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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
[[Image:CSt3.jpg|thumb|Human Blastocyst (Carnegie Stage 3)]]
[[Image:CSt3.jpg|thumb|Human Blastocyst (Carnegie Stage 3)]]
The term "stem cell" is used so freely these days in many different forums that it is difficult sometimes understand without context what scientists, politicians, ethicists and commentators are discussing. In terms of human development, the embryonic stem cell with totipotential occurs at the blastocyst stage, mainly in the first and second week of development. After this period the inner cell mass, which forms the entire embryo, will differentiate into embryonic germ layers with restricted differentiation potential.
The term "{{stem cells}}" is used so freely these days in many different forums that it is difficult sometimes understand without context what scientists, politicians, ethicists and commentators are discussing. In terms of human development, the embryonic stem cell with totipotential occurs at the blastocyst stage, mainly in the first and second week of development. After this period the inner cell mass, which forms the entire embryo, will differentiate into embryonic germ layers with restricted differentiation potential.


Stem cells as well as having the capacity to differentiate into any (totipotential) or multiple (pluripotential) cell types, have the unique capacity of self-renewal.  
Stem cells as well as having the capacity to differentiate into any (totipotential) or multiple (pluripotential) cell types, have the unique capacity of self-renewal.  
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[[File:Mice cloned from adult keratinocytes.jpg|thumb|Mice cloned from adult keratinocytes{{#pmid:17299040|PMID17299040}}]]
[[File:Mice cloned from adult keratinocytes.jpg|thumb|Mice cloned from adult keratinocytes{{#pmid:17299040|PMID17299040}}]]


A key step in the development of stem cell research has been the identification of cell surface markers (proteins) which identify these cells and their state of undifferentiation.
A key step in the development of stem cell research has been the identification of cell surface markers (proteins) which identify these cells and their state of undifferentiation. A new area of research based upon stem cells has been teh development of in vitro culture {{organoids}}.


===NIH Information===
===NIH Information===

Revision as of 05:31, 30 July 2019

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Introduction

Human Blastocyst (Carnegie Stage 3)

The term "stem cells" is used so freely these days in many different forums that it is difficult sometimes understand without context what scientists, politicians, ethicists and commentators are discussing. In terms of human development, the embryonic stem cell with totipotential occurs at the blastocyst stage, mainly in the first and second week of development. After this period the inner cell mass, which forms the entire embryo, will differentiate into embryonic germ layers with restricted differentiation potential.

Stem cells as well as having the capacity to differentiate into any (totipotential) or multiple (pluripotential) cell types, have the unique capacity of self-renewal.

In vitro fertilization and growth of the blastocyst, allows isolation of these cells and their subsequent use in stem cell research. It is the collection, production and possible therapeutic applications of these stem cells which has recently attracted worldwide attention.

Mice cloned from adult keratinocytes[1]

A key step in the development of stem cell research has been the identification of cell surface markers (proteins) which identify these cells and their state of undifferentiation. A new area of research based upon stem cells has been teh development of in vitro culture organoids.

NIH Information

A useful guide (online PDF document) to stem cells was produced in a report by the National Institute of Health (NIH, USA, April 2009) Stem Cells: A Primer (PDF 1.89 MB) and more recently NIH has established a Stem Cell information page.

Stem Cells: NIH 2009 Primer | File:NIH Regenerative Medicine 2006.pdf | 2001 Primer | NIH Stem Cell Basics | 2009 NIH Report | Regenerative Medicine 2006 | 2001 NIH Report


Stem Cell Links: Introduction | Timeline | Placental Cord Blood | Adult | Induced pluripotent stem cell | Yamanaka Factors | Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer | Ethics | Organoids | Adult Human Cell Types | Category:Stem Cell

