Paper - On the development of the human diaphragm (1901): Difference between revisions

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Professiir of Anatomy. Johns Hopkins University.
Professiir of Anatomy. Johns Hopkins University.


In a paper on the development of the human cadoni, puljlislicd several years ago, I was not able to give a detailed description of the separation of the body cavities from one
In a paper on the development of the human coelom, published several years ago, I was not able to give a detailed description of the separation of the body cavities from one another, because the specimens at my disposal did not include all the necessary stages. For that study I used 19 human embryos between 2 and 2-1 mm. long, in which various stages of the development cf the body-cavities were shown, but a number of the important stages were missing.




* Mall, Jour, of Morph., vol. la, 1897


' Mull, Jour, of Morph., vol. la, 1897


During the past three years the collection of human euihryos in the anatomical laboratory has grown very rapidly anil all the missing stages for the study of the formation of the body-cavities have been supplied. The following table gives a list of these embryos. It will be seen from it that the series from 2 mm. upward is very complrir with the exception of stages between 11 and 14 mm. long. Fortunately, the missing stages are not important. All the embryos given in this table are practically perfect, the imperfect ones liaving been excluded. The present study is based u|hiii !•") embryos, only 3 of which are included in the 19 specimens considered all the earlier communication.




another, because the specimens at my disposal did not include all the necessary stages. For that study I used 19 human embryos between 2 and 2-1 mm. long, in which various stages of the development cf the body-cavities were shown, but a number of the important stages were missing.
{{Mall1901c table1}}




During the past three years the collection of human euihryos in the anatomical laboratory has grown very rapidly anil all the missing stages for the study of the formation of the body-cavities have been supjilied. The following table gives a list of these embryos. It will be seen from it that


TABLE OF EMBRYOS.




Il has often been stated that the development of the diaphragm, i'S]i('cial]y in the human embryo, is one ol' III!' iiiiisl (liHiciill |ii'ol)lenis of embryology, fiarty because (if the dilliciilty ill obtaining the iiecessaiy s|ii'ciiiii'ns ami partly heeaiisi' there are no fixed points rioni whiih In enleulate. Ill its (h'\i'loi)ment the wliole ilia|ilii'aeiii wiuiilers rrom the head (o the abdomen, passing Ijy as well as iiinilil'vino the structures and organs along the way. Sn. while vmi Baer recognized that the diapjliragm wandered in its development, picking up its nerve in so doing, a fairly clear pic tiiiv of the whole process was not given until Ilis studied eaicfiilhthe develo|iiiieiit of the iieelc, heart, lungs and intestine. In his studies His recognized the Aiihiijc of the diaiihiagin in a mass of tissue located with thi' liearl ainniiesl struct iiics lieloneing to the head and eonlaining within it the \'eiiis to the heart as well as the An/age of the liver, 'i'his mass of tissue ITis termed tbe septum transversuni. Ilis's studies were made ui)on the human embryo, mainly by the method of reconstruction, and .shortly after they were published Uskow made a very careful study of the further growth of the septum transversuni. Uskow recognized the great importance of two additional structures in the formation of the pericardium and adult dia])hragm from the septum transversum; these he termed the iileuro- pericardial memhranc, containing the phrenic nerve, and the pillars which form the dorsal ends of the diaphragm. The pillars of Uskow have been termed the plcuro-periioncal memhranes by Brachet, and as the lattiT lei'in is more appropriate than the former I shall employ it in the present paper.


j\ly own studies show that the pleuro-pericardial and pleuroperitoueal membranes arise from a common structure, which extends from the lobe of the liver along the dorsal wall of the ductus Cuvieri to the dorsal attachment of the mesocardium. Ijater this structure grows towards the head to complete the jileuro-pericardial memlirane and then towards the tail to complete the pleuro-peritoneal mendirane. This stiiietnre, which I shall term the pulmonary ridge, is located in the sagittal plane of the body-cavity with cephalic and eandal horns on its dorsal side. The ductus Cuvieri lies between these horns (Fig. 29).


Time
tJrL'atost
between tln' be^innill;:' or tbe la.-^t period and
Direction
Ni).
lenji:th in mm.
of the seetion.
Fi
iin whom obtained.
the abortion.
XII
2.1
41 days
Transverse
Dr
Ellis, Elkton, Md.
CLXIV ...
3 . .5
"
Dr
MaoCalhmi,
Baltimore.
CXLVIII .
4.."
3S days
"
Dr
Hoen, Baltimore.
I.XXVI. ..
4.. 5
"
Dr
.Vliteliell, Cliieago.
LXXX ...
.5
(1
Dr
Brauham,
Baltimore.
CXXXVI .
5
.56 days
Sagittal
Dr
Campbell,
Halifax, N. S.
CXVI
6.5
5.5 days
"
Dr
Ryan,
SpringHeld, 111.
II
7
53 days
Transverse
Dr
C. O. Miller,
Baltimore.
CXIII
S
Sagittal
Dr
Gray, Washington.
CLXIII ..
9
5 weeks
Transverse
Dr
Lamb, Washington.
CXIV ....
10
Sagittal
Dr
Gray, Washington.
CIX
11
Transverse
Dr
Cusliing,
Baltimore.
CXLIV ...
14
Sagittal
Dr
Watson,
Baltimore.
XLiir ....
10
"
Dr
liookei',
Baltimore.
LXXIV...
li>
Transverse
Dr
Irving Miller,
Baltimore.
the series from 2 mm. upward is very complrir with the e.\ception of stages between 11 and 14 mm. long. Fortunately, the missing stages are not important. All the embryos given in this talile are practically perfect, the imperfect ones liaving been excluded. The present study is based u|hiii !•") embryos, only 3 of which are included in the 19 specimens considered ill (he earlier communication.
Il has often been stated thai Ihe development of lln diaiihrngin, i'S]i('cial]y in the Inmian embryo, is one ol' III!' iiiiisl (liHiciill |ii'ol)lenis of embryology, fiarty because (if the dilliciilty ill obtaining the iiecessaiy s|ii'ciiiii'ns ami partly heeaiisi' there are no fixed points rioni whiih In enleulate. Ill its (h'\i'loi)ment the wliole ilia|ilii'aeiii wiuiilers rrom the head (o the abdomen, passing Ijy as well as iiinilil'vino the structures and organs along the way. Sn. while vmi Baer recognized that the diapjliragm wandered in its development, picking up its nerve in so doing, a fairly clear pic tiiiv of the whole process was not given until Ilis studied eaicfiilhthe develo|iiiieiit of the iieelc, heart, lungs and intestine. In his studies His recognized the Aiihiijc of the diaiihiagin in a mass of tissue located with thi' liearl ainniiesl struct iiics lieloneing to the head and eonlaining within it the \'eiiis to the heart as well as the An/age of the liver, 'i'his mass of tissue ITis termed tbe septum transversuni. Ilis's studies
were made ui)on the human embryo, mainly by the method of reconstruction, and .shortly after they were published Uskow made a very careful study of the further growth of the septum transversuni. Uskow recognized the great importance of two additional structures in the formation of the pericardium and adult dia])hragm from the septum transversum; these he termed the iileuro- pericardial memhranc, containing the phrenic nerve, and the pillars which form the dorsal ends of the diaphragm. The pillars of Uskow have been termed the plcuro-periioncal memhranes by Brachet, and as the lattiT lei'in is more appropriate than the former I shall employ it in the present paper.
j\ly own studies show that the pleuro-pericardial and pleuroperitoueal membranes arise from a common structure, which extends from the lobe of the liver along the dorsal wall of the ductus Cuvieri to the dorsal attachment of the mesocardium. Ijater this structure grows towards the head to complete the jileuro-pericardial memlirane and then towards the tail to complete the pleuro-peritoneal mendirane. This stiiietnre, which I shall term the pulmonary ridge, is located in the sagittal plane of the body-cavity with cephalic and eandal horns on its dorsal side. The ductus Cuvieri lies between these horns (Fig. 29).


The purpose of this paper is to follow carefnlly the fate of the septum transversum and the origin and fate of the liulmonary ridge in the human embryo. In so doing il is of course necessary to consider the division of the body-cavity into the pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavities. According to liis, the body-cavity in early embryos is divided into the Parietallwhle and Bumpflwhlen. The communicati-ou between these spaces he has also termed the recessus parietalis. The parietal cavity from its earliest appearance contains the heart and is destined to form the pericardial cavity. T shall term it the pericardial coelom. A portion of the recessus ]iarietalis forms the pleural cavity; it surnninds the lung bnd throughiuit its development and I shall term it the pleural eoeloin. The revnainder of the recessus |iai-ielalis to the origin of the liver has developed in it the liver and stomach; this is added to the general peritoneal cavity and I sliall term it the periloneal cculom. In the early embryos the whole eieloni lies far out of place; in F.mbryo XII nearly Ihe entire cadoin lies in the region of the head and iieek ami in the further develn|inieut of these parts the cadom with Ihe surrounding organs wanders away from the head to its |iermanent location. .\s long as the serous cavities arising from the codom are in tlu' process of wandering and are mil fnlly separated from one another I shall term them ]ileuial, pericardial and peritoneal coelom: when they are fnlly established I shall call tlieiii cavities.
The purpose of this paper is to follow carefnlly the fate of the septum transversum and the origin and fate of the liulmonary ridge in the human embryo. In so doing il is of course necessary to consider the division of the body-cavity into the pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavities. According to liis, the body-cavity in early embryos is divided into the Parietallwhle and Bumpflwhlen. The communicati-ou between these spaces he has also termed the recessus parietalis. The parietal cavity from its earliest appearance contains the heart and is destined to form the pericardial cavity. T shall term it the pericardial coelom. A portion of the recessus ]iarietalis forms the pleural cavity; it surnninds the lung bnd throughiuit its development and I shall term it the pleural eoeloin. The revnainder of the recessus |iai-ielalis to the origin of the liver has developed in it the liver and stomach; this is added to the general peritoneal cavity and I sliall term it the periloneal cculom. In the early embryos the whole eieloni lies far out of place; in F.mbryo XII nearly Ihe entire cadoin lies in the region of the head and iieek ami in the further develn|inieut of these parts the cadom with Ihe surrounding organs wanders away from the head to its |iermanent location. .\s long as the serous cavities arising from the codom are in tlu' process of wandering and are mil fnlly separated from one another I shall term them ]ileuial, pericardial and peritoneal coelom: when they are fnlly established I shall call tlieiii cavities.


Ill Embryo .\li, lig. 1, the cceloni of the embryo forms a fi'ee s|iaee eueiicling the heart and extending on either side of the body over the om|ihalo-mesenterie veins to the root of till' nmhilieal vesicle. This canal of commuuieation has ile\ elo|ieil wil hill il t he lung, stomaeh and li\'er, nml I hroiighoni its eai'lier ile\elo|iiiienl it measures in length ahoiit one-fourth of thai of Ihe hoilv (iMiibrvos XII, (IXLVIII, LXXVI,
In Embryo .\li, Fig. 1, the coelom of the embryo forms a free space eueiicling the heart and extending on either side of the body over the om|ihalo-mesenterie veins to the root of till' nmhilieal vesicle. This canal of commuuieation has ile\ elo|ieil wil hill il t he lung, stomaeh and li\'er, nml I hroiighoni its eai'lier ile\elo|iiiienl it measures in length ahoiit one-fourth of thai of Ihe hoilv (iMiibrvos XII, (IXLVIII, LXXVI, LXXX,, II and C'J.Xlll). The appearam-i' of the lun,;;- and liver marks the sul)divit;ion of the (•(I'loni iiiio the jileural and jjeritoiieal cadojii. W'ilh tlie dexeldpnient of tlie liver, limy and stomacli tlie e(eliini einilainiiiL;- them gradually dili:te>' until the emhryo is ahout !• nun. long, when the canal evaginate.s, so to speak, and Inrns the liver and stcnnaeh ont into the general pei'iloiienl cavity. The Wolllian liody, which (iniqiiod the dorsal A\all of this canal, gradnally degenerates and the Inng takes its place. From these statements it is readily inferred that the canal extending from the pericardial cceloni, Ilis's recessns parietalis. gives rise to the ]ilenral codoni on its dorsal side and to the peritoneal cielom on its ventral side. The line of division is formed hy the plenro-jieritoneal memlirane extending from tlic ductus ( 'uvieri to the adrenal.
 
