Paper - Simple formulae for estimating the age and size of human embryos

Embryology - 25 Apr 2024        Expand to Translate
Google Translate - select your language from the list shown below (this will open a new external page)
العربية | català | 中文 | 中國傳統的 | français | Deutsche | עִברִית | हिंदी | bahasa Indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | မြန်မာ | Pilipino | Polskie | português | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ | Română | русский | Español | Swahili | Svensk | ไทย | Türkçe | اردو | ייִדיש | Tiếng Việt    These external translations are automated and may not be accurate. (More? About Translations)

Arey LB. Simple formulae for estimating the age and size of human embryos. (1925) Anat. Rec. 30(4): 290 - 294.

Online Editor
This historic 1925 paper by Arey describes arithmetical formulae for estimating human embryo age. Modern Notes:

Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages

Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

Simple Formulae for Estimating the Age and Size of Human Embryos

Leslie B. Arey

Department of Anatomy, Northwestern University Medical School

There are several formulae of use in computing the age and size of human embryos. Some are complicated (Henry and Bastien, ’04; Scammon, ’21); most are limited to the determination of the age or size from one particular type of data; none cover both age and size, utilizing crown-rump or crownheel measures.

In 1923, Scammon and Calkins published empirical formulae for calculating the age and size of fetuses between three and ten months in terms of crown-heel values. -Further simplification produced the following equations:

2 Age=( + 1.49 )

OH = 3o\/X§e“— 44.7

These formulae aressaid to be correct between limiting deviations of —|— 2.97 and —-2.66 per cent. It appears that the total body lengths used were derived by interpolation with the view of correcting for a difference of ten days between the menstrual and actual age; since, however, this correction had already been made by Mall (’10), whose data were employed, the accuracy of the results are correspondingly impaired.

Noback (’22) has also shown how to derive crown-rump or crown-heel size from the complementary data:

3 CR «- 3 CH = T‘2 2 CH 3 CR ——-— + 3 F 1 Eontribution- Iio. 110. — 289

It is evident that besides exact formulae for the accurate calculation of fetal age and size there is need also of simpler ones that give reasonable approximations, quickly estimated. It is often necessary while reading, viewing specimens, or considering cases to translate age into size, or the reverse, and since some workers employ only crown-rump or crownheel measurements, while others use both, multiplicities are introduced for which provision must be made. The formulaproblem thereby resolves itself into a fulfilling of the following conditions:

1. The formulae should be simple and easily remembered.

2. They should be solvable by mental computation.

3. They should be reasonably accurate.

4. They should utilize both CH and CR size data.

A familiar rule is that of Hasse (’7 5), which states that for the first five fetal months the total length in centimeters ‘equals the square of the month, whereas in the last five months it equals the month multiplied by five. As seen from the appended tabulation (table 1), this rule conforms to the requirements of simplicity and reasonable accuracy and is easily remembered. On the contrary, it has the disadvantages -of fitting only CH data and of requiring a preliminary computation in estimating age to determine whether division by five or the extraction of square root is necessary.

A comparable table can be prepared for crown-rump values (table 2). Similar criticisms apply to it as to Hasse’s rule. In this instance crown-rump size in centimeters is derived by multiplying the first three fetal months by 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5, respectively, and the remaining seven months by 3.5.

Attempts to construct age formulae which fulfill all of the four conditions previously enumerated have resulted in the following rules:

Standing height (in cm.)'>( 0.2 zage (in months) Sitting height (in cm.) X 0.3 zage (in months)

For embryos less than 10 cm. long, that is, those of the first three months, the values thus obtained are too small, since in such early embryos the growth curve is of a different contour. This discrepancy, however, can be corrected with fair success by adding one month to the results gained by direct multiplication; obviously, there will be a certain incongruity in the results bordering the correction point thus arbitrarily set at 10 cm. These values, with the actual and percentage deviation from normal, are collected in the subjoined tabulations (tables 3 and 4).

AGE- AND SIZE FORMULAE FOR HUMAN EMBRYOS 29]

TABLE 1 Estvlmafion of fetal age and size based on crown-heel lengths (Hesse)

ESTIMATED BODY 3

STANDARD BODY DEVIATION OF :PERCEl\'TAGE DEVIATION

it | LE.\'G'I‘H LENGTH ES'I‘IMA’l‘E I or ESTIMATE — ~»»———»—.--»—-il—»»?—. —. 1.. ._E'_.._.....___.__.____.._..____ mos. cm. em. l