Some Recent Findings

Human stem cell pancreas implants
Human stem cell pancreas implants[2]
human blastocyst
Stem cell artificial trachea and bronchi (Image UCL)
  • Generation of human oogonia from induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro[3] "Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been induced into primordial germ cell-like cells (hPGCLCs); however, further differentiation to a mature germ cell has not been achieved. Here, we show that hPGCLCs differentiate progressively into oogonia-like cells during a long-term in vitro culture (~four months) in xenogeneic reconstituted ovaries with mouse embryonic ovarian somatic cells. The hPGCLC-derived oogonia display hallmarks of epigenetic reprogramming, i.e., genome-wide DNA demethylation, imprint erasure, and extinguishment of aberrant DNA methylation in hPSCs, and acquire an immediate precursory state for meiotic recombination. Furthermore, the inactive X chromosome shows a progressive demethylation and reactivation, albeit partially. These findings establish the germline competence of hPSCs and provide a critical step toward human in vitro gametogenesis." oocyte
  • Establishment and characterization of human theca stem cells and their differentiation into theca progenitor cells[4] "In this study, we have characterized the human theca stem cells (hTSCs) and their differentiation into human theca progenitor cells (hTPCs). hTSCs were isolated from the theca layer of small antral follicles (3-5 mm in size)." ovary
  • Distinct SoxB1 networks are required for naïve and primed pluripotency[5] "Deletion of Sox2 from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) causes trophectodermal differentiation. While this can be prevented by enforced expression of the related SOXB1 proteins, SOX1 or SOX3, the roles of SOXB1 proteins in epiblast stem cell (EpiSC) pluripotency are unknown. Here, we show that Sox2 can be deleted from EpiSCs with impunity. This is due to a shift in the balance of SoxB1 expression in EpiSCs, which have decreased Sox2 and increased Sox3 compared to ESCs. Consistent with functional redundancy, Sox3 can also be deleted from EpiSCs without eliminating self-renewal. However, deletion of both Sox2 and Sox3 prevents self-renewal. The overall SOXB1 levels in ESCs affect differentiation choices: neural differentiation of Sox2 heterozygous ESCs is compromised, while increased SOXB1 levels divert the ESC to EpiSC transition towards neural differentiation. Therefore, optimal SOXB1 levels are critical for each pluripotent state and for cell fate decisions during exit from naïve pluripotency." Sox
More recent papers  
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Older papers  
  • Long-term glycemic control using polymer-encapsulated human stem cell-derived beta cells in immune-competent mice[2] "The transplantation of glucose-responsive, insulin-producing cells offers the potential for restoring glycemic control in individuals with diabetes. Pancreas transplantation and the infusion of cadaveric islets are currently implemented clinically, but these approaches are limited by the adverse effects of immunosuppressive therapy over the lifetime of the recipient and the limited supply of donor tissue. The latter concern may be addressed by recently described glucose-responsive mature beta cells that are derived from human embryonic stem cells (referred to as SC-β cells), which may represent an unlimited source of human cells for pancreas replacement therapy. ...human SC-β cells were encapsulated with alginate derivatives capable of mitigating foreign-body responses in vivo and implanted into the intraperitoneal space of C57BL/6J mice treated with streptozotocin, which is an animal model for chemically induced type 1 diabetes. These implants induced glycemic correction without any immunosuppression until their removal at 174 d after implantation. Human C-peptide concentrations and in vivo glucose responsiveness demonstrated therapeutically relevant glycemic control. Implants retrieved after 174 d contained viable insulin-producing cells."
