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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Observations on the development of individual endocrine organs may be found in many widely-scattered articles on embryology, and a number of papers specifically on those organs have been published. However, apart from the valuable but limited information provided by JirAsek (1980)<ref name=Jirasek1980>{{Ref-Jirasek1980}}</ref>, no comprehensive account of the early development of the human endocrine system seems to be available, certainly not with reference to staged embryos, such as have been published in regard to other systems of the body (O'Rahilly 1979)<ref name=O'Rahilly1979>{{Ref-O'Rahilly1979}}</ref>.
Observations on the development of individual endocrine organs may be found in many widely-scattered articles on embryology, and a number of papers specifically on those organs have been published. However, apart from the valuable but limited information provided by Jirásek (1980)<ref name=Jirasek1980>{{Ref-Jirasek1980}}</ref>, no comprehensive account of the early development of the human endocrine system seems to be available, certainly not with reference to staged embryos, such as have been published in regard to other systems of the body (O'Rahilly 1979)<ref name=O'Rahilly1979>{{Ref-O'Rahilly1979}}</ref>.
 




Weller’s (1933) important study,<ref name=Weller1933>{{Ref-Weller1933}}</ref> used the following [[Carnegie Collection]] embryos: stage {{CS9}} (No. {{CE1878}}), {{CS10}} ({{CE391}}; {{CE3709}}), {{CS13}} ({{CE76}}; {{CE800}}; {{CE836}}), {{CS14}} ({{CE2841}}; {{CE4672}}), {{CS15}} ({{CE4602}}), {{CS16}} ({{CE397}}; {{CE1836}}), {{CS17}} ({{CE623}}; {{CE695}}), {{CS18}} ({{CE74}}; {{CE175}}; {{CE492}}; {{CE4430}}), {{CS20}} ({{CE966}}), and {{CS23}} ({{CE4570}}).


