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| | #REDIRECT [[Paper - The histological appearances of the mammalian pituitary body (1908)]] |
| {{Ref-Herring1908a}}
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| =The Histological Appearances of the Mammalian Pituitary Body=
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| By P. T. Herring.
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| From the Physiology Department, University of Edinburgh.
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| Received for publication 11th February 1908.
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| ==Introduction==
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| The structure and significance of the pituitary body have long been objects
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| of much speculation. Erroneous conceptions of its structure are responsible
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| for some of the many theories which have been advanced with regard to
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| its functions. The pituitary, indeed, derives its name from the old idea
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| that it was a gland which discharges a secretion—pituita—into the
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| nostrils.
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| Rathke (32) discovered the double origin of the pituitary, and on developmental grounds classed it among glands. Other observers looked
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| upon it as part of the brain. Luschka (23) called it a “nerve-gland” in which the two parts are separated from one another by pia mater.
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| Ecker (8), on the other hand, held the view that both portions of the pituitary combine to form a unit of the nature of a “ blood-vessel gland.”
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| Burdach (4.-), Luschka (23), and Virchow (46) regarded the posterior lobe as the anterior terminal end of the cerebro-spinal canal, a “filum
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| terminale anterius,” resembling in structure the filum terminale of the spinal cord. Virchow also compared the anterior lobe to the thyroid
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| gland, and described in it vesicles containing colloid material which show a striking resemblance to the follicles of the thyroid. Rogowitsch (34), H. Stieda (43), Schonemann (39), and others have attached great importance to this resemblance, and ascribe similar functions to the two glands. Removal of the thyroid is, according to their observations, followed by a compensatory hypertrophy of certain parts of the glandular lobe of the pituitary.
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| In 1886 Marie drew attention to a relationship between changes in the pituitary and the disease acromegaly or gigantism. Clinical and
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| pathological experiences have led to the theory which assigns to the pituitary the role of regulating the normal development of the body, more especially of the extremities and bones. The nature of the change that the pituitary undergoes in acromegaly is uncertain, and before any light can be thrown upon its pathology it is necessary that the significance of the various histological elements that constitute the normal pituitary should be understood. Moreover, it appears that acromegaly may occur without
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| any apparent change in the pituitary, and that tumours of the pituitary
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| are not always attended by acromegaly. A feature as constant as acromegaly in affections of the pituitary is the occurrence of polyuria with
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| or without sugar in the urine (Hansemann (16), Sternberg (41)).
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| Oliver and Schafer (28) in 1895 described the presence of a substance
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| in saline extracts of the pituitary, which, when injected intravenously,
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| produces a rise of blood-pressure. Howell (18) showed that this substance is only present in the posterior lobe. Magnus and Schafer (24)
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| in 1901 noticed that intravenous injection of saline extract of the
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| posterior lobe is followed by a marked increase of urine flow. Schafer
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| and Herring (37) confirmed this observation, and showed the striking
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| parallelism which exists between the suprarenal capsules and the pituitary
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| in development, structure, and functions. In each there are two parts, one
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| of which, a highly vascular epithelium, yields no active extract, while the
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| other, of neuro—ectodermic origin, gives an extract which has a remarkable
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| physiological effect upon the heart and arteries. The view was conjectured
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| that in the epithelial part of each organ the material which is to furnish
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| the active agent of the secretion passes through certain stages of formation,
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| and that its production is merely completed in the neuro—ectodermic part,
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| in which part alone the full activity of the secretion is acquired. That
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| the posterior lobe of the pituitary should furnish an active secretion is
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| difficult to reconcile with the usual views held on its structure. The older
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| anatomists, W. Muller (27), Schwalbe (40), and Toldt (45), looked upon
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| it as a mass of connective tissue cells and fibres which during development
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| have destroyed all trace of the original nerve tissue. Berkley (2), on the
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| other hand, describes in it a complex arrangement of nerve cells and nerve
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| fibres, besides neuroglia and ependyma cells. Kolliker (19) takes up an
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| intermediate position, and believes that there are no true nerve cells, but
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| neuroglia and ependyma, a view similar to the one held by Virchow.