  • Haematopoietic stem cell induction by somite-derived endothelial cells controlled by meox1[6] "Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are self-renewing stem cells capable of replenishing all blood lineages. In all vertebrate embryos that have been studied, definitive HSCs are generated initially within the dorsal aorta (DA) of the embryonic vasculature by a series of poorly understood inductive events. Previous studies have identified that signalling relayed from adjacent somites coordinates HSC induction, but the nature of this signal has remained elusive. Here we reveal that somite specification of HSCs occurs via the deployment of a specific endothelial precursor population, which arises within a sub-compartment of the zebrafish somite that we have defined as the endotome. Endothelial cells of the endotome are specified within the nascent somite by the activity of the homeobox gene meox1. Specified endotomal cells consequently migrate and colonize the DA, where they induce HSC formation through the deployment of chemokine signalling activated in these cells during endotome formation." blood
  • Generation of organized germ layers from a single mouse embryonic stem cell[7] "Mammalian inner cell mass cells undergo lineage-specific differentiation into germ layers of endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm during gastrulation. It has been a long-standing challenge in developmental biology to replicate these organized germ layer patterns in culture. Here we present a method of generating organized germ layers from a single mouse embryonic stem cell cultured in a soft fibrin matrix." gastrulation
  • Derivation of naive human embryonic stem cells[8] "We show that human naïve cells meet mouse criteria for the naïve state by growth characteristics, antibody labeling profile, gene expression, X-inactivation profile, mitochondrial morphology, microRNA profile and development in the context of teratomas. hESCs can exist in a naïve state without the need for transgenes. Direct derivation is an elusive, but attainable, process, leading to cells at the earliest stage of in vitro pluripotency described for humans. Reverse toggling of primed cells to naïve is efficient and reproducible."
  • Human Embryonic Stem Cells Derived by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer [9] 1. Cytoplasm of human oocytes reprograms transplanted somatic cell nuclei to pluripotency. 2. NT-ESCs can be efficiently derived from high-quality human oocytes 3. Human NT-ESCs are similar to ESCs derived from fertilized embryos. Nature comment - Human stem cells created by cloning
  • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 was awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent" Shinya Yamanaka Yamanaka Factors are a set of 4 transcription factors when introduced into cells induces stem cell formation. John Gurdon used nuclear transplantation and cloning to show that the nucleus of a differentiated somatic cell retains the totipotency necessary to form a whole organism. Induced Stem Cells
  • Nature Cell Biology Focus on stem cells "This issue presents a series of specially commissioned articles that highlight exciting facets of stem cell research, including recent insights into the nature of pluripotency and how studying stem cells can increase our understanding of normal ageing and disease." Editorial
  • First Successful Transplantation of a Synthetic Tissue Engineered Windpipe Karolinska Institute | University College London | BBC News "An international team designed and built the nanocomposite tracheal scaffold and produced a specifically designed bioreactor used to seed the scaffold with the patient´s own stem cells. The cells were grown on the scaffold inside the bioreactor for two days before transplantation to the patient. Because the cells used to regenerate the trachea were the patient's own, there has been no rejection of the transplant and the patient is not taking immunosuppressive drugs."
  • Culture of human pluripotent stem cells using completely defined conditions on a recombinant E-cadherin substratum[10] "huES and human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells were grown on plates coated with a fusion protein consisting of E-cadherin and the IgG Fc domain using mTeSR1 medium. Cells grown under these conditions maintained similar morphology and growth rate to those grown on Matrigel and retained all pluripotent stem cell features, including an ability to differentiate into multiple cell lineages in teratoma assays."
  • Epigenetic memory in induced pluripotent stem cells.[11] "Our data indicate that nuclear transfer is more effective at establishing the ground state of pluripotency than factor-based reprogramming, which can leave an epigenetic memory of the tissue of origin that may influence efforts at directed differentiation for applications in disease modelling or treatment."

