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[[File:Rat.jpg|left]]
{{Header}}
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
 
[[File:Rat.jpg|thumb]]
Rats (taxon- ''rattus'') are readily available as inbred, outbred and mutant strains. They have been generally beaten as a model by their mice brethren, as the molecular tools that became available (stem cells, knockout genes, etc).
Rats (taxon - ''rattus'') are readily available as inbred, outbred and mutant strains. They have been generally beaten as a model by their rodent mice brethren, as the molecular tools that became available (stem cells, knockout genes, etc).




Rat embryos do have the advantage of being much larger than mouse embryos and easy to breed. Another advantage of rats is in vision development studies, as that retinal development continues postnatally (most vertebrate neurological systems are difficult to access during periods of development). Rat development is also generally 1 day behind that of mouse. (The table below gives details relating to the staging of rat development). Below this are a list of internet resources relating to the rat.
Rat embryos do have the advantage of being much larger than mouse embryos and easy to breed. Another advantage of rats is in vision development studies, as that retinal development continues postnatally (most vertebrate neurological systems are difficult to access during periods of development). Rat development is also generally 1 day behind that of mouse. (The table below gives details relating to the staging of rat development). Below this are a list of internet resources relating to the rat.


:{{Template:Rat}} | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/OtherEmb/Rat.htm original Rat page]


{{Rat}}
==Some Recent Findings==
==Some Recent Findings==
{|
{|
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"  
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"  
|
|
* '''Cross-Species Genome Wide Expression Analysis during Pluripotent Cell Determination in Mouse and Rat Preimplantation Embryos'''<ref name="PMID23077551">><pubmed>23077551</pubmed></ref> "The transition between morula and blastocyst stage during preimplantation development represents the first differentiation event of embryogenesis. Morula cells undergo the first cellular specialization and produce two well-defined populations of cells, the trophoblast and the inner cell mass (ICM).  ... This is the first study investigating the gene expression changes during the transition from morula to blastocyst in the rat preimplantation development. Our data show that in the pluripotent pool of cells of the rat and mouse preimplantation embryo substantial differential regulation of genes is present, which might explain the difficulties observed for the derivation and culture of rat ESCs using mouse conditions."
* '''Generation of germline-competent rat induced pluripotent stem cells''' <ref><pubmed>21789202</pubmed>| [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0022008  PLoS ONE]</ref> "Our data clearly demonstrate that using only three reprogramming factors (Oct3/4, Klf4, and Sox2) rat somatic cells can be reprogrammed into a ground state. Our generated riPSCs exhibited germline transmission in either rat-rat intraspecific or mouse-rat interspecific chimeras."
* '''Comparison of staging systems for the gastrulation and early neurulation period in rodents'''<ref><pubmed>1440421</pubmed></ref>"Because there is no standard developmental staging system for the early postimplantation period of rodent embryos, investigators must now choose between a variety of systems that differ significantly. We have reviewed many of these staging systems and have summarized the ambiguities within them and the inconsistencies among them. In order to compare systems, we first obtained a consensus of the order of developmental events from the literature, and then attempted to fit existing systems into this order taking into account inconsistencies in terminology and blurred borderlines between stages."
* '''Comparison of staging systems for the gastrulation and early neurulation period in rodents'''<ref><pubmed>1440421</pubmed></ref>"Because there is no standard developmental staging system for the early postimplantation period of rodent embryos, investigators must now choose between a variety of systems that differ significantly. We have reviewed many of these staging systems and have summarized the ambiguities within them and the inconsistencies among them. In order to compare systems, we first obtained a consensus of the order of developmental events from the literature, and then attempted to fit existing systems into this order taking into account inconsistencies in terminology and blurred borderlines between stages."
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! More recent papers
|-
| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}
Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Rat+Embryology ''Rat Embryology'']


<pubmed limit=5>Rat Embryology</pubmed>
|}
==Species Stages Comparison ==
==Species Stages Comparison ==
The table below gives an approximate comparison of human, mouse and rat embryos based upon Carnegie staging.
The table below gives an approximate comparison of human, mouse and rat embryos based upon Carnegie staging.


