminae are therefore not continuous all round, but are split up along these lines. The lens-fibres, which are disposed in a curved manner, are of small size, and have serrated edges, which fit closely to each other. In transverse section the fibres appear as hexagonal prisms. The fibres are the elongated cells which line the posterior part of the ectodermal vesicle (lens vesicle) from which the lens is developed. In early life each fibre has a nucleus, but after the lens has attained its full development only the outermost fibres are nucleated.

Capsule of the Lens.—This is a transparent, homogeneous, elastic and brittle membrane, which surrounds and encloses the lens. Its anterior wall is thicker and more elastic than the posterior. In the adult the lens and its capsule are non-vascular, but in the foetus they receive the hyaloid branch of the arteria centralis retinae, which reaches it through the hyaloid canal in the vitreous body.

Epithelium of the Lens.—The posterior surface of the lens is devoid of epithelium, and is in direct contact with the posterior wall of the capsule. The anterior surface is covered by a single layer of columnar cells, which intervenes between the anterior surface and the anterior wall of the capsule. Towards the equator these cells become elongated, and pass into short fibres, which become continuous with the superficial lens-fibres.

Crystalline Lens at Different Ages.—The characters of the lens at different ages are as follows:


Foetal Lens.

Almost spherical. Pinkish colour. Semitransparent. Soft in consistence.


Adult Lens.

Biconvex

Colourless.

Transparent.

Firm in consistence.


Lens in Old Age.

Flattened.

Amber colour.

Opaque, more or less. Very firm in consistence.


Vitreous Body.—This body occupies about four-fifths of the space within the eyeball, and is situated between the crystalline lens and the retina. It is transparent and gelatinous, and is composed of water, holding in solution a small quantity of sodium chloride and albuminous matter. It is surrounded by a transparent, homogeneous envelope, called the hyaloid membrane. This membrane is in contact with the retina, except anteriorly, where there is an excavation called the fossa


/


THE EYE 1663

patellaris , into which the posterior surface of the crystalline lens is received.


Anterior Wall of Capsule of Lens __I


Sphincter Pupillae_


Membrane of Descemet


Epithelium of Cornea


Suspensory Ligament Middle Portion of Suspensory Ligament

Posterior Portion of Suspensory Ligament


Sinus Venosus Sclera

Margin of Cornea


Conjunctiva


Ciliary Muscle 'Radiating Fibres)


Fig. 1022.—Meridional Section through the Anterior Portion of

the Eye (magnified 16X1) (Fuchs).

C.P., C.P., zonular spaces.


Towards its circumference the vitreous body is laminated, the laminae being arranged concentrically. Laminae are also said to radiate











1664


A MANUAL OF ANATOMY


from its antero-posterior axis towards the circumference. Scattered throughout the vitreous body there are some amoeboid corpuscles, and it is traversed from behind forwards by a minute passage called the hyaloid canal (canal of Cloquet, canal of Stilling). This extends from the centre of the optic disc to the posterior wall of the capsule of the lens, and posteriorly it communicates with the lymph-spaces of the optic nerve. In the foetus the canal transmits a branch of the arteria centralis retinae, called the hyaloid artery , which supplies the lens.

No vessels enter the vitreous body, its nutrition being derived from the vessels of the retina and ciliary processes.

Zonula ciliaris, or zonule of Zinn, is the thickened portion of the hyaloid membrane which is situated in front of the ora serrata of the retina. From this point it extends inwards behind the ciliary processes towards the periphery of the crystalline lens. Behind the ciliary processes are radial folds with intervening depressions. The depressions receive the ciliary processes, and the radial folds are separated from the intervals between the ciliary processes by lymphspaces, which communicate with the posterior chamber of the eye.

Suspensory Ligament of the Lens, and Zonular Spaces.—The ciliary zonule, as it approaches the periphery of the lens, divides into three layers—posterior, middle, and anterior. The posterior layer lines the fossa patellaris in front of the hyaloid membrane. The middle layer consists of a few scattered fibres which pass to the equator of the lens. The anterior layer is the thickest, and forms the suspensory ligament of the lens, which is attached to the anterior wall of its capsule not far from the equator (see Fig. 1022). When the radiating fibres of the ciliary muscle contract the suspensory ligament is relaxed, and the convexity of the anterior surface of the lens is increased.