Embryonic Stem Cell

Human blastocyst derived stem cells.jpg

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Recently the human GA 14 to 16 weeks fetal heart have been used as a source of mesenchymal stem cells that appear similar to human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (expressing CD73, CD90, CD105 and lacking expression of CD31, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR).[12]


Human blastocyst derived stem cells[13]

(A–D) - stepwise procedure of embryo biopsy using inverted microscope-attached micro manipulator.

(E–L) - appearance of initial outgrowth and hESC colony during the derivation procedure.

Cord Blood Stem Cell

Placental cord blood is a rich souce of haematopoietic stem cells for transplantation. Cord blood can collected at birth, with no impact on the mother or neonate, and stured in cord blood banks for later use. BBC (UK) A brief article on Cord Blood stem cells and their therapeutic potential.

Links: Stem Cells - Placental Cord Blood

Spermatogonial Stem Cell (SSC)

In the male testes are a population of spermatogonia cells that differentiate and meiotically divide to form spermatozoa cells (male germ cells).

  • Production of knockout mice by random or targeted mutagenesis in spermatogonial stem cells.[14]
  • Spermatogonial stem cells: questions, models and perspectives.[15]
  • [Spermatogonial stem cells: characteristics and experimental possibilities.[16]
  • Genetic and epigenetic properties of mouse male germline stem cells during long-term culture.[17]
  • Expansion of murine spermatogonial stem cells through serial transplantation.[18]


Adult Stem Cell

[[File:Epidermis-stem cell models.jpg|thumb|Epidermis - stem cell models[19] Adult stem cells, with pluropotentiality, are found in several body systems: intestinal epithelium, epidermis, testis and bone marrow.

  • Generation of pluripotent stem cells from adult human testis[20] "Human primordial germ cells and mouse neonatal and adult germline stem cells are pluripotent and show similar properties to embryonic stem cells. Here we report the successful establishment of human adult germline stem cells derived from spermatogonial cells of adult human testis."


Links: Stem Cells - Adult

Inducible Stem Cells

Inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPS) require a minimum of key defined transcription factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, Nanog and Lin28) are required to be introduced into a cell to "induce" that cell to revert to a stem cell phenotype.

  • Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors.[21]
  • Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells by reprogramming mouse embryonic fibroblasts with a four transcription factor, doxycycline inducible lentiviral transduction system.[22]


Links: Stem Cells - Induced

Nuclear Transfer

Dolly the Sheep

This technique involves removing the nucleus from an early stage embryo and replacing with the nucleus from another cell. If the replacement nucleus is from a somatic cell, not a gamete, the technique is also described as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The most famous of which was the sheep "Dolly". More recently nuclei have been sourced from a number of different tissues, including those from long-term frozen animals.[23] See also a review of this technique.[24]

Links: Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer | Stem Cells - SCNT

Stem Cell Regulation

Mouse- embryonic stem cell signaling regulation.jpg

Embryonic stem cell signaling regulation (mouse)[25]

Stem Cell Markers

Bovine stem cell marker expression[26]

In order to carry out research on stem cells, it is important to be able to identify them. A number of different research groups in the late 90's generated several antibodies which specifically identified undifferentiated, differentiating or differentiated stem cells from a number of different sources and species. Note that the nomenclature in some cases is based upon the antibody used to identify the cell surface marker.

  • Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-1 (SSEA-1) cell surface embryonic antigen which has a role in cell adhesion, migration and differentiation and is often differentially expressed during development. Can be identified by Davor Solter (monoclonal antibody MC-480) (SSEA-1).
  • Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-4 (SSEA-4) cell surface embryonic antigen of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES) which is down-regulated following differentiation of human EC cells. Antigen not expressed on undifferentiated murine EC, ES and EG cells but upregulated on differentiation of murine EC and ES cells. Can be identified by Davor Solter (monoclonal antibody MC-813-70) (SSEA-4)
  • Tumor Rejection Antigen (TRA-1-60) Sialylated Keratan Sulfate Proteoglycan expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES).
  • Tumor Rejection Antigen (TRA-1-81) antigen expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES). Both TRA antibodies identify a major polypeptide (Mr 240 kDa) and a minor polypeptide (Mr 415 kDa).
  • Oct-4 (Pou5f1) gene has an essential role in control of developmental pluripotency (Oct4 knockout embryo blastocysts die at the time of implantation). Oct4 also has a role in maintaining viability of mammalian germline.
  • Stem Cell Antigen 1 (Sca-1) member of the Ly-6 family of GPI-linked surface proteins (Mr 18 kDa) and a major phenotypic marker for mouse hematopoietic progenitor/stem cell subset.
  • CD133, AC133, prominin 5 transmembrane glycoprotein (865 aa) expressed on stem cells with hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic differentiation potential.
  • Alpha 6 integrin


Data based on information from Appendix E.II. NIH Report "Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions", Chemicon International- Stem cell marker antibodies OMIM and other sources.

