Talk:Abnormal Development - Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 18) Embryology Abnormal Development - Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Talk:Abnormal_Development_-_Folic_Acid_and_Neural_Tube_Defects

2012

Determination of folic acid in milk, milk powder and energy drink by an indirect immunoassay

J Sci Food Agric. 2012 Mar 1. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.5625. [Epub ahead of print]

Zhang T, Xue H, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Song P, Tian X, Xing Y, Wang P, Meng M, Xi R. Source College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Folic acid (FA) is essential for healthy people (reference daily intake 400 µg day(-1) ) and pregnant women (600 µg day(-1) ). Insufficient intake of FA will increase the risk of neural tube defects in newborns. In this study an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for rapid and convenient detection of FA in vitamin-fortified foods. RESULTS: A carbodiimide-modified active ester method was used to synthesise the immunogen (FA-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate) to raise polyclonal antibodies for FA. The coupling ratio of FA with BSA was determined to be 14:1 (molar ratio). The detection limit of the immunoassay was 3.0 ng mL(-1) in buffer, 3.52 ng mL(-1) in energy drink, 11.91 ng mL(-1) in milk and 16.50 ng mL(-1) in milk powder. Intra- and inter-assay variability ranged from 6.6 to 15.1%. Analytical recoveries of FA-spiked samples were 88.3-108.9%. CONCLUSION: The immunoassay developed in this study can be used as a simple, rapid and accurate method for fast semi-quantitative and quantitative on-site analysis of FA in food products. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry. PMID 22378547

2011

Folic Acid Supplementation for Women of Childbearing Age versus Supplementation for the General Population: A Review of the Known Advantages and Risks

Int J Family Med. 2011;2011:173705. Epub 2011 May 23.

Shelke N, Keith L. Source College of Arts and Sciences, Loyola University, Chicago, IL 60660, USA.

Abstract

This paper focuses on the current best-evidence-based clinical practices and controversies surrounding folic acid supplementation/fortification for the prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs) during early pregnancy. The paper also discusses the controversies surrounding the effect of folic acid on the prevention as well as the promotion of cancer. Sufficient data is available to safely conclude that folic acid reduces the risk of NTDs during pregnancy; however, a safe dosage has not yet been calculated for the rest of the population. More research is necessary to study the complete role of folic acid in human growth and development.

PMID 22295182

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3263835

High intake of folic acid disrupts embryonic development in mice

Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2011 Jan;91(1):8-19. doi: 10.1002/bdra.20754. Epub 2010 Dec 22.

Pickell L, Brown K, Li D, Wang XL, Deng L, Wu Q, Selhub J, Luo L, Jerome-Majewska L, Rozen R.

Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Folic acid fortification and supplementation has increased folate intake and blood folate concentrations and successfully reduced the incidence of neural tube defects. However, the developmental consequences of high folate intake are unknown. This study investigated the impact of high folate intake, alone or with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency, on embryonic and placental development in mice.

METHODS: Mthfr +/+ or +/- pregnant mice on a control diet (CD; recommended intake of folic acid for rodents) or folic acid-supplemented diet (FASD; 20-fold higher than the recommended intake) were examined for embryonic loss, delay, and defects at 10.5 and 14.5 days post coitum (dpc); 10.5-dpc placenta, and 14.5-dpc embryo hearts were studied histologically.

RESULTS: Total plasma folate was 10-fold higher in FASD compared to CD mice; plasma homocysteine levels were not affected by diet. At 10.5 dpc, the FASD was associated with embryonic delay and growth retardation, and may confer susceptibility to embryonic defects. The FASD did not adversely affect 10.5-dpc placental development. At 14.5 dpc, embryos from the FASD Mthfr +/+ group were delayed and the FASD was associated with thinner ventricular walls in embryonic hearts. There was a significant interaction between maternal MTHFR deficiency and a high folate diet for several developmental outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that high folate intake may have adverse effects on fetal mouse development and that maternal MTHFR deficiency may improve or rescue some of the adverse outcomes. These findings underscore the need for additional studies on the potential negative impact of high folate intake during pregnancy.

Copyright © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 21254354

2006

Eichholzer M, Tonz O, Zimmermann R. Folic acid: a public-health challenge. Lancet. 2006 Apr 22;367(9519):1352-61. "... In the USA, Canada, and Chile, mandatory fortification of flour substantially improved folate and homocysteine status, and neural tube defects rates fell by between 31% and 78%. Nevertheless, many countries do not choose mandatory folic acid fortification, in part because expected additional health benefits are not yet scientifically proven in clinical trials, in part because of feared health risks, and because of the issue of freedom of choice. Thus, additional creative public-health approaches need to be developed to prevent neural tube defects and improve the folate status of the general population."

Padmanabhan R. Etiology, pathogenesis and prevention of neural tube defects. Congenit Anom (Kyoto). 2006 Jun;46(2):55-67.

Tamura T, Picciano MF. Folate and human reproduction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 May;83(5):993-1016.

Wen SW, Walker M. An exploration of health effects of folic acid in pregnancy beyond reducing neural tube defects. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2005 Jan;27(1):13-9.

Gonzalez MJ, et al. [See Related Articles] Folate supplementation and neural tube defects: a review of a public health issue. P R Health Sci J. 1997 Dec;16(4):387-93. Review.

1995

Folate levels and neural tube defects. Implications for prevention

JAMA. 1995 Dec 6;274(21):1698-702.

Daly LE, Kirke PN, Molloy A, Weir DG, Scott JM. Source Department of Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, University College Dublin, Ireland.

Abstract

Using data from a recent case-control study, a woman's risk of having a child with a neural tube defect (NTD) was found to be associated with early pregnancy red cell folate levels in a continuous dose-response relationship. These findings were used to calculate the reduction in NTD cases that would be expected under two different strategies to raise folate levels. Targeting high-risk individuals has a small effect on the population prevalence but can substantially change an individual's risk. Targeting the population produces a small change in individual risk but has a large effect on the population prevalence. Supplementation of high-risk women would be the most efficient method to implement the high-risk strategy, while food fortification would be preferable for the population approach. The current guidelines for the prevention of NTD are for an increased folic acid intake of 0.4 mg per day. This would result in a 48% reduction in NTDs, which may be near optimal. The two intervention strategies should be considered complementary in prevention of NTDs.

Comment in JAMA. 1995 Dec 6;274(21):1717-8. JAMA. 1996 Jun 5;275(21):1635-6.


PMID 7474275