Behind the suspensory ligament of the lens there is a sacculated lymph-space, called the zonular space, which surrounds the equator of the lens.

Development of the Eye.

The retina, optic nerve, and crystalline lens are developed from the ectoderm, the retina and optic nerve being derived from the ectoderm of the anterior primary cerebral vesicle, whilst the crystalline lens is developed from the ectoderm of the side of the head. The accessories of the eye— e.g., the sclera, cornea, choroid, ciliary body, and iris—are all developed in mesoderm, but ectoderm, as will be seen, is also employed in some of these. The vitreous body, though developed to a certain extent from the mesoderm, is principally formed from the ectoderm.

The earliest indication of the future eye is in the form of a shallow marginal groove on each side in the widely open cerebral plate of embryos with a few somites. As the region grows these grooves become deepened by the upgrowth of the lateral margins, which ultimately fuse in the middle line, in continuity with the fusion of the edges of the medullary folds further back. In this way the open grooves are converted into recesses or lateral pockets of the closed fore-brain, each pocket being in contact from the beginning with the ectoderm of the surface.

The pocket formed in this way is termed the optic recess, and becomes the optic vesicle very soon by its rounded enlargement under the surface ectoderm; such enlargement is mainly at its distal part, its connection with the brain


THE EYE 1665

being slightly constricted, forming a ' neck ' for the vesicle. As the development goes on this neck is drawn out into a definite stalk, which connects the vesicle with the fore-brain. Stages in these changes can be seen in Fig. 1025. The vesicle is hollow, its cavity being carried into the stalk, and, through this, communicating with that of the fore-brain, which will be the third ventricle. The


Lens Pit


Ectoderm

srjer

Optic Stalk


Optic Vesicle

prifT&yKS-'Ka.

ilM /


Lens

Cavity of Vesicle a?- m

6i ; w'sn'j.;! . ..£31 « 


Optic Stalk


Pigmentary Layer of I Optic Cup Retinal Layer of Optic Cup


Fig. 1023.—Development of Crystalline Lens and Optic Vesicle

(Scheme).

The lens is lying in the optic cup.


enlargement formed by the optic vesicle lies deep to, and in contact with, the ectoderm of the lateral surface of the head (Fig. 1025).

The ectoderm in relation with the optic vesicle becomes thickened and depressed, this depressed portion constituting the lens area. The depressed ectoderm is deepened and converted into a kind of cup, and, the mouth of the fossa becoming constricted, its lips unite. In this manner the lens area becomes transformed into a closed ectodermic sac, called the lens vesicle, from which the


Fig. 1024.—Diagram showing (see Text) the Conversion of Optic

Vesicle into Optic Cup.

crystalline lens is differentiated. The lens vesicle now becomes completely separated from the surface ectoderm, with which it was originally continuous

^ Fl The outer wall of the vesicle, facing the rudiment of the lens, is invaginated so as to obliterate the cavity of the vesicle, which is now converted into the oi>tic cut> Fig 1024 gives diagrammatic sections which may help in the comprehension of this change. The middle vertical row of figures here shows sections

105


1666


A MANUAL OF ANATOMY


along the length of the optic outgrowth; the simple optic vesicle is seen at the top, the commencing invagination of its lower lateral wall is seen next, while the completed invagination is shown in the lowest section. It can be seen that the invagination extends into the optic stalk also. On the left side the invagination is shown by transverse sections of the vesicle, corresponding more or less with the stages of the middle column. Observe that the cavity (V) of the optic



Fig. 1025.—Different Stages in the Development of the Eye (from Reconstruction Models at St. Mary’s Hospital).

A piece of the wall of the optic vesicle has been removed in the first specimen, showing the cavity of the vesicle ; the lens thickening of the ectoderm is beginning to be depressed. In the second the optic outgrowth is entire, and the lens depression is projecting into the cavity of the optic cup. In the third figure removal of part of the wall has opened the cavity of the vesicle,and also the cavity of the cup, in which the lens vesicle is lying, still attached to the ectoderm, its cavity opened by the section. The figures also show the formation of the stalk of the vesicle and the extension into it of the cleft continuous with the cavity of the optic cup.

vesicle is being obliterated, replaced by the cavity (C) of the optic cup, which is still open in front and below; the last section in the middle column has gone along this interval between the two sides of the cup. The interval is termed the choroidal or foetal fissure, and extends into the stalk. It closes later by the apposition and rapid fusion of its lips, so completing the optic cup. The righthand column of sections is made from the distal end towards the brain; they show the concavity in the vesicle, and in the stalk, lost in the last section.