 
 
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JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
 
 
 
[JJos. 121-122-123.
 
 
 
LXXX,, II and C'J.Xlll). The appearam-i' of the lun,;;- and liver marks the sul)divit;ion of the (•(I'loni iiiio the jileural and jjeritoiieal cadojii. W'ilh tlie dexeldpnient of tlie liver, limy and stomacli tlie e(eliini einilainiiiL;- them gradually dili:te>' until the emhryo is ahout !• nun. long, when the canal evaginate.s, so to speak, and Inrns the liver and stcnnaeh ont into the general pei'iloiienl cavity. The Wolllian liody, which (iniqiiod the dorsal A\all of this canal, gradnally degenerates and the Inng takes its place. From these statements it is readily inferred that the canal extending from the pericardial cceloni, Ilis's recessns parietalis. gives rise to the ]ilenral codoni on its dorsal side and to the peritoneal cielom on its ventral side. The line of division is formed hy the plenro-jieritoneal memlirane extending from tlic ductus ( 'uvieri to the adrenal.
 
 
 
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Ar.
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0'


Fig. 1. — Pniiilc recmistnictiou of tliu eiiibryo 2.1 mm. loug. No. XII X liT times; m/i, amnion; iii\ optic vesicle; nc, auditory; vesicle hc, umbilical vesicle; h, lieart ; I'om, omi>lialo-meseuteric vein; mr, septum trausversum ; Oj, tUird occipital myotome; t'j, eiglitli cervical myotome.
Fig. 1. — Pniiilc recmistnictiou of tliu eiiibryo 2.1 mm. loug. No. XII X liT times; m/i, amnion; iii\ optic vesicle; nc, auditory; vesicle hc, umbilical vesicle; h, lieart ; I'om, omi>lialo-meseuteric vein; mr, septum trausversum ; Oj, tUird occipital myotome; t'j, eiglitli cervical myotome.
Line 413: Line 37:
The earliest emhryo in my collection in which the sejitum transversnm is well formed is No. XII, 2.1 mm. long, and about two weeks old." The specimen is very valuable for the .study of the beginning of so many structures that it also Ijecomes a good starting [loinl fur I lie study of the dcNclnpment of the diaphragm.
The earliest emhryo in my collection in which the sejitum transversnm is well formed is No. XII, 2.1 mm. long, and about two weeks old." The specimen is very valuable for the .study of the beginning of so many structures that it also Ijecomes a good starting [loinl fur I lie study of the dcNclnpment of the diaphragm.


Figs. 1 and 2 give the external fcuin and oulline id' Ihe neural tube and alimentary canal drawn from a reconstruction. It is seen that the c(el(nH sends two canals into the
Figs. 1 and 2 give the external fcuin and oulline id' the neural tube and alimentary canal drawn from a reconstruction. It is seen that the c(el(nH sends two canals into the head on either side of the neck which comniuiiicate with each dlhei- ill tile immediate neighliorhood of Ihi' nKUith. This U-slia|ied canal is sepaialed fidiii the exocielom on its ventral side by a Ijridge of inesodermal tissue connecting the umbilical vesicle with tlij embryo at the juncture of the head with the aiimion. It follows that this liridge of mesodernial tissue, the sepliim transversuni, is also U-shajied, as is shown in l-'igs. 1 an<l 2, iST and ilA//. ll forms a jiortion of the ventral wall of the pericardial cadom and sn]iports the omphalomesenteric and nmliilical veins. Sections of it are shown in Figs. 3, 4 and 5, which are from three sections through the head end of this embryo in the neighborhood of the first cervical myotome. The Aiilage of the liver is shown in Fig. t. which is located in this stage in a region belonging to the head.






■-' Ditfereut pictures of this emliryo will be fimiul in the; .ImiiiiMl of Morpli., vol. 13; Ilis's Arcliiv, IS'.lT; .lolins Iloplviiis Hospital Hnllctin, IS'.IS; and the Welch Festschrift, .lohus llopkius Hospital Heports, vol. '.I.
Ditferent pictures of this emliryo will be found in the; Journal of Morpli., vol. 13; Ilis's Arcliiv, IS'.lT; .lolins Iloplviiis Hospital Hnllctin, IS'.IS; and the Welch Festschrift, .lohus llopkius Hospital Heports, vol. '.I.






head on either side of the neck which comniuiiicate with each dlhei- ill tile immediate neighliorhood of Ihi' nKUith. This U-slia|ied canal is sepaialed fidiii the exocielom on its ventral side by a Ijridge of inesodermal tissue connecting the umbilical vesicle with tlij embryo at the juncture of the head with the aiimion. It follows that this liridge of mesodernial tissue, the sepliim transversuni, is also U-shajied, as is shown in l-'igs. 1 an<l 2, iST and ilA//. ll forms a jiortion of the ventral wall of the pericardial cadom and sn]iports the omphalomesenteric and nmliilical veins. Sections of it are shown in Figs. 3, 4 and 5, which are from three sections through the head end of this embryo in the neighborhood of the first cervical myotome. The Aiilage of the liver is shown in Fig. t. which is located in this stage in a region belonging to the head.








Fig. 2. — Parlial dissection of the reconstruetiou of the embryo 2.1 mm. long. No. XII x 37 times; dm, amnion; m, mouth; Hi', Br", lirst and second braneliial pockets; /, thyroid; p, pericardial coelom ; . septum transversuni ; I, liver; kc, nQibilical vesicle; /«•, neurenteric canal.


>>
Figs. G to 9 are from an emhryo (CLXIV) slightly more advanced in development than No. XII. The embryo is from an ovum measuring 1 T x 17x111 mm., found in the uterus at an autop.sy. W'lii'ii the uterus was cut o])en the knife entered the ovum and |Hissil)ly distorted tlie emliryo, for when it came into my hands it was foimd that the emliryo was lloating in the cavity nf Ihe ovum Imt il was still adherent to its walls. This mechanical injury iindoiilitedly caused the body nf the embryo to straighten and at the attachment of the iiiiibilical vesicle the body <if the embryo is bent towards the \entral side, as is the case in a number of the His embryos (for instance, I'>H). The ventral wall over the heart, was also slightly torn. The entire uterus and ovum had been liTcservod on ice fni' 2[ linurs, mid wlicn it was jiiven io iiie Iiy l»r. ^lacCalhiiii tiic i.'iitiic s|MMiiiic'i\ was iila<Til in sti-on>^ formalin. The si't-tioiis dl' tlic ciiilirvo sliiiw thai the tissuesi ore slightly iiiaceiTited Imt in i^cncral they arc well ]ire?orv<'(l. The spinal ecinl is (l(ise<l ihnui.uhont its extent Iml thi' iiourcniore is still open. The thyi'oiil iiland. ii]i(ic and otic vesicles, heart and veins, are but slightly more developed than ill N^o. XII. If this enihryo were curled up as No. XII it would measure froni 2.5 to 3 mm., whih' if the two had lunn hardened in the same way (Xo. \ll was hardciicil in ahohdl) they would ])rolialily measure alike.




'C


Fig. 3. — Section tlirougU the lirad of the embryo '2.1 mm. loiii;-. No. XII X 50 times; rue, coelom ; /</i, pluiryiix ; /, liver; xl, seiitum transversura ; irr, umliilic.il vesicle.




o






Fui. 2. — Parlial dissection of the reconstruetiou of the embryo 2.1 mm. long. No. XII x 37 times; dm, amnion; m, mouth; Hi', Br", lirst and second braneliial pockets; /, thyroid; p, pericardial coelom ; .■i^ septum transversuni ; I, liver; kc, nQibilical vesicle; /«•, neurenteric canal.
Fig. 4, Section tlnnnu'li tlie tliird occipital myotome of the cmhryo 2.1 mm. Ions. -"I mm. nearer llic lail tlian Fii;. 11 x .">(! times; (l.j, tliirel occipital myotome ; c«c, coelom ; /, vein ; ./, septinn transvcrsnm ; !, liver; pli, pharynx; "c, umbilical vesicle.


Figs. G to 9 are from an emhryo (CLXIV) slightly more advanced in development than No. XII. The embryo is from an ovum measuring 1 T x 17x111 mm., found in the uterus at an autop.sy. W'lii'ii the uterus was cut o])en the knife entered the ovum and |Hissil)ly distorted tlie emliryo, for when it came into my hands it was foimd that the emliryo was lloating in the cavity nf Ihe ovum Imt il was still adherent to its walls. This mechanical injury iindoiilitedly caused the body nf the embryo to straighten and at the attachment of the iiiiibilical vesicle the body <if the embryo is bent towards the \entral side, as is the case in a number of the His embryos (for instance, I'>H). The ventral wall over the heart, was also slightly torn. The entire uterus and ovum had been
ArRIL-MAY-JuXE, 1901.
JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
161
liTcservod on ice fni' 2[ linurs, mid wlicn it was jiiven io iiie Iiy l»r. ^lacCalhiiii tiic i.'iitiic s|MMiiiic'i\ was iila<Til in sti-on>^ formalin. The si't-tioiis dl' tlic ciiilirvo sliiiw thai the tissuesi ore slightly iiiaceiTited Imt in i^cncral they arc well ]ire?orv<'(l. The spinal ecinl is (■l(ise<l ihnui.uhont its extent Iml thi' iiourcniore is still open. The thyi'oiil iiland. ii]i(ic and otic
UV
'W
Fig. o. — Section tlirougU tlic lirad <if tlie embryo '2.1 mm. loiii;-. No. XII X 50 times; rue, coelom ; /</i, pluiryiix ; /, liver; xl, seiitum transversura ; irr, umliilic.il vesicle.
vesicles, heart and veins, are but slightly more developed than ill N^o. XII. If this enihryo were curled up as No. XII it would measure froni 2.5 to 3 mm., whih' if the two had lunn hardened in the same way (Xo. \ll was hardciicil in ahohdl) they would ])rolialily measure alike.
Fig. 4, — Section tlnnnu'li tlie tliird occipital myotome of the cmhryo 2.1 mm. Ions. -"I mm. nearer llic lail tlian Fii;. 11 x .">(! times; (l.j, tliirel occipital myotome ; c«c, coelom ; /■, vein ; .■</, septinn transvcrsnm ; !, liver; pli, pharynx; "c, umbilical vesicle.


The figures given sliow the general relation as sei'ii in I'lmliryo .Xll with e;u-h id' the st laict ui'cs hut slightly iuhaiii-ed. The septum transversum is much the same as it is in .Xll, while the pericardial co'lom is puslied more to the ventral side of it and (he diverticidinii to tnini the liver is more marked. The iindiilical vein has extended somewhat (Fig. 9) and the jugular vein has made its appearance (Fig. T).
The figures given sliow the general relation as sei'ii in I'lmliryo .Xll with e;u-h id' the st laict ui'cs hut slightly iuhaiii-ed. The septum transversum is much the same as it is in .Xll, while the pericardial co'lom is puslied more to the ventral side of it and (he diverticidinii to tnini the liver is more marked. The iindiilical vein has extended somewhat (Fig. 9) and the jugular vein has made its appearance (Fig. T).
Line 484: Line 70:
The tissue of the septum transversum in the two embryos is formed of irregular round cells, between which there are numerous vessels, of irregular diameter, which commnnicate freely with the veins to the heart.
The tissue of the septum transversum in the two embryos is formed of irregular round cells, between which there are numerous vessels, of irregular diameter, which commnnicate freely with the veins to the heart.