Human Embryonic Stem Cell Markers

A recent paper identified the expression pattern of a new human embryonic stem cell line (hESC).[27]

  • alkaline phosphatase
  • human telomerase reverse transcriptase
  • SSEA-3, SSEA-4
  • TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81
  • OCT-4, Nanog
  • Rex-1, Sox-2, UTF-1, Connexins 43 and 45
  • TERF-1 and TERF-2
  • Glut-1, BCRP-1/ABCG-2, GDF3, LIN28, FGF4, Thy-1
  • Cripto1/TDGF1, AC133
  • SMAD1/2/3/5

Opinion on Stem Cell Use

Results from a recent Australian survey into couples' views on the use of supernumerary embryos:[28]

  • 40% (123/311) returned completed questionnaires.
  • 42% most common decision was donation to research (altruistic motives and desire not to waste embryos were determinants of embryo donation).

Determinants of disposal were not wanting a full sibling to existing children and opposition of embryo research.

  • 45% found deciding distressing.
  • 69% approved of embryo donation to stem-cell research.


Stem Cell Fake Result

Hwang Woo-suk (Korean pioneer of stem cell research) Resigns A Seoul National University investigation of the original data in Science paper Jun (2005;308: 1777-83) "Eleven human embryonic stem cells (hESC) lines were established by nuclear transfer (SCNT; NT) of skin cells from patients with disease or injury into donated oocytes." announced 29 Dec 2005 that he had faked the results.

The journal Science retracted the original paper, the original reference with link to the erratum.[29]

Science News 06 Jan | Special Online Collection: Hwang et al. and Stem Cell Issues

Cancer

There is a hypothesis that several cancers may arise from somatic stem or progenitor cells that exist in different tissues. These cancer stem cells are called "side population" (SP) cells and have been identified in: leukemia, breast cancer and several human cancer cell lines (central nervous system, gastrointestinal tumors, retinoblastoma). There is still a "chicken and egg" problem to be resolved, in that the cancer cells may have dedifferentiated to a stem cell-like population.

A recent paper has also identified SP cells in ovarian cancer which have properties similar to stem cells.[30]

