Talk:Assisted Reproductive Technology
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 19) Embryology Assisted Reproductive Technology. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Talk:Assisted_Reproductive_Technology |
2012
A novel isolator-based system promotes viability of human embryos during laboratory processing
PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e31010. Epub 2012 Feb 29.
Hyslop L, Prathalingam N, Nowak L, Fenwick J, Harbottle S, Byerley S, Rhodes J, Watson B, Henderson R, Murdoch A, Herbert M. Source Newcastle Fertility Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom.
Abstract
In vitro fertilisation (IVF) and related technologies are arguably the most challenging of all cell culture applications. The starting material is a single cell from which one aims to produce an embryo capable of establishing a pregnancy eventually leading to a live birth. Laboratory processing during IVF treatment requires open manipulations of gametes and embryos, which typically involves exposure to ambient conditions. To reduce the risk of cellular stress, we have developed a totally enclosed system of interlinked isolator-based workstations designed to maintain oocytes and embryos in a physiological environment throughout the IVF process. Comparison of clinical and laboratory data before and after the introduction of the new system revealed that significantly more embryos developed to the blastocyst stage in the enclosed isolator-based system compared with conventional open-fronted laminar flow hoods. Moreover, blastocysts produced in the isolator-based system contained significantly more cells and their development was accelerated. Consistent with this, the introduction of the enclosed system was accompanied by a significant increase in the clinical pregnancy rate and in the proportion of embryos implanting following transfer to the uterus. The data indicate that protection from ambient conditions promotes improved development of human embryos. Importantly, we found that it was entirely feasible to conduct all IVF-related procedures in the isolator-based workstations.
PMID 22393356
Retransplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue: the first live birth in Germany
Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2012 Jan;109(1-2):8-13. Epub 2012 Jan 9.
Müller A, Keller K, Wacker J, Dittrich R, Keck G, Montag M, Van der Ven H, Wachter D, Beckmann MW, Distler W. Source Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cryopreserved ovarian tissue can be retransplanted to restore fertility after radiation or chemotherapy. To date, 15 live births after retransplantation have been reported worldwide. We report the first pregnancy and the first live birth after retransplantation in Germany. CASE REPORT: A 25-year-old female patient received initial chemotherapy and radiation of the mediastinum for Hodgkin's lymphoma in 2003 and suffered a relapse two years later. Ovarian tissue was laparoscopically removed and cryopreserved, and she was then treated with high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. She remained in remission for 5 years and she could not conceive during this time. The cryopreserved ovarian tissue was thawed and laparoscopically retransplanted into a peritoneal pouch in the ovarian fossa of the right pelvic wall. Three months later, her menopausal symptoms resolved, and she had her first spontaneous menstruation. Six months after retransplantation, after two normal menstrual cycles, low-dose follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) treatment induced the appearance of a dominant follicle in the tissue graft. Ovulation was then induced with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), whereupon the patient conceived naturally. After an uncomplicated pregnancy, she bore a healthy child by Caesarean section on 10 October 2011. Histological examination of biopsy specimens revealed that the ovarian tissue of the graft contained follicles in various stages of development, while the original ovaries contained only structures without any reproductive potential. CONCLUSION: This was the first live birth after retransplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue in Germany and also the first case with histological confirmation that the oocyte from which the patient conceived could only have come from the retransplanted tissue. In general, young women who will be undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy for cancer must be informed and counseled about the available options for fertility preservation.
PMID 22282711
Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2007: results generated from European registers by ESHRE
Hum Reprod. 2012 Apr;27(4):954-966. Epub 2012 Feb 17.
de Mouzon J, Goossens V, Bhattacharya S, Castilla JA, Ferraretti AP, Korsak V, Kupka M, Nygren KG, Andersen AN; The European IVF-Monitoring (EIM); Consortium for the European Society on Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE). Source ESHRE Central Office, Meerstraat 60, B-1852 Grimbergen, Belgium.