The next stage of the develupment of the septum trans
The next stage of the develupment of the septum transversum is found iu an embryo 4.3 mm. long (CXLVII), obtained from llr. Iloen.' The specimen is perfect and normal, as it was obtained through uiechanic;il means. The entire ovum was hardened in S(i |ier cent alcohol shortly after it was expelled from the uieiais. This of course fi.xed the embryo in its natural shape, as was the case with No. XII. Both embryos are curved, but in the emliryo 4.3 mm. long the lii-aiiehial region occupies relatively more space than it does in the embryo 2.1 mm. long. In proportion to the length of the embryo.? this distance h;is inerensed 3 times, Tlie pericardial cfrlom has receded i'roni the head in |)r()]iortion to the inerenso of the growth of the branchial arches. In the emliryo 2.1 mm. long i\\v kead end of the |ici-ieardiai coelom is oiiimsHe (he otic vesicle, while in the embryo 1.3 mm. it is opposite the first occipital myotome. The point of communication between the peritoneal coelom (encircling the liver) with the exococlom has also receded. In the embryo 2.1 mm. lung it is opposite the second cervical myotome; in embryo 4.3 mm. long opposite the second tlioraeie myotome
 
 
 
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Fig. 5.— Section throusli the first cervical myotome of the embryo i.l mm. lonic, .'IS mm. nearer the tail than Fiir. 4 x .iO times ; first cervical myotome; toe coelom ; ;, umbilical vein; ;"'/», omplialo-mesenterie vein; iiiiib, umbilical vesicle.


Fig. 5.— Section throusli the first cervical myotome of the embryo


i.l mm. lonic, .'IS mm. nearer the tail than Fiir. 4 x .iO times ; f\ lirst cervical myotome; toe coelom ; ;■», umbilical vein; ;"'/», omplialo-mesenterie vein; iiiiib, umbilical vesicle.


versnm is found iu an embryo 4.3 mm. long (CXLVII), obtained from llr. Iloen.' The specimen is perfect and normal, as it was obtained through uiechanic;il means. The entiro




Fig. 6. —Section throun-h the head of the embryo 3. .5 mm. long. No. CLXIV X .'iO times; y</(, pharynx ; i«, bullius aortae ; cc/j/, ventricle.




(S^^-:^


Fig. (i. —Section throun-h the head of the embryo 3. .5 mm. long. No. CLXIV X .'iO times; y</(, pharynx ; i«, bullius aortae ; cc/j/, ventricle.
ovum was hardened in S(i |ier cent alcohol shortly after it was expelled from the uieiais. This of course fi.xed the embryo in its natural shape, as was the case with No. XII. iioth embryos are cnrved, but in the emliryo 4.3 mm. long the lii-aiiehial region occupies relatively more space than it




Line 532: Line 90:




1(52






JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.


Fig. 7. — Section tlirdiiuli tlu' embryo o..5mm. loiiir. .14 mm. nciirur the tail tb.au Fis;. x ."'O t mcs ; p/i, jiljai-ynx; lui, auricle; rent, venfiicle; it, septum tr.ansversum ; <;/, jugular vein ; /'», umbilical veiu.




[Nds. 121-122-123.






does in the embryo 2.1 mm. long. In proportion to the length of the embryo.? this distance h;is inerensed 3 times, Tlie pericardial cfrlom has receded i'roni the head in |)r()]iortion to the inerenso of the growth of the branchial arches. In the emliryo 2.1 mm. long i\\v kead end of the |ici-ieardiai crelom is oiiimsHe (he otic vesicle, while in the end)rvo 1.3
Fig. 8.— Section tlirougb the embryo S.6 mm. long, .'2 mm. nearer the tail than Fig. 7 x .50 times ; I, liver; wiit, ventricle ;., siuus renuieus; coc, coelom.


(compare Figs. 1 and lU). Ilis's embryo Lr (4.2 mm. Imig) is intermediate between the t\V(i embryos just compaicil. In Lr (see liis's Atlas, Pis. IX and XI | llie ]ierieardial. |ileural and peritoneal creloni encircling tlie liver extends from tlie first occipital myotome to the sixth cervical, and the omphalomesenteric veins jirotrnde into these canals of the co'lmn. The liver has extended into the septum transversnm but does not yet encircle the omphalo-mesenteric veins as it does in my embryo 4.3 mm. long. This detailed descri])tion is given to show the fate of the ccelom ' of the hea<l and neck. It gives rise to the pericardial and ]iit'ural cavities, and tliat portion of the ]U'ritoneal cavity encircling tlie liver of (he adult. Sections of the embryo 4.3 mm. lung ( Xo. C.XIjVIII. Figs. 11 and 12) show the livei' sprouts growiiio' in all dii'cctious tlinuigli the septum transversum. encircling and ramifying through the omphalo-mesenteric veins, making a condition slightly in advance of that in Ilis's embryo Lr. The sections of this embryo show clearly that the heart, lungs, liver and li'Wer peritoneal cavity arise in tissues surrounded by that portion of the cadom extending into the head in Embrvo XII,






Fig. 7. — Section tlirdiiuli tlu' embryo o..5mm. loiiir. .14 mm. nciirur the tail tb.au Fis;. x ."'O t mcs ; p/i, jiljai-ynx; lui, auricle; rent, venfiicle; .■it, septum tr.ansversum ; <;/, jugular vein ; /'», umbilical veiu.


mm. it is o])]iosite the first occipital myotome. The puint u\' comnnmication between the peritoneal coelom (encircling the liver) with the exococlom has also receded. In the embryo 2.1 mm. lung it is opposite the second cervical myotome; in embryo 4.3 mm. long opposite the second tlioraeie myotome
FiG. 9. — Section through the embryo 3..'> mm. long, .is mm. nearer the tail than Fig. S x .50 times; rvw, coelom; ii:l, intestine; rum, (^mphaln-mcsenteric vein ;, umlulical vein.


Fig. S.— Section tlirougb the embryo S.6 mm. long, .'2 mm. nearer the tail than Fig. 7 x .50 times ; I, liver; wiit, ventricle ;.«»■, siuus renuieus; coc, coelom.
(compare Figs. 1 and lU). Ilis's embryo Lr (4.2 mm. Imig) is intermediate between the t\V(i embryos just compaicil. In Lr (see liis's Atlas, Pis. IX and XI | llie ]ierieardial. |ileural and peritoneal creloni encircling tlie liver extends from tlie first occipital myotome to the sixth cervical, and the omphalomesenteric veins jirotrnde into these canals of the co'lmn. The liver has extended into the septum transversnm but does not yet encircle the omphalo-mesenteric veins as it does in
my embryo 4.3 mm. long. This detailed descri])tion is given to show the fate of the ccelom ' of the hea<l and neck. It gives rise to the pericardial and ]iit'ural cavities, and tliat portion of the ]U'ritoneal cavity encircling tlie liver of (he adult. Sections of the embryo 4.3 mm. lung ( Xo. C.XIjVIII. Figs. 11 and 12) show the livei' sprouts growiiio' in all dii'cc
FiG. 9. — Section through the embryo 3..'> mm. long, .is mm. nearer the tail than Fig. S x .50 times; rvw, coelom; ii:l, intestine; rum, (^mphaln-mcsenteric vein ; /■//, umlulical vein.
tious tlinuigli the sejitum transversum. encircling and ramifying through the omphalo-mesenteric veins, making a condition slightly in advance of that in Ilis's embryo Lr. The sections of this embryo show clearly that the heart, lungs, liver and li'Wer peritoneal cavity arise in tissues surrounded by that portion of the cadom extending into the head in Embrvo XII,




Line 575: Line 115:
Fig. 10. — Outline of the embryo 4.:! mm. long. No. CXI.VIII x 1.5 times. ,, first cervical myotome; r',, ei!?t cervical myotome, 'llie line imlieates tlie dii'ection of the sections.
Fig. 10. — Outline of the embryo 4.:! mm. long. No. CXI.VIII x 1.5 times. ,, first cervical myotome; r',, ei!?t cervical myotome, 'llie line imlieates tlie dii'ection of the sections.


Fig. 1. Fig. 11 is taken from a section through a plane cutting the root of tlie arm and the otic vesicle, and can readily lie placed in the outline, I'ig. 1(1. It is seen that the lung.-arise wlicre the pericardial ecelom goes over into the pleural, /. ('. high up in tlie region of the head. Immediately on the dorsal side of them is the beginning of the lesser ]ieritoiieal
Fig. 1. Fig. 11 is taken from a section through a plane cutting the root of tlie arm and the otic vesicle, and can readily lie placed in the outline, I'ig. 1(1. It is seen that the lung.-arise wlicre the pericardial ecelom goes over into the pleural, /. ('. high up in tlie region of the head. Immediately on the dorsal side of them is the beginning of the lesser peritoneal cavity, and the intestinal tnbe struck in this section is the stoniacli. All these stnietnrcs lie on the cephalic side of the first cervical myotome. Projecting into the peritoneal ccelom, encircling and penetrating the omphalo-mesenteric veins are the projections of the liver. Figs. 11 and 13, L. The two lohes rrai-h I'rom the tip of the Inngs ami the foramen of Winslow to the point wliere the entodermal cells of the liver arise from
 
 
 
' Kopfbohle ; ITalsboble; I'arietallioblc ami recessus |i;n-iel:ilis.
 




Ai'hil-May-June, 1901.]




Via. 11. — Section tlirougb the embryo 4.3 mm. Innsr x 2.5 times; T,, lirst tlioracic myotome; C, C,, and (\, cervical myotomes; .s', stomacli ; fti, brdnchus; /i, heart; (, thyroid; , pericardial cavity; I, liver; />, foramen of Winslow.


JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
llic aliinentaiy canal, or in this ease the iluodcimm. The lobes of the liver lie entirely within the canals of the coelom on either side of the head. The caudal ends of these coelom canals have migrated from opposite the second cervical myotome ill Emliryo XII, Fig. 1, to opposite the second thoracic myotome in Embryo CXLVIII, Fig. 10. It has moved towards the tail eight segments, while the cephalic end of ilie canal, the ]iericardial ccelom, has been kinked over to correspond with the bending of the head, has dilated to correspond with the growth of the heart, and has receded from the otic vesicle to (lie extent of the gi'owlb of I he linincliial arches. We have in this embryo the necessary stage to Imnte tlie organs which arise in the neighborhood of tin; septum tiaiW'




163
cavity, and the intestinal tnbe struck in this section is the stoniacli. All these stnietnrcs lie on the cephalic side of the first cervical myotome. Projecting into the peritoneal ccelom, encircling and penetrating the omphalo-mesenteric veins are the projections of the liver. Figs. 11 and 13, L. The two lohes rrai-h I'rom the tip of the Inngs ami the foramen of Winslow to the point wliere the entodermal cells of the liver arise from
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Via. 11. — Section tlirougb the embryo 4.3 mm. Innsr x 2.5 times; T,, lirst tlioracic myotome; C, C,, and (\, cervical myotomes; .s', stomacli ; fti, brdnchus; /i, heart; (, thyroid; /<■•, pericardial cavity; I, liver; />, foramen of Winslow.
llic aliinentaiy canal, or in this ease the iluodcimm. The lobes of the liver lie entirely within the canals of the coelom on either side of the head. The caudal ends of these coelom canals have migrated from opposite the second cervical myotome ill Emliryo XII, Fig. 1, to opposite the second thoracic
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Fig. 12.. — Section throush the embryo 4.:i mm. loun, .4 mm. deeper than Fis;. 11 x 2.") times; /, thoracic myotomes; ;, intestine; /, liver; /', ventricle; bii, bulb of the aorta; nm, amnion; iii\ umbilical vein.
Fig. 12.. — Section throush the embryo 4.:i mm. loun, .4 mm. deeper than Fis;. 11 x 2.") times; /, thoracic myotomes; ;, intestine; /, liver; /', ventricle; bii, bulb of the aorta; nm, amnion; iii\ umbilical vein.
myotome in Embryo CXLVIII, Fig. 10. It has moved towards the tail eight segments, while the cephalic end of ilie canal, the ]iericardial ccelom, has been kinked over to correspond with the bending of the head, has dilated to correspond with the growth of the heart, and has receded from the otic vesicle to (lie extent of the gi'owlb of I he linincliial arches. We have in this embryo the necessary stage to Imnte tlie organs which arise in the neighborhood of tin; sepiiim tiaiW'




Line 691: Line 144:
Fig. 13. — Section through the embryo i.n mm. long. No. LXXVI x 2.5 times; /'c, cardinal vein; l/jc, lesser peritoneal cavity; <lc, ductus Cuvicri; xc, sinus vcnosus.
Fig. 13. — Section through the embryo i.n mm. long. No. LXXVI x 2.5 times; /'c, cardinal vein; l/jc, lesser peritoneal cavity; <lc, ductus Cuvicri; xc, sinus vcnosus.


It was impossible to obtain a picture of the embryo before it was cut. but the specimen proved to be an excellent one. The direction of the sections is more nearly transverse than
It was impossible to obtain a picture of the embryo before it was cut. but the specimen proved to be an excellent one. The direction of the sections is more nearly transverse than in CXLVIII. In CXLVIII the neuropore is closed with a thickening of the e|iidermis just over the point of closni'e; the umbilical vein entei's the liver and its direct connection with the ductus ('ii\ieri through the body wall is cut oil'. In LXXVI the neiiid|ioic is completely closed and the eiiilii'yo is somewhat lai'ger than hefore (compare Figs. i:i and I I with II and 12); the umliilical vein, however, coiiiniiinieates with I ill- (liictus Cuvieri tiirough the body-wall on the left side. This Ls an instaiifc nf rctardcil (li'vclii|inii'nt of a part, as tlie left iimliilical vein t^liniild lia\r \alli^lud liy this time. Fig. 13 gives a seel ion lliniiigli llie tdi-anien nf Winslow imniediately on tlie caudal side (if the lung liuds. as shown in a lateral view of the nuidel of the embryo. Fig. 1-"). The
 
 
 
 
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H






Fig. 14 Section llirougli the embryo 4.5 mm. long, .il nnn. deeper
Fig. 14 Section llirougli the embryo 4.5 mm. long, .il nnn. deeper than Fig. IS x 25 times; we, cardinal vein; u, aorta; nnii. omphalomesenteric vein; fii, umbilical vein; /i, heart.


than Fig. IS x 25 times; we, cardinal vein; u, aorta; nnii. omphalomesenteric vein; fii, umbilical vein; /i, heart.


in CXLVIII. In CXLVIII the neuropore is closed with a thickening of the e|iidermis just over the point of closni'e; the umbilical vein entei's the liver and its direct connection with the ductus ('ii\ieri through the body wall is cut oil'. In LXXVI the neiiid|ioic is completely closed and the eiiilii'yo is somewhat lai'ger than hefore (compare Figs. i:i and I I with II and 12); the umliilical vein, however, coiiiniiinieates with I ill- (liictus Cuvieri tiirough the body-wall on the left






164
Fig. 15.
 
 
 
JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
 
 
 
[Nos. 121-1^2-123.
 
 
 
side. This Ls an instaiifc nf rctardcil (li'vclii|inii'nt of a part, as tlie left iimliilical vein t^liniild lia\r \alli^lu■d liy lliis time. Fig. 13 gives a seel ion lliniiigli llie tdi-anien nf Winslow imniediately on tlie caudal side (if tlie lung liuds. as shown in a lateral view of the nuidel of the eniljvyo. Fig. 1-"). The
 
 
 
 
Fig. I.




Line 737: Line 164:




Fig. 1G.
Fig. 16.


Figs. 1.5 .iiul Ifi. — Riirlit aud left views o( ,t roconst ruction of the embryo 4.. T mm. long x 2n times; n, aort.i ; ph, pli;ir\ii\ ; Im, hulbus aort;e ; me, coelom ; /), purieardiiil coeloin ; /, lung'; li, liver; Wb, Wolffian body ; ■«, stomach ; ./>, foramen of Winslow ; .«■, sinus veuosus ; "I, septum transversum.
Figs. 15 .iiul Ifi. — Riirlit aud left views o( ,t roconst ruction of the embryo 4.. T mm. long x 2n times; n, aort.i ; ph, pli;ir\ii\ ; Im, hulbus aort;e ; me, coelom ; /), purieardiiil coeloin ; /, lung'; li, liver; Wb, Wolffian body ; , stomach ; ./>, foramen of Winslow ; ., sinus veuosus ; "I, septum transversum.


stage we have the extreme bending of the head, which throws 'the heart to its most ventral ])oint with the septum transversum aliout parallel witli long axis of the embryo. The
stage we have the extreme bending of the head, which throws 'the heart to its most ventral ])oint with the septum transversum aliout parallel witli long axis of the embryo. The position of the heart, lungs, liver and their relation to the cadom is much the same as in the younger embryo with the exception of the lesser ]ieritoiieal cavity, which is now more to the i-audid side i.if the limits.
 
PC DC




Line 749: Line 174:


Fig. it. — Lateral view of the reconstruction of an ciuliryo .5 mm. long. No. LXXX x 17 times; I, hinir; li, liver; s, stomach: dc, ductns Cnvieri ; pr, pericardial coelom which communicates fully with pi euro- peritonea I coelom.
Fig. it. — Lateral view of the reconstruction of an ciuliryo .5 mm. long. No. LXXX x 17 times; I, hinir; li, liver; s, stomach: dc, ductns Cnvieri ; pr, pericardial coelom which communicates fully with pi euro- peritonea I coelom.
position of the heart, lungs, liver and their relation to the cadom is much the same as in the younger embryo with the




exception of the lesser ]ieritoiieal cavity, which is now more to the i-audid side i.if the limits.


While ill the embryo 4..'! uini. long llie niyoiomes were well formed and hollow, in the iMuliryo 4..") they are solid and contain embrvonic muscle ii'nes. The dorsal ganglia are also


 
While in the embryo 4..'! uini. long llie niyoiomes were well formed and hollow, in the iMuliryo 4..") they are solid and contain embrvonic muscle ii'nes. The dorsal ganglia are also more developed. In the I'lubiyos ."i mm. long (LXXX and ('.XXXVI) the myotomes are still further difTerentiated with nerve tiimks. composed of lioth dorsal and ventral roots, which are growing into the body-walls of the embryo. Figs. IT-.'O give the general form of this embryo, in reconstruction as well as in section. The se]itum transversum is not as perpendicular as in either younger or older stages (LXXVI and II), but in general this embryo is intermediate between them. A separation between the jiericardial and ]ileural ca^lom now Viegins to make its appearance by means of a constriction in its walls, the ductus Cuvieri encircling the cwlom at this point. The hing buds hang free into the pleural ccelom,
 
 
._DC




Line 767: Line 184:


Fin. Its. — Section through the nceU and heart of embryo LXXX x 2.T times; ,, fourth cervical nerve: iv, cardinal vein; </(-, ductus Cuvieri; Of, oesoi>liagus ; //-, ti'achea : .sr, sinus renniens.
Fin. Its. — Section through the nceU and heart of embryo LXXX x 2.T times; ,, fourth cervical nerve: iv, cardinal vein; </(-, ductus Cuvieri; Of, oesoi>liagus ; //-, ti'achea : .sr, sinus renniens.
more developed. In the I'lubiyos ."i mm. long (LXXX and ('.XXXVI) the myotomes are still further difTerentiated with nerve tiimks. composed of lioth dorsal and ventral roots, which are growing into the body-walls of the embryo. Figs. IT-.'O give the general form of this embryo, in reconstruction








Fig. 111. (Section through embryo LXXX .:.'•_' mm. deeper than Fig.


IS X ;i.") times; C, fifth cervical nerve ; fv, cardinal vein ; .i, subclavian vein; ih; ductus Cuvieri ; I, lung; pli, phrenic nerve.
Fig. 111. (Section through embryo LXXX .:.'•_' mm. deeper than Fig. IS X ;i.") times; C, fifth cervical nerve ; fv, cardinal vein ; .i, subclavian vein; ih; ductus Cuvieri ; I, lung; pli, phrenic nerve.


as well as in section. The se]itum transversum is not as perpendicular as in either younger or older stages (LXXVI and II), but in general this embryo is intermediate between them. A separation between the jiericardial and ]ileural ca^lom now Viegins to make its appearance by means of a constriction in its walls, the ductus Cuvieri encircling the cwlom at this point. The hing buds hang free into the pleural ccelom,
Apkil-May-June, 1901.]
JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL 15ULLETIN.
1G5




Line 805: Line 202:




KiG. 20, — Section tlirousili embryo LXXX, .2(i mm. deeper tli;iii Fiij. li) X 2.5 times; <',.,. si.xlli cervieiil myotome; <i, aorta; iv, eardiual vein; .«, stomach; ", iiinljilical vciii ; //«•, lower peritoneal cavity.
Fig. 20, — Section tlirousili embryo LXXX, .2(i mm. deeper tli;iii Fiij. li) X 2.5 times; <',.,. si.xlli cervieiil myotome; <i, aorta; iv, eardiual vein; .«, stomach; ", iiinljilical vciii ; //«•, lower peritoneal cavity.


indication of a line of se|iai'ation between the plciiial and peritoneal cceloni in LXXX. Imt in ('XXX\'l ihei-e is an elevation on the d(ii>;d wall (d' llie |il('iiial cii'lniii, lig. 21, wliieh encircles the long ami joins the dnrsal end of the s('|itnni li'ansversniii, 'i'his is one of the ]iillars of Uskow
indication of a line of se|iai'ation between the plciiial and peritoneal cceloni in LXXX. Imt in ('XXX\'l ihei-e is an elevation on the d(ii>;d wall (d' llie |il('iiial cii'lniii, lig. 21, wliieh encircles the long ami joins the dnrsal end of the s('|itnni li'ansversniii, 'i'his is one of the ]iillars of Uskow
Line 831: Line 228:
appeared. During the foui'th week both of these membranes a]ipcar, but llicy are not well delined iiiilil the fifth week.
appeared. During the foui'th week both of these membranes a]ipcar, but llicy are not well delined iiiilil the fifth week.


