Rat Development: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
[[File:Rat.jpg|thumb]] | |||
Rats (taxon- ''rattus'') are readily available as inbred, outbred and mutant strains. They have been generally beaten as a model by their mice brethren, as the molecular tools that became available (stem cells, knockout genes, etc). | Rats (taxon - ''rattus'') are readily available as inbred, outbred and mutant strains. They have been generally beaten as a model by their rodent mice brethren, as the molecular tools that became available (stem cells, knockout genes, etc). | ||
Rat embryos do have the advantage of being much larger than mouse embryos and easy to breed. Another advantage of rats is in vision development studies, as that retinal development continues postnatally (most vertebrate neurological systems are difficult to access during periods of development). Rat development is also generally 1 day behind that of mouse. (The table below gives details relating to the staging of rat development). Below this are a list of internet resources relating to the rat. | Rat embryos do have the advantage of being much larger than mouse embryos and easy to breed. Another advantage of rats is in vision development studies, as that retinal development continues postnatally (most vertebrate neurological systems are difficult to access during periods of development). Rat development is also generally 1 day behind that of mouse. (The table below gives details relating to the staging of rat development). Below this are a list of internet resources relating to the rat. | ||
{{Rat}} | |||
==Some Recent Findings== | ==Some Recent Findings== | ||
{| | {| | ||
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF" | |-bgcolor="F5FAFF" | ||
| | | | ||
* '''Cross-Species Genome Wide Expression Analysis during Pluripotent Cell Determination in Mouse and Rat Preimplantation Embryos'''<ref name="PMID23077551"><pubmed>23077551</pubmed></ref> "The transition between morula and blastocyst stage during preimplantation development represents the first differentiation event of embryogenesis. Morula cells undergo the first cellular specialization and produce two well-defined populations of cells, the trophoblast and the inner cell mass (ICM). ... This is the first study investigating the gene expression changes during the transition from morula to blastocyst in the rat preimplantation development. Our data show that in the pluripotent pool of cells of the rat and mouse preimplantation embryo substantial differential regulation of genes is present, which might explain the difficulties observed for the derivation and culture of rat ESCs using mouse conditions." | |||
* '''Generation of germline-competent rat induced pluripotent stem cells''' <ref><pubmed>21789202</pubmed>| [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0022008 PLoS ONE]</ref> "Our data clearly demonstrate that using only three reprogramming factors (Oct3/4, Klf4, and Sox2) rat somatic cells can be reprogrammed into a ground state. Our generated riPSCs exhibited germline transmission in either rat-rat intraspecific or mouse-rat interspecific chimeras." | |||
* '''Comparison of staging systems for the gastrulation and early neurulation period in rodents'''<ref><pubmed>1440421</pubmed></ref>"Because there is no standard developmental staging system for the early postimplantation period of rodent embryos, investigators must now choose between a variety of systems that differ significantly. We have reviewed many of these staging systems and have summarized the ambiguities within them and the inconsistencies among them. In order to compare systems, we first obtained a consensus of the order of developmental events from the literature, and then attempted to fit existing systems into this order taking into account inconsistencies in terminology and blurred borderlines between stages." | * '''Comparison of staging systems for the gastrulation and early neurulation period in rodents'''<ref><pubmed>1440421</pubmed></ref>"Because there is no standard developmental staging system for the early postimplantation period of rodent embryos, investigators must now choose between a variety of systems that differ significantly. We have reviewed many of these staging systems and have summarized the ambiguities within them and the inconsistencies among them. In order to compare systems, we first obtained a consensus of the order of developmental events from the literature, and then attempted to fit existing systems into this order taking into account inconsistencies in terminology and blurred borderlines between stages." | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! More recent papers | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}} | |||
Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Rat+Embryology ''Rat Embryology''] | |||
<pubmed limit=5>Rat Embryology</pubmed> | |||
|} | |||
==Species Stages Comparison == | ==Species Stages Comparison == | ||
The table below gives an approximate comparison of human, mouse and rat embryos based upon Carnegie staging. | The table below gives an approximate comparison of human, mouse and rat embryos based upon Carnegie staging. | ||
{ | {{CarnegieComparisonHRM}} | ||
{{Mouse Rat Pig table}} | |||
[[File:Rat_oocyte_01.jpg|800px]] | |||
'''Rat oocytes showing metaphase plate'''<ref><pubmed>20333307 </pubmed>| [http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009799 PLoS One.]</ref> | |||
:'''Links:''' [[Rat Timeline]] | |||
==Placenta Development== | |||
: | For review of the rat placenta.<ref><pubmed>22272049</pubmed>| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234607 PMC3234607] | [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tox/24/2/24_2_95/_article }</ref> | ||
==Adrenal and Gonad Development== | ==Adrenal and Gonad Development== | ||
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<references/> | <references/> | ||
===Reviews=== | |||
===Articles=== | |||
<pubmed>20224168</pubmed> | |||
<pubmed>20158911</pubmed> | |||
<pubmed>20052412</pubmed> | |||
