Stem Cells - Placental Cord Blood: Difference between revisions

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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
Placenta and placental cord blood (umbilical cord blood, UCB) contains stem cells that can be harvested at birth (More? Placenta Notes). The total amout of blood that can be collected is about 90 ml, from which stem cells can be collected, typed and stored in Cord Blood Banks.
[[File:Blood_stem_cell.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Blood stem cells|Blood stem cells]]
Placenta and placental cord blood (umbilical cord blood, UCB) contains stem cells that can be harvested at birth (More? [[Placenta Development]]). The total amout of blood that can be collected is about 90 ml, from which stem cells can be collected, typed and stored in Cord Blood Banks. Both public and private Cord Blood Banks have arisen in this area. These cells provide a resource for bone marrow replacement therapy in many diseases, bone marrow transplantation was originally the only treatment available for many otherwise fatal diseases. Recently, cord blood transplantation has developed as a new alternative therapy for some of these same diseases.  


Both public and private Cord Blood Banks have arisen in this area. These cells provide a resource for bone marrow replacement therapy in many diseases.


"Stem cell donors are submitted to the national registries by regional donor centres. These in turn collaborate with tissue typing laboratories, that provide the HLA characteristics, the primary matching criterion for a donor and a patient." (From: Bone Marrow Donors Worldwide)
Placental cord blood is a rich souce of haematopoietic stem cells for transplantation. Cord blood can collected at birth, with no impact on the mother or neonate, and stured in cord blood banks for later use.


A useful guide (online PDF document) to stem cells was produced in a report by the National Institute of Health (NIH, USA, May 2000) [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/pdf/fullrptstem.pdf Stem Cells: A Primer] (note large size - 4.84 Mb) and more recently NIH has established a [http://stemcells.nih.gov/index.asp Stem Cell information] page.


:{{Template:Stem Cell Links}}
'''BBC''' (UK) A brief article on [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/in_depth/sci_tech/2001/san_francisco/newsid_1177000/1177766.stm Cord Blood stem cells] and their therapeutic potential.
 
 
A useful guide (online PDF document) to stem cells was produced in a report by the National Institute of Health (NIH, USA, May 2000) [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/pdf/fullrptstem.pdf Stem Cells: A Primer] (PDF 1.89 MB) and more recently NIH has established a [http://stemcells.nih.gov/index.asp Stem Cell information] page.
 
 
Note that placental cord Wharton's jelly can be also used to derive mesenchymal stem cells. These stem cells have been trans-differentiated into more advanced stages of germ cells by a simple two-step induction protocol using retinoic acid and Sertoli cell-conditioned medium. {{#pmid:29984207|PMID29984207}}
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:'''Links:''' {{Blood}} | {{Placenta}}
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{{Stem Cell Links}}
==Some Recent Findings==
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* '''The law and problematic marketing by private umbilical cord blood banks'''{{#pmid:32611408|PMID32611408}} "Private umbilical cord blood banking is a for-profit industry in which parents pay to store blood for potential future use. Governments have noted the tendency for private banks to oversell the potential for cord blood use, especially in relation to speculative cell therapies not yet supported by clinical evidence. We assessed the regulatory landscape governing private cord bank marketing in Canada. Conclusions: Private cord blood bank marketing that advertises hypothetical future treatments can be misleading and may influence consumer behaviour. This marketing may breach existing advertising law. Regulatory bodies should enforce the law in order to help prevent public health and personal financial harm."
 
* '''ACOG Committee Opinion No. 771: Umbilical Cord Blood Banking'''{{#pmid:30801478|PMID30801478}} "Since the first successful umbilical cord blood transplant in 1988, it has been estimated that more than 35,000 transplants have been performed in children and adults for the correction of inborn errors of metabolism, hematopoietic malignancies, and genetic disorders of the blood and immune system. Two types of banks have emerged for the collection and storage of umbilical cord blood: 1) public banks and 2) private banks. The benefits and limitations of public versus private umbilical cord blood banking should be reviewed with the patient because they serve different purposes. This patient discussion also should include the concept of autologous and allogeneic use of umbilical cord blood. Umbilical cord blood collected from a neonate cannot be used to treat a genetic disease or malignancy in that same individual (autologous transplant) because stored cord blood contains the same genetic variant or premalignant cells that led to the condition being treated. There is no current evidence to support the use of an autologous umbilical cord blood sample in regenerative medicine. Patients should be made aware of the quality control and regulatory organizations that provide oversight for the process of umbilical cord collection and storage. Umbilical cord blood collection should not compromise obstetric or neonatal care or alter routine practice of delayed umbilical cord clamping with the rare exception of medical indications for directed donation. Therefore, it is important to inform patients that the medical condition of the woman or neonate may prevent adequate umbilical cord blood collection. This document is updated with a statement that the routine use of private cord blood banking is not supported by available evidence and that public banking is the recommended method of obtaining cord blood. In addition, the importance of contribution from all ethnicities and races to public banks is highlighted."
 
