Talk:Abnormal Development - Hydatidiform Mole: Difference between revisions

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==2019==
==2019==
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| [https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1338299833 JA02.0 Complete hydatidiform mole]
A condition caused by the over-production of cells arising into the placenta during pregnancy. This condition is characterized by a pregnancy with abnormal placental growth in which the chorionic villi become hydropic, slight to severe trophoblast proliferation and invasion of the uterine tissue within 10-16 weeks after conception, a placental mass, 25-30% theca lutein cysts, 15-20% persistent trophoblastic disease, 50% uterine size for dates, and vaginal bleeding, nausea, or vomiting. This condition leads to an absent fetus.
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https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/946166369/mms/unspecified
JA02.Z Molar pregnancy, unspecified
https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f1544461014


Trophoblastic neoplasms   
Trophoblastic neoplasms   

Latest revision as of 19:21, 8 March 2019

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Abnormal Development - Hydatidiform Mole. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Talk:Abnormal_Development_-_Hydatidiform_Mole

2019

 ICD-11
JA02.0 Complete hydatidiform mole

A condition caused by the over-production of cells arising into the placenta during pregnancy. This condition is characterized by a pregnancy with abnormal placental growth in which the chorionic villi become hydropic, slight to severe trophoblast proliferation and invasion of the uterine tissue within 10-16 weeks after conception, a placental mass, 25-30% theca lutein cysts, 15-20% persistent trophoblastic disease, 50% uterine size for dates, and vaginal bleeding, nausea, or vomiting. This condition leads to an absent fetus.

https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/946166369/mms/unspecified

JA02.Z Molar pregnancy, unspecified


https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f1544461014

Trophoblastic neoplasms

Trophoblastic neoplasms, benign

XH8CX2 Hydatidiform mole, NOS

XH5325 Partial hydatidiform mole

Trophoblastic neoplasms, malignant

XH3WM1 Choriocarcinoma combined with other germ cell elements

XH0774 Malignant teratoma, trophoblastic

XH8PK7 Choriocarcinoma, NOS

XH8FW3 Trophoblastic tumour, epithelioid

Trophoblastic neoplasms, uncertain whether benign or malignant

XH46G2 Invasive hydatidiform mole

XH1RM5 Placental site trophoblastic tumour


2018

Causative Mutations and Mechanism of Androgenetic Hydatidiform Moles

Am J Hum Genet. 2018 Nov 1;103(5):740-751. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.007.

Nguyen NMP1, Ge ZJ1, Reddy R1, Fahiminiya S2, Sauthier P3, Bagga R4, Sahin FI5, Mahadevan S6, Osmond M2, Breguet M3, Rahimi K7, Lapensee L8, Hovanes K9, Srinivasan R10, Van den Veyver IB6, Sahoo T9, Ao A11, Majewski J2, Taketo T12, Slim R13. Author information Abstract Androgenetic complete hydatidiform moles are human pregnancies with no embryos and affect 1 in every 1,400 pregnancies. They have mostly androgenetic monospermic genomes with all the chromosomes originating from a haploid sperm and no maternal chromosomes. Androgenetic complete hydatidiform moles were described in 1977, but how they occur has remained an open question. We identified bi-allelic deleterious mutations in MEI1, TOP6BL/C11orf80, and REC114, with roles in meiotic double-strand breaks formation in women with recurrent androgenetic complete hydatidiform moles. We investigated the occurrence of androgenesis in Mei1-deficient female mice and discovered that 8% of their oocytes lose all their chromosomes by extruding them with the spindles into the first polar body. We demonstrate that Mei1-/- oocytes are capable of fertilization and 5% produce androgenetic zygotes. Thus, we uncover a meiotic abnormality in mammals and a mechanism for the genesis of androgenetic zygotes that is the extrusion of all maternal chromosomes and their spindles into the first polar body. KEYWORDS: MEI1; REC114; TOP6BL; female infertility; male infertility; recurrent hydatidiform moles; recurrent miscarriages PMID: 30388401 PMCID: PMC6218808 [Available on 2019-05-01] DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.007


The genetics of recurrent hydatidiform moles: new insights and lessons from a comprehensive analysis of 113 patients

Mod Pathol. 2018 Jul;31(7):1116-1130. doi: 10.1038/s41379-018-0031-9. Epub 2018 Feb 20.

