Talk:2015 Group Project 6: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 15:38, 28 August 2015

2015 Projects: Three Person Embryos | Ovarian Hyper-stimulation Syndrome | Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome | Male Infertility | Oncofertility | Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis | Students

Links to Project Discussion Pages: Discussion 1 | Discussion 2 | Discussion 3 | Discussion 4 | Discussion 5 | Discussion 6

This is the discussion page for your project.

  • Use this page to discuss online the project with your group members.
  • Paste useful resources here.
  • Remember to use your signature button to identify who you are when adding content here.
  • The following collapsed tables provide starting points for students during project work, you also have tutorials built into practical classes and practice exercises for individual assessmet items.
Group Assessment Criteria  
Mark Hill.jpg Science Student Projects
  1. The key points relating to the topic that your group allocated are clearly described.
  2. The choice of content, headings and sub-headings, diagrams, tables, graphs show a good understanding of the topic area.
  3. Content is correctly cited and referenced.
  4. The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level using the student's own innovative diagrams, tables or figures and/or using interesting examples or explanations.
  5. Evidence of significant research relating to basic and applied sciences that goes beyond the formal teaching activities.
  6. Relates the topic and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of embryology.
  7. Clearly reflects on editing/feedback from group peers and articulates how the Wiki could be improved (or not) based on peer comments/feedback. Demonstrates an ability to review own work when criticised in an open edited wiki format. Reflects on what was learned from the process of editing a peer's wiki.
  8. Evaluates own performance and that of group peers to give a rounded summary of this wiki process in terms of group effort and achievement.
  9. The content of the wiki should demonstrate to the reader that your group has researched adequately on this topic and covered the key areas necessary to inform your peers in their learning.
  10. Develops and edits the wiki entries in accordance with the above guidelines.
More Information on Assessment Criteria | Science Student Projects
Uploading Images 
Mark Hill.jpg First Read the help page Images

The following describes how to upload an image with all the information that must be associated with it.

The image must first be uploaded to the site.

  1. Open the left hand menu item “Toolbox” and click “Upload file” and a new window will open.
  2. Click the button ”Choose file” and navigate to where the image is located on your computer and double click the file.
  3. The window will now show the file name in the “Source filename” window.
  4. You can then rename the uploaded file in the “Destination filename” window.
    1. Make sure the new name accurately describes the image.
  5. Add a description of the image to the “Summary” window. Note the description must include:
    1. An image name as a section heading.
    2. Any further description of what the image shows.
    3. A subsection labeled “Reference” and under this the original image source, appropriate reference and all copyright information.
    4. Finally a template indicating that this is a student image. {{Template:Student Image}}

Images not including the above information will be deleted by the course coordinator and be considered in the student assessment process.

Students cannot delete uploaded images. Contact the course coordinator with the file address.

Referencing 
Mark Hill.jpg First Read the help page Referencing

All references used in making your project page should be cited where they appear in the text or images.

In page edit mode where XXXX is the PubMed ID number use the following code.

<ref name=”PMIDXXXX”><pubmed>XXXX</pubmed></ref>

For references not listed on PubMed, and text can be inserted between <ref></ref> tags.

Where the reference list will appear make a new section and on a new line the following code. <references/>

Plagiarism 
Mark Hill.jpg First Read the help page Copyright Tutorial

Currently all students originally assigned to each group are listed as equal authors/contributors to their project. If you have not contributed the content you had originally agreed to, nor participated in the group work process, then you should contact the course coordinator immediately and either discuss your contribution or request removal from the group author list. Remember that all student online contributions are recorded by date, time and the actual contributed content. A similar email reminder of this information was sent to all current students.

Please note the Universities Policy regarding Plagiarism

"Plagiarism at UNSW is defined as using the words or ideas of others and passing them off as your own." (extract from UNSW statement on Academic Honesty and Plagiarism)

Academic Misconduct carries penalties. If a student is found guilty of academic misconduct, the penalties include warnings, remedial educative action, being failed in an assignment or excluded from the University for two years.