Abstract
BACKGROUND This 11th European IVF-monitoring report presents the results of assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments initiated in Europe during 2007. METHODS From 33 countries, 1029 clinics reported 493 184 treatment cycles: IVF (120 761), ICSI (256 642), frozen embryo replacement (91 145), egg donation (15 731), preimplantation genetic diagnosis/preimplantation genetic screening (4638), in vitro maturation (660) and frozen oocytes replacements (3607). Overall, this represents a 7.6% increase since 2006, mostly related to an increase in all registers. IUI using husband/partner's (IUI-H) and donor (IUI-D) semen was reported from 23 countries: 142 609 IUI-H (+6.2%) and 26 088 IUI-D (+7.2%). RESULTS In 18 countries where all clinics reported, 376 971 ART cycles were performed in a population of 425.6million (886 cycles per million). The clinical pregnancy rates per aspiration and per transfer were 29.1 and 32.8% for IVF, and 28.6 and 33.0% for ICSI. Delivery rate after IUI-H was 10.2% in women aged < 40 years. In IVF/ICSI cycles, 1, 2, 3 and ≥4 embryos were transferred in 21.4, 53.4, 22.7 and 2.5% of cycles, with no decline in the number of embryos per transfer since 2006. The proportion of multiple deliveries (22.3: 21.3% twin and 1.0% triplet), did not decrease compared with 2006 (20.8%) and 2005 (21.8%). In women < 40 years undergoing IUI-H, twin deliveries occurred in 11.7% and triplets in 0.5%. CONCLUSIONS In comparison with previous years, the reported number of ART cycles in Europe increased in 2007; pregnancy rates increased marginally, but the earlier decline in the number of embryos transferred and multiple births did not continue.
PMID 22343707
Results after ART in 2007
| Country | Cycles IVF + ICSI | IVF | ICSI | FER | ART infantsa | ART infants per national births (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aspirations | Pregnancies per aspiration (%) | Deliveries per aspiration (%) | Aspirations | Pregnancies per aspiration (%) | Deliveries per aspiration (%) | Thawings FER | Pregnancies per thawing (%) | Deliveries per thawing (%) | ||||
| Albania | 145 | 65 | 40.0 | 33.8 | 78 | 37.2 | 29.5 | 64 | ||||
| Austria | 5222 | 306 | 30.7 | |||||||||
| Belgium | 3852 | 29.8 | 22.4 | 12 357 | 28.4 | 20.6 | 7499 | 15.3 | 11.3 | 4925 | 4.1 | |
| Bosnia | 162 | 28 | 32.1 | 14.3 | 114 | 19.3 | 12.3 | 19 | ||||
| Bulgaria | 1282 | 532 | 33.8 | 25.6 | 675 | 31.6 | 25.8 | 79 | 15.2 | 8.9 | 378 | |
| Cyprus | 1305 | 457 | 39.2 | 792 | 40.2 | 0.0 | 155 | 23.9 | ||||
| Czech Republic | 4169 | 23.5 | 15.9 | |||||||||
| Denmark | 11 035 | 5819 | 26.1 | 21.3 | 4952 | 26.0 | 21.3 | 2668 | 16.5 | 13.5 | 3156 | 4.9 |