Nguyen NMP1, Khawajkie Y2, Mechtouf N1, Rezaei M1, Breguet M3, Kurvinen E4, Jagadeesh S5, Solmaz AE6, Aguinaga M7, Hemida R8, Harma MI9, Rittore C10, Rahimi K11, Arseneau J12, Hovanes K13, Clisham R14, Lenzi T15, Scurry B16, Addor MC17, Bagga R18, Nendaz GG19, Finci V20, Poke G21, Grimes L22, Gregersen N23, York K24, Bolze PA25, Patel C26, Mozdarani H27, Puechberty J28, Scotchie J29, Fardaei M30, Harma M9, Gardner RJM21,31, Sahoo T13, Dudding-Byth T32, Srinivasan R33, Sauthier P3, Slim R34,35,36. Author information Abstract Hydatidiform mole is an aberrant human pregnancy characterized by early embryonic arrest and excessive trophoblastic proliferation. Recurrent hydatidiform moles are defined by the occurrence of at least two hydatidiform moles in the same patient. Fifty to eighty percent of patients with recurrent hydatidiform moles have biallelic pathogenic variants in NLRP7 or KHDC3L. However, in the remaining patients, the genotypic types of the moles are unknown. We characterized 80 new hydatidiform mole tissues, 57 of which were from patients with no mutations in the known genes, and we reviewed the genotypes of a total of 123 molar tissues. We also reviewed mutation analysis in 113 patients with recurrent hydatidiform moles. While all hydatidiform moles from patients with biallelic NLRP7 or KHDC3L mutations are diploid biparental, we demonstrate that those from patients without mutations are highly heterogeneous and only a small minority of them are diploid biparental (8%). The other mechanisms that were found to recur in patients without mutations are diploid androgenetic monospermic (24%) and triploid dispermic (32%); the remaining hydatidiform moles were misdiagnosed as moles due to errors in the analyses and/or their unusual mechanisms. We compared three parameters of genetic susceptibility in patients with and without mutations and show that patients without mutations are mostly from non-familial cases, have fewer reproductive losses, and more live births. Our data demonstrate that patients with recurrent hydatidiform moles and no mutations in the known genes are, in general, different from those with mutations; they have a milder genetic susceptibility and/or a multifactorial etiology underlying their recurrent hydatidiform moles. Categorizing these patients according to the genotypic types of their recurrent hydatidiform moles may facilitate the identification of novel genes for this entity. PMID: 29463882 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0031-9

Identification of nonsynonymous TP53 mutations in hydatidiform moles

Mutat Res. 2018 Mar 29;809:20-23. doi: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2018.03.006. [Epub ahead of print]

Chan KK1, Wong ES1, Wong OG1, Ngan HY2, Cheung AN3.

Abstract

Hydatidiform mole (HM), an unusual pregnancy with pure or predominant paternal genetic contribution, is the most common form of gestational trophoblastic disease. Most HM regress after uterine evacuation but some will develop into persistent disease or even frank malignancy. Although p53 is highly expressed in HM, TP53 mutations have rarely been detected in previous studies. Here we screened for specific missense mutations on several TP53 hotspots in 49 HMs using a highly sensitive pyrosequencing approach and revealed the significant existence of such mutations in HM tissues. A particularly high frequency (∼59% of the cases) of p53 inactivating mutation on exon 7 has been detected. Our identification of hitherto unreported TP53 mutations in HM suggests the presence of p53 mutants and reflects the advantages of using pyrosequencing for point mutation detection in clinical samples. Traditional sequencing method may have overlooked such mutations that only occur in a small population of trophoblasts. KEYWORDS: Hydatidiform mole; Pyrosequencing; TP53 mutation PMID: 29655027 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2018.03.006

2017

Establishment and characterization of cell lines derived from complete hydatidiform mole

Int J Mol Med. 2017 Jul 14. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3067. [Epub ahead of print]

Yamamoto E1, Niimi K1, Kiyono T2, Yamamoto T3, Nishino K1, Nakamura K1, Kotani T1, Kajiyama H1, Shibata K1, Kikkawa F1.

