Pharyngeal arches: Difference between revisions

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File:Keibel_Mall_2_314.jpg|Fig 314 Pharynx embryo Klb (Kromer-Pfannenstiel
File:Keibel_Mall_2_315.jpg|Fig 315 Pharynx embryo Rob. Meyer No. 335
File:Keibel_Mall_2_316.jpg|Fig 316 Pharynx embryo Hah
File:Keibel_Mall_2_317.jpg|Fig 317 Pharynx embryo Rob. Meyer No. 300
File:Keibel_Mall_2_318.jpg|Fig 318 model shown in Fig. 317
File:Keibel_Mall_2_319.jpg|Fig 319  Pharyngeal pouches embryo Hah
File:Keibel_Mall_2_320.jpg|Fig 320 Pharyngeal region embryo BR
File:Keibel_Mall_2_321.jpg|Fig 321 Branchial derivatives embryo 11.7 mm
File:Keibel_Mall_2_322.jpg|Fig 322 Pharynx embryo 21 mm
File:Keibel_Mall_2_323.jpg|Fig 323 Pharynx embryo 24.4 mm
File:Keibel_Mall_2_324.jpg|Fig 324 Branchiogenic derivatives in man
File:Keibel_Mall_2_325.jpg|Fig 325 Section through embryo BR
File:Keibel_Mall_2_326.jpg|Fig 326 Section through embryo BR
File:Keibel_Mall_2_327.jpg|Fig 327 Section through embryo BR
File:Keibel_Mall_2_328.jpg|Fig 328 Section through embryo BR
File:Keibel_Mall_2_329.jpg|Fig 329 branchiogenic organs embryo 26 mm
File:Keibel_Mall_2_330.jpg|Fig 330 Laryngeal region embryo Nat2
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{{Glossary}}
{{Glossary}}

Revision as of 13:58, 12 January 2017

Embryology - 24 Apr 2024    Facebook link Pinterest link Twitter link  Expand to Translate  
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Introduction

Embryo Stage 14

The pharyngeal arches (branchial arch, Greek, branchial = gill) are a series of externally visible anterior tissue bands lying under the early brain that give rise to the structures of the head and neck. Each arch though initially formed from similar components will differentiate to form different head and neck structures. In humans, five arches form (1,2,3,4 and 6) but only four are externally visible on the embryo.

Each arch has initially identical structures: an internal endodermal pouch, a mesenchymal (mesoderm and neural crest) core, a membrane (endoderm and ectoderm) and external cleft (ectoderm). Each arch mesenchymal core also contains similar components: blood vessel, nerve, muscular, cartilage.


Note is a draft page and this topic is currently covered in more detail on the Head Development page.



Links: Head Development | Neural Crest Development | Endocrine System Development

Pharyngeal Arch Development

Head arches cartoon.jpg Pharyngeal arch structure cartoon.gifStage13 pharyngeal arch excerpts.gif

  • branchial arch (Gk. branchia= gill)
  • arch consists of all 3 trilaminar embryo layers
  • ectoderm- outside
  • mesoderm- core of mesenchyme
  • endoderm- inside

Pharyngeal Arch Tables

This table gives an overview of what each arch will contribute to the embryo.

Pharyngeal Arch Nerve Artery Neural Crest
(Skeletal Structures) 		Muscles Ligaments
1
(maxillary/mandibular) 		trigeminal (CN V) maxillary artery (terminal branches) mandible, maxilla, malleus, incus muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, tensor tympanic, ant. belly digastric ant lig of malleus, sphenomandibular ligament
2
(hyoid) 		facial (CN VII) stapedial (embryonic)

corticotympanic (adult)

stapes, styloid process, lesser cornu of hyoid, upper part of body of hyoid bone muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, post. belly digastric stylohyoid ligament
3 glossopharyngeal (CN IX) common carotid, internal carotid arteries greater cornu of hyoid, lower part of body of hyoid bone stylopharyngeus
4 vagus (CN X) superior laryngeal branch part of aortic arch (left), part right subclavian artery (right) thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneform cartilages crycothyroid, soft palate levator veli palatini (not tensor veli palatini)
6 vagus (CN X) recurrent laryngeal branch part of left pulmonary artery (left), part of right pulmonary artery (right) thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneform cartilages larynx intrinsic muscles (not cricothyroid muscle)

Neural Crest

  • Mesenchyme invaded by neural crest generating connective tissue components
  • cartilage, bone, ligaments
  • arises from midbrain and hindbrain region