| Finland | 4724 | 2830 | 27.3 | 20.6 | 1759 | 27.9 | 22.4 | 3475 | 21.2 | 16.0 | 1875 | 3.2 |
| France | 20 211 | 24.6 | 19.2 | 31 635 | 25.9 | 20.5 | 14 710 | 1.8 | ||||
| Germany | 45 182 | 10 995 | 29.4 | 16.0 | 32 124 | 28.2 | 16.1 | 17 140 | 18.3 | 9.9 | 10 483 | 1.5 |
| Greece | 2189 | 780 | 36.8 | 26.5 | 1295 | 32.8 | 24.2 | 193 | 22.8 | 14.0 | 764 | |
| Hungary | 2437 | 544 | 27.4 | 21.5 | 1787 | 28.2 | 22.8 | 620 | 23.1 | 13.2 | 776 | |
| Iceland | 215 | 25.1 | 21.9 | 174 | 28.2 | 23.0 | 168 | 3.7 | ||||
| Ireland | 2864 | 1466 | 33.9 | 27.4 | 974 | 29.0 | 26.3 | 692 | 22.4 | 15.5 | 958 | |
| Italy | 40 005 | 7570 | 22.0 | 15.2 | 28 075 | 22.0 | 14.3 | 709 | 14.7 | 8.3 | 6575 | 1.2 |
| Latvia | 179 | 104 | 42.3 | 75 | 29.3 | 113 | 7.1 | 20 | ||||
| Lithuania | ||||||||||||
| Macedonia | 979 | 491 | 30.3 | 24.2 | 461 | 29.1 | 21.0 | 29 | 31.0 | 20.7 | 287 | 1.2 |
| Montenegro | 278 | 24 | 20.8 | 20.8 | 246 | 22.8 | 20.3 | 66 | 0.8 | |||
| Norway | 5599 | 2685 | 30.2 | 26.1 | 2703 | 27.3 | 23.2 | 2250 | 19.7 | 16.0 | 1509 | |
| Poland | 4876 | 220 | 33.2 | 28.2 | 4547 | 35.4 | 29.0 | 2238 | 20.9 | 16.0 | 2164 | |
| Portugal | 4496 | 1329 | 30.6 | 23.7 | 2692 | 27.9 | 20.4 | 524 | 16.4 | 11.8 | 1186 | 1.2 |
| Russia | 21 837 | 12 171 | 35.2 | 24.1 | 9002 | 33.1 | 20.4 | 3084 | 23.9 | 14.9 | 7197 | |
| Serbia | 1120 | 648 | 24.5 | 17.3 | 426 | 34.5 | 29.8 | 277 | ||||
| Slovenia | 2882 | 844 | 33.9 | 25.7 | 1932 | 28.5 | 23.7 | 521 | 18.8 | 14.2 | 913 | 4.6 |
| Spain | 34 499 | 3041 | 34.6 | 27 905 | 33.6 | 9089 | 23.1 | 12 647 | ||||
| Sweden | 10 191 | 5011 | 32.0 | 24.7 | 4500 | 28.4 | 22.4 | 4500 | 23.2 | 17.2 | 3260 | 3.1 |
| Switzerland | 4503 | 886 | 28.1 | 20.9 | 3235 | 27.4 | 20.1 | 3312 | 18.7 | 12.6 | 1467 | |
| The Netherlands | 16 163 | 8399 | 27.6 | 20.5 | 6659 | 31.8 | 25.1 | 4616 | 2.5 | |||
| Turkey | 785 | 34 601 | 5262 | 0.5 | ||||||||
| Ukraine | 3946 | 1790 | 40.3 | 29.8 | 2028 | 37.4 | 30.9 | 579 | 29.2 | 22.8 | 1812 | |
| United Kingdom | 35 922 | 15944 | 30.1 | 26.4 | 17 615 | 31.1 | 27.5 | 8549 | 20.9 | 18.1 | 13 838 | 1.8 |
| Allb | 264 022 | 108 390 | 29.1 | 21.1 | 199 950 | 28.6 | 20.2 | 72493 | 20.1 | 13.5 | 96 690 | 1.5 |
Number of embryos transferred and deliveries after ART in 2007
| Country | In vitro Fertilisation + Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection | Frozen Embryo Replacement | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transfers | 1 embryo (%) | 2 embryos (%) | 3 embryos (% ) | 4 + embryos (%) | Deliveries | Twin (%) | Triplet (%) | Deliveries | Twin (%) | Triplet (%) | |
| Albania | 131 | 25.2 | 29.0 | 44.3 | 1.5 | 45 | 17.8 | 2.2 | |||
| Austria | 4912 | 20.3 | 68.7 | 9.8 | 1.2 | ||||||