Abstract

Gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTDs) are a group of diseases characterized by abnormal cellular proliferation of atypical trophoblasts. A hydatidiform mole is an abnormal pregnancy caused by genetic fertilization disorders, and it can be classified as a complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) or a partial hydatidiform mole. The aim of this study was to establish cell lines from CHMs and to characterize the cells for future studies concerning GTD. HMol1-2C, HMol1-3B, HMol1-8 and HMol3-1B were established from primary cultures of CHM explants following the introduction of different combinations of genes including human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), a mutant form of CDK (CDK4R24C), cyclin D1, p53C234, MYC and HRAS. HMol1-2C, HMol1-3B, and HMol3-1B were confirmed to originate from trophoblasts of androgenic, homozygous CHMs. These three cell lines exhibited low human chorionic gonadotropin secretion, low migration and invasion abilities, and the potential to differentiate into syncytiotrophoblastic cells via forskolin treatment. These results suggest that these cells exhibit characteristics of trophoblastic cells, especially cytotrophoblastic cells. HMol1-8 was found to consist of diploid cells and originated from maternal cells, suggesting that they were derived from decidual cells. In conclusion, we successfully established three cell lines from CHMs by introduction of hTERT and other genes. Analysis revealed that the genetic origin of each cell line was identical with that of the original molar tissue, and the cell lines exhibited characteristics of trophoblastic cells, which are similar to undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts. PMID: 28713902 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3067

Serum Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Normogram for the Detection of Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia

Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2017 May 12. doi: 10.1097/IGC.0000000000000966. [Epub ahead of print]

Eysbouts Y1, Brouwer R, Ottevanger P, Massuger L, Sweep F, Thomas C, van Herwaarden A.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) normogram for both uneventful complete and partial hydatidiform moles in the first-trimester ultrasound era. METHODS: An hCG normogram for both complete and partial hydatidiform moles was constructed, based on 639 patients with uneventful serum hCG regression after evacuation between 1990 and 2014. Serum hCG was measured by an in-house-developed radioimmunoassay, detecting both intact hCG and free β-subunit. It has been in use for all serum measurements sent to the Dutch Central Registry for Hydatidiform Moles since 1977. RESULTS: Since introduction of routine first-trimester ultrasonography, lower pre-evacuation and follow-up serum hCG concentrations were observed. When compared with complete hydatidiform moles, patients with a partial hydatidiform mole had significantly lower pre-evacuation serum hCG concentration (median, 4400 and 875 ng/mL, respectively; P < 0.001) and earlier hCG normalization (median, 7 and 6 weeks, respectively; P < 0.001) but higher gestational age (mean, 11.5 and 13.0 weeks, respectively; P < 0.001). For both complete and partial hydatidiform moles, 95% of patients reached normal serum hCG concentrations within 14 weeks after evacuation. CONCLUSIONS: A normogram for the detection of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia was developed for complete and partial hydatidiform moles. Although interesting from a scientific perspective, the small divergence in hCG regression between complete and partial hydatidiform moles will be of little importance in clinical practice, as actual differences in regression will encompass only days. To promote clarity and unity in daily practice, we therefore propose a combined normogram to be used as a reference guideline for follow-up after evacuation of a hydatidiform mole. This normogram will be compliant with patients in today's clinical practice.

PMID 28498241 DOI: 10.1097/IGC.0000000000000966


Gestational Trophoblastic Disease: Clinical and Imaging Features

Radiographics. 2017 Mar-Apr;37(2):681-700. doi: 10.1148/rg.2017160140.

Shaaban AM1, Rezvani M1, Haroun RR1, Kennedy AM1, Elsayes KM1, Olpin JD1, Salama ME1, Foster BR1, Menias CO1.