Please also read Copyright Tutorial with regard to content that can be used in your project.

2015 Group Project Topic - Assisted Reproductive Technology
ART in Australia (2012)

Some Potential Topics

  • Your own selected topic (consult coordinator)
  • oocyte quality
  • spermatozoa quality
  • prenatal genetic diagnosis
  • frozen oocytes
  • in vitro oocyte development
  • assisted hatching
  • cryopreserved ovarian tissue
  • oncofertility
  • 3 person embryos
  • fertility drugs
  • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)
  • ART for genetic disorders
  • male infertility
  • female infertility

Assisted Reproductive Technology

Journal Searches  
Below are shown some easy methods, with examples, for setting up simple searches of PubMed and other Journal databases. In most cases, you simply need to replace the existing term (embryo) where it appears in Wiki code with your own. Note there may also be additional "Advanced search" options available within these sites.


Students - read the paper first before committing to use/cite the material, to ensure you are using the information correctly and in context.


Reference Links: Embryology Textbooks | Journals | Journal Searches | Reference Tutorial | Copyright | For Students | UNSW Online Textbooks | iBooks | Journals | RSS Feeds | Online | Societies | Online Databases | Historic - Textbooks | Pubmed Most Recent | Category:References


Editing Links: Editing Basics | Images | Tables | Referencing | Journal Searches | Copyright | Font Colours | Virtual Slide Permalink | My Preferences | One Page Wiki Card | Printing | Movies | Language Translation | Student Movies | Using OpenOffice | Internet Browsers | Moodle | Navigation/Contribution | Term Link | Short URLs | 2018 Test Student


Please use the following as a guide:

  • Always when citing, identify reviews separately from original research articles.
  • Always identify copyright conditions allow your reuse of content before uploading.
  • If quoting text verbatim always include in "quotation marks" and reference, or additionally identify in brackets after the excerpt.


External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

Database Example search Wiki code (note - copy text when in Read mode)
Pubmed (all databases) embryo [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=embryo ''embryo'']
Pubmed embryo [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=embryo ''embryo'']
Pubmed 5 most recent references[1] <pubmed limit=5>embryo</pubmed>
Pubmed Central embryo [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=embryo ''embryo'']
Pubmed Central (images) embryo [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=embryo&report=imagesdocsum ''embryo'']
PLoS (Public Library of Science) embryo [https://www.plos.org/?s=embryo&submit=Go ''embryo'']
BioMed Central embryo [http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results?terms=embryo ''embryo'']
BMC Developmental Biology embryo [http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcdevbiol/search/results?terms=embryo ''embryo'']
Biology Open (BiO) embryo [http://bio.biologists.org/search?submit=yes&titleabstract=embryo&andorexacttitleabs=and&fulltext=&submit=yes&submit=Submit ''embryo'']
About Journal Searches
The following general information is about the above online databases and journals.

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

  • PubMed - comprises more than 24 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
    • PubMed Central (PMC) - is a free full-text archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature at the U.S. National Institutes of Health's National Library of Medicine (NIH/NLM).
  • Public Library of Science (PLOS) - is a nonprofit publisher and advocacy organization founded to accelerate progress in science and medicine by leading a transformation in research communication.
  • BioMed Central (BMC) - is an STM (Science, Technology and Medicine) publisher of 291 peer-reviewed open access journals.
    • BMC Developmental Biology - is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that considers articles on the development, growth, differentiation and regeneration of multicellular organisms, including molecular, cellular, tissue, organ and whole organism research.
    • Reproductive Health - is an open access, peer-reviewed online journal focusing on all aspects of human reproduction.
    • Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology (RB&E) - aims to act as a forum for the dissemination of results from excellent research in the reproductive sciences. RB&E represents a global platform for reproductive and developmental biologists, reproductive endocrinologists, immunologists, theriogenologists, infertility specialists, obstetricians, gynecologists, andrologists, urogynecologists, specialists in menopause, reproductive tract oncologists, and reproductive epidemiologists.
  • Biology Open (BiO) - is an online-only Open Access journal that publishes peer-reviewed original research across all aspects of the biological sciences, including cell science, developmental biology and experimental biology.
  1. Note the references appear where the code is pasted and will be updated each time the page is loaded, and may occasionally list articles that do not appear directly related to the search topic.