{| class="prettytable"
{{CarnegieComparisonHRM}}
 
{{Mouse Rat Pig table}}
 
[[File:Rat_oocyte_01.jpg|800px]]


|-bgcolor= "lightsteelblue"
'''Rat oocytes showing metaphase plate'''<ref><pubmed>20333307 </pubmed>| [http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009799 PLoS One.]</ref>
| Species
| '''Stage'''
| <center>'''9''' </center>
| <center>'''10''' </center>
| <center>'''11''' </center>
| <center>'''12''' </center>
| <center>'''13''' </center>
| <center>'''14''' </center>
| <center>'''15''' </center>
| <center>'''16''' </center>
| <center>'''17''' </center>
| <center>'''18''' </center>
| <center>'''19''' </center>
| <center>'''20''' </center>
| <center>'''21''' </center>
| <center>'''22''' </center>
| <center>'''23''' </center>


|-
| [[Embryonic Development|Human]] <ref><pubmed>400868</pubmed></ref>
| Days
| 20
| 22
| 24
| 28
| 30
| 33
| 36
| 40
| 42
| 44
| 48
| 52
| 54
| 55
| 58


|-
:'''Links:''' [[Rat Timeline]]
| [[Mouse Development|Mouse]] <ref name="The House Mouse">The House Mouse: Atlas of Mouse Development''' by Theiler Springer-Verlag, NY (1972, 1989). | [http://genex.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/Atlas/Theiler_book_download.html online book]</ref>
 
| Days
==Placenta Development==
| 9
| 9.5
| 10
| 10.5
| 11
| 11.5
| 12
| 12.5
| 13
| 13.5
| 14
| 14.5
| 15
| 15.5
| 16


|-
For review of the rat placenta.<ref><pubmed>22272049</pubmed>| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234607 PMC3234607] | [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tox/24/2/24_2_95/_article }</ref>
| [[Rat Development|Rat]] <ref name="Witschi 1962">Witschi, E. (1962) Development: Rat. In: '''Growth Including Reproduction and Morphological Development.''' Altman, P. L. , and D. S. Dittmer, ed. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., Washington DC, pp. 304-314.</ref>
| Days
| 10.5
| 11
| 11.5
| 12
| 12.5
| 13
| 13.5
| 14
| 14.5
| 15
| 15.5
| 16
| 16.5
| 17
| 17.5


|}
==Adrenal and Gonad Development==
[[File:Adrenal and gonad steroidogenic factor 1 expression.jpg|600px]]


:'''Links:''' [[Carnegie Stage Comparison]]
Adrenal and gonad steroidogenic factor 1 expression<ref><pubmed>14594453</pubmed>| [http://www.nuclear-receptor.com/content/1/1/8 Nucl Recept.]</ref>


==References==
==References==


<references/>
<references/>
===Reviews===
===Articles===
<pubmed>20224168</pubmed>
<pubmed>20158911</pubmed>
<pubmed>20052412</pubmed>
===Search PubMed===


'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Rat+development Rat Development]
'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Rat+development Rat Development]
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File:Rat-hindbrain E11.5.jpg|Rat hindbrain E11.5, down-regulated genes and Pax6
File:Rat-hindbrain E11.5.jpg|Rat hindbrain E11.5, down-regulated genes and Pax6
File:Rat_thyroid_system_and_neural_development.jpg|Rat thyroid system and neural development
File:Rat_thyroid_system_and_neural_development.jpg|Rat thyroid system and neural development
File:Rat neural cadherin 01.jpg
File:Rat neural cadherin 02.jpg
File:Rat neural cadherin 03.jpg
File:Rat neural cadherin 04.jpg
File:Rat neural cadherin 05.jpg
File:Rat neural cadherin 06.jpg
File:Rat neural cadherin 07.jpg
File:Rat neural cadherin 08.jpg
</gallery>
</gallery>
==Historic Images==
<gallery>
File:Bailey006.jpg|Bailey Fig. 6. Schematic outline of spermatogenesis in the rat
File:Bailey053.jpg|Bailey Fig. 53. Four stages in the cleavage of the ovum of the white rat
File:Bailey056.jpg|Bailey Fig. 56. Sections of blastocysts of the white rat, 5 days after insemination
File:Bailey061.jpg|Bailey Fig. 61. Sections of blastocysts of the white rat
File:Bailey062.jpg|Bailey Fig. 62. Cross sections of an egg-cylinder of the white rat, 8 days and 17 hours after insemination
File:Bailey063.jpg|Bailey Fig. 63 Cross sections of egg-cylinders of the white rat
File:Bailey295.jpg|Bailey Fig. 295. Ventral view of parts of the lungs, pleural cavities, peritoneal cavity, and the pleuro-peritoneal membranes in a rat embryo
</gallery>
:'''Links:''' [[Book_-_Text-Book_of_Embryology_(1921)|Bailey, F.R. and Miller, A.M. (1921)]]


