Placenta - Maternal Decidua: Difference between revisions
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* '''Systematic Analysis of the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Decidualization Using a Text Mining Approach'''{{#pmid:26222155|PMID26222155}} "Decidualization is a crucial process for successful embryo implantation and pregnancy in humans. Defects in decidualization during early pregnancy are associated with several pregnancy complications, such as pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and recurrent pregnancy loss. However, the mechanism underlying decidualization remains poorly understood. In the present study, we performed a systematic analysis of decidualization-related genes using text mining. We identified 286 genes for humans and 287 genes for mice respectively, with an overlap of 111 genes shared by both species. Through enrichment test, we demonstrated that although divergence was observed, the majority of enriched gene ontology terms and pathways were shared by both species, suggesting that functional categories were more conserved than individual genes. We further constructed a decidualization-related protein-protein interaction network consisted of 344 nodes connected via 1,541 edges." | * '''Systematic Analysis of the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Decidualization Using a Text Mining Approach'''{{#pmid:26222155|PMID26222155}} "Decidualization is a crucial process for successful embryo implantation and pregnancy in humans. Defects in decidualization during early pregnancy are associated with several pregnancy complications, such as pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and recurrent pregnancy loss. However, the mechanism underlying decidualization remains poorly understood. In the present study, we performed a systematic analysis of decidualization-related genes using text mining. We identified 286 genes for humans and 287 genes for mice respectively, with an overlap of 111 genes shared by both species. Through enrichment test, we demonstrated that although divergence was observed, the majority of enriched gene ontology terms and pathways were shared by both species, suggesting that functional categories were more conserved than individual genes. We further constructed a decidualization-related protein-protein interaction network consisted of 344 nodes connected via 1,541 edges." | ||
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* '''Leukocyte driven-decidual angiogenesis in early pregnancy'''{{#pmid:25066422|PMID25066422}} "Successful pregnancy and long-term, post-natal maternal and offspring cardiac, vascular and metabolic health require key maternal cardiovascular adaptations over gestation. Within the pregnant decidualizing uterus, coordinated vascular, immunological and stromal cell changes occur. ...One of the earliest uterine responses to pregnancy in species with hemochorial placentation is stromal cell decidualization, which creates unique niches for angiogenesis and leukocyte recruitment. In early decidua basalis, the aspect of the implantation site that will cradle the developing placenta and provide the major blood vessels to support mature placental functions, leukocytes are greatly enriched and display specialized properties. UNK cells, the most abundant leukocyte subset in early decidua basalis, have angiogenic abilities and are essential for normal early decidual angiogenesis." | |||
* '''Disordered IL-33/ST2 activation in decidualizing stromal cells prolongs uterine receptivity in women with recurrent pregnancy loss'''{{#pmid:23300625|PMID23300625}} "Decidualization renders the endometrium transiently receptive to an implanting blastocyst although the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here we show that human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) rapidly release IL-33, a key regulator of innate immune responses, upon decidualization. In parallel, differentiating HESCs upregulate the IL-33 transmembrane receptor ST2L and other pro-inflammatory mediators before mounting a profound anti-inflammatory response that includes downregulation of ST2L and increased expression of the soluble decoy receptor sST2. We demonstrate that HESCs secrete factors permissive of embryo implantation in mice only during the pro-inflammatory phase of the decidual process. IL-33 knockdown in undifferentiated HESCs was sufficient to abrogate this pro-inflammatory decidual response. Further, sequential activation of the IL-33/ST2L/sST2 axis was disordered in decidualizing HESCs from women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Signals from these cultures prolonged the implantation window but also caused subsequent pregnancy failure in mice. Thus, Il-33/ST2 activation in HESCS drives an autoinflammatory response that controls the temporal expression of receptivity genes. Failure to constrain this response predisposes to miscarriage by allowing out-of-phase implantation in an unsupportive uterine environment." | |||
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==Maternal Decidua== | ==Maternal Decidua== |
Revision as of 12:12, 18 December 2018
Embryology - 19 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
This page gives an overview of aspects of maternal component of placental development, formed initially by the decidualization of the endometrium.