===Search PubMed=== | |||
'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Rat+development Rat Development] | '''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Rat+development Rat Development] | ||
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File:Rat-hindbrain E11.5.jpg|Rat hindbrain E11.5, down-regulated genes and Pax6 | File:Rat-hindbrain E11.5.jpg|Rat hindbrain E11.5, down-regulated genes and Pax6 | ||
File:Rat_thyroid_system_and_neural_development.jpg|Rat thyroid system and neural development | File:Rat_thyroid_system_and_neural_development.jpg|Rat thyroid system and neural development | ||
File:Rat neural cadherin 01.jpg | |||
File:Rat neural cadherin 02.jpg | |||
File:Rat neural cadherin 03.jpg | |||
File:Rat neural cadherin 04.jpg | |||
File:Rat neural cadherin 05.jpg | |||
File:Rat neural cadherin 06.jpg | |||
File:Rat neural cadherin 07.jpg | |||
File:Rat neural cadherin 08.jpg | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
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File:Bailey056.jpg|Bailey Fig. 56. Sections of blastocysts of the white rat, 5 days after insemination | File:Bailey056.jpg|Bailey Fig. 56. Sections of blastocysts of the white rat, 5 days after insemination | ||
File:Bailey061.jpg|Bailey Fig. 61. Sections of blastocysts of the white rat | File:Bailey061.jpg|Bailey Fig. 61. Sections of blastocysts of the white rat | ||
File:Bailey062.jpg | File:Bailey062.jpg|Bailey Fig. 62. Cross sections of an egg-cylinder of the white rat, 8 days and 17 hours after insemination | ||
File:Bailey063.jpg | File:Bailey063.jpg|Bailey Fig. 63 Cross sections of egg-cylinders of the white rat | ||
File:Bailey295.jpg | File:Bailey295.jpg|Bailey Fig. 295. Ventral view of parts of the lungs, pleural cavities, peritoneal cavity, and the pleuro-peritoneal membranes in a rat embryo | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
:'''Links:''' [[Book_-_Text-Book_of_Embryology_(1921)|Bailey, F.R. and Miller, A.M. (1921)]] | |||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
{{External Links}} | |||
* '''Rat Genome Database''' [http://rgd.mcw.edu RGD] <pubmed>17151068</pubmed> | |||
{{Animals}} | |||
{{ | {{Glossary}} | ||
{{ | {{Footer}} | ||
[[Category:Rat]] | [[Category:Rat]] |
Revision as of 13:52, 4 October 2017
Embryology - 25 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
Rats (taxon - rattus) are readily available as inbred, outbred and mutant strains. They have been generally beaten as a model by their rodent mice brethren, as the molecular tools that became available (stem cells, knockout genes, etc).
Rat embryos do have the advantage of being much larger than mouse embryos and easy to breed. Another advantage of rats is in vision development studies, as that retinal development continues postnatally (most vertebrate neurological systems are difficult to access during periods of development). Rat development is also generally 1 day behind that of mouse. (The table below gives details relating to the staging of rat development). Below this are a list of internet resources relating to the rat.
Some Recent Findings
|
More recent papers |
---|
This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Rat Embryology <pubmed limit=5>Rat Embryology</pubmed> |
Species Stages Comparison
The table below gives an approximate comparison of human, mouse and rat embryos based upon Carnegie staging.
Carnegie | Stage | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Human | Days | 1 | 2-3 | 4-5 | 5-6 | 7-12 | 13-15 | 15-17 | 17-19 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 28 | 30 | 33 | 36 | 40 | 42 | 44 | 48 | 52 | 54 | 55 | 58 |
Mouse | Days | 1 | 2 | 3 | E4.5 | E5.0 | E6.0 | E7.0 | E8.0 | E9.0 | E9.5 | E10 | E10.5 | E11 | E11.5 | E12 | E12.5 | E13 | E13.5 | E14 | E14.5 | E15 | E15.5 | E16 |
Rat | Days | 1 | 3.5 | 4-5 | 5 | 6 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 9 | 10.5 | 11 | 11.5 | 12 | 12.5 | 13 | 13.5 | 14 | 14.5 | 15 | 15.5 | 16 | 16.5 | 17 | 17.5 |
Note these Carnegie stages are only approximate day timings for average of embryos. Links: Carnegie Stage Comparison | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Postnatal Animal Models | mouse | rat | pig |
---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy period (days) | 18 – 21 | 21 – 23 | 110 – 118 |
Placenta type | Discoidal, decidual hemoendothelial choroidea |
Discoidal, decidual hemoendothelial choroidea |
Epitheliochorial |
Litter size | 6 – 12 | 6 – 15 | 11 – 16 |
Birth weight (g) | 0.5 – 1.5 | 3 – 5 | 900 – 1600 |
Weaning weight male/female (g) | 18 – 25/16 – 25 | 55 – 90/45 – 80 | 6000 – 8000 |
Suckling period (days) | 21–28 | 21 | 28–49 |
Solid diet beginning (days) | 10 | 12 | 12 – 15 |
Puberty male/female (week) | 4 – 6/5 | 6/6 – 8 | 20 – 28 |
Life expectancy (years) | 1 - 2 | 2 - 3 | 14 – 18 |
Table data - Otis and Brent (1954)[4] Links: timeline |
Rat oocytes showing metaphase plate[5]
- Links: Rat Timeline
Placenta Development
For review of the rat placenta.[6]
Adrenal and Gonad Development
Adrenal and gonad steroidogenic factor 1 expression[7]
References
- ↑ <pubmed>23077551</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>21789202</pubmed>| PLoS ONE
- ↑ <pubmed>1440421</pubmed>
- ↑ Otis EM and Brent R. Equivalent ages in mouse and human embryos. (1954) Anat Rec. 120(1):33-63. PMID 13207763
- ↑ <pubmed>20333307 </pubmed>| PLoS One.
- ↑ <pubmed>22272049</pubmed>| PMC3234607 | [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tox/24/2/24_2_95/_article }
- ↑ <pubmed>14594453</pubmed>| Nucl Recept.
Reviews
Articles
<pubmed>20224168</pubmed> <pubmed>20158911</pubmed> <pubmed>20052412</pubmed>
Search PubMed
Search Pubmed: Rat Development
Additional Images
Historic Images
External Links
External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.
- Rat Genome Database RGD <pubmed>17151068</pubmed>
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 25) Embryology Rat Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Rat_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G