Fig. 22 is from a profile rcconslniclinn of I'hnbryo 1 1, showing the relation of the organs to tme another. A cast of the colon of this embryo is given in Fig. 23. The extreme ventral kinking of the heart is shown in this stage and from now on it begins to sink more and more into the body as the liver recedes, 'i'lie cinnmunieation lictwecii I lie pericardial cielniti and the |ilciiral eoelom is reduced to a narrow slit lietween the Cephalic end of tlie lung bud and I lie iliictus Cuvieri. It a)i]iears as if a simple adhesion of the walls of the slit would. com|ilctr the closure of the pericardial space. Fig. 24 is a .section Ihroiigh this space, striking the seventh cervical myo
Fig. 22 is from a profile rcconslniclinn of I'hnbryo 1 1, showing the relation of the organs to tme another. A cast of the colon of this embryo is given in Fig. 23. The extreme ventral kinking of the heart is shown in this stage and from now on it begins to sink more and more into the body as the liver recedes, 'i'lie cinnmunieation lictwecii I lie pericardial cielniti and the |ilciiral eoelom is reduced to a narrow slit lietween the Cephalic end of tlie lung bud and I lie iliictus Cuvieri. It a)i]iears as if a simple adhesion of the walls of the slit would. com|ilctr the closure of the pericardial space. Fig. 24 is a .section Ihroiigh this space, striking the seventh cervical myotome and the tip of the phrenic nerve. It shows that the nttachnient of the ductus Cnvieri is no longer hroad, as in rnibrvd IjXXX, Ijiit is narrow, formino- a mesentery as de
 
 
16G
 
 
 
JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
 
 
 
[Nos. 121-123-123,
 
 
 
tome and the tip of the phrenic nerve. It shows that the nttachnient of the ductus Cnvieri is no longer hroad, as in rnibrvd IjXXX, Ijiit is narrow, formino- a mesentery as de




Line 853: Line 235:


scribed by His. On the dorsal side of the ductus there is a ridge wliicli liegins as tlie ductus projects into the coelora and gradually I'luis over into tlie lobe of the liver. Tliis ridge is very pi-ononiiced and is also well shown in llu> sections of
scribed by His. On the dorsal side of the ductus there is a ridge wliicli liegins as tlie ductus projects into the coelora and gradually I'luis over into tlie lobe of the liver. Tliis ridge is very pi-ononiiced and is also well shown in llu> sections of
CV
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Line 879: Line 251:


is divided into two parts; (1) the cephalic end which retains the phrenic nerve and ductus Cnvieri and forms the pleuropericardial membrane, and (2) the caudal end which remains attached to the tip of the dorsal end of the septum trans
is divided into two parts; (1) the cephalic end which retains the phrenic nerve and ductus Cnvieri and forms the pleuropericardial membrane, and (2) the caudal end which remains attached to the tip of the dorsal end of the septum trans
Ph :'^
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Line 910: Line 258:
\ersum and the liver mi the one hand, tlie body-wall on the other, til f<iriii the ]ilcui(i-|ieritoneal membrane.
\ersum and the liver mi the one hand, tlie body-wall on the other, til f<iriii the ]ilcui(i-|ieritoneal membrane.


Figs. 26-28 show tliis ridge in sagittal sections in Embryo rXVI. a specimen not (piite as large as No. II, but somewJiiit
Figs. 26-28 show tliis ridge in sagittal sections in Embryo rXVI. a specimen not (piite as large as No. II, but somewhat more advanced in developnu'iit. In P^ig. 26 its cephalic end a])])ears as a broad menibiaiie which in a section nearer the middle line extends to the liver on the ventral side and it begins to widen at its dorsal end hand in hand with tlu rotation of the liver. Fp to this time the se]itnm transversnm is pai-allel witli the vertebral eohimn. with the heart
 
 
 
Ai'eil-May-June, 1901.]
 
 
 
JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
 
 
 
IG'i
 
 
 
more advanced in developnu'iit. In P^ig. 26 its cephalic end a])])ears as a broad menibiaiie which in a section nearer the middle line extends to the liver on the ventral side and'
 
 
 
 
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Line 962: Line 265:




it begins to widen at its dorsal end hand in hand with tlu rotation of the liver. Fp to this time the se]itnm transversnm is pai-allel witli the vertebral eohimn. with the heart


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Fig. 28. — Section tlirough tlae embryo 6..5 mm. long, .13 mm. deeper tliau Fig. 27 x 2.5 times; <«■, oesophagus; n, aorta; I, lung; li, liver; 11'/), Wnltliuu body ; jir, pulmonary ridge.
Fig. 28. — Section tlirough tlae embryo 6..5 mm. long, .13 mm. deeper tliau Fig. 27 x 2.5 times; <«■, oesophagus; n, aorta; I, lung; li, liver; 11'/), Wnltliuu body ; jir, pulmonary ridge.
Line 1,002: Line 282:




on its venti-al siiU' ami tlie liver on its dorsal side projecting into the ]ici-itoiieal eodom, as shown in No. H. This eondition was hruught about at the time of the bending of tln' head when the viscera were forced towards the tail and into this position. The cejihalie end of the pericardial crelom
on its venti-al siiU' ami tlie liver on its dorsal side projecting into the ]ici-itoiieal eodom, as shown in No. H. This eondition was hruught about at the time of the bending of tln' head when the viscera were forced towards the tail and into this position. The cejihalie end of the pericardial coelom is tluis Lent over the septum transversum but the nuiin part of the head (•<vloiii remained parallel with the si)iiial eoliiiiin on either .side ol' llie liody. This process may he termed tlu: rolling over of the heart.
 
 
 
168
 
 
 
JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
 
 
 
[Nos. 121-122-123.
 
 
 
is tluis Lent over the septum transversum but the nuiin part of the head (•<vloiii remained parallel with the si)iiial eoliiiiin on either .side ol' llie liody. This process may he termed tlu: rolling over of the heart.


In the next stage the heart rolls in a dorsal diret-lioii and the liver in a ventral direi-lion. 'i'his process has already hegnii in endiiyo CLXIII and C^XllI. In so doing the lung buds become Ijuried deeper in the body of the embryo and the liver gradually changes its |iosilion from the dorsal side
In the next stage the heart rolls in a dorsal diret-lioii and the liver in a ventral direi-lion. 'i'his process has already hegnii in endiiyo CLXIII and C^XllI. In so doing the lung buds become Ijuried deeper in the body of the embryo and the liver gradually changes its |iosilion from the dorsal side
Line 1,025: Line 289:




Fig. 30. —Lateral view of the pulinoniiry membraue and siinomuliii!;parts of tlie embryo '.I mm. lont;; No. CL.XIII x 13i.< times, (\, eiiihtli cei-vical myotome; //.liver; I, liiuir; ■■-■, stomach; 1I'6, Wolfliaii botly ; y>/(, plirenic nerve; y«', pleuro-perieardial membrane ; ^/yj. pleuro-peritonuMl mcnihraue.
Fig. 30. —Lateral view of the pulinoniiry membraue and siinomuliii!;parts of tlie embryo '.I mm. lont;; No. CL.XIII x 13i.< times, (\, eiiihtli cei-vical myotome; //.liver; I, liiuir; stomach; 1I'6, Wolfliaii botly ; y>/(, plirenic nerve; y«', pleuro-perieardial membrane ; ^/yj. pleuro-peritonuMl mcnihraue.


of the septum transversum to its ventral side. The septum transversum undergoes almost a half-revolution. The cudom containing the liver lobe evaginate.s and becomes incorporated with the general ahdiuniual ca\ity.
of the septum transversum to its ventral side. The septum transversum undergoes almost a half-revolution. The cudom containing the liver lobe evaginate.s and becomes incorporated with the general ahdiuniual ca\ity.
Line 1,032: Line 296:




I'"iii. 31. — Section through the filth cervical myotome of the embryo '.I mm. Icing, No. CLXIII x l-}^ times; (',,, llfth myotome; (•<■, cardinal vein; tir, ductus cuvieri ; br, brachial ple.xus; jih, phrenic nerve; /ir, cephalic end of the pulmonary ridge forming the beginning of the pleuro-pericardial membrane.
I'"iii. 31. — Section through the filth cervical myotome of the embryo '.I mm. Icing, No. CLXIII x l-}^ times; (',,, llfth myotome; (•, cardinal vein; tir, ductus cuvieri ; br, brachial ple.xus; jih, phrenic nerve; /ir, cephalic end of the pulmonary ridge forming the beginning of the pleuro-pericardial membrane.


\\'itli (lie rolling of the heart the cielom connecting the pericardial with the pleural space is kinked at the points of juncture between these cavities. At this point the duct of ( 'uvier enters the heart. Soon fi-om its dorsal boi'iler the ]nihnonary ridge arises which is semicircular in form and reaches from the liver to the dorsal walls of the credom as ilescribed under I'hid.iyo II. It is shown in section in Fig. 'H, and in a lateral reconstruction in Fig. 20. The pulmon
\\'itli (lie rolling of the heart the cielom connecting the pericardial with the pleural space is kinked at the points of juncture between these cavities. At this point the duct of ( 'uvier enters the heart. Soon fi-om its dorsal boi'iler the ]nihnonary ridge arises which is semicircular in form and reaches from the liver to the dorsal walls of the credom as ilescribed under I'hid.iyo II. It is shown in section in Fig. 'H, and in a lateral reconstruction in Fig. 20. The pulmon
Line 1,038: Line 302:


ary ridge is really an extension of the septum transversum from the lobes of the liver to the tij) of the AVolffian body. ,Vs the heai-t nio\'es in the dorsal direction and the liver in the ventral dii'ection it is the dorsal end of the septum trans
ary ridge is really an extension of the septum transversum from the lobes of the liver to the tij) of the AVolffian body. ,Vs the heai-t nio\'es in the dorsal direction and the liver in the ventral dii'ection it is the dorsal end of the septum trans
'^•^'HCoc/— -^ ^^e^, — ' — Ph
PCoe








Fig. 33. — Section through the embryo '.I nun. louir, -Wi mm. deeper than Fig. 31 x 12,'.; times; ('„, si.xth cervical myotome; •■/•, cardinal vein; p/i, phrenic nerve; jjc, pleuro-pericardial membrane; ////, plcuroperitoneal membrane; pl-cve, pleural coeloni ; /j-mc, peritoneal coelom.
Fig. 33. — Section through the embryo '.I nun. louir, -Wi mm. deeper than Fig. 31 x 12,'.; times; ('„, si.xth cervical myotome; , cardinal vein; p/i, phrenic nerve; jjc, pleuro-pericardial membrane; ////, plcuroperitoneal membrane; pl-cve, pleural coeloni ; /j-mc, peritoneal coelom.


versum which moves most ra])idly in the cbrection of the tail. In so doing the pulmonary ridge grows rapidly and divides at its dorsal end into two memtiranes, one containing the
versum which moves most ra])idly in the cbrection of the tail. In so doing the pulmonary ridge grows rapidly and divides at its dorsal end into two memtiranes, one containing the
Line 1,068: Line 324:
duct of Chivier ;ind phrenic nerve, and the other still encircling the lung bud. In this division we have the beginnings of the jdeuro-pericardial memhrane of ITskow, and tlie pleuroperitoneal mendjrane of Brachet.
duct of Chivier ;ind phrenic nerve, and the other still encircling the lung bud. In this division we have the beginnings of the jdeuro-pericardial memhrane of ITskow, and tlie pleuroperitoneal mendjrane of Brachet.


Apiul-May-June, 1901. J
JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
IGi)




Line 1,085: Line 330:




^f."-'
^LPC




Line 1,111: Line 342:
Ki<i. :i(I. — Section through the embryo S mm. lony nearer the mitldlc line tliau Fiif. 3.5 x 10 times; ;/'■, ductus Cuvieri; I, lung; .«, stomach; Pli, pleuro-peritoncal membrane.
Ki<i. :i(I. — Section through the embryo S mm. lony nearer the mitldlc line tliau Fiif. 3.5 x 10 times; ;/'■, ductus Cuvieri; I, lung; .«, stomach; Pli, pleuro-peritoncal membrane.