1 x1: 1 1 0 0.2"  »—0.75 ——300.02 2 x2: 1 4 3.0 i ——1.0 7 —— 33.3 3><‘:: 9 i 9.3 -0.3 i — 3.2 4 ><4= 16 ; 13.0 4 1 442.0 E —» 11.1 5 ><5= 1 25 3 25.0 ! 0.0 { 0.0 6><5= ; 30 31.5 —1.5 ‘_ — 4.3 7x5: 1 35 f 37.1 ——2.1 5 — 5.7 3><5= 40 3 42.5 f —2.5 ' — 5.9 9><5= ; 45 f 47.0 i —2.0 ; — 4.3 101><5= { 50 1. 50.0 I 0.0 E 0.0 I‘ Sum 12.7 t 73.3

5 Mean 1 1.3 g 7.3

1 The actual fetal age at full term is 270 days, or 9.6 months; the corresponding estimated size is 48 cm., which is less correct than that recorded.

”Although the actual error is low, the percentage error is high and unrepresentetive. For this reason it is omitted from the sum a11d mean for the column.

TABLE 2 Esttmrati-on of fetal age and size based on crowwmmp lengths

ESTIMATED BODY STANDARD BODY DEVIATION OF EPERCENTAGE DEVIATION

ll LENGTH LENGTH . ESTIMATE OF‘ l~1STIMA'l‘E mos. Cm. cm. ‘g

1 ><0.5= l 0.5 ! 0.25 t -—0.25 4400.02

2 ><1.5= 3.0 2.5 F ——0.5 E « 20.0

3 ><2.5= E 7.5 6.8 ; ——0.7 1 ——. 10.3

4 ><3.5= “ 14.0 12.1 i ——1.9 i —— 15.7

5><3.5: 1 17.5 1 16.7 ~—0.3 6 —— 4.8

6 X35: 1 21.0 ; 21.0 0.0 7 0.0

7 ><3.5= 1 24.5 1 24.5 ' 0.0 0.0

3><3.5= 9 23.0 ! 23.4 -0.4 -— 1.4

9><3.5= I 31.5 31.6 ' —0.1 —~ 0.3

10'><3.5= 5 35.0 g 33.6 % +1.4 + 4.2

Sum 3 6.1 56.7 Mean E 0.6 5.7 ‘If the real age of 9.6 months at full term were used, the estimated value would be 33.7 cm., which agrees closely with the standard size of 33.6 cm. 3 Omitted from calculation of the sum and mean for the column. (See footnote 2, table 1).

It is at least of passing interest to point out that rather accurate results may be obtained for the last five lunar months by replacing 0.2 and 0.3 as the multiplying factor by 0.19 and 0.29. The figures thus obtained are collected in tables 5 and 6.

In a similar fashion, adherence to the four fundamental

stipulations was attempted in educing rules which calculate size from age:

Age (in months) —:~ 0.2 2 standing height (in cm.) Age (in months) —%- 0.3 '-zsitting height (in cm.)

Again the results are out of line for embryos of the first

three months, but reasonable correction is obtained when

4 cm. are subtracted from the values obtained directly by division. These determinations are assembled in tables 7 and 8.

As before, quite exact values are obtainable for the last five lunar months if 0.19 and 0.29 replace 0.2 and 0.3 as divisors (tables 9 and 10).

Those who are interested in mnemonic aids will perceive that all four formulae deal only with the digits, one, two, three, four, and their numerical sum which is ten. The use

lasoatxzas-A

10

of the appropriate multiplying and dividing factors, 0.2 and 0.3, is apparent in each case, for obviously the higher factor (0.3) always accompanies the shorter fetal length (CR), and 293

AGE— AND SIZE FORMULAE FOR HUMAN EMBRYOS

Vice Versa. The digit 1 must be the correction for age and 4 for length-—--the reverse is patently absurd. Embryos less than 10 cm. long, or three months old, are the ones for which