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| Peremeschko (30) first recognised that the posterior lobe has an epithelial
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| investment. Osborne and Swale Vincent (29) state that extracts of
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| the central part of the posterior lobe are more active than extracts of
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| the margin of the lobe, and believe that the epithelial investment would
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| be found to be inactive if it could be properly isolated.
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| The pituitary body is found in all vertebrates, and, although differing
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| widely in structure and in the arrangement of its component parts, possesses
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| many features common to all. In fishes, the posterior lobe has a complex
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| vascular structure of a glandular nature, which was called the “saccus
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| vasculosus” by Gottsche (12). L. Stieda (44) proved that the saccns
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| vasculosus communicates with the brain cavity, and Rabl-Riickhard (31)
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| named it an infundibular gland. Their researches have been confirmed
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| by Kupffer (21). The function of the saccus vasculosus is unknown, but
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| its secretion, if it is a secretory gland, apparently mixes with the fluid
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| contents of the ventricles of the brain. According to Kupffer, the posterior lobe of the mammalian pituitary in its early development
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| retains for a time a glandular structure. In the adult mammal the
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| epithelial investment of the posterior lobe is regarded by Ktilliker as
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| the representative of an infundibular gland. B. Haller (14«) states that
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| in mammals—as a type of which he takes the mouse——and in all other
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| classes of vertebrates the anterior lobe of the pituitary and epithelial
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| investment of the posterior lobe form a gland, the tubules of which open
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| by a small median and ventral mouth into the space between the pia and
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| dura mater. Haller believes that the pituitary in all vertebrates secretes
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| directly into the subdural space. Edinger (9) denies that this is true
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| of the human pituitary, Salzer (36) could find no opening in the pituitary
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| of the rat and mouse, and Sterzi (42) found none in the pituitary of
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| Petromyzon.
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| There are other views on the structure and functions of the pituitary
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| body. Boeke (3) and Gemelli (11) describe appearances in the posterior
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| lobe of fishes which they regard as indicative of sense organs. Cyon (6)
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| looks upon it as an organ which regulates the amount of blood passing
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| to the brain. Guerrini (13) and others believe that the pituitary
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| produces a secretion which has a vague antitoxic action.
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| Our knowledge of the structure of the pituitary body is, therefore,
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| far from exact, and is inadequate to account for the physiological effects
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| which follow intravenous injection of extracts, especially of the posterior
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| lobe. Even the important question as to whether the glandular portion
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| secretes directly into the subdural space is still unsettled. The work, the
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| results of which are given in this paper, was begun with the intention of
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| investigating the physiological histology of the posterior lobe, but the two
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| portions of the pituitary were found to be so closely associated that no
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| part would be complete without careful consideration of the other. The
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| development and comparative anatomy of the pituitary body have been
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| examined, but are only touched upon in this paper where reference to them
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| throws light upon the particular point considered.
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| ==Material and Methods Employed==
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| The cat furnishes some of the best material for the study of the pituitary
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| body, for in this animal the posterior lobe retains throughout life its
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| original cavity in free communication with the third ventricle of the brain.
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| The structure of the posterior lobe in the cat is thus rendered simpler
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| because the arrangement of the cells which line the cavity persists in the
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| adult in much the same manner as obtains in the developing organ. The
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| parts which are derived from the buccal mucous membrane form an almost
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| complete investment for the nervous portion, and the original lumen of
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| the epithelial pouch also persists throughout life in the form of a well
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| marked cleft. The so-called colloid cysts are also prominent features in
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| the pituitary of the cat.
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| The pituitary of the monkey more closely resembles that of man, and
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| is a type in which greater fusion of the original elements from which
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| it is developed has taken place. The posterior lobe is solid throughout.
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| Its investment by the epithelial portion is not so complete as it is in the
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| cat, and only a small cleft remains as the representative of the original
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| buccal pouch.