* '''On the Value of the Umbilical Cord Blood Supply'''{{#pmid:30224112|PMID30224112}} "Several public cord blood banks are struggling financially, and the question remains as to whether additional allocations of funds to them are justified. To estimate the social benefits of public cord blood bank inventory net of cord blood banks' operational costs. We used publicly available data from the Health Resources and Service Administration on the number of annual cord blood transplants as well as the patient age distribution in 2010, and the survival estimates between 2008 and 2012 for the several diseases treated by cord blood transplantation. Data on aggregate annual costs to the cord blood industry for recruitment, processing, and storage were obtained from published work. We used estimated increases in life expectancy due to treatment using umbilical cord blood and value for life-years gained to estimate the social benefits of the public cord blood inventory annually. We found that the annual social benefits of between $500 million and $1.5 billion outweigh the current operational annual costs of running cord blood banks of $60 to $70 million by a significant margin."
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Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cord+Mesenchymal+Stem+Cell ''Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cord+Stem+Cell ''Cord Stem Cell''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=cord+blood+banking ''cord blood banking'']
 
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* '''Trends in cord blood banking'''{{#pmid:22153685|PMID22153685}} "Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a source of hematopoietic precursor cells for transplantation. The creation of UCB banks in 1992 led to the possibility of storing units of UCB for unrelated transplants. The distribution of cell contents in historical inventories is not homogenous and many units are not, therefore, suitable for adults. The aim of this study was to analyse our UCB bank inventory, evaluate the units released for transplantation and calculate the cost of the current process per unit of UCB stored."
 
* '''Reprogramming of Human Umbilical Cord Stromal Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Myogenic Differentiation and Muscle Repair'''{{#pmid:20665127|PMID20665127}} "Human umbilical cord stromal mesenchymal stem cells (hUCS-MSCs) have the potential to differentiate into numerous cell types including epithelial cells, neurons and hepatocytes in vitro, in addition to mesenchyme-derived cells such as osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes. One important property of these cells is the lack of type II major histocompatibility complex class molecules, thus allowing them to be considered as an excellent candidate for transplantations."
 
*''' Human umbilical cord blood treatment in a mouse model of ALS'''{{#pmid:18575617|PMID18575617}} "...These results demonstrate that treatment for ALS with an appropriate dose of MNC hUCB cells may provide a neuroprotective effect for motor neurons through active involvement of these cells in modulating the host immune inflammatory system response."
 
* '''Umbilical cord blood transplantation for myeloid malignancies'''{{#pmid:17255794|PMID17255794}} "Umbilical cord blood is a valuable alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation of patients with myeloid malignancies who need an allogeneic transplant, but lack a suitable sibling donor."
|}
== Cord Blood Registries ==


== Some Recent Findings ==
[[File:Placental cord blood banks 2009.jpg|600px]]
* '''Pluripotent stem cell-derived gametes'''<ref><pubmed>19570509</pubmed></ref> "An emerging body of data suggests that pluripotent stem cells may be able to differentiate to form eggs and sperm. We discuss the state of the science and the potential social implications and offer recommendations for addressing some of the ethical and policy issues that would be raised by the availability of stem cell-derived gametes. ...PSC-derived gamete research represents the convergence of several areas of ethical and policy debate and inquiry—stem cell research, human genetic research, reproductive technologies, and human enhancement—bringing many of today's most contentious ethical issues into the same conversation."


* '''Generation of pluripotent stem cells from adult human testis'''<ref><pubmed>18849962</pubmed></ref>"Human primordial germ cells and mouse neonatal and adult germline stem cells are pluripotent and show similar properties to embryonic stem cells. Here we report the successful establishment of human adult germline stem cells derived from spermatogonial cells of adult human testis."
Placental cord blood banks (2009){{#pmid:21985808|PMID21985808}}


* '''Tlx3 neuronal differentiation from embryonic stem cells'''<ref><pubmed>18391221</pubmed></ref> "The T cell leukemia 3 (Tlx3) gene has been implicated in specification of glutamatergic sensory neurons in the spinal cord. ...The sequential and coordinated expression of the proneural and neuronal subtype-specific genes identifies Tlx3 as a selector gene in ES cells undergoing neural differentiation."


* USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 2008 public hearing on the safety of therapies that use human embryonic stem cells. "Cellular Therapies Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells "Considerations for Pre-Clinical Safety Testing and Patient Monitoring, April 10, 2008" The biotech company Geron plans to trial a stem cell based therapy for patients with acute spinal-cord injury. (More?[http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/08/briefing/2008-0471B1_1.pdf FDA Meeting Briefing Document PDF])
Cord blood collection statistics began in 1994 and have been increasing ever since. In January 2007, there were 254,000 cord blood units collected in worldwide registries.  


== Stem Cell Use ==
Results from a recent Australian survey into couples' views on the use of supernumerary embryos:<ref><pubmed>16716313</pubmed></ref>


* 40% (123/311) returned completed questionnaires.  
<center>Cord Blood Units Register (Data from: Bone Marrow Donors Worldwide [http://www.bmdw.org/index.php?id=statistics_cordblood Cord Blood Registries)] </center>
* 42% most common decision was donation to research (altruistic motives and desire not to waste embryos were determinants of embryo donation).


Determinants of disposal were not wanting a full sibling to existing children and opposition of embryo research.
'''CBU''' Cord Blood Units
* 45% found deciding distressing.
* 69% approved of embryo donation to stem-cell research.