Tile piilniiiuary ridges from thcii' beginning to tlieir separation into the pleuro-pericardial and pK'urn-pri'itcnu'al niemliranes a]ii)ear as two ears to the se[)tum transversiun, c-\tending along the ducts of Cuvier in tlie sagittal plane id' the body and at right angles to the phiiie of tlie septum trnnsversnm. Judging by tlie relatimi n\ the phrenic iier\c to the ])ulmonary i-idge tlie poi'tion (d' it I'n tlie dorsal siih' (if the ductus Cu\ieri Clint, Lining the phrenic nerve, the pnrtimi containing the ductus Cuvieri. and the sccimdaiy ridge nf the
Tile piilniiiuary ridges from thcii' beginning to tlieir separation into the pleuro-pericardial and pK'urn-pri'itcnu'al niemliranes a]ii)ear as two ears to the se[)tum transversiun, c-\tending along the ducts of Cuvier in tlie sagittal plane id' the body and at right angles to the phiiie of tlie septum trnnsversnm. Judging by tlie relatimi n\ the phrenic iier\c to the ])ulmonary i-idge tlie poi'tion (d' it I'n tlie dorsal siih' (if the ductus Cu\ieri Clint, Lining the phrenic nerve, the pnrtimi containing the ductus Cuvieri. and the sccimdaiy ridge of the ventral side of tlie ductus Cuvieri, form the pleuro-pericardial membrane, 'i'he portion of the pulmonary ridge on the caiuhil side nf tlie ]ihrenic nerve gives rise to the pleiirnperitiiiie;d mend ii a lie. In so doing it gradually shifts over
 
 
 
ventral side of tlie ductus Cuvieri, form the pleuro-pericardial membrane, 'i'he portion of the pulmonary ridge on the caiuhil side nf tlie ]ihrenic nerve gives rise to the pleiirnperitiiiie;d mend ii a lie. In so doing it gradually shifts over
 
 
 
PP
 
 
 
■Sl;




Line 1,140: Line 359:


the head ami the ]ilenro-peritoneal towards the tail widens the dorsal projection of the septum transversuin and iiiin this wide hasi' the lung Ijurrows throwing the jileuro-ii.'ricard-ial membrane with the phrenic nerve to its medial side. The fate of the pulmonary ridge is shown in Fig. 3(1. which is from lOmbryo CL.XIII. Sections of this embryo are shown in l-'igs. 31 to 31. They show again that the pulmonary ridge reaches rroiii the diietus Cuvieri to the ti|i of the lung, and the phieiiie nerve. It is readily seen from Figs. 30 and
the head ami the ]ilenro-peritoneal towards the tail widens the dorsal projection of the septum transversuin and iiiin this wide hasi' the lung Ijurrows throwing the jileuro-ii.'ricard-ial membrane with the phrenic nerve to its medial side. The fate of the pulmonary ridge is shown in Fig. 3(1. which is from lOmbryo CL.XIII. Sections of this embryo are shown in l-'igs. 31 to 31. They show again that the pulmonary ridge reaches rroiii the diietus Cuvieri to the ti|i of the lung, and the phieiiie nerve. It is readily seen from Figs. 30 and
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JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
[Nos. iai-122-123.


o2 liow the ])lirenic nerve is pushed to its permanent position liy the further rotation and recession of tlie septum (ransversum and livei'. ajid the lateral growth of the lungs to encircle the heart.
o2 liow the ])lirenic nerve is pushed to its permanent position liy the further rotation and recession of tlie septum (ransversum and livei'. ajid the lateral growth of the lungs to encircle the heart.
PC .
"it \
iMmMiK




Line 1,179: Line 368:


Figs. ;J.j and 3lj are from sagittal sections of iMnlu-yo (.'XIII, which is of the same stage as CLXIII. The iihrenic nerve is shown throughout its whole course from the fifth cervical nerve to the pleuro-])ericardial memhrane. The nerve receives a second hi'anch a few sections deeper frmn the sixth cervical which unites with the main trunk hefore it enters
Figs. ;J.j and 3lj are from sagittal sections of iMnlu-yo (.'XIII, which is of the same stage as CLXIII. The iihrenic nerve is shown throughout its whole course from the fifth cervical nerve to the pleuro-])ericardial memhrane. The nerve receives a second hi'anch a few sections deeper frmn the sixth cervical which unites with the main trunk hefore it enters
(^
.f W-^
/
?h/
\y:^
" ^ -S[




Line 1,229: Line 391:
Immediately aftei the completion of the pleuro-pericardial
Immediately aftei the completion of the pleuro-pericardial


v3^^^
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Line 1,242: Line 396:
Fig. 42. — Sagittal section through the embryo 14 mm. long. No. CXI.IV X 10 times, ///>, phrenic nerve; /'/, tenth rib; .s, stomach ; /,-, kidney; 11', Wolllian body.
Fig. 42. — Sagittal section through the embryo 14 mm. long. No. CXI.IV X 10 times, ///>, phrenic nerve; /'/, tenth rib; .s, stomach ; /,-, kidney; 11', Wolllian body.


membrane the rotiition id' the liver and septum transversum is accelerated, and by the time the embryo has grown to be 11 mm. long (CI.X). tlie liver is practically in its adult position. The rapiil rotation of the liver, especially at its dorsal end, has elumged the relation of the planes between the
membrane the rotiition id' the liver and septum transversum is accelerated, and by the time the embryo has grown to be 11 mm. long (CI.X). tlie liver is practically in its adult position. The rapiil rotation of the liver, especially at its dorsal end, has elumged the relation of the planes between the pleuro-pericardial membrane to tlie septum transversiim from parallel to right angles. Now the septum transversum is in ^ the plane of the plenro-peritoneal membrane (Fig. 38). With' the recession of the septnm transversum, especially at its
 
 
 
April-Mat-June, 1901.]
 
 
 
JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
 
 
 
171
 
 
 
pleuro-pericardial membrane to tlie septum transversiim from parallel to right angles. Now the septum transversum is in ^ the plane of the plenro-peritoneal membrane (Fig. 38). With' the recession of the septnm transversum, especially at its
 
 
 
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rU
 
 
 
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Line 1,299: Line 405:


Figs. 39, 40 and 41 are sections through the plenro-peri
Figs. 39, 40 and 41 are sections through the plenro-peri
■ mi
M \




Line 1,331: Line 426:
peritoneal nienibrane is complete on the right side and incomplete on the left side. The reconstruction of this embryo shows that the opening is very large and extends from the seventh rib towards the tail. It may be an instance of retarded development, because in embryos 19 mm. long the membranes are as a rule complete on both sides of the body. To what extent the permanent diaphragm is formed from the pleuro-peritoneal membrane it is difficult to determine. Undoubtedly the portion of the diaphragm on the caudal and dorsal sides of the pleuro-pericardial membrane is formed from the pleuro-peritoneal membrane. That portion of (lie diaphragm on the cephalic side is formed from the septum transversum. Itut the diaphragm is greatly extended on the lateral sides of the heart after the embr}'o is 20 mm. long by the extension of the pleural cavities around it. It appears from the models that this portion of the diaphragm is also formed directly from the periphery of the septum transversum.
peritoneal nienibrane is complete on the right side and incomplete on the left side. The reconstruction of this embryo shows that the opening is very large and extends from the seventh rib towards the tail. It may be an instance of retarded development, because in embryos 19 mm. long the membranes are as a rule complete on both sides of the body. To what extent the permanent diaphragm is formed from the pleuro-peritoneal membrane it is difficult to determine. Undoubtedly the portion of the diaphragm on the caudal and dorsal sides of the pleuro-pericardial membrane is formed from the pleuro-peritoneal membrane. That portion of (lie diaphragm on the cephalic side is formed from the septum transversum. Itut the diaphragm is greatly extended on the lateral sides of the heart after the embr}'o is 20 mm. long by the extension of the pleural cavities around it. It appears from the models that this portion of the diaphragm is also formed directly from the periphery of the septum transversum.