In week 2, the trophoblast shell cells proliferate and form a syncitiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast layer around the conceptus. Syncitiotrophoblast cells migrate into the uterine wall, forming maternal blood-filled spaces (lacunae).
Decidualization is the process of converting endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells and requires at least 8–10 days of hormone stimulation. A similar "decidual" cellular change, but less significant, also occurs in the uterine lining after ovulation during the secretory phase of the non-pregnant uterus.
- initiated during the mid-secretory phase of the menstrual cycle
- in response to elevated progesterone levels
- acts mainly through progesterone receptor (PR) PR-A (other isoform is PR-B)
Placentation begins once the conceptus begins to implant in the uterine wall and the placenta will have both a fetal and a maternal component.
During pregnancy, both the maternal blood volume increases by about 50% and the uterine blood flow increases 10 to 12 fold. Flow increase is due to the trophoblast cell invasion of the spiral arteries opening them into blood-filled spaces of the placenta.
For the non-pregnant uterus background see Menstrual Cycle and Uterus Development.
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Maternal Decidua <pubmed limit=5>Maternal Decidua</pubmed> |
Older papers |
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These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.
See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.
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Maternal Decidua
The maternal uterine endometrium stromal cells (fibroblast-like) are transformed by steroid hormones (progesterone) and embryonic signals into the decidua.
The entire maternal decidua is divided into three regions: decidua basalis, decidua capsularis and decidua parietals (decidua vera).
These 3 regions are named by their positional relationship to the conceptus.
Immunostained placenta and decidua.[4]
SERPINE2 was extensively detected in decidual cells (dc), cytotrophoblasts, extravillous trophoblasts at the junction zone of the cell column (cc) and anchoring villi (av), and the endothelia of the spiral artery (sa); and weak staining was found in fibrinoids (f) and the villous mesenchyme.
Maternal Immune
How does the implanting conceptus avoid immune rejection by the maternal immune system? There are a number of maternal and embryonic mechanisms that are thought to act to prevent immune rejection of the implanting conceptus, though the complete mechanism(s) are unknown. This is particularly relevant to Assisted Reproductive Technology involving donor eggs.
Below are some examples of research on this topic.
Decidual Immune Cells
- Specialised immune cells.
Decidual Macrophages (Mϕ) | Decidual T cells | Uterine Natural Killer cells |
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Uterine Natural Killer Cells
See also article on peripheral NK cells. Tim-3 signaling in peripheral NK cells promotes maternal-fetal immune tolerance and alleviates pregnancy loss
Decidual Mast Cells
Immune system mast cells generally occur in two subtypes: (positive, +; negative, -) tryptase+/chymase- and tryptase+/chymase+.
In teh maternal placenta tryptase positive(+) mast cells are present.[5]
- FcεRIα+Kit+tryptase+chymase+ phenotype.
- release histamine following FcεRI aggregation.
A recent study of non-pregnant uterus identified the presence of a third mast cell subtype (tryptase-/chymase+). [6]
Chemokine Gene Silencing
- Remove the attraction of maternal immune cells.
A mouse studyPubmedParser error: Invalid PMID, please check. (PMID: < 22679098<) has shown that the normal immune response to inflammation, accumulation of effector T cells in response to chemokine secretion does not occur during implantation. This is prevented locally by epigenetic silencing of chemokine expression in the decidual stromal cells.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
- Kill the maternal immune cells.
Both maternal and implanting conceptus release CRH at the embryo implantation site. This hormone then binds to receptors on the surface of trophoblast (extravillous trophoblast) cells leading to expression of a protein (Fas ligand, FasL) that activates the extrinsic cell death pathway on any local maternal immune cells ( T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, monocytes and macrophages).[7] (Note - This cannot be the only mechanism, as mice with dysfunctional FasL proteins are still fertile).
Decidualization Factors
There are a number of known molecular signals involved in the conversion of uterine stromal cells into decimal cells.
Preimplantation Factor
- Preimplantation factor (PIF) secreted only by viable embryos.
