Stem Cells - Induced: Difference between revisions

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==Some Recent Findings==
==Some Recent Findings==


2012 Nobel Prize for Stem Cells
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'''The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012''' was awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka "''for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent''"
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 was awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka "''for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent''"


* '''Yamanaka Factors''' Are a set of 4 transcription factors when introduced into cells induces stem cell formation. PMID 16904174 | PMID 18035408 | PMID 20535199
* '''Yamanaka Factors''' Are a set of 4 transcription factors when introduced into cells induces stem cell formation. PMID 16904174 | PMID 18035408 | PMID 20535199
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* '''The tumorigenicity of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390058 PMID: 21390058] "Until recently, it was assumed that human induced pluripotent stem cells (HiPSCs) would behave like their embryonic counterparts in respect to their tumorigenicity. However, a rapidly accumulating body of evidence suggests that there are important genetic and epigenetic differences between these two cell types, which seem to influence their tumorigenicity."
* '''The tumorigenicity of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390058 PMID: 21390058] "Until recently, it was assumed that human induced pluripotent stem cells (HiPSCs) would behave like their embryonic counterparts in respect to their tumorigenicity. However, a rapidly accumulating body of evidence suggests that there are important genetic and epigenetic differences between these two cell types, which seem to influence their tumorigenicity."
* '''iPS cells produce viable mice through tetraploid complementation'''<ref><pubmed>19672241</pubmed></ref> "Here we report the generation of several iPS cell lines that are capable of generating viable, live-born progeny by tetraploid complementation. These iPS cells maintain a pluripotent potential that is very close to ES cells generated from in vivo or nuclear transfer embryos. We demonstrate the practicality of using iPS cells as useful tools for the characterization of cellular reprogramming and developmental potency, and confirm that iPS cells can attain true pluripotency that is similar to that of ES cells."
* '''iPS cells produce viable mice through tetraploid complementation'''<ref><pubmed>19672241</pubmed></ref> "Here we report the generation of several iPS cell lines that are capable of generating viable, live-born progeny by tetraploid complementation. These iPS cells maintain a pluripotent potential that is very close to ES cells generated from in vivo or nuclear transfer embryos. We demonstrate the practicality of using iPS cells as useful tools for the characterization of cellular reprogramming and developmental potency, and confirm that iPS cells can attain true pluripotency that is similar to that of ES cells."

Revision as of 08:55, 9 October 2012

Introduction

Mouse- embryonic stem cell signaling regulation

The term "induced stem cell" refers to the new methods of gene introduction and expression that generate stem cells from both embryo and adult tissues.

A useful guide (online PDF document) to stem cells was produced in a report by the National Institute of Health (NIH, USA, May 2000) Stem Cells: A Primer (note large size - 4.84 Mb) and more recently NIH has established a Stem Cell information page.

Stem Cell Links: Introduction | Timeline | Placental Cord Blood | Adult | Induced pluripotent stem cell | Yamanaka Factors | Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer | Ethics | Organoids | Adult Human Cell Types | Category:Stem Cell

Some Recent Findings

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 was awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"

  • Yamanaka Factors Are a set of 4 transcription factors when introduced into cells induces stem cell formation. PMID 16904174 | PMID 18035408 | PMID 20535199
  • John Gurdon used nuclear transplantation and cloning to show that the nucleus of a differentiated somatic cell retains the totipotency necessary to form a whole organism. 2003 Current Biology Interview PMID 14521852 2009 Interview - "The birth of cloning" PMID 19132124


  • The tumorigenicity of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells PMID: 21390058 "Until recently, it was assumed that human induced pluripotent stem cells (HiPSCs) would behave like their embryonic counterparts in respect to their tumorigenicity. However, a rapidly accumulating body of evidence suggests that there are important genetic and epigenetic differences between these two cell types, which seem to influence their tumorigenicity."
  • iPS cells produce viable mice through tetraploid complementation[1] "Here we report the generation of several iPS cell lines that are capable of generating viable, live-born progeny by tetraploid complementation. These iPS cells maintain a pluripotent potential that is very close to ES cells generated from in vivo or nuclear transfer embryos. We demonstrate the practicality of using iPS cells as useful tools for the characterization of cellular reprogramming and developmental potency, and confirm that iPS cells can attain true pluripotency that is similar to that of ES cells."

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell

Rat induced pluripotential stem cell protocol[2]

(iPS cell) A reprogrammed adult stem cell to form an embryonic stem cell, from which tissues or whole animals can develop. Can be generated by the expression of just four specific transcription factors.

Links: Nature Jul09 | ABC - Mice pups bred from adult stem cells

Yamanaka Factors

Reprogramming MEF into ES-like cells 03.jpg

Yamanaka Factors[3][4] Are a set of 4 transcription factors when introduced into cells induces stem cell formation. These four transcription factors can be expressed from doxycycline (dox)-inducible lentiviral vectors.

OCT4

  • Transcription factors containing the POU homeodomain
Links: OMIM - OCT4

SOX2

  • Sry-related HMG-Box gene 2
Links: OMIM - SOX2

KLF4

  • Kruppel-like factor 4, zinc finger protein, transcription factor which acts as both an activator and repressor.
Links: OMIM - KLF4

cMyc

  • The MYC protooncogene encodes a DNA-binding factor that can activate and repress transcription.
  • Ectopic expression of c-Myc can also cause tumorigenicity in offspring.
Links: OMIM - MYC The MYC protooncogene encodes a DNA-binding factor that can activate and repress transcription. Ectopic expression of c-Myc can also cause tumorigenicity in offspring.


  • More recently shown that Oct4 together with either Klf4 or c-Myc is sufficient to generate iPS cells from neural stem cells.[5]
  • Tbx3 transcription factor significantly improves the quality of iPS cells.[6]


Links: Generating iPS Cells from MEFS through Forced Expression of Sox-2, Oct-4, c-Myc, and Klf4

Thomson Factors

OCT4

Links: OMIM - OCT4

SOX2

Links: OMIM - SOX2

NANOG

Links: OMIM - NANOG

LIN28

Links:

Target Genes

Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2 target genes

References

  1. <pubmed>19672241</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>21789202</pubmed>| PLoS One.
  3. <pubmed>16904174</pubmed>
  4. <pubmed>18035408</pubmed>
  5. <pubmed>18594515</pubmed>
  6. <pubmed>20139965</pubmed>

Reviews

<pubmed>17157222</pubmed> <pubmed>17123233</pubmed> <pubmed>17076989</pubmed>


Articles

<pubmed>19898493</pubmed> <pubmed>17282993</pubmed> <pubmed>17234930</pubmed>

Search PubMed

Search PubMed: Feb 2007 "adult stem cells" 811 reference articles of which 367 were reviews.

Search PubMed Now: adult stem cells | induced pluripotent stem cell |

Additional Images

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

Glossary Links

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Stem Cells - Induced. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Stem_Cells_-_Induced

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G