Talk:2009 Group Project 1: Difference between revisions

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Read more about the exact nature of the abnormal gene the using the link.  
Read more about the exact nature of the abnormal gene the using the link.  
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11090342
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11090342


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Although the article is now quite ancient, it is interesting to note the incidence of cleft palate and cleft lip among people. It also shows the historical foundation of research into the causes of cleft palate and cleft lip through animal experimentation.  
Although the article is now quite ancient, it is interesting to note the incidence of cleft palate and cleft lip among people. It also shows the historical foundation of research into the causes of cleft palate and cleft lip through animal experimentation.  


Read more at the link below
Read more about cleft palate epidemiology using the link.
 
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1915191
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1915191



Revision as of 05:38, 2 September 2009

--Mark Hill 08:42, 21 August 2009 (EST) z3187802 has contacted me and has been away sick. He should still complete his components of the group project.


Our group is Sum, Vishnnu, Juliana and Jenny. Today in the lab we have decided to research the RABBIT! Rabbit embryology from Mark Hill

(Juliana's email belebele85@msn.com)


This is apparently what we need to include in our case study:

  1. Timeline of Embryo Development - how long (SUM)
  2. Staging - are there species specific staging, what occurs when (SUM)
  3. History of Model Use - when was it first used, (JULIANNA)
  4. Genetics - chromosome number, sequencing (JENNY)
  5. Abnormal Development (VISHNNU)
  6. Current Embryology Research - research papers and findings (VISHNNU)

Hey guys, maybe we should add a section comparing rabbit to human development --Sumaiya Rahman 16:45, 6 August 2009 (EST)

That sounds like a good idea Sum....seeing that human development is the primary theme of the course, not including it would be criminal!. -vishnnu

Report:

  • Links to resources and discussions are to be posted on the group talk page, the project page is for the actual assignment
  • Final assignment will be marked by another group and everyone will be given a marking criteria
  • No information should be obtained from Wikipedia and all information (tables & graphs included) must be referenced
  • Please feel free to suggest any further topics which can be included


RESEARCH:

So i think the main rabbit used in research is the oryctolagus cuniculus. Lets focus mostly on that (or at least i, Jenny, will since im going genetics). This link is great for the specific genetics: Oryctolagus cuniculus complete mitochondrial genome

Here's some stuff about benefits of modeling from a textbook. I haven't yet written as my own so its still the authors material. Just thought it might benefit us all (and raise our morale as we thought the rabbit might suck..but it doesn't!) We're not "submitting" this as our own work so technically we're not yet copyrighting their material. Ive cited the book here and the website i got it from: Cibelli, J., Lanza, R., Campbell, K. and West, M. 2002. Principles of Cloning. Academic Press

“Rabbits were one of the first species in which blastomere nuclear transfer succeeded; as a model species, rabbits placed a central role in developing the micromanipulation technologies in embryos.” Other advantages for using rabbits are:

  1. “The costs to animal procurement, animal care, and oocyte production in rabbits are relatively low compared to large animals.” e.g. a cow embryo is 30x more expensive that a rabbit embryo
  2. “The developmental biology of rabbit embryos and fetuses resembles more closely that of large farm animals than that of rodent model species, including the transition from maternal to embryonic control of embryo development.”
  3. “The pregnancy of rabbits is relatively short (1 month), allowing rapid evaluation of fetal and postnatal development. In comparison, the gestation length for cattle is 9x longer.”
  4. “The sizeable milk production of rabbits allows their use as test animals for therapeutic protein expression in milk, or as a living bioreactor.”
  5. “Rabbits are induced ovulators. Domesticated rabbits are nonseasonal breeders and produce multiple offspring in one litter. These reproductive patterns make the use of rabbits for reproductive research highly efficient.”



Here are some links i (sum) found which may help. Need to go through all the info and sort it out, But there are a couple of good diagrams.