| Belgium | 14 876 | 50.2 | 39.6 | 8.4 | 1.7 | 3386 | 11.8 | 0.3 | 845 | 13.1 | 0.1 |
| Bosnia | 123 | 49.6 | 13.8 | 25.2 | 11.4 | 18 | 5.6 | 0.0 | |||
| Bulgaria | 1126 | 8.3 | 35.6 | 44.2 | 11.9 | 310 | 14.8 | 1.6 | 7 | 14.3 | 0.0 |
| Cyprus | |||||||||||
| Czech Republic | 2711 | 662 | |||||||||
| Denmark | 9226 | 39.6 | 55.7 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 2298 | 16.6 | 0.1 | 361 | 14.1 | 0.0 |
| Finland | 4131 | 57.8 | 41.9 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 977 | 11.3 | 0.2 | 560 | 9.6 | 0.2 |
| France | 44 453 | 23.2 | 62.3 | 13.2 | 1.3 | 10 359 | 18.9 | 0.4 | 1913 | 11.3 | 0.2 |
| Germany | 41 615 | 12.5 | 66.9 | 20.6 | 0.0 | 6950 | 21.2 | 0.6 | 1702 | 15.1 | 0.6 |
| Greece | 1852 | 11.9 | 19.3 | 58.6 | 10.3 | 521 | 25.7 | 0.8 | 27 | 3.7 | 0.0 |
| Hungary | 2146 | 10.1 | 45.3 | 35.7 | 8.9 | 524 | 22.5 | 2.1 | 82 | 18.3 | 0.0 |
| Iceland | 322 | 46.6 | 46.0 | 7.5 | 0.0 | 87 | 17.2 | 0.0 | 50 | 12.0 | 0.0 |
| Ireland | 2221 | 13.6 | 77.4 | 9.0 | 0.0 | 658 | 24.3 | 0.9 | 107 | 17.8 | 0.0 |
| Italy | 30 780 | 20.4 | 30.5 | 49.1 | 0.0 | 5158 | 20.6 | 2.8 | 59 | 6.8 | 1.7 |
| Latvia | 173 | 15.0 | 53.8 | 31.2 | 0.0 | ||||||
| Lithuania | |||||||||||
| Macedonia | 750 | 23.9 | 26.9 | 30.9 | 18.3 | 216 | 26.4 | 1.4 | 6 | 33.3 | 0.0 |
| Montenegro | 258 | 14.3 | 32.2 | 41.1 | 12.4 | 55 | 16.4 | 1.8 | |||
| Norway | 4821 | 1324 | 13.4 | 0.3 | 361 | ||||||
| Poland | 4338 | 16.6 | 67.9 | 15.1 | 0.4 | 1382 | 20.3 | 0.6 | 359 | 12.8 | 0.0 |
| Portugal | 3585 | 17.4 | 69.2 | 13.3 | 0.2 | 863 | 21.6 | 0.9 | 62 | 17.7 | 0.0 |
| Russia | 19 510 | 16.2 | 59.6 | 19.8 | 4.4 | 4526 | 26.0 | 1.5 | 460 | 17.2 | 1.7 |
| Serbia | 911 | 13.3 | 77.1 | 6.9 | 2.7 | 239 | 8.8 | 3.3 | |||
| Slovenia | 2462 | 27.6 | 69.7 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 674 | 23.0 | 0.0 | 74 | 6.8 | 0.0 |
| Spain | 27 155 | 5990 | 27.1 | 0.7 | 1092 | 17.3 | 0.4 | ||||
| Sweden | 8529 | 69.9 | 30.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2246 | 4.6 | 0.1 | 776 | 6.7 | 0.1 |
| Switzerland | 3731 | 12.8 | 65.3 | 21.9 | 0.0 | 830 | 18.9 | 0.5 | 417 | 12.0 | 0.7 |
| The Netherlands | 13 375 | 3396 | 15.1 | 0.1 | 629 | 11.0 | 0.0 | ||||
| Turkey | 31 808 | 11.5 | 24.1 | 52.8 | 11.7 | 3727 | 32.9 | 4.1 | |||
| Ukraine | 3510 | 11.3 | 44.2 | 33.1 | 11.4 | 1160 | 25.0 | 1.6 | 132 | 22.7 | 0.0 |
| United Kingdom | 31 114 | 12.8 | 82.3 | 4.9 | 0.0 | 9094 | 24.1 | 0.3 | 1548 | 17.6 | 0.3 |
| All* | 263 681 | 21.4 | 53.4 | 22.7 | 2.5 | 63617 | 21.3 | 1.0 | 11212 | 13.1 | 0.3 |
2011
Sperm storage for cancer patients in the UK: a review of current practice
Hum Reprod. 2011 Nov;26(11):2935-43. Epub 2011 Aug 26.