Abstract

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of both benign and malignant gestational tumors, including hydatidiform mole (complete and partial), invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumor, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor. The latter four entities are referred to as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). These conditions are aggressive with a propensity to widely metastasize. GTN can result in significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. Early diagnosis of GTD is essential for prompt and successful management while preserving fertility. Initial diagnosis of GTD is based on a multifactorial approach consisting of clinical features, serial quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) titers, and imaging findings. Ultrasonography (US) is the modality of choice for initial diagnosis of complete hydatidiform mole and can provide an invaluable means of local surveillance after treatment. The performance of US in diagnosing all molar pregnancies is surprisingly poor, predominantly due to the difficulty in differentiating partial hydatidiform mole from nonmolar abortion and retained products of conception. While GTN after a molar pregnancy is usually diagnosed with serial β-hCG titers, imaging plays an important role in evaluation of local extent of disease and systemic surveillance. Imaging also plays a crucial role in detection and management of complications, such as uterine and pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas. Familiarity with the pathogenesis, classification, imaging features, and treatment of these tumors can aid in radiologic diagnosis and guide appropriate management. ©RSNA, 2017.

PMID 28287945 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2017160140

Radiographically occult pulmonary metastases from gestational trophoblastic neoplasia

Radiol Case Rep. 2017 Feb 10;12(2):292-294. doi: 10.1016/j.radcr.2017.01.007. eCollection 2017 Jun.

Hong T1, Hills E1, Aguinaga MDP1.

Abstract

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is a spectrum of diseases including partial and complete hydatidiform moles, placental site trophoblastic tumor, and choriocarcinoma. One of the most important considerations is recognition of the possibility of GTN after molar pregnancy or even normal pregnancy. It is common practice to use chest x-ray for the detection of pulmonary metastasis. Computed tomography imaging of the lungs is ordered if lung lesions are noted on chest x-rays. However, understanding the limitations of chest x-rays is important for detecting smaller pulmonary lesions. We present a patient with GTN and pulmonary metastasis after having received 2 negative chest x-rays. KEYWORDS: Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia; Molar pregnancy; Pulmonary metastasis PMID 28491173 PMCID: PMC5417626 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2017.01.007


2015

Risk of recurrent molar pregnancies following complete and partial hydatidiform moles

Hum Reprod. 2015 Jul 22. pii: dev169. [Epub ahead of print]

Eagles N1, Sebire NJ2, Short D1, Savage PM1, Seckl MJ3, Fisher RA4.

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION: What is the risk of further molar pregnancies for women with one or more hydatidiform moles (HM) in relation to molar subtype. SUMMARY ANSWER: Women with a complete hydatidiform mole (CM) have a 1 in 100 and 1 in 4 risk of further CM after one or two consecutive CM, respectively, while women with a partial hydatidiform mole (PM) have only a small increase in risk for further molar pregnancies. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Women with a molar pregnancy have an increased risk of further HM. A small subgroup of women with recurrent HM has an autosomal recessive condition, familial recurrent hydatidiform moles (FRHM), that predisposes them to molar pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A retrospective study of subsequent pregnancies in 16 000 women registered at a centralized referral centre, with a CM or PM, between 1990 and 2009. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: One hundred and sixty-six women with two or more molar pregnancies were identified from electronic records and patient notes. Histopathological features of all molar tissue were reviewed in these cases and genotyping performed where diagnosis was not possible on the basis of histopathological features alone. In addition, genotyping of molar tissue was performed in all cases of women with three or more CM to establish whether the tissue was diploid and biparental or androgenetic. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: This study confirms an increased recurrence risk of ∼1% for a second molar pregnancy and in addition that this risk is associated with CM rather than PM. The data further indicate that the risk of a third HM is associated almost exclusively with CM and enabled an estimate that 1 in 640 women registered with a CM has the rare condition FRHM. The study also found that there was no significant difference between the risk of developing gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) for typical sporadic CM and the diploid biparental CM associated with FRHM (GTN; proportion difference 0.05, Z = 0.87, P = 0.29). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: While pathology was reviewed for all women with two or more molar pregnancies, not all cases registered underwent central review particularly those women registered in the early 1990s. It is therefore possible that the total number of CM and PM may differ slightly from that stated. While women were followed for a minimum of 5 years, it is possible that some women may subsequently have further molar pregnancies that will not have been included in the present study. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: This is the largest study to date on recurrence for molar pregnancies, and as such provides the most detailed information so far regarding the risk of further molar pregnancies for women with a PM or CM. Furthermore, the data provide new insights into the incidence of the rare autosomal recessive condition, FRHM, important information for counselling women with molar pregnancies. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: No competing interests declared. No funding was obtained for this study. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com. KEYWORDS: NLRP7; complete hydatidiform mole; gestational trophoblastic neoplasia; partial hydatidiform mole; recurrent hydatidiform moles PMID 26202916