THE EYE


1667

The lens vesicle, when it separates from the surface ectoderm, lies in the opening of the optic cup. Vascular mesoderm extends into the cavity of the cup through the choroidal fissure, behind and below the lens vesicle; when the fissure closes, the mesoderm within the cavity of the cup loses its connection with the outer mesoderm, except at the end of the fissure, where a relatively large vessel persists, and becomes ultimately the central artery of the retina. Since the end of the fissure is in the optic stalk, which becomes the optic nerve, this artery passes in the terminal piece of the nerve to enter the eye. The artery, when first formed, is known as the hyaloid artery, and is distributed over the posterior surface of the lens.

In cases of non-closure of the choroidal fissure the region of the fissure remains unpigmented, and one of two congenital deficiencies in the eye is met with, each being known by the general term coloboma. If the patent fissure affects the ventral wall of the optic cup, then the deficiency in pigment affects the choroid, and the condition is known as coloboma choroidea. If the patent fissure affects the lower margin of the optic cup, then the deficiency affects the lower part of the iris, and the condition is known as coloboma iridis.

As stated, the wall of the optic cup consists of two layers. The outer layer, which is comparatively simple, gives rise to the pigmentary layer of the retina. The inner layer is, on the other hand, very complicated. After much differentiation it gives rise to all the other layers of the retina. The mesodermic tissue, which invests the optic cup, gives rise to the sclera, cornea, choroid, ciliary body (including the ciliary processes and ciliary muscle), and iris. The ciliary processes are covered by layers from the (ectodermal) walls of the cup.

Crystalline Lens. —The lens is of ectodermic origin. The surface ectoderm on the lateral aspect of the head opposite the optic vesicle becomes thickened and depressed to form, as stated, the lens area. The depressed ectoderm is deepened and converted into a kind of cup. The mouth of the cup becomes constricted, and its lips unite. In this manner the lens area becomes transformed into a closed ectodermic sac, called the lens vesicle, from which the crystalline lens is differentiated. The lens vesicle becomes completely separated from the surface ectoderm, with which it was originally continuous. It is now received into the optic cup, which has been formed in connection with the optic vesicle, its position being just within the mouth of the cup, the circumference of the margin projecting slightly in advance of the vesicle.

The anterior and posterior walls of the lens vesicle at this stage consist of several layers of cylindrical cells, and the vesicle contains a small central cavity. The anterior wall becomes gradually thin, and is ultimately formed of one layer of flattened cells, these cells constituting the anterior epithelium of the adult crystalline lens. The cells of the posterior wall become elongated in a forward direction, obliterating the cavity of the vesicle, and coming into contact with the anterior wall. By this process of cell elongation the lens-fibres are formed. At the equator of the lens the cells of the anterior and posterior walls merge gradually into one another through the medium of a transitional zone of columnar cells.

At this stage in its development the crystalline lens consists of (1) an anterior epithelial wall, and (2) a posterior wall composed of elongated cells forming the lens-fibres.

As development proceeds, additional lens-fibres are formed by the proliferation of cells at the equator of the lens. These fibres are laid down in successive layers, which are arranged concentrically.

Capsule of the Crystalline Lens.— At an early period in its development the lens becomes invested by a mesodermic capsule, freely supplied with bloodvessels derived from the hyaloid artery and anterior ciliary arteries. This capsule is known as the tunica vasculosa. It persists throughout the period of active growth of the lens, and then undergoes retrogression to form the permanent lens capsule. The portion of the tunica vasculosa which covers the front part of the lens is called the membrana papillaris, but this usually disappears prior to birth. It may, however, be present at birth, giving rise to the condition


i668


A MANUAL OF ANATOMY


known as atresia pupillce. Towards the end of intra-uterine life the tunica vasculosa undergoes retrogression and becomes transformed, as stated, into the permanent lens capsule, which is a transparent, homogeneous, elastic membrane.

This mesodermal pupillary membrane is a continuation across the open mouth of the cup of the plane of the choroidal layer. It is, therefore, on the outer surface of the developing iris, of which it forms the mesodermal base, the muscles being derived from the actual ectodermal or retinal layer itself.