Sharma V. Source The Leeds Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Seacroft Hospital, Leeds LS146UH, UK. vinay.sharma@leedsth.nhs.uk Abstract An increasing number of cancer patients can now hope to have a full and normal life due to significant improvements in treatment outcomes and survival rates. The application of cryobiology to store fertile gametes before sterilizing treatments has been a natural progression. Greater awareness has markedly increased the worldwide demand for long-term storage of sperm, and has prompted the UK Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority to extend the period of storage permitted by their regulations to 55 years. Other patients undergoing sterilizing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy such as haemoglobinopathies requiring bone marrow transplantation and autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis may further increase the indications for sperm storage. Most adult and adolescent patients and their relatives/spouses/parents/guardians value this service even though very few eventually use the sperm. There is an urgent need to develop national and international guidelines for the provision, organization, maintenance and management of the cryopreservation services.
PMID 21873609
Bivariate analysis of basal serum anti-Müllerian hormone measurements and human blastocyst development after IVF
Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2011 Dec 2;9:153.
Sills ES, Collins GS, Brady AC, Walsh DJ, Marron KD, Peck AC, Walsh AP, Salem RD. Source Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Pacific Reproductive Center, Irvine, California, USA. dr.sills@prc-ivf.com
Abstract
BACKGROUND: To report on relationships among baseline serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) measurements, blastocyst development and other selected embryology parameters observed in non-donor oocyte IVF cycles. METHODS: Pre-treatment AMH was measured in patients undergoing IVF (n = 79) and retrospectively correlated to in vitro embryo development noted during culture. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) age for study patients in this study group was 36.3 ± 4.0 (range = 28-45) yrs, and mean (+/- SD) terminal serum estradiol during IVF was 5929 +/- 4056 pmol/l. A moderate positive correlation (0.49; 95% CI 0.31 to 0.65) was noted between basal serum AMH and number of MII oocytes retrieved. Similarly, a moderate positive correlation (0.44) was observed between serum AMH and number of early cleavage-stage embryos (95% CI 0.24 to 0.61), suggesting a relationship between serum AMH and embryo development in IVF. Of note, serum AMH levels at baseline were significantly different for patients who did and did not undergo blastocyst transfer (15.6 vs. 10.9 pmol/l; p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: While serum AMH has found increasing application as a predictor of ovarian reserve for patients prior to IVF, its roles to estimate in vitro embryo morphology and potential to advance to blastocyst stage have not been extensively investigated. These data suggest that baseline serum AMH determinations can help forecast blastocyst developmental during IVF. Serum AMH measured before treatment may assist patients, clinicians and embryologists as scheduling of embryo transfer is outlined. Additional studies are needed to confirm these correlations and to better define the role of baseline serum AMH level in the prediction of blastocyst formation. PMID 22136508
Historic
In vitro fertilization and cleavage of human ovarian eggs
Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1948 Mar;55(3):440-52.