NLRP7, Involved in Hydatidiform Molar Pregnancy (HYDM1), Interacts with the Transcriptional Repressor ZBTB16

PLoS One. 2015 Jun 29;10(6):e0130416. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130416.

Singer H1, Biswas A1, Nuesgen N1, Oldenburg J1, El-Maarri O1.

Abstract

Mutations in the maternal effect gene NLRP7 cause biparental hydatidiform mole (HYDM1). HYDM1 is characterized by abnormal growth of placenta and lack of proper embryonic development. The molar tissues are characterized by abnormal methylation patterns at differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of imprinted genes. It is not known whether this occurs before or after fertilization, but the high specificity of this defect to the maternal allele indicates a possible maternal germ line-specific effect. To better understand the unknown molecular mechanism leading to HYDM1, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen against an ovarian library using NLRP7 as bait. We identified the transcriptional repressor ZBTB16 as an interacting protein of NLRP7 and verified this interaction in mammalian cells by immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy. Native protein analysis detected NLRP7 and ZBTB16 in a 480kD protein complex and both proteins co-localize in the cytoplasm in juxtanuclear aggregates. HYDM1-causing mutations in NLRP7 did not show altered patterns of interaction with ZBTB16. Hence, the biological significance of the NLRP7-ZBTB16 interaction remains to be revealed. However, a clear effect of harvesting ZBTB16 to the cytoplasm when the NLRP7 protein is overexpressed may be linked to the pathology of the molar pregnancy disease.

PMID 26121690

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130416

2013

Two cases of complete hydatidiform mole and coexistent live fetus

J Prenat Med. 2013 Jan;7(1):1-4.

Vimercati A, de Gennaro AC, Cobuzzi I, Grasso S, Abruzzese M, Fascilla FD, Cormio G, Selvaggi L. Source Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Neonatology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to report the clinical features, management, and outcome of complete hydatidiform mole with a coexisting viable fetus. Two cases are reported. In both cases ultrasound examination demonstrated a normally growing live fetus alongside a normal placenta and an additional intrauterine echogenic mass with features of hydatidiform mole. The hCG levels were significantly increased and fetal karyotypes were normal. A cesarean section performed at 28 weeks' gestation in the first case and at 26 weeks' gestation in the second one resulted in the delivery of live normal infant and two adjoining placentas in both cases. Microscopic examination of the abnormal placentas confirmed complete hydatidiform mole. The babies did well and serial maternal serum hCG levels showed a declining trend and were undetectable by a few months after delivery. Continuation of a twin pregnancy with complete hydatidiform mole (CHMF) is an acceptable option. There is, although, an increased risk of developing maternal and fetal complications. Close surveillance of an ongoing pregnancy is compulsory to detect potential early signs of complications. KEYWORDS: complete hydatidiform mole, gestational trophoblastic disease, twin pregnancy

PMID 23741539


2012

Minimally-aggressive gestational trophoblastic neoplasms

Gynecol Oncol. 2012 Apr;125(1):145-50. Epub 2011 Dec 22.

