Rat Development: Difference between revisions
mNo edit summary |
|||
(30 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Header}} | |||
== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
[[File:Rat.jpg|thumb]] | |||
The {{rat}} (taxon - ''rattus'') is readily available as inbred, outbred and mutant strains. They have been generally beaten as a model by their rodent mice brethren, as the molecular tools that became available (stem cells, knockout genes, etc). | |||
Rat embryos do have the advantage of being much larger than mouse embryos and easy to breed. Another advantage of rats is in vision development studies, as that retinal development continues postnatally (most vertebrate neurological systems are difficult to access during periods of development). Rat development is also generally 1 day behind that of mouse. (The table below gives details relating to the staging of rat development). Below this are a list of internet resources relating to the rat. | Rat embryos do have the advantage of being much larger than mouse embryos and easy to breed. Another advantage of rats is in vision development studies, as that retinal development continues postnatally (most vertebrate neurological systems are difficult to access during periods of development). Rat development is also generally 1 day behind that of mouse. (The table below gives details relating to the staging of rat development). Below this are a list of internet resources relating to the rat. | ||
<br> | |||
{{Rat links}} | |||
==Some Recent Findings== | ==Some Recent Findings== | ||
{| | {| | ||
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF" | |-bgcolor="F5FAFF" | ||
| | | | ||
* '''Comparison of staging systems for the gastrulation and early neurulation period in rodents''' | * '''Cross-Species Genome Wide Expression Analysis during Pluripotent Cell Determination in Mouse and Rat Preimplantation Embryos'''{{#pmid:23077551|PMID23077551}} "The transition between morula and blastocyst stage during preimplantation development represents the first differentiation event of embryogenesis. Morula cells undergo the first cellular specialization and produce two well-defined populations of cells, the trophoblast and the inner cell mass (ICM). ... This is the first study investigating the gene expression changes during the transition from morula to blastocyst in the rat preimplantation development. Our data show that in the pluripotent pool of cells of the rat and mouse preimplantation embryo substantial differential regulation of genes is present, which might explain the difficulties observed for the derivation and culture of rat ESCs using mouse conditions." | ||
* '''Generation of germline-competent rat induced pluripotent stem cells'''{{#pmid:21789202|PMID21789202}} "Our data clearly demonstrate that using only three reprogramming factors (Oct3/4, Klf4, and Sox2) rat somatic cells can be reprogrammed into a ground state. Our generated riPSCs exhibited germline transmission in either rat-rat intraspecific or mouse-rat interspecific chimeras." | |||
* '''Comparison of staging systems for the gastrulation and early neurulation period in rodents'''{{#pmid:1440421|PMID1440421}}"Because there is no standard developmental staging system for the early postimplantation period of rodent embryos, investigators must now choose between a variety of systems that differ significantly. We have reviewed many of these staging systems and have summarized the ambiguities within them and the inconsistencies among them. In order to compare systems, we first obtained a consensus of the order of developmental events from the literature, and then attempted to fit existing systems into this order taking into account inconsistencies in terminology and blurred borderlines between stages." | |||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! More recent papers | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}} | |||
Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Rat+Embryology ''Rat Embryology''] | |||
<pubmed limit=5>Rat Embryology</pubmed> | |||
|} | |||
==Rat Estrous Cycle== | |||
[[File:Huber1915 1fig09.jpg|alt=Left oviduct of rat|thumb|link=Book - The Development of the Albino Rat|Left oviduct of rat]] | |||
See the review of the rat estrous cycle.{{#pmid:16195173|PMID16195173}} One of the best characterised polyestrous reproductive cycles, though different species of rats may differ in reproduction. In general, puberty occurs at 6-8 weeks when the estrous cycle commences each cycle is 4-5 days. The estrous cycle is polyestrous, more than one estrous cycle during a specific yearly time, with an estrous period of approximately 12 hours. | |||
