Talk:Abnormal Development - Smoking
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 19) Embryology Abnormal Development - Smoking. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Talk:Abnormal_Development_-_Smoking |
Original page http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/smoking.htm
2011
Parental smoking during pregnancy, early growth, and risk of obesity in preschool children: the Generation R Study
Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 May 18. [Epub ahead of print]
Durmus B, Kruithof CJ, Gillman MH, Willemsen SP, Hofman A, Raat H, Eilers PH, Steegers EA, Jaddoe VW. Source Generation R Study Group and the Departments of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands, and the Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We assessed the associations of active maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy with early growth characteristics and risks of overweight and obesity in preschool children.
DESIGN: This study was a population-based, prospective cohort study from early fetal life until the age of 4 y in 5342 mothers and fathers and their children. Growth characteristics [head circumference, length, weight, and body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2))] and overweight and obesity were repeatedly measured at the ages of 1, 2, 3, and 4 y.
RESULTS: In comparison with children from nonsmoking mothers, children from mothers who continued smoking during pregnancy had persistently smaller head circumferences and heights until the age of 4 y, whereas their weights were only lower until the age of 3 mo. This smaller length and normal to higher weight led to an increased BMI [SD score difference: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.20; P < 0.05)] and an increased risk of obesity (odds ratio: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.53; P < 0.05) at the age of 4 y. In nonsmoking mothers, paternal smoking was not associated with postnatal growth characteristics or risk of obesity of offspring. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with a higher BMI at the age of 4 y in children with a normal birth weight and in those who were small for gestational age at birth.
CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that direct intrauterine exposure to smoke until late pregnancy leads to different height and weight growth adaptations and increased risks of overweight and obesity in preschool children.
PMID: 21593510 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21593510
2005
The adverse effects of maternal smoking on the human placenta: a review
Placenta. 2005 Apr;26 Suppl A:S81-6.
Zdravkovic T, Genbacev O, McMaster MT, Fisher SJ. Source Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0512, USA.
Abstract
Studies of placental pathologies associated with maternal cigarette smoking have led to many interesting observations. For example, maternal smoking impairs human placental development by changing the balance between cytotrophoblast (CTB) proliferation and differentiation. It is likely that chronic exposure to tobacco constituents in early pregnancy can affect placental development directly or indirectly by reducing blood flow, which creates a pathologically hypoxic environment. To understand this process at a molecular level, tissue samples from non-smoking and smoking mothers were studied to determine whether active and/or passive cigarette smoke exposure affects CTB expression of molecules that govern cellular responses to oxygen tension: the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL), hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF). The results show that maternal smoking dysregulates CTB expression of all three types of molecules. In addition, cell columns and proliferating cells were reduced while there was a corresponding increase in cell islands. All three phenomena were most obvious in the placentas of heavy smokers. Interestingly, a subset of the aforementioned effects can be detected in samples obtained from women who were passively exposed to cigarette smoke during pregnancy. These observations suggest that tobacco constituents exert direct effects on CTB proliferation and differentiation and help to explain the mechanisms by which smoking negatively effects human pregnancy outcome.
PMID: 15837073