==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
Ackerman GA, Hostetler JR (1970) Morphological studies of the embryonic rabbit thymus: the in situ epithelial versus the extrathymic derivation of the initial population of lymphocytes in the embryonic thymus. Anat Rec 166:27-45
Andersen H, von Bilow FA, Mallgard K (1971) The early development of the pars distalis of human foetal pituitary gland. Z Anat Entw 135:117-138
{{Ref-Atwell1930}}
{{Ref-BartelmezDekaban1962}}
{{Ref-Bartelmez1926}}
Bejdl W, Politzer G (1953) Uber die Friihentwicklung des telobranchialen K6rpers beim Menschen. Z Anat Entw 117:136-152
{{Ref-Blechschmidt1973}}
{{Ref-Boyd1950}}
Boyd JD (1950) Development of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and the thymus. Ann Roy Coll Surg Engl 7:455-471
Chan AS, Conen PE (1971) Ultrastructural observations on cytodifferentiation of parafollicular cells in the human fetal thyroid. Lab Invest 25:249-—259
Cordier AC, Haumont SM (1980) Development of thymus, parathyroids, and ultimo-branchial bodies in NMRI and nude mice. Am J Anat 157:227-263
{{Ref-Corner1929}}
{{Ref-Crowder1957}}
Crowder RE (1957) The development of the adrenal gland in man, with special reference to origin and ultimate location of cell types and evidence in favor of the “‘cell migration” theory. Contrib Embryol Carneg Instn 36:193-210
{{Ref-Davis1923}}
Delmas A (1939) Les ébauches pancréatiques dorsales et ventrales. Leurs rapports dans la constitution du pancréas définitif. Ann Anat Pathol 16:253-266
Ferner H, Stoeckenius W (1951) Die Cytogenese des Inselsystems beim Menschen. Z Zellforsch 35:147-175 450 R. O’Rahilly
Frazer JE (1923) The nomenclature of diseased states caused by certain vestigial structures in the neck. Brit J Surg 11:131-136
{{#pmid:4782782}}
Fujita H, Ihara T (1973) Electron-microscopic observations on the cytodifferentiation of adrenocortical cells of the human embryo. Z Anat Entw 142:267-281
Gilbert MS (4935} Some factors influencing the early development of the mammalian hypophysis. Anat Rec 62:337—359
{{Ref-Gilmour1937}}
Gilmour JR (1937) The embryology of the parathyroid glands, the thymus and certain associated rudiments. J Pathol Bacteriol 45:507—-522
Gitlin D, Biasucci A (1969) Ontogenesis of immunoreactive thyroglobulin in the human conceptus. I Clin Endocrinol 29: 849-853
{{Ref-Grosser1912}}
{{Ref-Heuser1930}}
{{Ref-Ingalls1920}}
Jiménez Collado J, Ruano Gil D (1963) Descripcion de un embrion humano normal de 3 pares de somitos. An Desarrollo 11:151-158
Jirasek JE (1965) Die Histogenese und Histochemie der Beta-Zellen der Langerhansschen Inseln im Pankreas menschlicher Embryonen. Acta Histochem 22: 62-65
{{Ref-Jirasek1980}}
{{Ref-Kingsbury1939}}
Lietz H, Wohler J, Pomp H (1971) Zur Entwicklung und Ultrastruktur der embryonalen schilddriise des Menschen. Z Zellforsch 113:94-110
Like AA, Orci L (1972) Embryogenesis of the human pancreatic islets: a light and electron microscopic study. Diabetes 21:511-534
Liu HM, Potter EL (1962) Development of the human pancreas. Arch Pathol 74:439-452
Merker H-J (1974) Morphology of development of the endocrine system in human embryos and fetuses. Adv Biosci 13: 233-239
Mori T (1959) Histochemical studies on the distribution of alkaline phosphatase in early human embryos. JI. Observations on an embryo with 13-14 somites. Arch Histol Jpn 18:197-209
{{Ref-Norris1937}}
{{Ref-Norris1938}}
{{Ref-Odgers1930}}
O’Rahilly R (1968) The development of the epiphysis cerebri and the subcommissural complex in staged human embryos. Anat Rec 160: 488-489
O’Rahilly R (1973a) The early development of the hypophysis cerebri in staged human embryos. Anat Rec 175:511
O’Rahilly R (1973b) Developmental stages in human embryos, including a survey of the Carnegie collection. Part A: Embryos of the first three weeks (Stages 1 to 9) Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC
{{Ref-O'Rahilly1979}}
O’Rahilly R (1979) Early human development and the chief sources of information on staged human embryos. Eur J Obstet Gynec Reprod Biol 9: 273-280
O’Rahilly R (1982) The discovery of the parathyroid glands. Bull Hist Med 56:263-264
O’Rahilly R, Miller F (1978) A model of the pancreas to illustrate its development. Acta Anat 100: 380-385 |
O’Rahilly R, Tucker JA (1973) The early development of the larynx in staged human embryos. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 82:Suppl 7, 1-27
O’Rahilly R, Miller F, Bossy J (1982) Atlas des stades du développement du systéme nerveux chez ’embryon humain intact. Arch Anat Histol Embryol 65:57-76 Development of Human Endocrine System 451
{{Ref-Orts-LlorcaGenizGalvez1958}}
Orts-Llorca F, Geniz Galvez JM (1958) On the morphology of the primordium of the thyroid gland in the human embryo. Acta Anat 33:110-115
Payne F (1925) General description of a 7-somite human embryo. Contrib Embryol Carneg Instn 16:115~-124
{{Ref-Pearce1903}}
Politzer G (4928) Uber einen menschlichen Embryo mit 18 Ursegmentpaaren. Z Anat Entw 87: 674-727
Politzer G (1930) Uber einen menschlichen Embryo mit sieben Urwirbelpaaren. Z Anat Entw 93: 386-428
Politzer G (1952) Zur Abgrenzung des Anlagebegriffes, erortert an der Frihentwicklung von Parathyreoidea, Pancreas und Thyreoidea. Acta Anat 15:68—84
Politzer G (1955) Zur Friihentwicklung der Schilddrtise beim Menschen. Anat Anz 102: 29-32
Politzer G, Hann F (1935) Uber die Entwicklung der branchiogenen Organe beim Menschen. 7, Anat Entw Gesch 104:670—708
Politzer G, Stockinger L (1954) Die Frihentwicklung der Area mesobranchialis berm Menschen. Acta Anat 20:214-233
Roediger WE, Spitz L, Schmaman A (1974) Histogenesis of benign cervical teratomas. Teratol 10:114-118
Russu IG, Vaida A (1959) Neue Befunde zur Entwicklung der Bauchspeicheldriise. Acta Anat 38:114-125
{{Ref-Sgalitzer1941}}
Sgalitzer KE (1941) Contribution to the study of the morphogenesis of the thyroid gland. J Anat 75:389-405
Shepard TH,Andersen HJ, Andersen H (1964) The human fetal thyroid. I. Its weight in relation to body weight, crown-rump length, foot length and estimated gestation age. Anat Rec 148: 123-128
Siegler R (1969) The thymus and the unicorn-two great myths of gross anatomy. Anat Rec 163:264
Streeter GL (1942) Developmental horizons in human embryos. Description of age group XI, 13 to 20 somites, and age group XII, 21 to 29 somites. Contrib Embryol Carneg Instn 30:211-245
Streeter GL (1945) Developmental horizons in human embryos. Description of age group XI, embryos abut 4 or 5 millimeters long, and age group XIV, period of indentation of the lens vesicle. Contrib Embryol Carneg Instn 34:27-63
Streeter GL (1948) Developmental horizons in human embryos. Description of age groups XV, XVI, XVI, and XVHI, being the third issue of a survey of the Carnegie Collection. Contrib Embryol Carneg Instn 32: 133-203