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| The pituitary of the dog offers in some respects a type which‘ is intermediate between that of the cat and that of the monkey. The posterior
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| lobe is solid, but the cavity of the third ventricle of the brain is continued downwards and backwards towards the neck of the posterior lobe. The epithelial investment is very complete, and the cleft in it well developed
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| as in the cat. The colloid cysts are more numerous than in the pituitary
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| of the monkey, and their arrangement and structure present features
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| which distinguish them from those of the cat’s pituitary. The morphology
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| of the pituitary bodies of the cat, dog, and monkey will be described briefly,
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| and the structure of the various parts more minutely detailed in the cat.
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| For the investigation of the finer structure of the pituitary body
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| Flemming’s fixative gives the best results; a 10 per cent. solution of
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| formol and saturated corrosive sublimate have also been employed.
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| Sections have been cut serially in a vertical antero-posterior plane; these
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| show the relations of the Various parts of the pituitary to one another
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| better than do sections cut in other directions. Most of the material has
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| been cut in paraflin, but the freezing microtome has also been used, and
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| the Golgi preparations cut by hand.
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| The structure of the anterior lobe is shown to the best advantage by
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| staining with eosin and methylene blue, or by the employment of some
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| of the many methods devised for the staining of blood films. Many
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| preparations were made by Ca_jal’s silver reduction method, which is
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| especially valuable for showing the fibrils of the neuroglia, and the
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| ependyma cells of the posterior lobe. Cox’s modification of Golgi’s
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| method was also adopted for the investigation of the nervous elements.
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| Fresh tissues have been teased out and examined in salt solution and
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| in osmic acid, and chromic acid fixed preparations have been cut by the
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| freezing microtome. The blood-vessels were also injected from the common
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| carotids with carmine gelatine, and the vascular supply of the pituitary body studied in thick sections.
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| A word must be said about the removal of the pituitary body for purposes of examination. In order to investigate the question raised by
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| B. Haller as to the presence of an opening on the median ventral aspect
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| connecting the epithelial cleft with the subdural space by means of a
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| lymph space, it is almost essential to remove the sella turcica and part of
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| the brain from below, to decalcify the bone and cut sections of the pituitary
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| in situ. This can be more readily done in the young animal. For most
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| purposes it is suflicient in the adult animal to dissect the bone piecemeal
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| from the dura mater, which forms an envelope to the pituitary, thickened at certain points, especially behind. Great care must be taken not to
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| rupture the thin layer of epithelium which in the cat is continued backwards from the anterior lobe, to be reflected at the place where the
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| blood-vessels enter the posterior lobe to form a closely fitting investment
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| over the ventral aspect of the latter. Removal of the pituitary from the
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| cranial cavity by raising the brain and dissecting from above is almost
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| invariably followed by rupture of the neck of the posterior lobe. The
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| dura mater should always be preserved intact without being pulled upon,
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| and the best way to do this is to dissect off the bone from below, disturbing the base of the brain as little as possible. A portion of the brain can then be cut out with the pituitary attached, and the piece trimmed after
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| hardening.
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|
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| '''Fig. 1.''' Mesial sagittal section through pituitary body and sella turcica of new-born kitten. (Semi-diagrammatic.) a, optic chiasma; b, tongue-like process of pars intermedis; c, third ventricle; d, anterior lobe proper; e, epithelial cleft ; f, central cavity of posterior lobe ; g, nervous substance of posterior lobe ; h, posterior reflection of epithelium.
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| ==Morphology==
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| The relations of the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary to one another, and to their immediate surroundings, can be most readily
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| appreciated by reference to the comparatively simple pituitary of the new-born kitten. Fig. 1 is a diagram of a mesial sagittal section through
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| the pituitary and sella turcica of a new-born kitten. The infundibulum cerebri is a continuation of the brain backwards and slightly downwards, and consists of a comparatively thin wall of brain substance enclosing a cavity which is a continuation of the third ventricle. The
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| infundibulum has a funnel-shaped origin from the base of the brain, narrowing as it passes backwards to a tubular neck, then expanding to form a hollow club-shaped body which makes up the larger portion of the posterior lobe. The central cavity also enlarges behind the neck of the infundibulum.