== Cord Blood Stem Cell ==
'''NVC''' Net Volume Collected of CBU Volume of the unit in milliliters; see note below.  
Placental cord blood is a rich souce of haematopoietic stem cells for transplantation. Cord blood can collected at birth, with no impact on the mother or neonate, and stured in cord blood banks for later use. (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell4.htm Stem Cells - Cord Blood])


'''BBC''' (UK) A brief article on [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/in_depth/sci_tech/2001/san_francisco/newsid_1177000/1177766.stm Cord Blood stem cells] and their therapeutic potential.
'''TNC''' Total Nucleated Cells count of CBU The rounded number of nucleated cells in the units of 10 million.  


== Spermatogonial Stem Cell (SSC) ==
'''CD34P''' Collected number of CD34+ cells of CBU Cell count after volume reduction; numeric value with decimal point in units of 1 million.  
In the male testes are a population of spermatogonia cells that differentiate and meiotically divide to form spermatozoa cells (male germ cells).  


* Production of knockout mice by random or targeted mutagenesis in spermatogonial stem cells.<ref><pubmed>16679411</pubmed></ref>
'''MONONUC''' Collected number of mononuclear cells of CBU The rounded number of mononuclear cells in the units of 10 million.


* Spermatogonial stem cells: questions, models and perspectives.<ref><pubmed>16446319</pubmed></ref>
== Diseases ==
* [Spermatogonial stem cells: characteristics and experimental possibilities.<ref><pubmed>16480445</pubmed></ref>
The list of diseases that were transplanted with cord blood include the following: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia, Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia, Adrenoleukodystrophy, Blackfan-Diamond, Cancer-miscellaneous, Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia, Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia, Fanconi's Anaemia, Genetic disorders - miscellaneous, Hurler's Syndrome, Immune deficiency-Miscellaneous, Krabbe's disease, Lymphomas, Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Mucolipopolysaccharide deficiency, Osteopetrosis, Syndrome Severe Aplastic Anaemia, Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease, Storage disorders, Thalassaemia, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (From: [http://www.sch.edu.au/departments/acbb/ The Sydney Cord Blood Bank])
* Genetic and epigenetic properties of mouse male germline stem cells during long-term culture.<ref><pubmed>16107472</pubmed></ref>
* Expansion of murine spermatogonial stem cells through serial transplantation.<ref><pubmed>12493728</pubmed></ref>


== Adult Stem Cell ==
== Australia ==
Adult stem cells, with pluropotentiality, are found in three main body systems: intestinal epithelium, epidermis, and bone marrow. (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/stemcell5.htm Adult Stem Cells])
Australia has three cord blood banks (CBBs) located in Brisbane (Queensland), Sydney (New South Wales) and Melbourne (Victoria). AusCord is the Australian national network of umbilical cord blood banks and cord blood collection centres.  


==Inducible Stem Cells==
'''Links: '''[http://www.abmdr.org.au/ Australian Bone Marrow Donor Registry] | [http://www.sch.edu.au/departments/acbb/default.asp The Sydney Cord Blood Bank (SCBB)] | [http://www.bmdi.org.au/default.asp?id=40 Melbourne - BMDI Cord Blood Bank] | [http://www.materfoundation.com.au/ Queensland Cord Blood Bank] | [http://www.abmdr.org.au/AusCord_Brochure.pdf PDF - AusCord Brochure]
Inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPS) require a minimum of  key defined transcription factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, Nanog and Lin28) are required to be introduced into a cell to "induce" that cell to revert to a stem cell phenotype.


* Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors.<ref><pubmed>18035408</pubmed></ref>
== United States ==
* Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells by reprogramming mouse embryonic fibroblasts with a four transcription factor, doxycycline inducible lentiviral transduction system.<ref><pubmed>19915522</pubmed></ref>
On August 9, 2001, at 9:00 p.m. EDT, the President announced his decision to allow Federal funds to be used for research on existing human embryonic stem cell lines as long as prior to his announcement (1) the derivation process (which commences with the removal of the inner cell mass from the blastocyst) had already been initiated and (2) the embryo from which the stem cell line was derived no longer had the possibility of development as a human being.


== Stem Cell Markers ==
In addition, the President established the following criteria that must be met:
In order to carry out research on stem cells, it is important to be able to identify them. A number of different research groups in the late 90's generated several antibodies which specifically identified undifferentiated, differentiating or differentiated stem cells from a number of different sources and species. Note that the nomenclature in some cases is based upon the antibody used to identify the cell surface marker.