Links for group assignment

http://www.reproduction-online.org/cgi/reprint/48/1/43

http://books.google.com/books?id=RY0rXE2HgqsC&pg=PA344&dq=rabbit+embryo+stages&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=rabbit%20embryo%20stages&f=false - good for what studies in rabbit embryo have been used for. And has a good table for embryological stages!!

http://books.google.com/books?id=ljAKtC-iIrIC&pg=PA264&dq=rabbit+embryo+stages&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=rabbit%20embryo%20stages&f=false


http://books.google.com/books?id=73bbKzqRvLsC&pg=PA156&dq=rabbit+embryo+stages&lr=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=rabbit%20embryo%20stages&f=false - picture of implantation

http://books.google.com/books?id=aZ7DQYFyxswC&pg=PA122&dq=%22rabbit+development+stages%22&lr=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false


Hi I(Juliana) uploaded file, you guys can have a look. Go to 'Upload File' tab and click ' early growth of rabbit trophoblast' file.


also I found an interesting article! An Electron Microscope Study of the Embryology of the Intercalated Disc in the Heart of the Rabbit Alan R. Muir The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Mar. 25, 1957), pp. 193-202 Published by: The Rockefeller University Press

http://info.library.unsw.edu.au/cgi-bin/local/access/ej-access.cgi?url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?origin=sfx%3Asfx&sici=0095-9901(1957)3%3A2%3C193%3AAEMSOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S --

Jin Lee 10:48, 25 August 2009 (EST)


I found helpful book in the library Bensley's Practical Anatomy of the Rabbit 8thE by E.Horne Craigie, Toronto, University of Toronto Press 1948 --Jin Lee 13:27, 27 August 2009 (EST)



Background reading (Vishnnu)

Hey everyone. I'm starting my background reading section where I shall describe my research resources. They contain a summary and a link to the resource itself. I shall keep this "notes" section updated with each new entry I add.


Notes:

  • Articles 1 & 2 - Juliana this could be useful to you.
  • Article 2 - Sum this could be useful to you.
  • Articles 3 & 4 - Abnormal development articles (added: 02/09/2009)


Article 1

The rabbit as a model for reproductive and developmental toxicity studies --Vishnnu Shanmugam 21:05, 30 August 2009 (EST)

Robert H. Foote and Edward W. Carney Reproductive Toxicology 14 (2000) 477–493 Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, 204 Morrison Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-4801, USA Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, The Dow Chemical Company Midland, Michigan 48674, USA


Summary

This is a review article of a study looking at the use of rabbits in toxicological studies. The article describes the advantages in using the rabbit experimental model as opposed to the rodent model (mice & rats) and outlines the differences that make toxicological studies on rabbit embryos more accurate than rodents to resemble similar toxicological effects in human embryos. The article describes various techniques that can be used (eg. blood collection from marginal ear vein, artificial insemination, embryo collection) and solutions to some common problems that researchers face when using animal models. Very interesting article with a great quote from Robert Koch to open the eyes of researchers to other animal models:

                 “Gentlemen, never forget that mice are not human beings” 

Want to find out more? Follow the link!

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TC0-41SBGDH-1&_user=37161&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000004218&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=37161&md5=4db60dc9352996fc4865b9d781b0128d



Article 2

Developmental stages in the rabbit embryo: guidelines to choose an appropriate experimental model --Vishnnu Shanmugam 21:05, 30 August 2009 (EST)

S. Beaudoin; P. Barbet; F. Bargy Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy; Nov/Dec 2003; 18, 6; Academic Research Library pg. 422


Summary

The article describes the various stages in the developing rabbit embryo and the rationale for using rabbits to study normal and abnormal embryology. The article details normal developments in the rabbit embryo and compares it to the developing human embryo. By making this comparison the article argues for the validity of rabbit embryology to better understand human embryology and also suggests that due to the similarities in the developing rabbit and human embryos, experiments on rabbit embryo’s yield more reliable results for human embryology. The article has some rare images on normally developing rabbits and breaks the developmental stages down (in days) describing the observable characteristics that form (eg. Limb development & body formation). I have decided to use the image provided in the journal.