==External Links==
==External Links==
{{External Links}}
* '''Rat Genome Database''' [http://rgd.mcw.edu RGD] <pubmed>17151068</pubmed>
{{Animals}}


* Rat Genome Database [http://rgd.mcw.edu RGD] <pubmed>17151068</pubmed>


{{Template:Animals}}
{{Glossary}}


{{Template:Glossary}}


{{Template:Footer}}
{{Footer}}


[[Category:Rat]]
[[Category:Rat]]

Revision as of 17:11, 18 June 2014

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Introduction

Rat.jpg

Rats (taxon - rattus) are readily available as inbred, outbred and mutant strains. They have been generally beaten as a model by their rodent mice brethren, as the molecular tools that became available (stem cells, knockout genes, etc).


Rat embryos do have the advantage of being much larger than mouse embryos and easy to breed. Another advantage of rats is in vision development studies, as that retinal development continues postnatally (most vertebrate neurological systems are difficult to access during periods of development). Rat development is also generally 1 day behind that of mouse. (The table below gives details relating to the staging of rat development). Below this are a list of internet resources relating to the rat.


rat

Some Recent Findings

  • Cross-Species Genome Wide Expression Analysis during Pluripotent Cell Determination in Mouse and Rat Preimplantation Embryos[1] "The transition between morula and blastocyst stage during preimplantation development represents the first differentiation event of embryogenesis. Morula cells undergo the first cellular specialization and produce two well-defined populations of cells, the trophoblast and the inner cell mass (ICM). ... This is the first study investigating the gene expression changes during the transition from morula to blastocyst in the rat preimplantation development. Our data show that in the pluripotent pool of cells of the rat and mouse preimplantation embryo substantial differential regulation of genes is present, which might explain the difficulties observed for the derivation and culture of rat ESCs using mouse conditions."
  • Generation of germline-competent rat induced pluripotent stem cells [2] "Our data clearly demonstrate that using only three reprogramming factors (Oct3/4, Klf4, and Sox2) rat somatic cells can be reprogrammed into a ground state. Our generated riPSCs exhibited germline transmission in either rat-rat intraspecific or mouse-rat interspecific chimeras."
  • Comparison of staging systems for the gastrulation and early neurulation period in rodents[3]"Because there is no standard developmental staging system for the early postimplantation period of rodent embryos, investigators must now choose between a variety of systems that differ significantly. We have reviewed many of these staging systems and have summarized the ambiguities within them and the inconsistencies among them. In order to compare systems, we first obtained a consensus of the order of developmental events from the literature, and then attempted to fit existing systems into this order taking into account inconsistencies in terminology and blurred borderlines between stages."
More recent papers
Mark Hill.jpg
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  • This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled.
  • The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance.
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References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability.

More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References

Search term: Rat Embryology

<pubmed limit=5>Rat Embryology</pubmed>

Species Stages Comparison

The table below gives an approximate comparison of human, mouse and rat embryos based upon Carnegie staging.