* '''Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-1 (SSEA-1)''' cell surface embryonic antigen which has a role in cell adhesion, migration and differentiation and is often differentially expressed during development. Can be identified by Davor Solter (monoclonal antibody MC-480) (SSEA-1).
* The stem cells must have been derived from an embryo that was created for reproductive purposes;
* '''Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-4 (SSEA-4)''' cell surface embryonic antigen of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES) which is down-regulated following differentiation of human EC cells. Antigen not expressed on undifferentiated murine EC, ES and EG cells but upregulated on differentiation of murine EC and ES cells. Can be identified by Davor Solter (monoclonal antibody MC-813-70) (SSEA-4)
* The embryo was no longer needed for these purposes;
* '''Tumor Rejection Antigen (TRA-1-60)''' Sialylated Keratan Sulfate Proteoglycan expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES).
* Informed consent must have been obtained for the donation of the embryo;
* '''Tumor Rejection Antigen (TRA-1-81)''' antigen expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES). Both TRA antibodies identify a major polypeptide (Mr 240 kDa) and a minor polypeptide (Mr 415 kDa).
* No financial inducements were provided for donation of the embryo.  
* '''Oct-4''' (Pou5f1 – Mouse Genome Informatics) gene has an essential role in control of developmental pluripotency (Oct4 knockout embryo blastocysts die at the time of implantation). Oct4 also has a role in maintaining viability of mammalian germline.
* '''Stem Cell Antigen 1 (Sca-1)''' member of the Ly-6 family of GPI-linked surface proteins (Mr 18 kDa) and a major phenotypic marker for mouse hematopoietic progenitor/stem cell subset.  
* '''CD133, AC133, prominin''' 5 transmembrane glycoprotein (865 aa) expressed on stem cells with hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic differentiation potential.
* '''Alpha 6 integrin'''


===References===
In order to facilitate research using human embryonic stem cells, the NIH is creating a Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry that will list the human embryonic stem cell lines -- at varying stages of development -- that meet the [http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-02-005.html eligibility criteria]. Listed below are entities that have developed stem cell lines that meet the President's criteria and are therefore eligible for federal funding. Please click on the name of the laboratory or company for contact information.


* Shamblott M.J. et. al. (1998). ''PNAS'' '''95''': 13726-13731 ; Schuldiner M. et. al. (2000). ''PNAS'' '''97''': 11307 - 11312 ; Thomson J.A. et. al. (1998). ''Science'' '''282''': 1145-1147 ; Reubinoff B.E. et. al. (2000). ''Nature Biotechnology'' '''18''': 399-404 ; Henderson J.K. et. al. (2002). ''Stem Cells'' '''20''': 329-337; Pera M. et. al. (2000). ''J. Cell Science'' '''113''': 5-10. [http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/59/18/4715 The Human Embryonal Carcinoma Marker Antigen TRA-1-60 Is a Sialylated Keratan Sulfate Proteoglycan]  [www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi%3Fcmd=Retrieve&%20db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15486564 Oct4 is required for primordial germ cell survival.] ;[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/102/20/7180 Sca-1 expression identifies stem cells in the proximal region of prostatic ducts with high capacity to reconstitute prostatic tissue]  
Dartmouth ethics professor [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2005/11/30a.html discusses promise and pitfalls of stem cell research] (2005)


Data based on information from Appendix E.II. NIH Report "Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions", [http://www.chemicon.com/Featured/stemcellmarker.asp Chemicon International- Stem cell marker antibodies] OMIM and other sources.
'''NIH Clinical Trials''' (May 2004) Launches Study of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Severe, Treatment-Resistant Lupus (NIAMS, May 13,2004)


== Stem Cell Fake Result ==
A clinical therapeutic trial in the USA for hematopoietic stem cells in an autoimmune disease.


[http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/332/7532/7?etoc Hwang Woo-suk (Korean pioneer of stem cell research) Resigns] A Seoul National University investigation of the original data in Science paper Jun (2005;308: 1777-83) "Eleven human embryonic stem cells (hESC) lines were established by nuclear transfer (SCNT; NT) of skin cells from patients with disease or injury into donated oocytes." announced 29 Dec 2005 that he had faked the results.
"A five-year study to see whether a therapy using transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells, blood stem cells found in bone marrow, can produce long-term remission for patients with severe, treatment-resistant systemic lupus erythematosus (or lupus), a rheumatic autoimmune disease that can affect the body's major organs. The study will include a basic research component to examine the roles of B and T cells, white blood cells in the immune system, in triggering lupus symptoms."  


The journal '''Science''' retracted the original paper, the original reference with link to the erratum.<ref><pubmed>15905366</pubmed></ref>
Read more of the [http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/may2004/niams-13.htm NIH Press Release]


'''Science''' [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/311/5757/22 News 06 Jan] | [http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/hwang2005/ Special Online Collection: Hwang et al. and Stem Cell Issues]
Note that a May search of NIH Clinical Trials with "stem cell" found 302 study results.  


== Cancer ==
Repeat search: [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/search?term=stem+cell⊂mit=Search NIH Clinical Trials with "stem cell"]
There is a hypothesis that several cancers may arise from somatic stem or progenitor cells that exist in different tissues. These cancer stem cells are called "side population" (SP) cells and have been identified in: leukemia, breast cancer and several human cancer cell lines (central nervous system, gastrointestinal tumors, retinoblastoma). There is still a "chicken and egg" problem to be resolved, in that the cancer cells may have dedifferentiated to a stem cell-like population.