Definitely worth reading people, follow the link!

http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=FDT2003018006422


Article 3

Acheiropodia is caused by a genomic deletion in C7orf2, the human orthologue of the Lmbr1 gene --Vishnnu Shanmugam 04:32, 2 September 2009 (EST)

P. Ianakiev, M. J. van Baren, M. J. Daly, S. P. A. Toledo, M. G. Cavalcanti, J. Correa Neto, E. Lemos Silveira, A. Freire-Maia, P. Heutink, M. W. Kilpatrick, P. Tsipouras Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68:38–45, 2001 Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA; LIM/25-D, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, And Private Practice, Sao Paulo; Private Practice, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Genetics, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu SP, Brazil


Summary

The article describes the developmental abnormality Acheiropodia can be passed down genetically from parent to offspring. Acheiropodia (also known as Horn Kolb Syndrome) is a condition where the distal extremities of the embryo fail to form. Although it is not fatal, the individual endures a very difficult life without hands and feet. The article notes that the disorder only affects the development of the limbs and has no other reported manifestations. The article defines this to be an autosomal recessive disorder which means that two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in the affected individual in order for the disease to develop. Thus, each parent passes an abnormal gene to the offspring. It is interesting to note the process of the malformation from genotype to phenotype: small deletions on the chromosomes produce abnormal genes, the abnormal genes are then passed down to the offspring, the offspring that inherits two of the abnormal genes is unable to code for the correct proteins and as a result, there is failure in normal development of limb extremities in the embryo phenotype. The article also has a shocking image of an individual with Acheiropodia which highlights the extent to which it can impact a person’s life and the urgent need to find a cure.

Read more about the exact nature of the abnormal gene the using the link.

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11090342



Article 4

Epidemiology of congenital clefts of the lip and palate --Vishnnu Shanmugam 04:32, 2 September 2009 (EST)

JOHN C. GREENE, D.M.D., M.P.H. Public Health Rep. 1963 July; 78(7): 589–602


Summary

This review article combines research to study the factors causing the developmental abnormalities cleft palate and cleft lip in populations. “Cleft palate (palatoschisis)” and “cleft lip (cheiloschisis)” are the terms used to describe the non- fusion of the upper lip, hard or soft palate and typically occur during the gestation phase of embryonic development. The article tables the occurrence of cleft palate and cleft lip in populations of people in various cities across the world. It also compares the occurrence of cleft palate and cleft lip in males and females. The article finds that the incidence of cleft palate and cleft lip is:

  • Is random in males and females (ie. Occurs approximately evenly in both sexes)
  • Is random in people living in different cities
  • Is higher in children of mothers over the age of 35
  • Is higher in white populations and lower in the negro populations which suggests possible role of environmental factors
  • No concrete proof that cleft palate and cleft lip is hereditary
  • Is higher in rats exposed to radiation and those fed riboflavin
  • Is higher in rabbits and other lab animals exposed to higher stress through cortisone injections

Although the article is now quite ancient, it is interesting to note the incidence of cleft palate and cleft lip among people. It also shows the historical foundation of research into the causes of cleft palate and cleft lip through animal experimentation.

Read more about cleft palate epidemiology using the link.

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1915191



thank you so much Vishnuu~~^^ from Juliana


I also changed the format if you guys dont mind--Jin Lee 18:33, 31 August 2009 (EST)


Hey Vishnuu, that link you found with the stages is awesome! thanks so much. Do you know if i am allowed to use the embryo pics in that article on our wiki page?? i'm not sure about the copyright rules. It says at the bottom of the article "Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission." Does this mean we can only provide a link to it on our page? if so that's a shame, because those pics were fantastic!! SUM

Oh i also added an introduction - sum


Hey Sum, Unfortunately, since its copyright protected we can't use the image directly......but there is a way of getting around it....You can modify the image using picture editing tools, then simply reference where the original picture came from and state that it has been modified by you. Alternatively, you can trace around the picture and provide only an outline (this will be very difficult to do with detailed pictures, a good picture editing software is recommended). Either way according to whats written under editing basics we need to include a picture that has been drawn up ourselves in the project. Also, not sure if you are aware, but the project is NOT due on Thursday (3rd September), Dr. Hill has very generously given everyone an extension till after mid-session break. --Vishnnu Shanmugam 02:35, 2 September 2009 (EST)