You can paste this template on your own page for easy reference. This current template is also available as a plain page.

Science_Student_Projects

Abnormal Development - Genetic

To Do List

Week 4

  • text book summary and some notes
  • journal article
  • 1 relevant media article
  • post in this discussion and on your own page under lab 3 assignment
  • for links or informal questions please use the facebook Group


Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis

Headings

  • Polar body
  • Genetic techniques
  • Laws in different countries and states
  • Cell extraction from zygotes, blastomeres, morula
  • How analysis is conducted e.g. PCR
  • Gene Mapping
  • Inheritance patterns
  • Conducted prior to implantation

In order (?):

  • Introduction (GP)
  • History/Development (include transition from post to preimplantation) (GP)
  • Indications, Inheritance patterns (SL)
    • Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
    • Preimplantation Genetic Screening (PGS)
  • Cell Extraction Methods, side effect (SK)
    • Polar Body Analysis
    • Blastomere biopsy
    • Trophectoderm biopsy
  • Genetic Techniques (GP)
    • Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation (FISH)
    • PCR
  • Diagnosis (table, gene mapping) (SL)
  • Utilization of Diseased Cell Lines (SK)
  • Laws/ Legal status (SL)
  • Future/Current Research
  • Ethics

Content

Legistation for ARTS

Assisted Reproductive Technology Ethics

G12 Country Regulations of Assisted Reproductive Technologies


Textbooks

The Developing Human 9th Edition: Birth Defects caused by Genetic factors

[1]

  • Estimated to cause one third of all defects
  • Abnormalities in chromosomes are usually due to structural or numerical changes. These can occur in sex chromosomes or autosomes.
    • Numerical abnormalities are a result of nondisjunction. Nondisjunction is when a pair or chromatids fail to disjoin during meiosis or mitosis. E.g. Turners Syndrome, Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and Trisomy 18 (Edward’s Syndrome).
    • Structural abnormalities are usually a result of chromosome breakage followed by reconstitution in an abnormal combination. There are different types of structural abnormalities including translocation and deletion of chromosomes
  • Mutations cause 8% of birth defects. It involves the loss or change in the function of a gene which is permanent and heritable.

Williams Obstetrics, Twenty-Fourth Edition: Preimplantation Genetic Testing

[2]

  • two categories of preimplantation genetic testing: PGS (-Screening) & PGD (-Diagnosis); different indications
    • PGS: IVF procedure due to infertility without known genetic abnormalities in patients
    • PGD: IVF procedure & genetic testing chosen because of known genetic abnormalities in patients
  • Methods:
    • Polar body analysis: first and second polar body are extruded following completion of meiosis I and meiosis II
      • Advantages: does not harm embryo, can be used to detect 146 Mendelian disorders, reported 99% accuracy
      • Disadvantages: paternal genetic contribution is not investigated --> additional procedures
    • Blastomere biopsy: embryo is 3 day old, 6-8 cells stage, most commonly used, hole is made in zona pellucida to retrieve one cell
      • Disadvantages: 10% pregnancy reduction,"mosaicism of the blastomeres may not reflect the chromosomal complement of the developing embryo"
    • Trophectoderm biopsy: 5-6 day old blastocyst, 5-7 cells are removed
      • Advantage: no cells removed from embryo
      • Disadvantage: additional procedures may be necessary because of later stage of developing embryo (cryopreservation, implantation at later IVF-cycle)