References

  1. ↑ Li J, Greco V, Guasch G, Fuchs E & Mombaerts P. (2007). Mice cloned from skin cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 104, 2738-43. PMID: 17299040 DOI.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Vegas AJ, Veiseh O, Gürtler M, Millman JR, Pagliuca FW, Bader AR, Doloff JC, Li J, Chen M, Olejnik K, Tam HH, Jhunjhunwala S, Langan E, Aresta-Dasilva S, Gandham S, McGarrigle JJ, Bochenek MA, Hollister-Lock J, Oberholzer J, Greiner DL, Weir GC, Melton DA, Langer R & Anderson DG. (2016). Long-term glycemic control using polymer-encapsulated human stem cell-derived beta cells in immune-competent mice. Nat. Med. , 22, 306-11. PMID: 26808346 DOI.
  3. ↑ Yamashiro C, Sasaki K, Yabuta Y, Kojima Y, Nakamura T, Okamoto I, Yokobayashi S, Murase Y, Ishikura Y, Shirane K, Sasaki H, Yamamoto T & Saitou M. (2018). Generation of human oogonia from induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro. Science , , . PMID: 30237246 DOI.
  4. ↑ Dalman A, Totonchi M & Valojerdi MR. (2018). Establishment and characterization of human theca stem cells and their differentiation into theca progenitor cells. J. Cell. Biochem. , , . PMID: 30132968 DOI.
  5. ↑ Corsinotti A, Wong FC, Tatar T, Szczerbinska I, Halbritter F, Colby D, Gogolok S, Pantier R, Liggat K, Mirfazeli ES, Hall-Ponsele E, Mullin NP, Wilson V & Chambers I. (2017). Distinct SoxB1 networks are required for naïve and primed pluripotency. Elife , 6, . PMID: 29256862 DOI.
  6. ↑ Nguyen PD, Hollway GE, Sonntag C, Miles LB, Hall TE, Berger S, Fernandez KJ, Gurevich DB, Cole NJ, Alaei S, Ramialison M, Sutherland RL, Polo JM, Lieschke GJ & Currie PD. (2014). Haematopoietic stem cell induction by somite-derived endothelial cells controlled by meox1. Nature , 512, 314-8. PMID: 25119043 DOI.
  7. ↑ Poh YC, Chen J, Hong Y, Yi H, Zhang S, Chen J, Wu DC, Wang L, Jia Q, Singh R, Yao W, Tan Y, Tajik A, Tanaka TS & Wang N. (2014). Generation of organized germ layers from a single mouse embryonic stem cell. Nat Commun , 5, 4000. PMID: 24873804 DOI.
  8. ↑ Ware CB, Nelson AM, Mecham B, Hesson J, Zhou W, Jonlin EC, Jimenez-Caliani AJ, Deng X, Cavanaugh C, Cook S, Tesar PJ, Okada J, Margaretha L, Sperber H, Choi M, Blau CA, Treuting PM, Hawkins RD, Cirulli V & Ruohola-Baker H. (2014). Derivation of naive human embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 111, 4484-9. PMID: 24623855 DOI.
  9. ↑ Tachibana M, Amato P, Sparman M, Gutierrez NM, Tippner-Hedges R, Ma H, Kang E, Fulati A, Lee HS, Sritanaudomchai H, Masterson K, Larson J, Eaton D, Sadler-Fredd K, Battaglia D, Lee D, Wu D, Jensen J, Patton P, Gokhale S, Stouffer RL, Wolf D & Mitalipov S. (2013). Human embryonic stem cells derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Cell , 153, 1228-38. PMID: 23683578 DOI.
  10. ↑ Nagaoka M, Si-Tayeb K, Akaike T & Duncan SA. (2010). Culture of human pluripotent stem cells using completely defined conditions on a recombinant E-cadherin substratum. BMC Dev. Biol. , 10, 60. PMID: 20525219 DOI.
  11. ↑ Kim K, Doi A, Wen B, Ng K, Zhao R, Cahan P, Kim J, Aryee MJ, Ji H, Ehrlich LI, Yabuuchi A, Takeuchi A, Cunniff KC, Hongguang H, McKinney-Freeman S, Naveiras O, Yoon TJ, Irizarry RA, Jung N, Seita J, Hanna J, Murakami P, Jaenisch R, Weissleder R, Orkin SH, Weissman IL, Feinberg AP & Daley GQ. (2010). Epigenetic memory in induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature , 467, 285-90. PMID: 20644535 DOI.
  12. ↑ Garikipati VNS, Singh SP, Mohanram Y, Gupta AK, Kapoor D & Nityanand S. (2018). Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells from human fetus heart. PLoS ONE , 13, e0192244. PMID: 29420637 DOI.
  13. ↑ Giritharan G, Ilic D, Gormley M & Krtolica A. (2011). Human embryonic stem cells derived from embryos at different stages of development share similar transcription profiles. PLoS ONE , 6, e26570. PMID: 22039509 DOI.