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| The anterior lobe, composed of epithelial cells, lies below, and its thickest portion is in front of the infundibulum. It extends for some distance anteriorly, forming a tongue-shaped projection which reaches to the under surface of the tuber cinereum. The anterior lobe also spreads further laterally, and enfolds the sides of the infundibulum, the neck of which is encircled completely, so that, as in the figure, a portion of the anterior lobe appears above it. In some kittens the wrapping of the epithelium round the posterior lobe is more complete, and the only part of the lobe which is never covered by epithelium is a small part behind where the blood-vessels make their entrance. A narrow and somewhat S-shaped space lies inside the epithelium close to and following in its outline the under surface of the nervous portion of the posterior lobe, but separated from it by several layers of epithelium. The space or cleft is, as Kolliker
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| (20) pointed out, the remnant of the cavity of the pouch of buccal
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| epithelium from which the anterior lobe is derived. The layer of epithelium which lies between the cleft and the part of the posterior lobe
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| developed from the brain is comparatively thin, and very closely applied
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| to the nervous substance, thus forming an investment to it which is more
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| or less complete according to the degree in which the anterior lobe has
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| grown round the posterior. The cleft extends laterally, and in some cases
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| almost surrounds the body of the posterior lobe. The posterior lobe as
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| separated from the anterior by the cleft is therefore a composite body
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| derived from the brain and from buccal epithelium, and it is to this
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| structure of elements derived from two sources that the name of posterior
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| lobe is usually applied, although strictly speaking the epithelial investment
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| belongs developmentally to the anterior lobe. The cleft is sometimes
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| more complicated, and branches of it may run into the substance of the
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| anterior lobe. Serial sections show no opening below such as has been
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| described by B. Haller (14), nor does there appear to be an opening at
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| any point; the cleft is a closed cavity in the kitten, but very great care
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| has to be taken in the removal and preparation of the pituitary to prevent
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| rupture of the thin layer of epithelium which is continued backwards
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| from the anterior lobe.
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| The greater portion of the anterior lobe is a solid structure made up of columns of cells and wide blood-channels. Granules are present in many of the cells of this part, but are not so marked a feature of the anterior
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| lobe in the new-bom kitten as they are in the adult cat. Colloid cysts are
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| not found in the pituitary of the new-bom kitten.
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| The relation of the pituitary body to the sella turcica is shown in fig. 1.
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| +++++++++++++++Insert Pages here+++++++++++++++++++++++++
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| 1 54- Herring
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| disappeared, so that there is never a direct continuity between the neural canal and the exterior. The observations, nevertheless, give support to Kupffer’s views on the morphological significance of the pituitary.
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| ==Vascular Supply of the Pituitary Body==
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| The arrangement of the blood-vessels in the pituitary body has already
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| been described along with the structure of its several parts, but a general survey of the vascular distribution in the cat's pituitary may be given.
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| The most noticeable feature of the injected organ is the difference in vascu-
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| larity of the two lobes. The anterior lobe is filled with wide channels, making
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| it one of the most vascular structures of the body; the posterior lobe, on
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| the other hand, resembles in the number and arrangement of its vessels the
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| adjacent white matter of the brain. A large blood sinus is found on either
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| side of the pituitary body below. The anterior lobe is supplied by arteries,
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| apparently from the internal carotid, which enter it at the sides of the
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| infundibulum above, and break up immediately into large, thin-walled vessels. The posterior lobe is supplied by a median artery which enters it at its postero—superior extremity; branches run forwards near the central
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| cavity, and break up into capillaries. The veins of the posterior lobe are
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| situated immediately beneath the epithelial investment, and converge
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| towards the place of entrance of the artery; leaving the lobe in this situation,
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| they turn outwards to join the large lateral sinus on either side. Some of
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| the veins from the anterior lobe appear to take a similar course, passing
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| through the epithelial investment of the neck of the infundibulum to run
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| in the nervous portion; others leave the anterior lobe at its neck and pass
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| outwards into the lateral sinus. The presence of so many large arteries
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| and veins in the immediate vicinity of the pituitary body would render the
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| operation of removing it an extremely diflicult one, even were the organ so
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| situated as to be convenient of access. Minot (26) states that the blood-vessels of the anterior lobe of the pituitary will probably be found to have a sinusoidal development. This appears to be partly true at any rate of the anterior lobe of the pig’s pituitary.