{{Footer}}
{{Footer}}
[[Category:Endocrine]][[Category:Human Embryo]]
[[Category:Endocrine]][[Category:Human Embryo]]

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O'Rahilly R. The timing and sequence of events in the development of the human endocrine system during the embryonic period proper. (1983) Anat. Embryol., 166: 439-451. PMID 6869855

The Timing and Sequence of Events in the Development of the Human Endocrine System during the Embryonic Period Proper

Ronan O'Rahilly 1987
Ronan O'Rahilly (1987 Carnegie Labs)

by Ronan O'Rahilly

Only a brief extract from the paper introduction is shown here.

Introduction

Observations on the development of individual endocrine organs may be found in many widely-scattered articles on embryology, and a number of papers specifically on those organs have been published. However, apart from the valuable but limited information provided by Jirásek (1980)[1], no comprehensive account of the early development of the human endocrine system seems to be available, certainly not with reference to staged embryos, such as have been published in regard to other systems of the body (O'Rahilly 1979)[2].


Weller’s (1933) important study,[3] used the following Carnegie Collection embryos: stage 9 (No. 1878), 10 (391; 3709), 13 (76; 800; 836), 14 (2841; 4672), 15 (4602), 16 (397; 1836), 17 (623; 695), 18 (Template:CE74; 175; 492; 4430), 20 (966), and 23 (4570).

References

  1. Jirásek JE. Human fetal endocrines. (1980) Martinus Nijhoff Publishers BV, The Hague. Springer
  2. O'Rahilly R. 1979. Early human development and the chief sources of information on staged human embryos. Europ. J. Obstet. Gynec. Reprod. Biol., 9, 273-280. PMID 400868
  3. Weller GL. Development of the thyroid, parathyroid and thymus glands in man. (1933) Contrib. Embryol., Carnegie Inst. Wash. 24: 93-139.


Ackerman GA, Hostetler JR (1970) Morphological studies of the embryonic rabbit thymus: the in situ epithelial versus the extrathymic derivation of the initial population of lymphocytes in the embryonic thymus. Anat Rec 166:27-45

Andersen H, von Bilow FA, Mallgard K (1971) The early development of the pars distalis of human foetal pituitary gland. Z Anat Entw 135:117-138

Atwell WJ. A human embryo with seventeen pairs of somites. (1930) Contrib. Embryol., Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 407, 21: 1-24.

Bartelmez GW. and Dekaban AS. The early development of the human brain. (1962) Carnegie Instn. Wash. Publ. 621, Contrib. Embryol, 37: 13-32.

Bartelmez GW. and Evans HM. Development of the human embryo during the period of somite formation, including embryos with 2 to 16 pairs of somites. (1926) Contrib. Embryol., Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 362, 17: 1-67.

Bejdl W, Politzer G (1953) Uber die Friihentwicklung des telobranchialen K6rpers beim Menschen. Z Anat Entw 117:136-152

Blechschmidt E. Die prdnatalen Organsysteme des Menschen. (1973) Hippokrates, Stuttgart.

Boyd JD. Development of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and the thymus. (1950) Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 7(6): 455-71. PMID 14790564

Boyd JD (1950) Development of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and the thymus. Ann Roy Coll Surg Engl 7:455-471

Chan AS, Conen PE (1971) Ultrastructural observations on cytodifferentiation of parafollicular cells in the human fetal thyroid. Lab Invest 25:249-—259

Cordier AC, Haumont SM (1980) Development of thymus, parathyroids, and ultimo-branchial bodies in NMRI and nude mice. Am J Anat 157:227-263

Corner GW. A well-preserved human embryo of 10 somites. (1929) Carnegie Instn. Wash. Publ. 394, Contrib. Embryol., Carnegie Inst. Wash. 20: 81-102.