Development of the Optic Cup and Optic Stalk. —The optic cup, as stated, is formed by the invagination of the distal or outer wall of the optic vesicle, the invagination also affecting the ventral wall of the optic vesicle and the ventral wall of the part of the optic stalk which is adjacent to the optic vesicle, thereby giving rise to the choroidal fissure. The mouth of the optic cup is directed towards the lateral aspect of the head, and the lens vesicle lies just within the mouth. That the invagination of the optic cup is not caused by the growth of the lens vesicle has been proved by experimental transplantations on amphibian embryos. The margin of the cup projects slightly over the lens vesicle, and the circumference of this margin represents the outline of the pupil. The wall of the cup consists of two layers —namely, inner and outer, the inner representing the distal or outer wall of the optic vesicle, which has now become invaginated, or folded inwards. The cup is divisible into two regions—namely, (i) the ciliary region, adjoining the margin of the cup; and (2) the fundus. The line of separation between these two regions corresponds to the ora serrata of the adult eye.

The ciliary region of the optic cup is associated with the ciliary body (including the ciliary processes and ciliary muscle) and the iris, which are developed from the thickened anterior part of the choroid. The outer layer of the ciliary portion, as elsewhere, forms the pigmentary layer of the retina. The inner layer of the ciliary portion, which is very thin, forms (1) the pars ciliaris retinae on the posterior surfaces of the ciliary processes, and (2) the pigmented pars iridica retinae [uvea) on the posterior surface of the iris.

The fundus of the optic cup is the proper retinal region. The outer layer forms, as in the ciliary region, the pigmentary layer of the retina. The inner or retinal layer becomes differentiated into all the layers of the retina except the pigmentary layer. The changes which it undergoes are very complicated. Its thickness is considerably increased, and it subdivides into two layers— outer and inner—from which the various retinal strata (except the outer pigmentary layer) are specialized.

The optic stalk is transformed into the optic nerve. The stalk is at first hollow, its cavity communicating with that of the optic vesicle on the one hand, and with the third ventricle of the brain on the other. As stated, the choroidal fissure involves the under surface of the optic stalk near the optic vesicle, as well as the under surface of the optic vesicle itself. When the choroidal fissure undergoes closure, the hyaloid artery, which passed through that fissure, becomes enclosed within the optic stalk, and forms the arteria centralis retincc of adult life. By the closure of the choroidal fissure, and the consequent enclosure of the hyaloid artery, the cavity of the distal portion of the optic stalk becomes obliterated. Inasmuch as the ventral or lower wall of this part of the stalk has been previously invaginated, the wall of the stalk is now composed of two layers—outer and inner—the inner being formed by the invaginated ventral or lower wall. The outer layer of the optic stalk is now continuous with the outer layer of the optic cup, whilst the inner layer of the optic stalk is continuous with the inner layer of the optic cup. As regards the proximal part of the optic stalk, its cavity becomes gradually closed. The wall of the optic stalk becomes thickened, its cells proliferate, and they give rise to the neuroglial or sustentacular tissue of the future nerve. The nerve-fibres which build up the optic nerve are regarded as having two sources. The majority of them represent the axons of the ganglion cells of the retina, which pass in the optic stalk to the diencephalon and mesencephalon. These are therefore centripetal fibres. Other fibres are regarded as being centrifugal, these arising in connection with the diencephalon and mesencephalon.


THE EYE


1669


Vitreous Body. —This body is formed within the optic cup, for the most part posterior to the lens vesicle. It is principally developed from the ectoderm, but the mesoderm also takes part in its formation. The ectodermic fibres are derived from those cells which pertain to the sustentacular fibres of the retina.

These ectodermal fibres form a very delicate reticulum (Fig. 1026) connecting the lens vesicle and the inner layer of the optic cup. Mesodermal ingrowth through the choroidal fissure brings in vessels which ramify to some extent between the ectodermal connecting strands, but for the most part pass forward to the back of the growing lens, over which the vessels spread, with their thin mesodermal surrounding. The main vessel thus reaching the lens is the hyaloid artery, and this with its surrounding fine mesoderm occupies at first a large part of the small cavity of the cup, enclosed by ectodermal processes, more or less avascular in the more peripheral parts of the cup. This is the state known as the primary vitreous, characterized by ectodermal formations connected in origin with both retina and lens, and associated fairly intimately with vascular mesoderm. The central hyaloid artery is distributed over the back of the lens, its terminal branches meeting, at the periphery of this structure, vessels which enter the cup from the outside, turning round its rim.