A recent paper has also identified SP cells in ovarian cancer which have properties similar to stem cells.<ref><pubmed>16574858</pubmed></ref>
A recent paper has also identified SP cells in ovarian cancer which have properties similar to stem cells.{{#pmid:16574858|PMID16574858}}


== References ==
== References ==
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===Reviews===
===Reviews===
{{#pmid:17123231}}
{{#pmid:16618241}}


<pubmed>19570509</pubmed>
{{#pmid:16409157}}
<pubmed>16574858</pubmed>
<pubmed>16212509</pubmed>


{{#pmid:16479735}}
===Articles===  
===Articles===  
<pubmed>16728281</pubmed>
{{#pmid:18575617}}
<pubmed>16723974</pubmed>
<pubmed>16719047</pubmed>
<pubmed>16716780</pubmed>
<pubmed>16716313</pubmed>
<pubmed>16574858</pubmed>


===Search PubMed===
{{#pmid:17255794}}


May 2006 "stem cell" '''154,176''' reference articles of which '''16,449''' were reviews.
{{#pmid:16728260}}


'''Search PubMed Now:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=stem%20cell stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=embryonic%20stem%20cell embryonic stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=adult%20stem%20cell adult stem cell] |
===Search PubMed===


== Australia ==
July 2010 "cord stem cell" All (9884) Review (1260) Free Full Text (2357)
The Australian Health Ethics Committee was approached by human research ethics committees (HRECs) seeking advice on how to review research protocols that involve stem cell research. The following guidance is interim. Formal guidelines will be developed by AHEC in the context of its review of the 1996 NHMRC Ethical guidelines on assisted reproductive technology.


[http://www.health.gov.au/nhmrc/issues/hrec5.htm INFORMATION FOR HUMAN RESEARCH ETHICS COMMITTEES SHEET NUMBER 5 - STEM CELL RESEARCH]


== USA==
'''Search PubMed Now:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=cord+stem+cell cord stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=cord+blood+bank cord blood bank]
National Institute of Health (NIH) Stem Cell Information [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/ NIH Stem Cell Basics] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/index.asp NIH Stem Cell Information] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/ NIH Stem Cell Reports] | Regenerative Medicine 2006 | Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions (2001) | [http://www.genome.gov/10004765 National Human Genome Research Institute - Cloning/Embryonic Stem Cells]
 
===Stem Cell News (2001)===
During the earlier Bush administration there was much political controversy about Stem cells in the USA.
* [http://www.fda.gov/oc/stemcells/kennedyltr.html FDA Letter to Senator Edward M. Kennedy Regarding Stem Cells], September 5, 2001
* [http://www.hhs.gov/news/speech/2001/010905.html Secretary Thompson's Oral Testimony before the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee], September 5, 2001
* [http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/sep2001/od-05.htm National Institutes of Health and WiCell Research Institute, Inc., Sign Stem Cell Research Agreement], September 5, 2001
* [http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/082701list.htm National Institutes of Health (NIH) Update on Existing Human Embryonic Stem Cells], August 27, 2001
* [http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2001pres/20010827a.html Statement by Tommy G. Thompson, Secretary of Health and Human Services, Regarding Stem Cell Lines], August 27, 2001
* [http://videocast.nih.gov/PastEvents.asp?c=4 Video Broadcast - Briefing by HHS Secretary Tommy G. Thompson on Federal Funding of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research], August 10, 2001
* [http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/aug2001/od-09.htm NIH Statement on the President's Stem Cell Address], August 9, 2001
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/08/print/20010809-1.html White House Fact Sheet on Embryonic Stem Cell Research], August 9, 2001
* [http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2001pres/20010809.html Statement by HHS Secretary Tommy G. Thompson Regarding the President's Decision on Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research], August 9, 2001
* [http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/NOT-OD-00-050.html Approval Process for the Documentation of Compliance with the NIH Guidelines on the Use of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in NIH Research Proposed for Support Under Grants and Cooperative Agreements], November 21, 2000
* [http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/irpnotice_011601.htm Approval Process for the Documentation of Compliance with NIH Guidelines on the Use of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in NIH Intramural Research], January 16, 2001


== External Links ==
== External Links ==
{{External Links}}


'''Original UNSW Embryology Pages:''' [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cells] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/notes/stemcell3.htm Stem Cell Ethics] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/notes/stemcell4.htm Cord Blood] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/notes/stemcell5.htm Adult Stem Cells] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/notes/stemcell7.htm Neural Stem Cells] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/notes/week2_10.htm Week 2 Stem Cells] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/notes/week1_10.htm Cloning]


[http://www.isscr.org/ International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR)] is an independent, nonprofit organization formed in 2002 to foster the exchange of information on stem cell research.  
* '''Sydney Cord Blood Bank''' ([http://www.sch.edu.au/departments/acbb SCBB]) | [http://www.sch.edu.au/departments/acbb/search.asp How to Search Cord Blood] (Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW)
* Murdoch Childrens Research Institute [http://www.mcri.edu.au/research/themes/cbdd/cord-blood-bank-research.aspx BMDI Cord Blood Bank] (The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria)
* Bone Marrow Donors Worldwide ([http://www.bmdw.org/ BMDW]) | [http://www.bmdw.org/index.php?id=number_donors Number of donors/CBU's per registry in BMDW]
* WHO [http://hla.alleles.org Nomenclature for Factors of the HLA System]
* [http://www.isscr.org/ International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR)] is an independent, nonprofit organization formed in 2002 to foster the exchange of information on stem cell research.  