TABLE 3

Estimation of fetal age from crown-heel length

S§$’§‘3£.-E” ESTIMATED AGE CORRECT AGE ”E§s'$fiii3¥E°F PE“°"5‘}T‘;7§$’.?.§¥’n‘T‘°" cm. 5 months months 0.25>(0.2= .05——1-21.05 1.0 +0.05 —|— 5.0 3.0 X0.2= .60——1=1.6 2.0 ~—0.40 —20.0 9.8 ><0.2= l.96——1=2.96 3.0 —-0.04 -— 1.3 18.0 X0.2= 3.60 4.0 —0.40 -—10.0 25.0 ><0.2= 5.00 5.0 0.00 0.0 31.5 ><0.2——— 6.30 6.0 ——0.30 —-— 5.0 37.0 )(0.2-*—" 7.40 7.0 ~—~0.40 —— 5.7 42.5 >(0.2= 8.50 8.0 ——0.50 -- 6.3 47.0 )(0.2-= 9.40 9.0 ——0.40 —— 4.4 50.0 ><0.2= 10.00 10.01 0.00 0.0 8 Sum 2.35 57.7 Mean 0.29 5.8 1 Exact full-term age is 9.6 lunar months. TABLE 4 Estimation of fetal age from crown-rump length siifigfgn ESTIMATED AGE connncr AGE DEE‘g,I,‘:'§{I£-'£'E°F 1frl:;\:r§:.}f§{?§§:gF cm. months months 0.25>(0.3= .075+~1=1.075 1.0 —— .075 H 7.5 2.5 )<0.3= .75 ——1:1.75 _ 2.0 — .25 ——12.5 6.8 )<0.3= 2.04 ~-l=3.04 3 0 —~ .04 1.3 12.1 ><0.3= E 3.63 = 4.0 — .37 H. 9.3 16.7 >(0.3='——‘" I 5.01 1 5.0 —— .01 ~~ 0.2 21.0 ><0.3= ! 6.30 E -6.0 —— .30 M 5.0 24.5 ><0.3: ! 7.35 . 7 0 —~ .35 4- 5.0 28.4 ><0.3= } 8.52 7 3.0 —— .52 H 3.5 31.6 >(0.3= 9.48 9.0 —* .48 ~— 5.3 33.6 ><0.3= [ 10.08 I 10.01 -— .08 —— 5.0 1 Sum 2.43 53.6 Mean 0.25 5.4

‘ Exact full-term age is 9.6 lunar months. 294 LESLIE B. AREY

corrections are made. With these numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 10) once in mind, it is easy to reconstruct the formulae at any time by using them as common sense dictates.

TABLE 5 Exact calculation of later fetal age from crown-heel length

   y  

__ i __ ,___1 __ _ ._ __________________.___ i I cm. E months months I 31.5><0.19= 5.99 6.00 —-0.01 ~—0.2 37.0><0.19= 7.03 7.00 ——0.03 I ——0.4 42.5><0.19== l 8.08 8.00 ——0.08 I ——~1.0 47.0><0.19= l 8.93 9.00 i —0.07 5 -0.8 50.0><0.19.= E 9.50 9.64 l —«0.14 1 -1.4 ' Sum 0.33 l 3.8 f Mean l 0.07 l 0.3 ._ __ _ __ _.i _. _ _.._ l .. _.-._..._._. ___.._._ _._.m T _..__....__ —. __. TABLE 6 Exact calculation of later fetal age from crown-ramp length Sigigfifb ESTIMATED AGE cosnncr AGE DE:J_,:$;r:8’,”;E°F iPERC%’;,T‘;g1'?I;’IE¥;‘TI0N l - _ ._m. . ..__n____.__. _ _ _ cm. I months i months 21.0><0.29= E 6.09 6.00 ~—0.09 I ——1.5 24.5><0.29= ' 7.12 ! 7.00 ——0.12 ——1.7 23.4><0.29= 8.24 8.00 0 ——0.24 ——3.0 31.6><0.29= 9.16 ‘ 9.00 —~0.16 l ——1.8 33.6><0.29= 9.74 , 9.64 E +0.10 ——-1.0 1 Sum 0.71 ! 9.0 I Mean 1' 0.14 1.8

Summary

Formulae for estimating the age and size of human embryos and fetuses have been developed which are simple, reasonably accurate, and utilize both crown—~rump and crown—heel data:

Standing height (cm.) )( 0.2 =age (months) Sitting height (cm.) X 0.3 =age (months) (For embryos less than 10 cm., add one month) Age (months) ~-:— 0.2 = standing height (cm.) Age (months) —e— 0.. = sitting height (cm.) (For embryos of first three months, subtract 4 cm.) AGE—- AND SIZE FORMULAE FOR HUMAN EMBRYOS 295

TABLE 7 Estimation of fetal size in c7'0wn—heel measure

ESTIMATED BODY STANDARD BODY DEVIATION OF PERCEN.'I'A.GEDF.VIATION 1 LENGTH LENGTH ESTIMATE OF ESTIMATE 4 mos. C37?-. 1 cm.

1-0.2:: 5.0-4.0: 1 .25 1 - 0.75 1 -300.02 2-0.2: 100-40: 6 3.0 - 3.00 -100.02 3-0.2: 15.0-4.0211 9.8 1 - 1.20 1 - 12.2 4-0.2: 20.0 18.0 1 - 2.0 1 - 11.1 5-0.2: 25.0 25.0 1 0.0 l 0.0 6-0.2: 130.0 31.5 i - 1.5 1 - 4.8 7-0.2:: 335.0 37.1 E - 2.1 1 - 5.7 8-0.2: - 40.0 42.5 E - 2.5 1 - 5.9 9-0.2: 45.0 47.0 7 1 - 2.0 1 — 4.3 101-0.2: 50.0 50.0 0.0 1 0.0 1 Sum 15.1 1 44.0

’ _Mean 1 1.5 1 4.4

i

‘If the exact age of 9.64 months at full term were used, the estimated size would be 48 cm.