- a 15 amino acid peptide MVRIKPGSANKPSDD
- regulates immunity, promoting embryo-decidual adhesion, and regulating adaptive apoptotic processes.[8]
Activin A
Member of the a transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) superfamily, contributes to human endometrial stromal cells (HESC) decidualization and has been localized to decidual cells in the human endometrium. (possibly also BMP2 and TGFbeta1)[9]
Prokineticin 1
Prokineticin 1 (PROK1) signalling via prokineticin receptor 1 (PROKR1) regulates Dickkopf 1 (DKK1) expression, a negative regulator of canonical Wnt signaling.[10]
Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine
Macrophage inhibitory cytokine (MIC-1) or Growth/Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) or Bone Morphogenetic Protein, Placenta (PLAB)
Inhibits trophoblast invasion by blocking activation of MMP-2 and -9, as well as stimulating apoptosis.
OMIM: MIC-1
References
- ↑ Liu JL & Wang TS. (2015). Systematic Analysis of the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Decidualization Using a Text Mining Approach. PLoS ONE , 10, e0134585. PMID: 26222155 DOI.
- ↑ Lima PD, Zhang J, Dunk C, Lye SJ & Croy BA. (2014). Leukocyte driven-decidual angiogenesis in early pregnancy. Cell. Mol. Immunol. , 11, 522-37. PMID: 25066422 DOI.
- ↑ Salker MS, Nautiyal J, Steel JH, Webster Z, Sućurović S, Nicou M, Singh Y, Lucas ES, Murakami K, Chan YW, James S, Abdallah Y, Christian M, Croy BA, Mulac-Jericevic B, Quenby S & Brosens JJ. (2012). Disordered IL-33/ST2 activation in decidualizing stromal cells prolongs uterine receptivity in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. PLoS ONE , 7, e52252. PMID: 23300625 DOI.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Chern SR, Li SH, Chiu CL, Chang HH, Chen CP & Tsuen Chen EI. (2011). Spatiotemporal expression of SERPINE2 in the human placenta and its role in extravillous trophoblast migration and invasion. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. , 9, 106. PMID: 21806836 DOI.
- ↑ Matsuno T, Toyoshima S, Sakamoto-Sasaki T, Kashiwakura JI, Matsuda A, Watanabe Y, Azuma H, Kawana K, Yamamoto T & Okayama Y. (2018). Characterization of human decidual mast cells and establishment of a culture system. Allergol Int , , . PMID: 29784282 DOI.
- ↑ De Leo B, Esnal-Zufiaurre A, Collins F, Critchley HOD & Saunders PTK. (2017). Immunoprofiling of human uterine mast cells identifies three phenotypes and expression of ERβ and glucocorticoid receptor. F1000Res , 6, 667. PMID: 28620462 DOI.
- ↑ Makrigiannakis A, Zoumakis E, Kalantaridou S, Coutifaris C, Margioris AN, Coukos G, Rice KC, Gravanis A & Chrousos GP. (2001). Corticotropin-releasing hormone promotes blastocyst implantation and early maternal tolerance. Nat. Immunol. , 2, 1018-24. PMID: 11590404 DOI.
- ↑ Paidas MJ, Krikun G, Huang SJ, Jones R, Romano M, Annunziato J & Barnea ER. (2010). A genomic and proteomic investigation of the impact of preimplantation factor on human decidual cells. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. , 202, 459.e1-8. PMID: 20452489 DOI.
- ↑ Stoikos CJ, Harrison CA, Salamonsen LA & Dimitriadis E. (2008). A distinct cohort of the TGFbeta superfamily members expressed in human endometrium regulate decidualization. Hum. Reprod. , 23, 1447-56. PMID: 18434375 DOI.
- ↑ <pubmed>21546446</pubmed>
Reviews
Articles
{{#pmid:27219485]]
Plaisier M. (2011). Decidualisation and angiogenesis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol , 25, 259-71. PMID: 21144801 DOI.
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Search Pubmed: Maternal Decidua | Decidualization
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with an incidence of about 2.8 per 1,000 pregnancies, there is also a rarer form of extra-abdominal varices.PMID 24883288
with an incidence of about 2.8 per 1,000 pregnancies, there is also a rarer form of extra-abdominal varices. PMID 24883288
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 19) Embryology Placenta - Maternal Decidua. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Placenta_-_Maternal_Decidua
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G