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[Nos. 121-122-123.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PECTORALIS MAJOR MUSCLE IN MAN.
By Warren Harmon Lewis, M. D., Assistant in Anatomy, Johns Hopliiis University.
The Adult Muscle.
The peculiar twist in the sternocostal portion of the pectoralis major muscle is described in the various text-books on human anatomy. In general, the descriptions would indicate that the posterior layer of the tendon of insertion is formed in such a manner that its highest fibres have the lowest origin on the thorax, and the lower the fibres at the insertion the higher their origin on the thorax. There must thus be a crossing of fibres. This crossing is generally represented as
direction of the fibres which form the apparent twisting. For this purpose specimens were taken from the dissecting room, from 1)odies embalmed with the carbolic acid mixture.' The muscles were placed in equal parts of glycerine, water and nitric acid for 24 to -18 hours. In most of the specimens thus treated the direction of the fibres was easily obtained as the connective-tissue elements were partially disintegrated and easily torn.
.— Gq
— h
Fio. 1. — Diagram of an adult peetoralis major muscle, c p, clavicular portion; s <• p, sternocostal portion; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, are overlapping bundles of fibres of the same ; 6 u, portion of the posterior layer of the tendon of insertion comirg from fi; /i, humeral end of the muscle.
taking place at or near the concave portion of the lower or axillary border of the muscle. I have found many anatomies incorrect or very incomplete in their description of the formation of the posterior layer of the tendon of insertion as well a.s the direction taken by the remaining sternocostal fibres, which go to the anterior layer of the tendon. These descriptions correspond fairly well with the direction the fibres appear to take when one examines the muscle superficially.
I have examined carefully twelve muscles to ascertain the
My dissections have shown in every case, (1) that the lowest fibres of origin go to the lowest end of the posterior layer of the tendon of insertion (Figs. 1 and 2), (2) that there is no crossing of fibres forming this posterior layer, and (3) that a peculiar fan-like arrangeuuMit of the bundles of fibres in the whole sternocostal portion is present (Figs. 1 and 2).
After the maceration, I found the muscle had a tendency
IF. P. Mall, The Preservation of Anatomical Material for Dissection, Anat. Anz., Bd. xi, p- TBO, 1836.
Apeil-Mat-June, 1901.]
JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
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to split into several overlapping bundles (Figs. 1 and 2; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). The number aijd size varies in different muscles. It will be seen from the diagram (Figs. 1 and 2) that the overlapping is more and more marked toward the humeral insertion.
The clavicular portion and upper five bundles form the anterior layer, and the sixth bundle the posterior layer, of the tendon of insertion. The lower fibres in each bundle, wliich are the superficial overlapping ones, reach to the lower end of the tendon, while the upper, deeper ones are more and more overlapped and pass to the u]iper edge or near to the upper edge of the tendon. Each bundle, as it approaches the tendon of insertion, spreads out and becomes thinner.
Development.
I have attempted to trace the development of the muscle in a series of human embryos and to explain the origin of the peculiar arrangement of its fibres. For this purpose I have studied the muscle carefully in embryos varying in length from 9 to 40 mm. The first indication of the muscle I have been able to note was in an embryo of 9 mm. in length. In an embryo of 40 mm. the adult form is present. Reconstructions of the younger and dissections of the older embryos were made to study them.
In a human embryo measuring 9 mm. in length (No. CLXIII),^ the pectoralis major and minor muscles are repre
FiG. 2. — Diagram of cross-sections ot tlie muscle talcen at //;, ; 1. ,1, auterior laj'er of tendon ; P, posterior layer.
Tlie distance to which the muscle fibres go outward toward tlie humerus decreases from above downward and thus aids in keeping the distal end of the muscle thin.
The posterior layer of the tendon is continuous with bundle 6 (Figs. 1 and 2). It gradually spreads out and becomes thinner on approaching the luimerus. As in the other bundles, its lower fibres reach the lower and its upper fibres the upper border of the tendon. The size of this bundle varies greatly, especially in the amount of overlapping toward the origin. Most of its fibres constitute the abdominal portion into which the muscle is sometimes divided. The accessory bundles of muscle having, as a rule, costal origin and which lie beneath the main muscle, arc inserted into this posterior layer.
i; op; and rij, in (Fig. 1). Numljers and letters remain as Fig.
sented by a mass of closely packed cells without sharp limits. As there are no muscle fibres in this tissue I shall call it premuscle tissue. The other muscles of the arm and shoulder girdle are also represented more or less clearly by this premuscle tissue. There are, however, muscle fibres in the muscle-plate system. Here the muscle plates have fused into a continuous column and in the costal region extend along the intercostal spaces, partially surrounding the ribs and fuse together beyond their tips into a ventral plate. This muscle-plate system contains fibres, is farther advanced
'The numbers here given correspond with those in the catalogue of the collection of human embryos in the Anatomical Laboratory of the Johus Hopkins University.
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Johns hopkins hospital bulletin.
[Nos. 121-122-123.
and has a different appearance from the premuscle tissue, which is lateral to it and in the arm. In Fig. 3, which is from a wax reconstruction of the right arm region of this embryo, the costal portion of the mnscle-plate system is seen (m.pl.s). Lateral to this is the lateral premuscle mass {t.pin). At the level of the first rib (cI.) the pectoral premuscle mass ip.pm) leaves the lateral to join the general arm premuscle sheath (a.pm.) along the ventral side of the proximal half of the condensed tissue which represents the humerus. The proximal end of the humerus lies opposite the interval between the fifth and sixth intervertebral disks (dVc, dVIc), the distal end opposite the first rib {cl.). The
tion into masses, such as the pectoral, latissimus dorsi and levator scapulfe and serratus anterior. It is impossible for me in the case of the pectoral mass to determine how far caudally into the lateral premuscle tissiie it extends, or just where to draw the line between it and the neck premuscle mass. Its humeral end is lost in the general arm premuscle tissue. Its location and correspondence with the muscle in the next stage and its nerve supply lead me to believe this to be the pectoral mass.
The pectoral premuscle mass is supplied by three nerves, from the brachial jdexus, the fibres of which come from the 1'/, VII and VIII cervical and I thoracic nerves. It will
apm
Fig. .5.— Ventral view of a wax reconstruction of tbe arm region of a liumaii embryo measuring 9 mm. in lengtli (No. CLXIII). Enlarged TM times. AB, median liiie; c I, c II, <■ HI, -■ IV, ribs one, two, three and iour; d IV <■, (/ V c, d VI c, d VII c, fourtli, fifth, sixth and seventh cervical intervertebral dislis; a. iiiu, premuscle mass eusheathing the arm; I. pin, lateral premuscle mass;
j. pin, pectoral premuscle mass; s. /)»i, scapular premuscle mass.
scapula lies imbedded in the scapular premuscle tissue (s. pm). The clavicle is not present at this stage. The intervertebral disks are of condensed or closely packed cellular tissue {dIVc, etc., to dIVt). The ribs are of condensed tissue and project ventrad from the adjoining parts of the intervertebral disks and vertebral bows.
It is very difficult to determine the exact limits of the premuscle tissue; in a few places it is very sharply marked off from the surrounding mesenchyma as at the ventral end of the neck premuscle mass. The entire arm between the central skeletal core and the integument is filled with this tissue. At the root of the arm there are signs of a separa
be seen at this stage that the pectoral mass is mostly cervical and lies in the region of its nerve supply.
The fibres of the brachial plexus are directed laterally and have scarcely any caudal inclination.
In an embryo measuring 11 mm. in length (No. CTX),' there is great advance in the musculature of the arm. Many of the arm muscles, especially the proximal ones, can be
3 Mall, (F.). The value of Embryological Specimens, Maryland Med. Journal, October 20, 18!)S. A Contribution to the Study of the Pathology of Early Human Embryos. Contributions to the Science of Medicine, dedicated to William H. Welch, Johns Hopkins Hpsi)it«l Reports, vol. ix, I'.IOO.
Apeil-May-Juxe, 1901.]
JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
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recogiiizi'd. Insti'ad uf premusole tissue we liiive distinct fibrillation.
The pectoral nuiscle mass extends from the rejiion lateral to the ends of the first three ribs cephalolateracl to the cephalic border of the humerus. Its cephalic portion is closely associated with the medial end of the clavicle (Figs. 4 and 5, cp.). There is no definite attachment of the mnscle to the ribs. The pectoralis major and minor are closely united. The latter is indicated by a bulging toward the coracoid process {p.min., Figs.. 4 and h). I have with difficulty traced the general course of the fibres in the major portion of the mass, as will be seen in Fig. -5. The fibres from the clavicle do not appear to overlap the sternocostal fibres but occupy the proximal part of the insertion, whih' the sternocostal fibres occupy the distal. See Fig. 6, which is a diagram of the relation of these fibres close to their insertion into the humerus.
It is also worthy -of note tiiat the pectoralis muscle has extended caudally to the level of the tip of the third rib.
In an embryo measuring 16 mm. in length (Xo. XLIII)/ the two pectoral muscles are eutii-ely sejiarate. The pectoralis major muscle assumes much more the adult form than in the previous stage. The entire arm has migrated caudally and with it the pectoralis major mnscle. It now extends to the sixth rib (Fig. 7, cVI.). The clavicle has extended to the tip of the first rib, where it joins the cephalic end of the sternal anlage (si.. Fig. 7). The clavicular portion of the muscles is carried with the clavicle toward the median line. The humeral end of its filjres are seen to overlap the sternocostal fibres near the himrerus (Figs. 7 and 8). There is a distinct gap between the clavicular portion (Fig. 7. cp.) and the sternocostal portion (Fig. 7, scp.) near their origins, The fibres of the sternocostal portion present a slight tendency to separate into bundles in which their is an overlap
lacar
N.Y.C
d.VIC
d.YHC
Fig. i. — .Mediau view of a wax reconstnictiou of tlie arm i-«;;iou of a human embryo measui-iiig- 11 mm. iu leni^th (No. CIX). Eularged 30 times. .1, acromiou; c II, second rib; c, coracoid process; riii\ carpus; ': p, clavicular portion of the pectoralis major; cZ, clavicle; i;h, chorda dorsalis split in the median line; d VI c, d VII t, sixth and seventh cervical intervertebral dislcs ; d I (, first thoracic intervertebral dislc, from which the first rib is seen arising; inrnr, metacarpus; p. m, pectoralis major muscle; p.miu, pectoralis minor bulging toward the i'or.acoid process; n,\ c, fifth cervical nerve going to join the brachial plexus; bp, brachial plexus ; c, radius; id, ulna; .•;, scapula.
Figures 4 and .) are from a wax reconstruction of the right arm region of this embryo. All muscles but the pectorals are omitted.
The ])ectoral muscle mass is supplied by four branches of the i)raehial plexus, two from the outer and two from the inner cord, the fibres of which can be traced to the Vf. VI f andVIII cervical and / thoracic nerves.
It is of special note at this stage, that the larger portion of the muscle lies above the first rib, reaching about to the level of the fifth cervical intervertebral disk; that there is no overlajiping of its fibres; and that the clavicle only reaches about one-half the distance from the acromion to the first rili.
ping of the deep portion of the lower by the superficial portion of the u]iper ones. This is more marked toward the insertion, as will be seen in Fig. 8, where the overlapping is quite complete. I liave not been able to make out at this stage anything which corresponds to the deep or posterior tendon and, as will lie seen later, it probably does not exist at this stage.
' .Mall, (F). Development of the Human Coelom, Jour, of Murpli., vol. xii, No. 2. Development of the Internal Mammary and Deep Epigastric Arteries in Man, Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, Nos. 90-111, 1898. Development of the Ventral Abdominal Walls iu Man, Jour, of Morph., vol. xiv. No. -i, 1S08.
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JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
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The nerve supply is as in the adult.
Embryo No. XXII,° measuring 20 mm. in length, shows aboiTt the same condition as in Embryo No. XLIII. The separation of the sternocostal portion into various bundles is especially well marked. They have no relation to the ribs so far as the number and position is concerned.
Fig. 5. —Ventral Tiew of a portiou of the model sliowu iu Fig. 4, showing the pectoral muscle mass and its relations to the scapula, clavicle and humerus. A, acromion; c, coracoid process; cl, clavicle; /(, humerus ; p. m, pectoral miiscle mass ; c p, clavicular portiou \ » e p, sternocostal portion; p. min, pectoralis minor bulging; s, scapula.
In an embryo 32 nun. in length (No. C'XXIX)," we find that the j^osterior layer of the tendon of insertion has made its appearance (Fig. 9). The fibres which go to this tendon come from the most caudal portion of the rnuscle. This posterior layer is about one-fourth the width of the anterior layer of the tendon of insertion. The embryo was studied with a dissecting microscope and so far I could determine
?
-C,p
scp.
Fig 6. — Diagram of a cross-section of the pectoralis major fibres near their humeral insertion. Enlarged 50 times. P, proximal end of the same; c p, clavicular fibres; s c p, sternocostal fibres.
the arrangement of its fibres was otherwise similar to the adult.
In an embryo 36 mm. in length (No. XC). we find the posterior layer of the tendon of insertion nearly three-fourths the length of the anterior (Fig. 10). Otherwise the muscle appears to be much as in the adult. The pectoral region was studied with a dissecting microscope.
s Mall, Maryland Medical Jour., October 3'.l, 1S!I,S. Ibid., .Tour. Morph., vol. xiv. No. 3, ISOS. Ibid., Johns Hopkins Hospital Reports, vol. ix, 1900.
"Mall, Contributions to the Science of Medicine, dedieated to William H. Welch, Baltimore, liiOO, Johns Hopkins Hospital Reports, vol. ix, 1900.
In an embryo of 40 mm. in length the posterior layer of the tendon exceeds the anterior in width, and the muscle presents the adult form.