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| '''Fig. 16.''' Mesial sagittal section of pituitary body of adult cat ; blood-vessels
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| injected with carmine gelatine. (Photograph.) a, optic chiaama; b, tongue-like process of pars intermedia; c. third ventricle; d, anterior lobe; e, pars intermedia lying above neck of posterior lobe; f, posterior lobe; 9, central artery entering posterior lobe at its poatero-superior angle; h, large vein, lying between nervous substance and epithelial investment of posterior lobe.
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| ==Conclusions==
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| We may conclude from the histological appearances of the mammalian pituitary body that it is an organ of physiological importance It may be divided into two parts, which show structural differences probably indicative of distinct functions.
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| The anterior lobe, consisting of large granular cells and numerous blood-
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| vessels, is a gland producing an internal secretion which is poured directly
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| into the blood. It is a blood-vascular gland, the function of which is
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| undetermined, but which may exercise an influence on growth. The care-
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| ful examination of the pituitary body in cases of acromegaly may throw
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| some light upon this question; at present any statement as to its probable
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| functions must be purely speculative.
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| The posterior lobe is made up of two structures. Of these, the part
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| developed from the brain and consisting of neuroglia and ependyma cells
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| and fibres acts as a framework. It is more or less surrounded and invaded
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| by epithelium, which probably furnishes its active part. There is histologi-
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| cal evidence of a secretion produced by the epithelial cells, which apparently
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| passes into lymph-vessels, and is destined to enter the ventricles of the brain.
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| The posterior lobe of the mammalian pituitary is a brain gland, not by
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| virtue of tissue of brain origin, but by the growth into it of epithelial cells
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| of ectodermic origin. Extracts have the property of producing marked
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| effects on cardiac and plain muscle fibres comparable in some respects to
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| the action of the medulla of the suprarenal capsule. They have also a
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| selective action upon the kidney, causing dilatation of the renal blood-vessels and diuresis. Disturbances of the posterior lobe of the pituitary
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| are - probably responsible for the occurrence of the diabetic conditions which have been so frequently recorded at some time or other in the history of cases of acromegaly and of affections and lesions associated
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| with the base of the skull.
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| ==Summary==
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| Three types of mammalian pituitary body are recognised. In one, e.g.,
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| the cat, the posterior lobe is hollow and its cavity is in free communication
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| with the third ventricle of the brain, while the epithelium of the anterior
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| lobe affords an almost complete investment for the posterior lobe; in the
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| second type, e.g., the dog, the body of the posterior lobe is solid, but the
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| neck is hollow, and communicates with the third ventricle: the posterior
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| lobe is here again almost completely surrounded with epithelium; in the
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| third type, e.g., man, monkey, ox, pig, and rabbit, the body and neck of the
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| posterior lobe are solid, although traces of a cavity are occasionally found
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| in the neck; in this type the epithelium does not invest the posterior lobe
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| so completely, but is aggregated around the neck and spreads over and into
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| the adjacent surface of the brain.
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| The epithelial portion of the pituitary body is differentiated into two
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| distinct parts: an anterior lobe proper, consisting of solid columns of cells,
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| between which run wide and thin-walled blood-channels ; and an intermediate portion, which lies between the anterior lobe and the nervous tissue of the pituitary, forming a closely-fitting investment of the latter.
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| The anterior lobe contains cells which are clear or hold in their protoplasm varying amounts of deeply-staining granules. They are probably
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| different functional stages of one and the same kind of cell, and the granules
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| give rise to a secretion which is absorbed by the blood-vessels.