:'''Links:''' {{estrous cycle}} | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=rat+estrous+cycle PubMed Search - rat estrous cycle] | |||
==Species Stages Comparison == | ==Species Stages Comparison == | ||
The table below gives an approximate comparison of human, mouse and rat embryos based upon Carnegie staging. | The table below gives an approximate comparison of human, mouse and rat embryos based upon Carnegie staging. | ||
{ | {{CarnegieComparisonHRM}} | ||
{{Mouse Rat Pig table}} | |||
| | [[File:Rat_oocyte_01.jpg|800px]] | ||
| | '''Rat oocytes showing metaphase plate'''{{#pmid:20333307|PMID20333307}} | ||
:'''Links:''' [[Rat Timeline]] | |||
==Placenta Development== | |||
: | For review of the rat placenta.{{#pmid:22272049|PMID22272049}} | ||
==Adrenal and Gonad Development== | ==Adrenal and Gonad Development== | ||
[[File:Adrenal and gonad steroidogenic factor 1 expression.jpg|600px]] | [[File:Adrenal and gonad steroidogenic factor 1 expression.jpg|600px]] | ||
Adrenal and gonad steroidogenic factor 1 expression | Adrenal and gonad steroidogenic factor 1 expression{{#pmid:14594453|PMID14594453}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
===Reviews=== | |||
===Articles=== | |||
{{#pmid:20224168}} | |||
{{#pmid:20158911}} | |||
{{#pmid:20052412}} | |||
===Search PubMed=== | |||
'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Rat+development Rat Development] | '''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Rat+development Rat Development] | ||
Line 117: | Line 84: | ||
File:Rat-hindbrain E11.5.jpg|Rat hindbrain E11.5, down-regulated genes and Pax6 | File:Rat-hindbrain E11.5.jpg|Rat hindbrain E11.5, down-regulated genes and Pax6 | ||
File:Rat_thyroid_system_and_neural_development.jpg|Rat thyroid system and neural development | File:Rat_thyroid_system_and_neural_development.jpg|Rat thyroid system and neural development | ||
File:Rat neural cadherin 01.jpg | |||
File:Rat neural cadherin 02.jpg | |||
File:Rat neural cadherin 03.jpg | |||
File:Rat neural cadherin 04.jpg | |||
File:Rat neural cadherin 05.jpg | |||
File:Rat neural cadherin 06.jpg | |||
File:Rat neural cadherin 07.jpg | |||
File:Rat neural cadherin 08.jpg | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
Line 134: | Line 109: | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
{{External Links}} | |||
* '''Rat Genome Database''' [http://rgd.mcw.edu RGD] <pubmed>17151068</pubmed> | |||
{{Animals}} | |||
{{ | {{Glossary}} | ||
{{ | {{Footer}} | ||
[[Category:Rat]] | [[Category:Rat]] |
Revision as of 14:14, 4 May 2018
Embryology - 18 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate |
---|
Google Translate - select your language from the list shown below (this will open a new external page) |
العربية | català | 中文 | 中國傳統的 | français | Deutsche | עִברִית | हिंदी | bahasa Indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | မြန်မာ | Pilipino | Polskie | português | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ | Română | русский | Español | Swahili | Svensk | ไทย | Türkçe | اردو | ייִדיש | Tiếng Việt These external translations are automated and may not be accurate. (More? About Translations) |
Introduction
The rat (taxon - rattus) is readily available as inbred, outbred and mutant strains. They have been generally beaten as a model by their rodent mice brethren, as the molecular tools that became available (stem cells, knockout genes, etc).
Rat embryos do have the advantage of being much larger than mouse embryos and easy to breed. Another advantage of rats is in vision development studies, as that retinal development continues postnatally (most vertebrate neurological systems are difficult to access during periods of development). Rat development is also generally 1 day behind that of mouse. (The table below gives details relating to the staging of rat development). Below this are a list of internet resources relating to the rat.
Some Recent Findings
|
More recent papers |
---|
This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Rat Embryology <pubmed limit=5>Rat Embryology</pubmed> |
Rat Estrous Cycle
See the review of the rat estrous cycle.[4] One of the best characterised polyestrous reproductive cycles, though different species of rats may differ in reproduction. In general, puberty occurs at 6-8 weeks when the estrous cycle commences each cycle is 4-5 days. The estrous cycle is polyestrous, more than one estrous cycle during a specific yearly time, with an estrous period of approximately 12 hours.
Species Stages Comparison
The table below gives an approximate comparison of human, mouse and rat embryos based upon Carnegie staging.