University of Michigan [http://www.lifesciences.umich.edu/research/featured/tutorial.html Stem Cells Explained]


Transcript of discussion on ABC Radio (Dr. J Kahn , Dr. JWagner) on [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt/stories/s262813.htm Genetic Technology And Ethics]
A brief article on [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/in_depth/sci_tech/2001/san_francisco/newsid_1177000/1177766.stm Cord Blood stem cells] and their therapeutic potential from the BBC.
Monash University (Australia) [%20http://www.med.monash.edu.au/miscl/ Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories (MISCL)]
Human Stem cells in the News mainly in regard to USA political position on Human Stem Cell Research (BBC links)
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1484000/1484529.stm Bush stem cell move widely (10 August)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1483000/1483867.stm Press see 'political' stem cell decision (10 August)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/americas/newsid_1484000/1484139.stm Bush facing stem cell storm (10 August)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1483000/1483875.stm Stem cell compromise angers hardliners (10 August)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1484000/1484010.stm Stem cells: Q & A (10 August)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1468000/1468518.stm Japan set to embrace stem cell research (1 August)]
* Read this May 2000 article on [http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm Stem Cells] from NIH USA
The external link to '''CNN''' requires Quicktime [http://www.cnn.com/video/health/2001/08/09/ec.stem.cell.how.cnn.med.html Stem Cell Animation] === Navigation ===




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[[Category:Blood]][[Category:Placenta]][[Category:Birth]]

Latest revision as of 11:34, 23 July 2020

Embryology - 24 Apr 2024    Facebook link Pinterest link Twitter link  Expand to Translate  
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Introduction

Blood stem cells
Blood stem cells

Placenta and placental cord blood (umbilical cord blood, UCB) contains stem cells that can be harvested at birth (More? Placenta Development). The total amout of blood that can be collected is about 90 ml, from which stem cells can be collected, typed and stored in Cord Blood Banks. Both public and private Cord Blood Banks have arisen in this area. These cells provide a resource for bone marrow replacement therapy in many diseases, bone marrow transplantation was originally the only treatment available for many otherwise fatal diseases. Recently, cord blood transplantation has developed as a new alternative therapy for some of these same diseases.


Placental cord blood is a rich souce of haematopoietic stem cells for transplantation. Cord blood can collected at birth, with no impact on the mother or neonate, and stured in cord blood banks for later use.


BBC (UK) A brief article on Cord Blood stem cells and their therapeutic potential.


A useful guide (online PDF document) to stem cells was produced in a report by the National Institute of Health (NIH, USA, May 2000) Stem Cells: A Primer (PDF 1.89 MB) and more recently NIH has established a Stem Cell information page.


Note that placental cord Wharton's jelly can be also used to derive mesenchymal stem cells. These stem cells have been trans-differentiated into more advanced stages of germ cells by a simple two-step induction protocol using retinoic acid and Sertoli cell-conditioned medium. [1]

Links: blood | placenta


Stem Cell Links: Introduction | Timeline | Placental Cord Blood | Adult | Induced pluripotent stem cell | Yamanaka Factors | Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer | Ethics | Organoids | Adult Human Cell Types | Category:Stem Cell

Some Recent Findings

  • The law and problematic marketing by private umbilical cord blood banks[2] "Private umbilical cord blood banking is a for-profit industry in which parents pay to store blood for potential future use. Governments have noted the tendency for private banks to oversell the potential for cord blood use, especially in relation to speculative cell therapies not yet supported by clinical evidence. We assessed the regulatory landscape governing private cord bank marketing in Canada. Conclusions: Private cord blood bank marketing that advertises hypothetical future treatments can be misleading and may influence consumer behaviour. This marketing may breach existing advertising law. Regulatory bodies should enforce the law in order to help prevent public health and personal financial harm."
  • ACOG Committee Opinion No. 771: Umbilical Cord Blood Banking[3] "Since the first successful umbilical cord blood transplant in 1988, it has been estimated that more than 35,000 transplants have been performed in children and adults for the correction of inborn errors of metabolism, hematopoietic malignancies, and genetic disorders of the blood and immune system. Two types of banks have emerged for the collection and storage of umbilical cord blood: 1) public banks and 2) private banks. The benefits and limitations of public versus private umbilical cord blood banking should be reviewed with the patient because they serve different purposes. This patient discussion also should include the concept of autologous and allogeneic use of umbilical cord blood. Umbilical cord blood collected from a neonate cannot be used to treat a genetic disease or malignancy in that same individual (autologous transplant) because stored cord blood contains the same genetic variant or premalignant cells that led to the condition being treated. There is no current evidence to support the use of an autologous umbilical cord blood sample in regenerative medicine. Patients should be made aware of the quality control and regulatory organizations that provide oversight for the process of umbilical cord collection and storage. Umbilical cord blood collection should not compromise obstetric or neonatal care or alter routine practice of delayed umbilical cord clamping with the rare exception of medical indications for directed donation. Therefore, it is important to inform patients that the medical condition of the woman or neonate may prevent adequate umbilical cord blood collection. This document is updated with a statement that the routine use of private cord blood banking is not supported by available evidence and that public banking is the recommended method of obtaining cord blood. In addition, the importance of contribution from all ethnicities and races to public banks is highlighted."
  • On the Value of the Umbilical Cord Blood Supply[4] "Several public cord blood banks are struggling financially, and the question remains as to whether additional allocations of funds to them are justified. To estimate the social benefits of public cord blood bank inventory net of cord blood banks' operational costs. We used publicly available data from the Health Resources and Service Administration on the number of annual cord blood transplants as well as the patient age distribution in 2010, and the survival estimates between 2008 and 2012 for the several diseases treated by cord blood transplantation. Data on aggregate annual costs to the cord blood industry for recruitment, processing, and storage were obtained from published work. We used estimated increases in life expectancy due to treatment using umbilical cord blood and value for life-years gained to estimate the social benefits of the public cord blood inventory annually. We found that the annual social benefits of between $500 million and $1.5 billion outweigh the current operational annual costs of running cord blood banks of $60 to $70 million by a significant margin."
More recent papers  
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.