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| The intermediate portion consists of finely granular cells arranged in
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| layers of varying thickness closely applied to the body and neck of the
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| posterior lobe and to the under surface of adjacent parts of the brain. The
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| part of it which is separated from the anterior lobe by the cleft is almost
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| devoid of blood—vessels. In the cat the portion lying in front of the anterior
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| lobe has a tubular appearance and is very vascular. Colloid material occurs
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| between the cells of the pars intermedia, and in most situations appears to
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| pass into the adjacent nervous substance, to be absorbed by blood-vessels
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| or lymphatics.
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| The nervous portion of the pituitary body is made up of neuroglia cells
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| and fibres. Ependyma cells line the central cavity in the cat and send long
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| fibres forwards and upwards towards the brain, most of which terminate in
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| the outer part of the neck. There are no true nerve cells and the nerves
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| supplying the pituitary probably reach it through sympathetic fibres
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| accompanying the blood—vessels (Berkley). The nervous portion is invaded
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| to a large extent by the epithelial cells of the pars intermedia. Columns of
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| epithelial cells grow into it, especially in the region of the neck, and
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| islets of these cells are frequently found throughout the posterior lobe; in the pituitary of the cat epithelial cells may even grow into its central
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| cavity.
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| A substance histologically resembling the colloid of the thyroid gland,
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| but probably of a different nature, occurs in large quantities in the nervous
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| portion of the posterior lobe. It appears to be a product of the epithelial
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| cells, and, in the cat at any rate, to be carried by lymphatics into the
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| central cavity, and so into the third ventricle of the brain. In this respect
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| the posterior lobe of the pituitary is an infundibular gland. Whether this
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| substance is modified by its passage through the nervous substance or not
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| is unsettled. Its distribution corresponds with the site of the tissue, the
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| extracts of which have active physiological results when injected into the
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| blood.
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| The anterior lobe of the pituitary is extremely vascular and its circulation sinusoidal. The posterior lobe is supplied for the most part by a
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| central artery which enters it at its postero-superior angle and runs forward
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| giving of? branches; the veins begin immediately below the epithelial
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| investment and run backwards in this situation, to emerge near the entry
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| of the artery. The veins of both lobes enter large blood sinuses lying close
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| to the sides of the pituitary body.
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| Histological evidence is against the statement of Bela Haller that the
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| anterior lobe is a tubular gland which pours its secretion directly into the
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| subdural space.
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| I am indebted to Mr Richard Muir for the care with which he has
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| executed the drawings and photographs accompanying this paper.
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| The expenses of the research have been defrayed by a grant from the
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| Moray Fund for the prosecution of research in the University of Edinburgh.
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| ==Literature Referred to in the Text==
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| (1) BENDA, “Beitrage zur normalen und pathologischen Histologie der menschlichen Hypophysis cerebri,” Berlin. klin. Wochenschr., Bd. xxxvii., S. 1205, 1900.
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| (2) BERKLEY, “The Finer Anatomy of the Infundibular Region of the Cerebrum, including the Pituitary Gland,” Brain, vol. xvii., p. 515, 1894.
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| (3) BOEKE, “ Die Bedeutung des lnfundibulums in der Entwickelung der Knochenfische,” Anat. Anz., Bd. xx., S. 17-20, 1902.
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| (4) BURDACH, Vom Baue und Leben des Gehirns, Bd. ii., S. 108-9, and Bd. iii., S. 469, Leipzig, 1819-26.
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| (5) CLAUS and VAN DER. Srmcnr, “Contribution é. l’étude anatomique et clinique de Pacromégalie,” Annales et Bulletin de la. Soc. de Méd. dc Gand, p. 7], 1893. Quoted from Benda
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| (6) CYON, “ Beitrage zur Physiologic der Schilddriise und des Herzens,” Pfluger’ Archiv, Bd. Ixx., S. 213-16, 1898.
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| 158 Herring
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| (7) Dosromwsxr, “ Ueber den Bau der Vorderlappen des Hirnanhanges,”
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| Arch. f. mikr. Auat., Bd. xxvi., S. 592, 1886. First account in Militalrarztl. Journ.,
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| (11) GEMELLI, “Sur la. structure de la region infundibulaire des poissons,”
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| Journ. de l’anat. et de la physiol., année xlii., N0. 1, 1906.