Carnegie | Stage | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Human | Days | 1 | 2-3 | 4-5 | 5-6 | 7-12 | 13-15 | 15-17 | 17-19 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 28 | 30 | 33 | 36 | 40 | 42 | 44 | 48 | 52 | 54 | 55 | 58 |
Mouse | Days | 1 | 2 | 3 | E4.5 | E5.0 | E6.0 | E7.0 | E8.0 | E9.0 | E9.5 | E10 | E10.5 | E11 | E11.5 | E12 | E12.5 | E13 | E13.5 | E14 | E14.5 | E15 | E15.5 | E16 |
Rat | Days | 1 | 3.5 | 4-5 | 5 | 6 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 9 | 10.5 | 11 | 11.5 | 12 | 12.5 | 13 | 13.5 | 14 | 14.5 | 15 | 15.5 | 16 | 16.5 | 17 | 17.5 |
Note these Carnegie stages are only approximate day timings for average of embryos. Links: Carnegie Stage Comparison | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Postnatal Animal Models | mouse | rat | pig |
---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy period (days) | 18 – 21 | 21 – 23 | 110 – 118 |
Placenta type | Discoidal, decidual hemoendothelial choroidea |
Discoidal, decidual hemoendothelial choroidea |
Epitheliochorial |
Litter size | 6 – 12 | 6 – 15 | 11 – 16 |
Birth weight (g) | 0.5 – 1.5 | 3 – 5 | 900 – 1600 |
Weaning weight male/female (g) | 18 – 25/16 – 25 | 55 – 90/45 – 80 | 6000 – 8000 |
Suckling period (days) | 21–28 | 21 | 28–49 |
Solid diet beginning (days) | 10 | 12 | 12 – 15 |
Puberty male/female (week) | 4 – 6/5 | 6/6 – 8 | 20 – 28 |
Life expectancy (years) | 1 - 2 | 2 - 3 | 14 – 18 |
Table data - Otis and Brent (1954)[5] Links: timeline |
Rat oocytes showing metaphase plate[6]
- Links: Rat Timeline
Placenta Development
For review of the rat placenta.[7]
Adrenal and Gonad Development
Adrenal and gonad steroidogenic factor 1 expression[8]
References
- ↑ Casanova EA, Okoniewski MJ & Cinelli P. (2012). Cross-species genome wide expression analysis during pluripotent cell determination in mouse and rat preimplantation embryos. PLoS ONE , 7, e47107. PMID: 23077551 DOI.
- ↑ Hamanaka S, Yamaguchi T, Kobayashi T, Kato-Itoh M, Yamazaki S, Sato H, Umino A, Wakiyama Y, Arai M, Sanbo M, Hirabayashi M & Nakauchi H. (2011). Generation of germline-competent rat induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS ONE , 6, e22008. PMID: 21789202 DOI.
- ↑ Fujinaga M, Brown NA & Baden JM. (1992). Comparison of staging systems for the gastrulation and early neurulation period in rodents: a proposed new system. Teratology , 46, 183-90. PMID: 1440421 DOI.
- ↑ Hubscher CH, Brooks DL & Johnson JR. (2005). A quantitative method for assessing stages of the rat estrous cycle. Biotech Histochem , 80, 79-87. PMID: 16195173 DOI.
- ↑ Otis EM and Brent R. Equivalent ages in mouse and human embryos. (1954) Anat Rec. 120(1):33-63. PMID 13207763
- ↑ Webb RL, Findlay KA, Green MA, Beckett TL & Murphy MP. (2010). Efficient activation of reconstructed rat embryos by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. PLoS ONE , 5, e9799. PMID: 20333307 DOI.
- ↑ Furukawa S, Hayashi S, Usuda K, Abe M, Hagio S & Ogawa I. (2011). Toxicological pathology in the rat placenta. J Toxicol Pathol , 24, 95-111. PMID: 22272049 DOI.
- ↑ Val P, Lefrançois-Martinez AM, Veyssière G & Martinez A. (2003). SF-1 a key player in the development and differentiation of steroidogenic tissues. Nucl. Recept. , 1, 8. PMID: 14594453 DOI.
Reviews
Articles
Kito S, Yano H, Ohta Y & Tsukamoto S. (2010). Superovulatory response, oocyte spontaneous activation, and embryo development in WMN/Nrs inbred rats. Exp. Anim. , 59, 35-45. PMID: 20224168
Sheng Y, Lin CC, Yue J, Sukhwani M, Shuttleworth JJ, Chu T & Orwig KE. (2010). Generation and characterization of a Tet-On (rtTA-M2) transgenic rat. BMC Dev. Biol. , 10, 17. PMID: 20158911 DOI.
Ahmed RP, Haider KH, Shujia J, Afzal MR & Ashraf M. (2010). Sonic Hedgehog gene delivery to the rodent heart promotes angiogenesis via iNOS/netrin-1/PKC pathway. PLoS ONE , 5, e8576. PMID: 20052412 DOI.
Search PubMed
Search Pubmed: Rat Development
Additional Images
Historic Images
External Links
External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.
- Rat Genome Database RGD <pubmed>17151068</pubmed>
Animal Development: axolotl | bat | cat | chicken | cow | dog | dolphin | echidna | fly | frog | goat | grasshopper | guinea pig | hamster | horse | kangaroo | koala | lizard | medaka | mouse | opossum | pig | platypus | rabbit | rat | salamander | sea squirt | sea urchin | sheep | worm | zebrafish | life cycles | development timetable | development models | K12 | ||
|
Glossary Links
- Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 18) Embryology Rat Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Rat_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G