  • This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled.
  • The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance.
  • References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing.


References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability.

More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References

Search term: Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell | Cord Stem Cell | cord blood banking

Older papers  
These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.

See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.

  • Trends in cord blood banking[5] "Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a source of hematopoietic precursor cells for transplantation. The creation of UCB banks in 1992 led to the possibility of storing units of UCB for unrelated transplants. The distribution of cell contents in historical inventories is not homogenous and many units are not, therefore, suitable for adults. The aim of this study was to analyse our UCB bank inventory, evaluate the units released for transplantation and calculate the cost of the current process per unit of UCB stored."
  • Reprogramming of Human Umbilical Cord Stromal Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Myogenic Differentiation and Muscle Repair[6] "Human umbilical cord stromal mesenchymal stem cells (hUCS-MSCs) have the potential to differentiate into numerous cell types including epithelial cells, neurons and hepatocytes in vitro, in addition to mesenchyme-derived cells such as osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes. One important property of these cells is the lack of type II major histocompatibility complex class molecules, thus allowing them to be considered as an excellent candidate for transplantations."
  • Human umbilical cord blood treatment in a mouse model of ALS[7] "...These results demonstrate that treatment for ALS with an appropriate dose of MNC hUCB cells may provide a neuroprotective effect for motor neurons through active involvement of these cells in modulating the host immune inflammatory system response."
  • Umbilical cord blood transplantation for myeloid malignancies[8] "Umbilical cord blood is a valuable alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation of patients with myeloid malignancies who need an allogeneic transplant, but lack a suitable sibling donor."

Cord Blood Registries

Placental cord blood banks 2009.jpg

Placental cord blood banks (2009)[9]


Cord blood collection statistics began in 1994 and have been increasing ever since. In January 2007, there were 254,000 cord blood units collected in worldwide registries.


Cord Blood Units Register (Data from: Bone Marrow Donors Worldwide Cord Blood Registries)

CBU Cord Blood Units

NVC Net Volume Collected of CBU Volume of the unit in milliliters; see note below.

TNC Total Nucleated Cells count of CBU The rounded number of nucleated cells in the units of 10 million.

CD34P Collected number of CD34+ cells of CBU Cell count after volume reduction; numeric value with decimal point in units of 1 million.

MONONUC Collected number of mononuclear cells of CBU The rounded number of mononuclear cells in the units of 10 million.

Diseases

The list of diseases that were transplanted with cord blood include the following: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia, Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia, Adrenoleukodystrophy, Blackfan-Diamond, Cancer-miscellaneous, Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia, Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia, Fanconi's Anaemia, Genetic disorders - miscellaneous, Hurler's Syndrome, Immune deficiency-Miscellaneous, Krabbe's disease, Lymphomas, Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Mucolipopolysaccharide deficiency, Osteopetrosis, Syndrome Severe Aplastic Anaemia, Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease, Storage disorders, Thalassaemia, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (From: The Sydney Cord Blood Bank)

Australia

Australia has three cord blood banks (CBBs) located in Brisbane (Queensland), Sydney (New South Wales) and Melbourne (Victoria). AusCord is the Australian national network of umbilical cord blood banks and cord blood collection centres.

Links: Australian Bone Marrow Donor Registry | The Sydney Cord Blood Bank (SCBB) | Melbourne - BMDI Cord Blood Bank | Queensland Cord Blood Bank | PDF - AusCord Brochure

United States

On August 9, 2001, at 9:00 p.m. EDT, the President announced his decision to allow Federal funds to be used for research on existing human embryonic stem cell lines as long as prior to his announcement (1) the derivation process (which commences with the removal of the inner cell mass from the blastocyst) had already been initiated and (2) the embryo from which the stem cell line was derived no longer had the possibility of development as a human being.

In addition, the President established the following criteria that must be met:

  • The stem cells must have been derived from an embryo that was created for reproductive purposes;
  • The embryo was no longer needed for these purposes;
  • Informed consent must have been obtained for the donation of the embryo;
  • No financial inducements were provided for donation of the embryo.

In order to facilitate research using human embryonic stem cells, the NIH is creating a Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry that will list the human embryonic stem cell lines -- at varying stages of development -- that meet the eligibility criteria. Listed below are entities that have developed stem cell lines that meet the President's criteria and are therefore eligible for federal funding. Please click on the name of the laboratory or company for contact information.

Dartmouth ethics professor discusses promise and pitfalls of stem cell research (2005)

NIH Clinical Trials (May 2004) Launches Study of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Severe, Treatment-Resistant Lupus (NIAMS, May 13,2004)

A clinical therapeutic trial in the USA for hematopoietic stem cells in an autoimmune disease.