“Omitted from the calculation of the sum and mean for the column. (See footnote 2, table 1).

TABLE 8 Estimation of fetal size in e7'0w42-rump measure

ESTIMATED BODY STXNDARD BODY DEVIATION OF PERCENTAGE DEVIATION

I ll LENGTH I LENGTH ¥ ESTIMATE 1 OF ESTIMATE mos. cm. ! cm. ‘I : 1-0.3: 1 3.3-4:-0.71 0.25 1 -0.95 1 -380.02 2-0.3: '0.7-4: 2.71 2.5 1 -0.2 1 - 8.0 3-0.3: 10.0- : 6.01 6.8 1 -0.8 1 - 11.8 4-0.3: 3133 1 12.1 1 -1.1 - 9.1 5-0.3: 107 13.7 1 0.0 1 0.0 6-0.3: 200 1 21.0 1 -1.0 1 - 4.8 7-0.3: 233 1 24.5 1 -1.2 ; - 4.9 3-0.3: 1267 1 28.4 1 -1.7 3 - 6.0 9-03-1300 1 31.6 I -1.8 1 - 5.1 101-03: 333 1 33.3 1 -0.3 1 ~— 0.9 E Sum I 8.9 50.6 '1 Mean E 0.89 5.1 i I

‘If the exact age of 9.6 months at full term were used, the estimated size Would be 32 cm.

‘Omitted from the calculation of the sum and mean for the column. (See footnote 2, table 1). 296 LESLIE B. ABEY

TABLE 9 Exact calculation of later fetal size 4121, crown-heel measure

ESTIMATED BODY STANDARD BODY DEVIATION OF PERCENTAGE DEVIATION LENGTH LENGTH ESTIMATE OF ESTIMATE

M08. I cm. cm. i 0.00+0.19= . 31.6 31.5 +0.1 +0.3 7.00+0.19= 33.3 1 37.1 -0.3 ’ —~0.3 3.00+0.19= 42.1 1 42.5 I 40.4 -0.9 9.00+0.19= . 47.4 1 47.0 +0.4 440.9 93440.19: i 50.7 1 50.0 +0.7 5 ——1.4

i Sum 0.19 4.2

| Mean 0.04 0.9

l 1. 1 _ _

TABLE 10

Exact calculation of later fetal size in crown-rump measure

I . l ESTIMATED BODY STANDARD BODY I DEVIATION OF iPF.RCENTAGE DEVIATION 1 LENGTH LENGTH l ESTIMATE OF ESTIMATE mos. cm. cm. 0.00+0.29= ; 20.7 . 21.0 1 40.3 _ 2.9 7.00 : 0.29: 24.1 24.5 —-0.4 —— 1.3 3.00 : 0.29: 27.0 ' 23.4 , —0.3 , H 2.3 9.00+0.29= 31.0 1 31.6 E -0.3 1 — 1.9 9.64+0.29= 33.2 1 33.3 -0.4 — 1.2 { Sum . 2.5 10.4 3 Mean 0.5 2.1

Literature Cited=

HASSE 1875 Ent.bindungs~Ansta1t. Jahresbericht pro 1875. Charité Annalen, Jahrg. 2, S. 668-696.

HENRI, 0., AND BASTIEN, L. 1904 Sur la croissance de l’h0mn1e et sur la croissance des étres vivants en général. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc., T. 139, pp. 811-814.

MALL, F. P. 1910 Determination of the age of human embryos and fetuses. Chapter 8 in Keibel and Mall ’s Manual of Human Embryology. J. B. Lippineott 00., Philadelphia.

NOBACK, G. J. 1922 Simple methods of correlating crown-rump and crown-heel lengths of the human fetus. Anat. Ree., vol. 23, pp. 241-244.

SCAMMON, R. E. 1921 On the weight increments of premature infants as compared with those of fetuses of the same gestation age and those of full-term children. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., vol. 19, pp. 133-136.

SCAMMON, R. E., AND CALKINS, L. A. 1923 Simple empirical formulae for expressing the lineal growth of the human fetus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., vol. 20, pp. 353--356.

---

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 25) Embryology Paper - Simple formulae for estimating the age and size of human embryos. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Paper_-_Simple_formulae_for_estimating_the_age_and_size_of_human_embryos

What Links Here?

© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G