Links: Neural Crest Development


Arch Features

Each arch contains: artery, cartilage, nerve, muscular component

Arches and Phanynx Form the face, tongue, lips, jaws, palate, pharynx and neck cranial nerves, sense organ components, glands

  • Humans have 5 arches - 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 (Arch 5 does not form or regresses rapidly)
  • from in rostro-caudal sequence, Arch 1 to 6 from week 4 onwards
  • arch 1 and 2 appear at time of closure of cranial neuropore
  • Face - mainly arch 1 and 2
  • Neck components - arch 3 and 4 (arch 4 and 6 fuse)

Arch Features

    • arch
    • groove
      • externally separates each arch
        • also called a cleft
      • only first pair persist as external auditory meatus
    • pouch
      • internally separates each arch
      • pockets from the pharynx
    • membrane
      • ectoderm and endoderm contact regions
      • only first pair persist as tympanic membrane
  • Pharyngeal Arch 1 (Mandibular Arch) has 2 prominances
    • smaller upper- maxillary forms maxilla, zygomatic bone and squamous part of temporal
    • larger lower- mandibular, forms mandible
  • Pharyngeal Arch 2 (Hyoid Arch)
    • forms most of hyoid bone
  • Arch 3 and 4
    • neck structures


Embryo Week: Week 1 | Week 2 | Week 3 | Week 4 | Week 5 | Week 6 | Week 7 | Week 8 | Week 9

Carnegie Stages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | About Stages | Timeline

Additional Images

Historic Images

Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

Frazer JE. The second visceral arch and groove in the tubo-tympanic region. (1914) J Anat Physiol. 48(4): 391-408. PMID 17233005

  • Second Pharyngeal Arch
  • 12 mm embryo

    12 mm embryo

  • 16 mm embryo

    16 mm embryo

  • 27mm embryo

    27mm embryo

  • 35mm embryo

    35mm embryo

Frazer JE. Development of the larynx. (1910) J Anat. 44: 156-191. PMID 17232839

  • Embryonic Larynx Development
  • embryo 5 mm

    embryo 5 mm

  • embryo 6 mm

    embryo 6 mm

  • embryo 7.5 mm

    embryo 7.5 mm

  • embryo 8.5 mm

    embryo 8.5 mm

  • embryo 12 mm

    embryo 12 mm

  • embryo 6.6 mm

    embryo 6.6 mm

  • embryo 22 mm

    embryo 22 mm

  • embryo 35 mm

    embryo 35 mm

  • embryo 9.5 mm

    embryo 9.5 mm

Keibel F. and Mall FP. Manual of Human Embryology II. (1912) J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.

  • Pharynx
  • Fig 314 Pharynx embryo Klb (Kromer-Pfannenstiel

    Fig 314 Pharynx embryo Klb (Kromer-Pfannenstiel

  • Fig 315 Pharynx embryo Rob. Meyer No. 335

    Fig 315 Pharynx embryo Rob. Meyer No. 335

  • Fig 316 Pharynx embryo Hah

    Fig 316 Pharynx embryo Hah

  • Fig 317 Pharynx embryo Rob. Meyer No. 300

    Fig 317 Pharynx embryo Rob. Meyer No. 300

  • Fig 318 model shown in Fig. 317

    Fig 318 model shown in Fig. 317

  • Fig 319 Pharyngeal pouches embryo Hah

    Fig 319 Pharyngeal pouches embryo Hah

  • Fig 320 Pharyngeal region embryo BR

    Fig 320 Pharyngeal region embryo BR

  • Fig 321 Branchial derivatives embryo 11.7 mm

    Fig 321 Branchial derivatives embryo 11.7 mm

  • Fig 322 Pharynx embryo 21 mm

    Fig 322 Pharynx embryo 21 mm

  • Fig 323 Pharynx embryo 24.4 mm

    Fig 323 Pharynx embryo 24.4 mm

  • Fig 324 Branchiogenic derivatives in man

    Fig 324 Branchiogenic derivatives in man

  • Fig 325 Section through embryo BR

    Fig 325 Section through embryo BR

  • Fig 326 Section through embryo BR

    Fig 326 Section through embryo BR

  • Fig 327 Section through embryo BR

    Fig 327 Section through embryo BR

  • Fig 328 Section through embryo BR

    Fig 328 Section through embryo BR

  • Fig 329 branchiogenic organs embryo 26 mm

    Fig 329 branchiogenic organs embryo 26 mm

  • Fig 330 Laryngeal region embryo Nat2

    Fig 330 Laryngeal region embryo Nat2

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 24) Embryology Pharyngeal arches. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Pharyngeal_arches

What Links Here?
© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
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