"A five-year study to see whether a therapy using transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells, blood stem cells found in bone marrow, can produce long-term remission for patients with severe, treatment-resistant systemic lupus erythematosus (or lupus), a rheumatic autoimmune disease that can affect the body's major organs. The study will include a basic research component to examine the roles of B and T cells, white blood cells in the immune system, in triggering lupus symptoms."

Read more of the NIH Press Release

Note that a May search of NIH Clinical Trials with "stem cell" found 302 study results.

Repeat search: NIH Clinical Trials with "stem cell"

A recent paper has also identified SP cells in ovarian cancer which have properties similar to stem cells.[10]

References

  1. ↑ Dissanayake D, Patel H & Wijesinghe PS. (2018). Differentiation of human male germ cells from Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Clin Exp Reprod Med , 45, 75-81. PMID: 29984207 DOI.
  2. ↑ Murdoch B, Marcon AR & Caulfield T. (2020). The law and problematic marketing by private umbilical cord blood banks. BMC Med Ethics , 21, 52. PMID: 32611408 DOI.
  3. ↑ . (2019). ACOG Committee Opinion No. 771: Umbilical Cord Blood Banking. Obstet Gynecol , 133, e249-e253. PMID: 30801478 DOI.
  4. ↑ Strong A, Gračner T, Chen P & Kapinos K. (2018). On the Value of the Umbilical Cord Blood Supply. Value Health , 21, 1077-1082. PMID: 30224112 DOI.
  5. ↑ Arrojo IP, Lamas Mdel C, Verdugo LP, Alfaro PR, Pena RR, Gordo FS, Maldonado PG & Gémar GG. (2012). Trends in cord blood banking. Blood Transfus , 10, 95-100. PMID: 22153685 DOI.
  6. ↑ Kocaefe C, Balci D, Hayta BB & Can A. (2010). Reprogramming of human umbilical cord stromal mesenchymal stem cells for myogenic differentiation and muscle repair. Stem Cell Rev , 6, 512-22. PMID: 20665127 DOI.
  7. ↑ Garbuzova-Davis S, Sanberg CD, Kuzmin-Nichols N, Willing AE, Gemma C, Bickford PC, Miller C, Rossi R & Sanberg PR. (2008). Human umbilical cord blood treatment in a mouse model of ALS: optimization of cell dose. PLoS ONE , 3, e2494. PMID: 18575617 DOI.
  8. ↑ Brunstein CG, Baker KS & Wagner JE. (2007). Umbilical cord blood transplantation for myeloid malignancies. Curr. Opin. Hematol. , 14, 162-9. PMID: 17255794 DOI.
  9. ↑ McKenna D & Sheth J. (2011). Umbilical cord blood: current status & promise for the future. Indian J. Med. Res. , 134, 261-9. PMID: 21985808
  10. ↑ Moore KA & Lemischka IR. (2006). Stem cells and their niches. Science , 311, 1880-5. PMID: 16574858 DOI.

Journals

  • Cell Stem Cell is the official affiliated journal of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR).
  • Stem Cells welcomes original articles and concise reviews describing basic laboratory investigations of stem cells and the translation of their clinical aspects of characterization and manipulation from the bench to patient care. The journal covers all aspects of stem cells: embryonic stem cells; tissue-specific stem cells; cancer stem cells; the stem cell niche; stem cell genomics and proteomics; and translational and clinical researc

Reviews

Sanchez-Ramos J. (2006). Stem cells from umbilical cord blood. Semin. Reprod. Med. , 24, 358-69. PMID: 17123231 DOI.

O'Brien TA, Tiedemann K & Vowels MR. (2006). No longer a biological waste product: umbilical cord blood. Med. J. Aust. , 184, 407-10. PMID: 16618241

Brunstein CG & Wagner JE. (2006). Umbilical cord blood transplantation and banking. Annu. Rev. Med. , 57, 403-17. PMID: 16409157 DOI.

Saulnier N, Di Campli C, Zocco MA, Di Gioacchino G, Novi M & Gasbarrini A. (2005). From stem cell to solid organ. Bone marrow, peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood as favorable source?. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci , 9, 315-24. PMID: 16479735

Articles

Garbuzova-Davis S, Sanberg CD, Kuzmin-Nichols N, Willing AE, Gemma C, Bickford PC, Miller C, Rossi R & Sanberg PR. (2008). Human umbilical cord blood treatment in a mouse model of ALS: optimization of cell dose. PLoS ONE , 3, e2494. PMID: 18575617 DOI.

Brunstein CG, Baker KS & Wagner JE. (2007). Umbilical cord blood transplantation for myeloid malignancies. Curr. Opin. Hematol. , 14, 162-9. PMID: 17255794 DOI.

Rubinstein P. (2006). Why cord blood?. Hum. Immunol. , 67, 398-404. PMID: 16728260 DOI.

Search PubMed

July 2010 "cord stem cell" All (9884) Review (1260) Free Full Text (2357)


Search PubMed Now: cord stem cell | cord blood bank

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 24) Embryology Stem Cells - Placental Cord Blood. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Stem_Cells_-_Placental_Cord_Blood

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