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| {{Header}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Paper - The development of the adrenal gland in man (1957)]] |
| {{Ref-Crowder1957}}
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| {{Historic Disclaimer}}
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| =The Development Of The Adrenal Gland In Man, With Special Reference To Origin And Ultimate Location Of Cell Types And Evidence In Favor Of The “Cell Migration” Theory=
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| by Roy E. Crowder
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| With 8 plates and 7 text figures.
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| * The ideas herein expressed are those of the author and do not reflect those of the United States Navy.
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| ==Introduction==
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| A voluminous literature has accumulated on the development of the adrenal gland. In 1902, Iosef \Viesel
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| apologized for adding one more article. Others, including the present author, have not been so restrained.
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| In a study of the sources of certain of the adrenal
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| hormones, a review of the literature on the embryology
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| and histology of the gland was undertaken. In spite
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| of the number of articles published on the subject, including extensive reviews (Parkes, I945; Lanman, 1953),
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| there was no consecutive life history of the source and
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| ultimate distribution of the various cell types found in
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| the gland. and, therefore, it was not possible to associate
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| the synthesis of the adrenal hormones with specific cell
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| types.
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| The wealth of closely seriated, well preserved, and adequately stained material available in the [[Carnegie Collection|Carnegie Embryological Collection]], in Baltimore, Maryland, made a complete histologic and embryologic study possible.
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| The study was begun with the idea of determining the
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| types of cells in the adrenal cortex. It was soon found
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| that, to do this adequately, the whole embryologic history
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| must be reviewed. The results of this undertaking are
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| set forth herein. It is hoped not only that they will assist
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| in an understanding of the sequence of events in the
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| histogenesis of the adrenal cortex and clarify a few of
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| the points of controversy, but also that the descriptions
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| of cell types in the cortex may be of value in determining
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| the oligoplasia or hypcrplasia of certain of these cell types
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| in relation to many clinical entities.
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| ==Definitions==
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| The following terms are defined to clarify the presentation:
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| Fetal cortex: The fetal adrenal cortex is composed of
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| the same cell types as the adrenal cortex of the adult
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| human, but the proportions and arrangements differ.
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| Medullary cells: The cells of neural origin which take
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| up a location in the central portion of the gland during
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| development. The process of localization begins in the
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| embryonic period and continues until childhood.
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| Cell types: Cell types in the cortex are differentiated
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| by the structure of their nuclei; they are numbered according to the order of their appearance in the primordium, as C-I (fig. 38, pl. 8), C-II (fig. 39, pl. 8), and
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| C-III (fig. 40, pl. 8). As will be made clear, three distinct
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| cell types may be recognized in the development of the
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| medulla; these cells, designated M-I, M-II, and M-III, are
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| described beginning on page 202.
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| Celomic epithelial cells: The cells of the adrenal cortex
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| which have their origin in the celomic epithelium. They
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| are of two types: Type C-I (fig. 38, pl. 8), the first cells
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| to enter the primordium, are large polyhedral cells, each
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| of which contains a large round nucleus with little
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| chromatin, a large round nucleolus, and a spherical, refractile inclusion. In a later stage, type C-III cells (Hg. 40,
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| pl. 8) begin to emerge from the celomic epithelium,
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| together with type C-I. Type C-III cells are smaller than
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| type C-1, and each contains a smaller round nucleus
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| which stains more deeply with hematoxylin. In the
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| nucleus. there is a large amount of chromatin, which tends to aggregate into four to five major clumps and one or two globules or vacuoles.
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| Cells of mesonephric origin: These cells arise from
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| Bowman's capsule of the mesoncphros. They are designated as type C-II cells (fig. 39, pl. 8), and are first seen
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| streaming from the glomerular capsule across the ventral
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| portion of the early primordium (figs. 14, 15, pl. 2). The
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| type C-II cells and their successors form most of the
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| adrenal capsule, and, during horizon xxiii, are diverted
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| inward by the arteriolar capillaries. Thereafter, they are
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| found in the cords of cells within the cortex. Their
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| nucleus is round, and stains a little more deeply than
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| does that of type C-I. The chromatin is distributed in
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| fine strands in a spider-like manner just beneath the
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| nuclear membranes, the nucleolus corresponding to the
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| body of the spider. The center of the nucleus is occupied
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| by one or more large globules or vacuoles.
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| Immigration and migration: The passage of cells from
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| one region to another; the addition of cells by movement
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| from an adjacent region. Ameboid movement is not
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| implied.
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| Invasion: The entrance of cells after destruction or disruption of pre-existing tissue, and the assumption of position without rcference to former relations.
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| Staging of embryos: The dating of the embryos follows the horizons described and graphed by Streeter
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| (1951). This method of seriation affords a much better
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| concept of the progress of development than does measurement of the length. Frequently, the organogenesis
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| of the adrenal gland was found to be in a much further
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| advanced stage in an embryo with a shorter crown-rump
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| length than in a longer one, particularly in the earlier
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| {{Footer}}
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| [[Category:Adrenal]]
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| [[Category:Draft]]
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