Maternal, Fetal & Neonatal physiology: a Clinical perspective :Prenatal Diagnosis and Maternal, Fetal & Neonatal physiology: a Clinical perspective: Prenatal Diagnosis:

Prenatal diagnosis is the screening process that tests an early fetus for overall growth, complications of pregnancy, birth defects and chromosomal or genetic abnormalities within the first 2 trimesters. It aims to provide the parents with as information as possible to help them make an informed decision about the infants quality of life. In 90-95% of the cases negative outcomes occur; confirming the healthy state of the fetus, should a genetic abnormality be present, it provides the parents with the opportunity to investigate further with other tests, and possible fetal therapeutic treatments available as well plan and prepare for the disabled infant or to terminate the pregnancy.


  • Indicators for prenatal screening/ high risk factors include:
    • maternal ages > 35 years
    • paternal ages > 50-55
    • history of 2+ miscarriages
    • previous pregnancy or family history of a preexisting genetic or chromosomal disorder
    • suspected carriers of genetic disorders
    • maternal disease/condition present (high BP, diabetes)
    • abnormal ultrasound or serum test results within the first 2 trimesters
    • family history of neural tube or other birth defects


  • Ultrasonography:
    • high frequency sound waves are used to generate a image of the fetus
    • relatively non-invasion; its conducted transabdominally or transvaginally ( producing a higher resolution image)
    • It reveals the presence/absence of congenital abnormalities, characteristics of fetal growth and development, uterine development status; amount of **amniotic fluid, placental position, umbilical blood flow and the presence of multiple gestation.
    • (if abnormalities are detected further testing is recommended)


  • Amniotic Fluid Analysis/:
    • samples are obtained through amniocentesis
    • the amniotic fluid is analyzed for its biochemical composition
    • earlier in the pregnancy it can be examined for sex determination and to diagnose genetic or chromosomal disorders present.
    • Later into the pregnancy it provides an indication of fetal maturity and well being
    • Feta; cells recovered from the amniotic fluid can be cultured for specific karyotypes, to test for Chromosomal Abnormalities, and analysed for Alpha- fetoprotein (AFP) a biochemical marker of metabolic disorders and neural tube defects as well as other abnormalities.
    • Amniocentesis- occurs usually between weeks 14-20 as amniotic fluid has reached the optimal volume (150-250mls) allowing 20-30mls to be removed with a relatively low risk or fetal or maternal complication, and in time for a 2nd trimester abortion.
    • early amniocentesis ( before week 13) increase the risk of fetal loss, leakage of essential amniotic fluid and talipes equinovarus.


  • Chronic Villus Sampling (CVS):
    • occurs roughly 10-13 weeks after last menstrual cycle, ensuing a sufficiently developed chorionic villi but before the chorion laeve forms the definitive placenta.
    • ultrasounds is used to locate the gestational sac and implantation then a transcervial or transabdominal approach is used to aspirate living tropoblast tissue.
    • sample is analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities or with enzyme assay.
    • advantages: earlier diagnosis , decreased waiting period
    • disadvantages: risk of spontaneous abortion, bacterial infection, bleeding, leakage of amniotic fluid, inability to diagnose neural tube defects this early, early cleavage (before wk 10) is associated with increased risk of limb defects (due to insufficiently developed chronic villi)


  • Umbilical Blood Sampling:
    • can occur as early as 16 weeks
    • using the umbilical cord to obtain fetal blood samples - with real time ultrasound
    • used to diagnose inherited blood disorders, to detect congenital infections, to assess fetal anemia and in treatments such as blood transfusions.
    • disadvantages: risks of infection, preterm labor, thrombosis, bleeding & transient fetal arrhythmia


  • Fluroscent in Situ Hybridisation (FISH)
    • rapidly detects (within 24 hours of testing ) the presence of Trisomies 21, 13 and 8 and alterations in sex chromosomes in uncultured cells.