Crowder RE. The development of the adrenal gland in man, with special reference to origin and ultimate location of cell types and evidence in favor of the "cell migration" theory. (1957) Contrib. Embryol., Carnegie Inst. Wash. 36, 193-210.

Crowder RE (1957) The development of the adrenal gland in man, with special reference to origin and ultimate location of cell types and evidence in favor of the “‘cell migration” theory. Contrib Embryol Carneg Instn 36:193-210

Davis CL. Description of a human embryo having twenty paired somites. (1923) Carnegie Instn. Wash. Publ. 332, Contrib. Embryol., 15: 1-51.

Delmas A (1939) Les ébauches pancréatiques dorsales et ventrales. Leurs rapports dans la constitution du pancréas définitif. Ann Anat Pathol 16:253-266

Ferner H, Stoeckenius W (1951) Die Cytogenese des Inselsystems beim Menschen. Z Zellforsch 35:147-175 450 R. O’Rahilly

Frazer JE (1923) The nomenclature of diseased states caused by certain vestigial structures in the neck. Brit J Surg 11:131-136

Fujita H & Ihara T. (1973). Electron-microscopic observations on the cytodifferentiation of adrenocortical cells of the human embryo. Z Anat Entwicklungsgesch , 142, 267-81. PMID: 4782782

Fujita H, Ihara T (1973) Electron-microscopic observations on the cytodifferentiation of adrenocortical cells of the human embryo. Z Anat Entw 142:267-281

Gilbert MS (4935} Some factors influencing the early development of the mammalian hypophysis. Anat Rec 62:337—359

Gilmour JR. Embryology of the parathyroid glands, the thymus and certain associated rudiments. (1937) J. Path. and Bact. 45(3): 507–522.

Gilmour JR (1937) The embryology of the parathyroid glands, the thymus and certain associated rudiments. J Pathol Bacteriol 45:507—-522

Gitlin D, Biasucci A (1969) Ontogenesis of immunoreactive thyroglobulin in the human conceptus. I Clin Endocrinol 29: 849-853

Grosser O. The development of the pharynx and of the organs of respiration. In: F. Keibel, F.P. Mall (ed) Manual of human embryology. (1912) Philadelphia, Lippincott, pp 446-497.

Heuser CH. A human embryo with 14 pairs of somites. (1930) Carnegie Instn. Wash. Publ. 414, Contrib. Embryol., Carnegie Inst. Wash. 22:135-153.

Ingalls NW. A human embryo at the beginning of segmentation, with special reference to the vascular system. (1920) Contrib. Embryol., Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 274, 11: 61-90.

Jiménez Collado J, Ruano Gil D (1963) Descripcion de un embrion humano normal de 3 pares de somitos. An Desarrollo 11:151-158

Jirasek JE (1965) Die Histogenese und Histochemie der Beta-Zellen der Langerhansschen Inseln im Pankreas menschlicher Embryonen. Acta Histochem 22: 62-65

Jirásek JE. Human fetal endocrines. (1980) Martinus Nijhoff Publishers BV, The Hague. Springer

Kingsbury BF. The question of a lateral thyroid in mammals, with special reference to man. (1939) Am J Anat 65: 333-359.

Lietz H, Wohler J, Pomp H (1971) Zur Entwicklung und Ultrastruktur der embryonalen schilddriise des Menschen. Z Zellforsch 113:94-110

Like AA, Orci L (1972) Embryogenesis of the human pancreatic islets: a light and electron microscopic study. Diabetes 21:511-534

Liu HM, Potter EL (1962) Development of the human pancreas. Arch Pathol 74:439-452

Merker H-J (1974) Morphology of development of the endocrine system in human embryos and fetuses. Adv Biosci 13: 233-239

Mori T (1959) Histochemical studies on the distribution of alkaline phosphatase in early human embryos. JI. Observations on an embryo with 13-14 somites. Arch Histol Jpn 18:197-209

Norris EH. The parathyroid glands and the lateral thyroid in man: their morphogenesis, histogenesis, topographic anatomy and prenatal growth. (1937) Contrib Embryol Carneg Instn 26: 247-294

Norris EH. The morphogenesis and histogenesis of the thymus gland in man: in which the origin of the Hassal's corpuscles of the human thymus is discovered. (1938) Contrib Embryol Carneg Instn 27: 191-207.