MENKIN MF, ROCK J.
- Miriam Menken and John Rock retrieved more than 800 oocytes from women during operations for various conditions.
- One hundred and thirty-eight of these oocytes were exposed to spermatozoa in vitro.
PMID 18903892
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION AND CLEAVAGE OF HUMAN OVARIAN EGGS
Science. 1944 Aug 4;100(2588):105-7.
Rock J, Menkin MF.
PMID 17788930 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/100/2588/105.long
USA
Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance - United States, 2006
Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance - United States, 2006
Assisted reproductive technology surveillance--United States, 2006. Sunderam S, Chang J, Flowers L, Kulkarni A, Sentelle G, Jeng G, Macaluso M; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). MMWR Surveill Summ. 2009 Jun 12;58(5):1-25. PMID: 19521336 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Free Article Related citations
Assisted reproductive technology surveillance--United States, 2005.
Wright VC, Chang J, Jeng G, Macaluso M; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
MMWR Surveill Summ. 2008 Jun 20;57(5):1-23. Erratum in: MMWR Surveill Summ. 2009 Mar 6;58(8):203-4. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2008 Oct 10;57(40):1105.
PMID: 18566567 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Free Article
Related citations
Assisted reproductive technology surveillance - United States, 2004.
Wright VC, Chang J, Jeng G, Chen M, Macaluso M; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
MMWR Surveill Summ. 2007 Jun 8;56(6):1-22. Erratum in: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007 Jul 6;56(26):658.
PMID: 17557073 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Free Article
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Assisted reproductive technology surveillance--United States, 2000.
Wright VC, Schieve LA, Reynolds MA, Jeng G.
MMWR Surveill Summ. 2003 Aug 29;52(9):1-16. Erratum in: MMWR 2003 Oct 3; 52(39):942.
PMID: 14532867 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Free Article
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Assisted reproductive technology surveillance--United States, 2003.
Wright VC, Chang J, Jeng G, Macaluso M.
MMWR Surveill Summ. 2006 May 26;55(4):1-22.
PMID: 16723970 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Free Article
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Assisted reproductive technology surveillance--United States, 2001.
Wright VC, Schieve LA, Reynolds MA, Jeng G, Kissin D.
MMWR Surveill Summ. 2004 Apr 30;53(1):1-20.
PMID: 15123982 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Free Article
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Assisted reproductive technology surveillance--United States, 2002.
Wright VC, Schieve LA, Reynolds MA, Jeng G; Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
MMWR Surveill Summ. 2005 Jun 3;54(2):1-24.
PMID: 15931153 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Free Article
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Pregnancy outcomes after assisted reproductive technology.
Allen VM, Wilson RD, Cheung A; Genetics Committee of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC); Reproductive Endocrinology Infertility Committee of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC).
J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2006 Mar;28(3):220-50. English, French.
PMID: 16650361 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Preconception and interconception health status of women who recently gave birth to a live-born infant--Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), United States, 26 reporting areas, 2004.
D'Angelo D, Williams L, Morrow B, Cox S, Harris N, Harrison L, Posner SF, Hood JR, Zapata L; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
MMWR Surveill Summ. 2007 Dec 14;56(10):1-35. Erratum in: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008 Apr 25;57(16):436.
PMID: 18075488 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Free Article
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From the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Use of assisted reproductive technology--United States, 1996 and 1998.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002 Feb 8;51(5):97-101.
PMID: 11892956 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Free Article
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Single-embryo transfer reduces clinical pregnancy rates and live births in fresh IVF and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) cycles: a meta-analysis. Baruffi RL, Mauri AL, Petersen CG, Nicoletti A, Pontes A, Oliveira JB, Franco JG Jr. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2009 Apr 23;7:36. PMID: 19389258