  • early diagnosis allows the opportunity for intervention with fetal therapies:
    • surgical intervention urinary tract obstruction ; aiming to reduce prenatal renal damage
    • fetal transfusions ( feta anemia
    • fetal medical treatmetn ( fetal cardiac arrhythmias,impaired thyroid function etc.) treatment occurs usually through the mother
    • infusions for hematologic conditions
    • stem cell transplantation
    • gene therapy
    • pharmocolic interventions


textbooks used :

  • Maternal, Fetal & Neonatal physiology: a Clinical perspective [3]
  • Langman's Medical Embryology (12th ed.)Chapter 9, pages 125-129 [4]

the following are two articles about a newly available and accessible prenatal non- invasive genetic test- Blood sampling:

  • Report on Cutting edge prenatal screening technology to become available in Australia [5]
  • Blood Test takes risk out of prenatal testing [6]
  • Prenatal screening and Diagnostic Tests Information Pamphlet [7]



Articles

<pubmed>24810687</pubmed>

<pubmed>23773313</pubmed>

<pubmed>26201722</pubmed>

<pubmed>26168107</pubmed> This article reviews the cytogenetic techniques and embryo biopsies required for PGD & PGS and gives an account on the differences in PGD for single gene defects and chromosomal translocations.


<pubmed>22723007</pubmed> This article gives relatively recent and detailed information on the three types of biopsy performed on embryos at different stages of development (before conception, after fertilization, and early cleavage or blastocyst stage)


<pubmed>24515905</pubmed> This article reviews indications for PGD focusing on single gene disorders.


<pubmed>20966459</pubmed> This article gives detailed laboratory instructions and guidelines for PGD procedures, which might be useful for the methodological part of the website


The following articles are about diseased cells/embryos derived from PGD procedures for further research: <pubmed>23242925</pubmed> <pubmed>22735930</pubmed>


Other articles <pubmed>21748341</pubmed>

<pubmed>26259216</pubmed>

<pubmed>26258137</pubmed>

<pubmed>22404048</pubmed>

<pubmed>26238130</pubmed>

<pubmed>26168107</pubmed>


IVF and prenatal genetic testing in Australia [[1]]

the following are two articles about a newly available and accessible prenatal non- invasive genetic test- Blood sampling: [[2]] [[3]]

  1. Moore, K.L., Persaud, T.V.N. & Torchia, M.G. (2011). The developing human: clinically oriented embryology (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
  2. Cunningham F, Leveno K.J., Bloom S.L., Spong C.Y., Dashe J.S., Hoffman B.L., Casey B.M., Sheffield J.S. (2013). Prenatal Diagnosis. In Cunningham F, Leveno K.J., Bloom S.L., Spong C.Y., Dashe J.S., Hoffman B.L., Casey B.M., Sheffield J.S. (Eds), Williams Obstetrics, Twenty-Fourth Edition. Retrieved August 25, 2015 from {http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1057&Sectionid=59789152.}
  3. Blackburn, S.L. (2003) Maternal, Fetal & Neonatal physiology: a Clinical perspective (2nd ed.). Seattle: Saudners
  4. Sadler T.W.(2012) Langman's Medical Embryology (12th ed.) Philadelphia: Lipincott, Wiliams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer Business
  5. Carbonell, R. Shinners, A. Amor, D. Mark, D. (2015) Report on Cutting edge prenatal screening technology to become available in Australia: Prepared for ABC news, PM with Mark Colvin. Retrieved from {http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2015/s4203200.htm}
  6. Begley, S. (05/07/2015) Blood Test takes risk out of prenatal testing. ABC Science. Retrieved from {http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2012/07/05/3539549.htm}
  7. Western Australia. Department of Health Genetics Council Prenatal Diagnosis Committee (2011)Prenatal screening and Diagnostic Tests. Retrieved from {http://www.health.wa.gov.au/docreg/Education/Prevention/Genetics/HP3131_prenatal.pdf}