Odgers PN. Some observations on the development of the ventral pancreas in man. (1930) J. Anat., 65(1): 1-7. PMID 17104298

O’Rahilly R (1968) The development of the epiphysis cerebri and the subcommissural complex in staged human embryos. Anat Rec 160: 488-489

O’Rahilly R (1973a) The early development of the hypophysis cerebri in staged human embryos. Anat Rec 175:511

O’Rahilly R (1973b) Developmental stages in human embryos, including a survey of the Carnegie collection. Part A: Embryos of the first three weeks (Stages 1 to 9) Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC

O'Rahilly R. 1979. Early human development and the chief sources of information on staged human embryos. Europ. J. Obstet. Gynec. Reprod. Biol., 9, 273-280. PMID 400868

O’Rahilly R (1979) Early human development and the chief sources of information on staged human embryos. Eur J Obstet Gynec Reprod Biol 9: 273-280

O’Rahilly R (1982) The discovery of the parathyroid glands. Bull Hist Med 56:263-264

O’Rahilly R, Miller F (1978) A model of the pancreas to illustrate its development. Acta Anat 100: 380-385 |

O’Rahilly R, Tucker JA (1973) The early development of the larynx in staged human embryos. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 82:Suppl 7, 1-27

O’Rahilly R, Miller F, Bossy J (1982) Atlas des stades du développement du systéme nerveux chez ’embryon humain intact. Arch Anat Histol Embryol 65:57-76 Development of Human Endocrine System 451

Orts-Llorca F. and Geniz Galvez JM. On the morphology of the primordium of the thyroid gland in the human embryo. (1958) Acta Anat 33: 110-115. PMID 13532252

Orts-Llorca F, Geniz Galvez JM (1958) On the morphology of the primordium of the thyroid gland in the human embryo. Acta Anat 33:110-115

Payne F (1925) General description of a 7-somite human embryo. Contrib Embryol Carneg Instn 16:115~-124

Pearce RM. The development of the islands of Langerhans in the human embryo. (1903) Amer. J Anat. : 446-455.

Politzer G (4928) Uber einen menschlichen Embryo mit 18 Ursegmentpaaren. Z Anat Entw 87: 674-727

Politzer G (1930) Uber einen menschlichen Embryo mit sieben Urwirbelpaaren. Z Anat Entw 93: 386-428

Politzer G (1952) Zur Abgrenzung des Anlagebegriffes, erortert an der Frihentwicklung von Parathyreoidea, Pancreas und Thyreoidea. Acta Anat 15:68—84

Politzer G (1955) Zur Friihentwicklung der Schilddrtise beim Menschen. Anat Anz 102: 29-32

Politzer G, Hann F (1935) Uber die Entwicklung der branchiogenen Organe beim Menschen. 7, Anat Entw Gesch 104:670—708

Politzer G, Stockinger L (1954) Die Frihentwicklung der Area mesobranchialis berm Menschen. Acta Anat 20:214-233

Roediger WE, Spitz L, Schmaman A (1974) Histogenesis of benign cervical teratomas. Teratol 10:114-118

Russu IG, Vaida A (1959) Neue Befunde zur Entwicklung der Bauchspeicheldriise. Acta Anat 38:114-125

Sgalitzer KE. Contribution to the study of the morphogenesis of the thyroid gland. (1941) J Anat. 75(4): 389-405. PMID 17104869

Sgalitzer KE (1941) Contribution to the study of the morphogenesis of the thyroid gland. J Anat 75:389-405

Shepard TH,Andersen HJ, Andersen H (1964) The human fetal thyroid. I. Its weight in relation to body weight, crown-rump length, foot length and estimated gestation age. Anat Rec 148: 123-128

Siegler R (1969) The thymus and the unicorn-two great myths of gross anatomy. Anat Rec 163:264

Streeter GL (1942) Developmental horizons in human embryos. Description of age group XI, 13 to 20 somites, and age group XII, 21 to 29 somites. Contrib Embryol Carneg Instn 30:211-245

Streeter GL (1945) Developmental horizons in human embryos. Description of age group XI, embryos abut 4 or 5 millimeters long, and age group XIV, period of indentation of the lens vesicle. Contrib Embryol Carneg Instn 34:27-63

Streeter GL (1948) Developmental horizons in human embryos. Description of age groups XV, XVI, XVI, and XVHI, being the third issue of a survey of the Carnegie Collection. Contrib Embryol Carneg Instn 32: 133-203



Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Paper - The timing and sequence of events in the development of the human endocrine system during the embryonic period proper. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Paper_-_The_timing_and_sequence_of_events_in_the_development_of_the_human_endocrine_system_during_the_embryonic_period_proper

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