The primary vitreous is gradually succeeded and replaced by the secondary vitreous. The time of the beginning of the change is usually considered to be about the fifth to sixth week, when the posterior hyaloid capsule of the lens makes its appearance; after this the slowly increasing ectodermal element can be produced only by the retina. It is this element which, by its growth, occupies the extra space resulting from the increasing size of the eyeball, so that it gradually comes about that the original vascu- C, wall of fore-brain ; OP.V., points to lar mesodermo-ectodermal formation cavity of optic vesicle; OC, to cavity


Fig. 1026.—Vertical Section through Eye in 5 Mm. Embryo.


of optic cup; L.P., lens pit; ECT., surface ectoderm. Protoplasmic processes connect the lens pit with the inner wall of the cup.


(primary vitreous) is surrounded and enclosed by an increasing mass of ectodermal secondary vitreous ; this is largely non-vascular, but does not become completely avascular until the hyaloid artery atrophies. The vessels are contained in a central funnel-shaped ‘ space ’ in this stage, surrounded by the secondary vitreous, which does not compress them in any way; the broad end of the funnel is behind the lens, over which the vessels extend as before, making a vascular capsule for the structure, and joining round the periphery with vessels reaching its anterior surface. The anterior part of this tunica vasculosa has been seen already to form the pupillary

m The bloodvessels atrophy and disappear in the latter part of foetal life, when the interval in which they lay persists as the hyaloid (or vitreous) canal, or canal of Cloquet, the remaining ectodermal substance, now avascular, being the

definite vitreous. r , r J ,

About the end of the third month the growth forward of the nm of the optic

cup (to form the ectodermal portion of the iris) is accompanied by the appearance of a more fibrillar vitreous formation corresponding with it; this is sometimes referred to as the tertiary vitreous, and the fibrils of the suspensory ligament of the lens are developed in this formation.


1670


A MANUAL OF ANATOMY


That part of the hyaloid artery which lies in the fissure in the optic stalk remains as the extra-ocular part of the arteria retinae centralis. The actual arteries of the retina are secondary and late branches which extend into that layer from the hyaloid artery as this enters the eyeball; when the lentine part of the vessel atrophies, these retinal branches remain and enlarge.

Derivatives of the Mesodermic Envelope of the Optic Cup. —These are as follows: (1) Sclera, (2) cornea, (3) choroid, (4) ciliary body (including the ciliary processes and ciliary muscle), and (5) iris.

The mesoderm which invests the outer surface of the optic cup is disposed in two layers —outer and inner. The outer layer has a fibrous character, and gives rise to the sclera, of which the cornea is a forward extension. The inner layer is vascular, and gives rise to the choroid, and mesodermal bases of the ciliary body and iris. The outer dense fibrous layer of the mesoderm of the outer surface of the optic cup, as stated, gives rise to the sclera. From its anterior margin a thick lamina of mesoderm is prolonged between the lens vesicle and the surface ectoderm. This lamina shows two layers—superficial and deep. The superficial layer becomes differentiated into the cornea, which is thus genetically continuous with the sclera. The deep layer becomes the pupillary membrane (see above). Between these two layers there is an interval, which represents the aqueous chamber.

The inner vascular layer of the mesoderm of the outer surface of the optic cup, as stated, gives rise to the choroid. The anterior margin of the choroid, which adjoins the margin of the optic cup (ciliary region) becomes thickened, and gives rise to the ciliary body, in connection with which the ciliary processes and ciliary muscle are developed. The ciliary processes become covered posteriorly by the pars ciliaris retince, which is a thin retinal expansion from the ciliary region of the optic cup. The iris is also developed at the anterior margin of the choroid in the form of a ring of mesoderm. In this mesoderm the fibres forming the dilator pupillce and sphincter pupillce muscles are formed by proliferation of the ectodermal cells of the edge of the optic cup, which has extended forward in front of the lens, and the back of the iris receives a pigmentary covering {uvea) from the pars iridica retince.