  14. ↑ Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Ikawa M, Takehashi M, Ogonuki N, Miki H, Inoue K, Kazuki Y, Lee J, Toyokuni S, Oshimura M, Ogura A & Shinohara T. (2006). Production of knockout mice by random or targeted mutagenesis in spermatogonial stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 103, 8018-23. PMID: 16679411 DOI.
  15. ↑ Ehmcke J, Wistuba J & Schlatt S. (2006). Spermatogonial stem cells: questions, models and perspectives. Hum. Reprod. Update , 12, 275-82. PMID: 16446319 DOI.
  16. ↑ Aponte PM, van Bragt MP, de Rooij DG & van Pelt AM. (2005). Spermatogonial stem cells: characteristics and experimental possibilities. APMIS , 113, 727-42. PMID: 16480445 DOI.
  17. ↑ Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Ogonuki N, Iwano T, Lee J, Kazuki Y, Inoue K, Miki H, Takehashi M, Toyokuni S, Shinkai Y, Oshimura M, Ishino F, Ogura A & Shinohara T. (2005). Genetic and epigenetic properties of mouse male germline stem cells during long-term culture. Development , 132, 4155-63. PMID: 16107472 DOI.
  18. ↑ Ogawa T, Ohmura M, Yumura Y, Sawada H & Kubota Y. (2003). Expansion of murine spermatogonial stem cells through serial transplantation. Biol. Reprod. , 68, 316-22. PMID: 12493728
  19. ↑ Fuchs E. (2008). Skin stem cells: rising to the surface. J. Cell Biol. , 180, 273-84. PMID: 18209104 DOI.
  20. ↑ Conrad S, Renninger M, Hennenlotter J, Wiesner T, Just L, Bonin M, Aicher W, Bühring HJ, Mattheus U, Mack A, Wagner HJ, Minger S, Matzkies M, Reppel M, Hescheler J, Sievert KD, Stenzl A & Skutella T. (2008). Generation of pluripotent stem cells from adult human testis. Nature , 456, 344-9. PMID: 18849962 DOI.
  21. ↑ Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K & Yamanaka S. (2007). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell , 131, 861-72. PMID: 18035408 DOI.
  22. ↑ Hamilton B, Feng Q, Ye M & Welstead GG. (2009). Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells by reprogramming mouse embryonic fibroblasts with a four transcription factor, doxycycline inducible lentiviral transduction system. J Vis Exp , , . PMID: 19915522 DOI.
  23. ↑ Wakayama S, Ohta H, Hikichi T, Mizutani E, Iwaki T, Kanagawa O & Wakayama T. (2008). Production of healthy cloned mice from bodies frozen at -20 degrees C for 16 years. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 105, 17318-22. PMID: 18981419 DOI.
  24. ↑ Thuan NV, Kishigami S & Wakayama T. (2010). How to improve the success rate of mouse cloning technology. J. Reprod. Dev. , 56, 20-30. PMID: 20203432
  25. ↑ Bourillot PY & Savatier P. (2010). Krüppel-like transcription factors and control of pluripotency. BMC Biol. , 8, 125. PMID: 20875146 DOI.
  26. ↑ Khan DR, Dubé D, Gall L, Peynot N, Ruffini S, Laffont L, Le Bourhis D, Degrelle S, Jouneau A & Duranthon V. (2012). Expression of pluripotency master regulators during two key developmental transitions: EGA and early lineage specification in the bovine embryo. PLoS ONE , 7, e34110. PMID: 22479535 DOI.
  27. ↑ Wu R, Xu C, Jin F, Tan Z, Gu B, Chen L, Yao X & Zhang M. (2010). Derivation, characterization and differentiation of a new human embryonic stem cell line from a Chinese hatched blastocyst assisted by a non-contact laser system. Hum. Cell , 23, 89-102. PMID: 20973834 DOI.
  28. ↑ Hammarberg K & Tinney L. (2006). Deciding the fate of supernumerary frozen embryos: a survey of couples' decisions and the factors influencing their choice. Fertil. Steril. , 86, 86-91. PMID: 16716313 DOI.
  29. ↑ Hwang WS, Roh SI, Lee BC, Kang SK, Kwon DK, Kim S, Kim SJ, Park SW, Kwon HS, Lee CK, Lee JB, Kim JM, Ahn C, Paek SH, Chang SS, Koo JJ, Yoon HS, Hwang JH, Hwang YY, Park YS, Oh SK, Kim HS, Park JH, Moon SY & Schatten G. (2005). Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts. Science , 308, 1777-83. PMID: 15905366 DOI.
  30. ↑ Moore KA & Lemischka IR. (2006). Stem cells and their niches. Science , 311, 1880-5. PMID: 16574858 DOI.