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| (12) GOTTSCHE, “ Vergleichende Anatomic des Gehirns der Gratenfische,”
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| Miiller’s Archiv, J ahrgang 1835, S. 437.
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| (13) GUERRINI, “Su1la funzione della ipofisi,” Lo Sperimentale, anno 1viii.,
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| p. 872, 1904.
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| (14) HALLER, B. “ Untersuchungen iiber die Hypophyse und die Infundihularorgane,” Morpholog. Jahrbuch, Bd. xxv., S. 101, 1896.
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| (15) HANNOVER, Recherches microscopiques sur le systéme nerveux, p. 26, 1844.
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| (16) HANSEMANN, “Ueber Akromegalie,” Berlin. klin. Wochenschr., S. 420, 1897.
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| (18) HOWELL, “ The Physiological Effects of Extracts of the Hypophysis Cerebri and Infundibular Body,” Amer. Journ. of Exper. Med., vol. iii., p. 245, 1898.
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| (19) KOLLIKER, Gewebelehre des Menschen, 6 Aufl., Bd. ii., S. 603, 1896.
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| (20) KOLLIKER, Entwickelungsgeschichte des Menschen und der hoheren Thiere, 2 Aufl., S. 531, 1879.
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| (21) KUPFFER, “Die Deutung des Hirnanhanges,” Sitzber. der Gesellschaft 1 f. Morphnl. u. Physiol. in Miinchen, S. 59, Juli 1894.
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| (23) LUSCHKA, Der Hirnanhang und die Steissdriise des Menschen, Berlin, 1860.
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| (24) MAGNUS and SUHAFER, “The Action of Pituitary Extracts upon the Kidney,” Proc. Physiol. Soc., July 20, 1901.
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| (25) M IHALKOVICS, “ Wirbelsaite und Hirnanhang,” Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. xi., S. 389, 1875.
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| (27) MULLER, W., "Ueber den Bau der Chorda dorsalis und des Processus infundibuli cerebri,” J enaische Zeitschr. f. Naturwissenschaft, Bd. vi., S. 354, 1871.
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| (28) OLIVER and Scnzircu, “ On the Physiological Action of Extracts of Pituitary Body and certain other Glandular Organs,” J ourn. of Physiol., vol. xviii., p. 277, 1895.
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| (29) Osnomm and VINCENT, “A Contribution to the Study of the Pituitary Body,” Brit. Med. Journ., vol. i., p. 502, 1900.
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| (30) PEREMESCHKO, “Ueber den Bau des Hirnanlianges,” Virchow’s Archiv, Bd. xxxviii., S. 329, 1867.
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| (33) RETZIUS, Biologische Untersuchungen, Bd. vi., Taf. 12, S. 21, 1894.
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| (35) SAINT-REMY; “Contribution b. Phistologie de Phypophyse,” Archives de Biologie, tom. xii., p. 425, 1892.
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| (38) SCHNITZLER and EWALD, “Ueber das Vorkommen des Thyreo-jodins im menschlichen K'cirper,” Wiener klin. Wochenschn, S. 657, 1896.
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| (41) STERNBERG, “Die Akromegalie,” Specielle Pathologie und Therapie, von N othnagel, Bd. vii., Th. 2, 1897.
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| (43) STIEDA, HERMANN, “Ueber das Verhalten der Hypophyse des Kaninchensnach Entfernung der Schilddriise,” Ziegler-’s Beitrlalge zur patholog. Anat., Bd. vii., S. 537, 1890.
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| (44) STIEDA, LUDWIG, “Studien iiber das centrale N ervensystem der Knochenfische,” Zeitschr. f. wissensch. Zoologie, Bd. xviii., S. 44, 1868.
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| (45) TOLDT, Lehrbuch der Gewebelehre, 2 Aufl., S. 290, 1884.
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| (46) VIRCHOW, Untersuchungen iiber die Entsvickelung des Schfidelgrundes, S. 91-4, Berlin, 1857.
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| [[Category:Pituitary]][[Category:1900's]][[Category:Cat]][[Category:Draft]]
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