Cole LA. Abstract INTRODUCTION: We have previously defined a new syndrome "Minimally-aggressive gestational trophoblastic neoplasms" in which choriocarcinoma or persistent hydatidiform mole has a minimal growth rate and becomes chemorefractory. Previously we described a new treatment protocol, waiting for hCG rise to >3000 mIU/ml and disease becomes more advanced, then using combination chemotherapy. Initially we found this treatment successful in 8 of 8 cases, here we find this protocol appropriate in a further 16 cases. Initially we used hyperglycosylated hCG, a limited availability test, to identify this syndrome. Here we propose also using hCG doubling rate to detect this syndrome. METHODS: Minimally aggressive gestational trophoblastic disease can be detected by chemotherapy resistance or low hyperglycosylated hCG, <40% of total hCG. It can also be identified by hCG doubling rate, with doubling time greater than 2weeks. RESULTS: Nineteen new cases were identified as having minimally aggressive gestational trophoblastic disease by hyperglycosylated hCG and by hCG doubling test. All were recommended to hold off further chemotherapy until hCG >3000mIU/ml. One case died prior to the start of the study, one case withdrew because of a lung nodule and one withdrew refusing the suggested combination chemotherapy. The remaining 16 women were all successfully treated. DISCUSSION: A total of 8 plus 16 or 24 of 24 women were successfully treated using the proposed protocol, holding back on chemotherapy until hCG >3000mIU/ml. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PMID 22198244


Chemotherapy and human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations 6 months after uterine evacuation of molar pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study

Lancet. 2012 Jan 14;379(9811):130-5. Epub 2011 Nov 28.


Agarwal R, Teoh S, Short D, Harvey R, Savage PM, Seckl MJ. Source Imperial College London, London, UK. Abstract BACKGROUND: Indications for chemotherapy in gestational trophoblastic disease include raised human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) concentrations 6 months after uterine evacuation of hydatidiform mole, even when values are falling. We aimed to establish whether chemotherapy is always necessary in these patients. METHODS: We retrospectively identified women registered between January, 1993, and May, 2008, at Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK, who had persistently high hCG concentrations 6 months after evacuation of hydatidiform mole. Rates of hCG normalisation, relapse, and death were assessed in patients continued under surveillance and those who received chemotherapy after 6 months. We postulated that a surveillance policy would be clinically acceptable if hCG values returned to normal in 75% of patients or more. FINDINGS: 76 (<1%) of 13,960 patients with hydatidiform moles had persistently high hCG concentrations of more than 5 IU/L 6 months after evacuation. 66 (87%) patients continued under surveillance and hCG values spontaneously returned to normal without chemotherapy in 65 (98%) of these patients. Values in one patient did not become normal because of chronic renal failure, but she remains healthy. Ten patients received chemotherapy, and hCG concentrations returned to normal in eight (80%) of these individuals (surveillance vs chemotherapy groups p=0·044) and remained slightly high (6-11 IU/L) in two without any associated clinical problems off treatment. We noted no significant differences between individuals in the surveillance and chemotherapy groups, apart from lower median hCG concentrations 6 months after evacuation in those under surveillance than in those given chemotherapy (13 IU/L, range 5-887, vs 157 IU/L, range 6-6438; p=0·004). Overall, there were no deaths in this series. INTERPRETATION: A surveillance policy seems to be clinically acceptable in patients with low and declining concentrations of hCG 6 months after evacuation of hydatidiform mole. FUNDING: National Commissioning Group, Imperial Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, and Cancer Research UK. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Comment in Lancet. 2012 Jan 14;379(9811):98-100.

PMID 22130490

2011

2009

Management of molar pregnancy

J Prenat Med. 2009 Jan;3(1):15-7.

Cavaliere A1, Ermito S, Dinatale A, Pedata R. Author information Abstract Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) originates from placental tissue and is among the rare human tumors that can be cured even in the presence of widespread metastases. GTD include a spectrum of interrelated tumors including complete and partial hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor, that have different propensities for local invasion and spread. Although most GTD develop after a mole, they can follow any antecedent pregnancy.Transvaginal ultrasound, routinary dosage of beta-hCG and current approaches to chemotherapy, let most women with malignant gestational trophoblastic disease to be cured and their reproductive function preserved. KEYWORDS: chemotherapy; gestational trophoblastic disease; human chorionic gonadotropin PMID: 22439034 PMCID: PMC3279094