Journals

  • Cell Stem Cell is the official affiliated journal of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR).
  • Stem Cells welcomes original articles and concise reviews describing basic laboratory investigations of stem cells and the translation of their clinical aspects of characterization and manipulation from the bench to patient care. The journal covers all aspects of stem cells: embryonic stem cells; tissue-specific stem cells; cancer stem cells; the stem cell niche; stem cell genomics and proteomics; and translational and clinical researc

Reviews

Trounson A & DeWitt ND. (2016). Pluripotent stem cells progressing to the clinic. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. , 17, 194-200. PMID: 26908143 DOI.

Mathews DJ, Donovan PJ, Harris J, Lovell-Badge R, Savulescu J & Faden R. (2009). Pluripotent stem cell-derived gametes: truth and (potential) consequences. Cell Stem Cell , 5, 11-4. PMID: 19570509 DOI.

Moore KA & Lemischka IR. (2006). Stem cells and their niches. Science , 311, 1880-5. PMID: 16574858 DOI.

Li L & Xie T. (2005). Stem cell niche: structure and function. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. , 21, 605-31. PMID: 16212509 DOI.

Articles

Pekkanen-Mattila M, Pelto-Huikko M, Kujala V, Suuronen R, Skottman H, Aalto-Setälä K & Kerkelä E. (2010). Spatial and temporal expression pattern of germ layer markers during human embryonic stem cell differentiation in embryoid bodies. Histochem. Cell Biol. , 133, 595-606. PMID: 20369364 DOI.

Hiroyama T, Miharada K, Aoki N, Fujioka T, Sudo K, Danjo I, Nagasawa T & Nakamura Y. (2006). Long-lasting in vitro hematopoiesis derived from primate embryonic stem cells. Exp. Hematol. , 34, 760-9. PMID: 16728281 DOI.

Meshorer E & Misteli T. (2006). Chromatin in pluripotent embryonic stem cells and differentiation. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. , 7, 540-6. PMID: 16723974 DOI.

Yamazoe H, Kobori M, Murakami Y, Yano K, Satoh M, Mizuseki K, Sasai Y & Iwata H. (2006). One-step induction of neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells in serum-free media containing vitamin B12 and heparin. Cell Transplant , 15, 135-45. PMID: 16719047

Skottman H, Dilber MS & Hovatta O. (2006). The derivation of clinical-grade human embryonic stem cell lines. FEBS Lett. , 580, 2875-8. PMID: 16716780 DOI.

Hammarberg K & Tinney L. (2006). Deciding the fate of supernumerary frozen embryos: a survey of couples' decisions and the factors influencing their choice. Fertil. Steril. , 86, 86-91. PMID: 16716313 DOI.

Moore KA & Lemischka IR. (2006). Stem cells and their niches. Science , 311, 1880-5. PMID: 16574858 DOI.

Search PubMed

May 2006 "stem cell" 154,176 reference articles of which 16,449 were reviews.

Search PubMed Now: stem cell | embryonic stem cell | adult stem cell |

Australia

The Australian Health Ethics Committee was approached by human research ethics committees (HRECs) seeking advice on how to review research protocols that involve stem cell research. The following guidance is interim. Formal guidelines will be developed by AHEC in the context of its review of the 1996 NHMRC Ethical guidelines on assisted reproductive technology.

INFORMATION FOR HUMAN RESEARCH ETHICS COMMITTEES SHEET NUMBER 5 - STEM CELL RESEARCH

USA

Stem Cells: NIH 2009 Primer | File:NIH Regenerative Medicine 2006.pdf | 2001 Primer | NIH Stem Cell Basics | 2009 NIH Report | Regenerative Medicine 2006 | 2001 NIH Report

National Institute of Health (NIH) Stem Cell Information NIH Stem Cell Basics | NIH Stem Cell Information | NIH Stem Cell Reports | Regenerative Medicine 2006 | Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions (2001) | National Human Genome Research Institute - Cloning/Embryonic Stem Cells

Stem Cell News (2001)

During the earlier Bush administration there was much political controversy about Stem cells in the USA.

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 18) Embryology Stem Cells. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Stem_Cells

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