Species Embryonic Comparison Timeline
Carnegie Stage
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Human Days 1 2-3 4-5 5-6 7-12 13-15 15-17 17-19 20 22 24 28 30 33 36 40 42 44 48 52 54 55 58
Mouse Days 1 2 3 E4.5 E5.0 E6.0 E7.0 E8.0 E9.0 E9.5 E10 E10.5 E11 E11.5 E12 E12.5 E13 E13.5 E14 E14.5 E15 E15.5 E16
Rat Days 1 3.5 4-5 5 6 7.5 8.5 9 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5
Note these Carnegie stages are only approximate day timings for average of embryos. Links: Carnegie Stage Comparison
Table References  
Human

O'Rahilly R. (1979). Early human development and the chief sources of information on staged human embryos. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. , 9, 273-80. PMID: 400868
Otis EM and Brent R. Equivalent ages in mouse and human embryos. (1954) Anat Rec. 120(1):33-63. PMID 13207763

Mouse
Theiler K. The House Mouse: Atlas of Mouse Development (1972, 1989) Springer-Verlag, NY. Online
OTIS EM & BRENT R. (1954). Equivalent ages in mouse and human embryos. Anat. Rec. , 120, 33-63. PMID: 13207763

Rat
Witschi E. Rat Development. In: Growth Including Reproduction and Morphological Development. (1962) Altman PL. and Dittmer DS. ed. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., Washington DC, pp. 304-314.
Pérez-Cano FJ, Franch À, Castellote C & Castell M. (2012). The suckling rat as a model for immunonutrition studies in early life. Clin. Dev. Immunol. , 2012, 537310. PMID: 22899949 DOI.


Animal Model Comparison
Postnatal Animal Models mouse rat pig
Pregnancy period (days) 18 – 21 21 – 23 110 – 118
Placenta type Discoidal, decidual
hemoendothelial choroidea
Discoidal, decidual
hemoendothelial choroidea
Epitheliochorial
Litter size 6 – 12 6 – 15 11 – 16
Birth weight (g) 0.5 – 1.5 3 – 5 900 – 1600
Weaning weight male/female (g) 18 – 25/16 – 25 55 – 90/45 – 80 6000 – 8000
Suckling period (days) 21–28 21 28–49
Solid diet beginning (days) 10 12 12 – 15
Puberty male/female (week) 4 – 6/5 6/6 – 8 20 – 28
Life expectancy (years) 1 - 2 2 - 3 14 – 18
Table data - Otis and Brent (1954)[4]   Links: timeline

Rat oocyte 01.jpg

Rat oocytes showing metaphase plate[5]


Links: Rat Timeline

Placenta Development

For review of the rat placenta.[6]

Adrenal and Gonad Development

Adrenal and gonad steroidogenic factor 1 expression.jpg

Adrenal and gonad steroidogenic factor 1 expression[7]

References

  1. ><pubmed>23077551</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>21789202</pubmed>| PLoS ONE
  3. <pubmed>1440421</pubmed>
  4. Otis EM and Brent R. Equivalent ages in mouse and human embryos. (1954) Anat Rec. 120(1):33-63. PMID 13207763
  5. <pubmed>20333307 </pubmed>| PLoS One.
  6. <pubmed>22272049</pubmed>| PMC3234607 | [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tox/24/2/24_2_95/_article }
  7. <pubmed>14594453</pubmed>| Nucl Recept.

Reviews

Articles

<pubmed>20224168</pubmed> <pubmed>20158911</pubmed> <pubmed>20052412</pubmed>

Search PubMed

Search Pubmed: Rat Development

Additional Images

Historic Images


Links: Bailey, F.R. and Miller, A.M. (1921)

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

  • Rat Genome Database RGD <pubmed>17151068</pubmed>
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Historic Embryology  
1897 Pig | 1900 Chicken | 1901 Lungfish | 1904 Sand Lizard | 1905 Rabbit | 1906 Deer | 1907 Tarsiers | 1908 Human | 1909 Northern Lapwing | 1909 South American and African Lungfish | 1910 Salamander | 1951 Frog | Embryology History | Historic Disclaimer


Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link



Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Rat Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Rat_Development

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