Fig. 7. — Ventral view of the pectoralis major muscle in an embryo measuring 16 mm. iu length (No. XLIII), taken from a wax reconstruction of the arm region of the same. Enlarged 30 times, hi c p, sternocostal portion, various artificial divisions of which a, h, c, cl, are shown near their insertion in Fig. s ; ,■ I, c II, <• V, c VI, euds of first, second, fifth and sixth ribs, which, with the third and fourth join together to form the left half of the pectoralis major muscle; A, humerus, p. m, pectoral muscle mass; scp, sternocostal portion ; s, body of the scapula; M, sternum; c p, clavicular portion; <■;, clavicle"; !i, humerus.
Summary.
It is thus seen that the pectoralis major muscle arises in common with the minor from a premuscle tissue which is
Fig. .s. — Diagram of cross-section of the pectoralis major muscle seen in Fig. 7, near its insertion into the humerus. Enlarged .30 times. P, proximal; ant, ventral surface ; c p, clavicular portion ; a, b, c, approximate position of the corresponding muscle bundles of Fig. 7.
located for the most ]uirt aliove the fir.^t ri1:i. It gradually migrates or sliifts to the costal region, as has already been noted by Dr. Mall.' During the course of this migration it splits into bundles. The clavicnlar portion i.s the fii'st to split off. Later the sternocostal portion splits into the major
■ Mall, Development of the Ventral .Abdominal Walls iu Man. Jour, of Morph., vol. xiv, No. 3, IMIIS.
April-May-June, 1901.]
JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
17
and minor. The major becomes arranged into a series of overlapping bundles. As we have seen, the clavicular portion is the upper and most superficial. During the migration the overlapping of the sternocostal Inuidlus is such that superficial fibres of each l.iundle have descended farther than the deeper, owing perhaps to the greater friction of tiie
-a
Fig. 9. — Diagram of tlie insertion of the peetoralis major muscle in an embryo 30 mm. in lengtli (No. CXXIX). Enlarged 16 times. A, anterior layer of the tendon; 6, posterior layer.
latter against the chest wall or to their earlier attachment. The lower bundle seems to be the last to be differentiated, and its tendon, the posterior layer of the tendon of insertion, appears to gradually spread out toward the proximal end of the humerus after the superficial or anterior layer is well formed.
The early entrance of the nerves into the muscle while still in the cervical region explains the adult nerve supply.
Explanation of Varieties. It would seem that in the conditions existing between an embryo of 9 and 11 nun. in length might be found a partial explanation of such varieties as absence of the sternocostal or clavicular portions and of the peetoralis minor with the sternocostal portion. We have here a condition in which
-a
I
Fig. 10 Diagram of the tendon near
its insertion of the peetoralis major muscle of an embryo 36 mm. in length (No. XC). Enlarged 16 times. A, anterior layer; 6, posterior layer.
the clavicle is absent and no attachment to the ribs exists. The subsequent attachment to one or the other might not occur and that portion of the muscle found wanting in the adult. With absence of the sternocostal portion would be associated that of the peetoralis minor owing to their early fusion. In the tendency to split into bundles, with the shifting of the muscle and fibres, the muscular bands which are often found as the costocoraeoidens, sternalis, chondroepitrochlearis, etc., may have their origin.
ON THE BLOOD-VESSELS OF THE HUMAN LYMPHATIC GLAND.
By AV. J. Calvert, M. D., U. S. A., Palhological Laboratory, Board of Health, Manila, P. I.
The lynipliatic glands removed at autopsy from pest cadavers have enabled me, on account of the extreme congestion incidental to the disease and the reduction in the density of the nuclear elements of the gland, to follow in detail the course of the smaller vessels; the pathological changes referred to are not of sufficient degree to destroy the landmarks of the organ or to change the general relationship of the parts.
In an earlier communication I showed the course of the blood-vessels in the lymph follicle in the dog, and the present report is made because it demonstrates that the same arrangement is present in the human lymphatic gland.
The glands were fixed in Zenker's fluid, hardened in alcohol, sectioned in celloidin, stained in hematoxylin and eosin and mounted in balsam.
The illustrations show the origin and distril)ution of the follicular artery, the arrangement of the capillaries in the follicle and the origin of the veins. The course of the
arteria; and vena; lympho-glandulae and the vessels of the cord have been illustrated.'
From the above illustrations and the many typical pictures seen in the slides the following scheme for the blood supply of the human lymphatic gland may be described: The arteri* lympho-glandulffl enter the gland at the hilus, pass through the hilus stroma to enter the trabecule. In the trabeculae arterial twigs are distributed to all portions of the gland. On reaching the portions of the gland near the proximal ends of the follicles small arteries arise which run in the lymphatic structure more or less parallel to the surface of the gland. These arteries give rise to the follicular artery (Figs. 1 and 2) and supply the adjacent portions of the pulp cords.
The follicular artery runs a straight course in or near
> The Blood-vessels of the Lymphatic Gland. By W. J. Calvert Anatomiscber Anzeiger, xiii. Band, Mr. 6, 1897, p. 176.
178
JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
[Nos. 121-122-123.
the centre of the ]yiii]ih cord of its particiihir follicle, to ahont the junction of I lie jiroximal with the middle third of the follicle. The ftillicular artery may give off branches to .«u])])ly the adjacent jmrtions of the cords. Near the centre of the follicle the artery breaks np into a number of small, straight, long capillaries which diverge to the periphery of the fdllicle. In some cases these capillaries branch, in others they do not.
Just beneath the periphery of the follicle these capillaries turn and branching form a rich plexus of capillaries wdiich in turn unite to form small veins (Fig. 6). The ])Iexus of capillaries in the follicle is continuous with a similar plexus in the cords.
The veins formed in the follicle run toward the jjroximal end of the follicle to join a rich plexus of veins.
The arteries supplying the cords are, as a rule, quite short.
run in or near the centre of the cords and rapidly end in a rich capillary plexus near the surface of the cord. This plexus soon unites to form snudl veins which also run in or near the centre of the cords, but in a |iortion of the cord other than where the artery is found. The veins of the cord soon join veins from neighboring cords, through the anastomosis of the cords, to form larger veins which leave the cords to join the vensE lymjilio-glauduliP.
The veins from the follicles and adjacent jiortions of the cords unite to form a rich venous plexus, which lies within the lymphatic structure. This ])lexus may bo considered to be the origin of the ven;B lymjiho-glandula', which, like the arteries, run in the trabecula? to leave the gland at the hilus.
The lymph channels are free from blood-vessels.
This arrangement of blood-vessels is also found in the lymph gland of the monkey.
NORMAL MENSTRUATION AND SOME OF THE FACTORS MODIFYING IT.
(PRELIMINARY NOTE.)
By Cleli.v Duel Moshee, A. LL, M. D.,
Gi/nwcolor/iral E.rlcrne in the Johns Uopl'ins Ilospital Difiiciisarij.
The conclusions stated in this note are liascd on two kinds of data — clinical and experimental. The first consists of serial menstrual records of more than 300 women, collectively extending over more than 3000 nienstnud periods. A large number of these records were made by the writer, month by month, when the women Avere under her personal observation in the Stanford University Gymnasium, and then were continued by the women themselves during holidays and vacations away from the university. The records were supplemented by preliminary statements, careful intermenstrual notes, and subsequent letters. The usual physical examination for admission to the gymnasium was made by the writer in many cases; to this was added an intimate knowledge of the conditions under which the women were living and working. Second. laTioralory experimental data on the i-es])ii-alioii,' urine, tcm])erature, pulse and l)lood — blood |)ressure, blood counts, hemoglobin estimations and so on. Experimental work on the effects of clothing was also included. This work luis been done in the physiological laboratories of the Stanford and the Johns Hopkins Universities, and in Dr. Kelly's laboratory. The first work was done in May, 1893, in California, has been continued as o|i|iortunity offered and is still in progi'css.
Some of the more important conclusions, which are based largely on the blood-jiressure experiments and clinical data will be reported at this time.
• "Respiration in Women," Preliminary report as thesis for M. A. degree, Stanford University, May, 1.S94. Also paper presented at California Science Association, .Ian. 3, IS',16.
McthuiL — Daily records of the blood pressure were made on 14 persons— woincn and .'J men. The \vomen were selected as representing normal conditions of menstrual health. The iiK'U were all healthy adults and 4 were athletic, ^n attempt was made to continue the records long enough to cover at least two periods of change in pressure; in some cases the observafions extended over 49 days and some are still in progress. The blood-pressure records were made with the sphygmomanometer of Mosso. The tracings were taken daily at the same hour and under uniform conditions, perfect rela.xation being secured and all varialile factors excluded as far as possible.
Conchisions. — That a rhythmical fall of bl(jod pressure, at definite intervals, occurs in iKith men and women. The daily records of the blood-pressure with the sphygmomanometer of Mosso on men and women inider similar conditions of life and occu|)ation give curves apparently indistinguisliahle in chai'acter. The fall in pressure in women occurs near or at the menstrual period. In all of the 14 series of records the fall of blood-pressure was gradual from the mean average pressure. This from day to day shows oscillations .within rather definite limits. The maximum fall of ]iressure may extend over two or three days and the coi-responding rise to the normal average jn'ossure is gradual. There is usually a jireliminary rise, above the normal average jiressure; this occurs from 3 to 5 days before the onset of the main fall of pressure, wdiich constitutes the principal feature of the rhythm. Tn every case there was a preliminary fall, abrupt and definite, but usually not so extensive as the main fall of pressure; this preliminary fall was followed by
THE JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN, APRIL-MAY-JUNE, 1901.
PLATE XXXi
Fig. 1.— The follicular artery and its capillaries. One of the long capillaries is seen to join a venous capillary in the periphery of the follicle; on either side of the follicle small veins are seen. Transverse sections of several veins are also seen.
Measurements: artery before dividing. 41 microns; and capillaries from 8 to 10 microns iu diameter
^«^«
^-'ny^'^f^f
(^rr,
Fig. 2. — The origin, course aud distribution of a long follicular artery.
Measurements: at origin, o4 microns; and before dividing, 31 microns; capillaries in follicle, from 7 to 8 microns.
^5gft-.
■~^&
■A:
Fig. .5.— Two follicular artery an artery is seen end of the follic
follicles with their veins. The follicle on the right shows a portion of a entering the centre of the follicle. Below the proximal end of the follicle running parallel to the surface of the gland to turn toward the proximal
le ; here it is lost.
Fig. 3. — An artery arising some distance below the proximal end of a follicle, running toward the follicle to turn at a right angle aud run to the centre of the proximal end of the follicle; here it again turns at a right angle to enter the follicle, where it divides iu the usual manner.
^S??Sf^?SQ3:?'SWfS9i%.
%^'
$
l«^
Fro. 4. — A double arterial siipjily to the follicle.
Fig. 6. Long curved capillaries, c, near the periphery of the follicle.
Apbil-May-June, 1901.]
JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
179
a return to tlie iiimiuil or hijrhcr })ressurc' Ijet'ore the iiriiieipal i'all oeeiirred. In 4 cases tliere was a distiiiet rise above normal after the main fall of pressure before the return to the normal daily oseillations. These variations were not peculiar to either sex.
A curve constructed on tlie subjective observations of the sense of well lieini;'. shows ups and downs eorrespondiiii;' to the marked vai'iations in pressure; the sense of maximum efficiency of tlu' individual corresponding to the time when the pressure is hii;]i. and lessened efficiency to the ]ieriods of low pressure. Tiie observations were carried on iiulopendently of each other. In no case was the change sufficient to incapacitate the indixidual. The time of low pressure appears to l)e, in Loth sexes, a jjeriod of increased susce]iti])ility. If symptoms of any kind are shown they are apt to he given by the point of least resistance. For exauqile, if a man oi' woman having a tendency to digestive disturbances, the symptoms from the digestive tract are likely to occur at the jjcriod of l(]\v blood pressure: or when a slight chronic catarrh exists, as so fre(|uently ha])pens in this climate, there may be marked increa-e of symptoms from the resjiiratory tract.
In Women the fall in blood jiressure most frecpiently occurs before the menstrual How. the maximum fall being coincident witli the onset of the flow; there is a gradual ret^irn to tlie lujrmal mean pressure by the time the menstruation ceases. Occasionally llie fall oecui-red during the flr.w.
Wliile true dysmenorrlnea is far too fretpicnf. much of the so-called menstrual sutfering is not dysmenorrhcea but simply coincident functional disturbances in other organs, induced, l)ossibly, by 'the favoring conditions of a lowered general lilood pressure occurring near or at the time of menstruation, ((.ioodman's restricted definition of menstruation is adhered to — ^" A periodic sanguineous defluxion from the genital tract.")
When tile attention is of necessity directed to so obvious a
l)rocess as the menstrual flow, untrained women, especially if without absorbing occujiation, naturally refer their lessened sense of w'ell being and diminished sense of efficiency, which may accompany the lowered general blood pressure occurring near or at the menstrual flow, to the fnnctiou of nu'iistruation. When we remendier how firmly fixed is the tradition that a woman nuist sufl'er and be incapacitated by this normal physiological function, it is .readily understood how many women would call the depression due to lowered blood pressure, menstrual suffering.
All statistics, however extensive or carefully taken, arc likely to exaggerate the percentage of women suffering fi'om dysmenorrhcea, because the errors just mentioned are so difficult to eliminate.
The conception that functional disturbances in other organs are considered and recorded as dysmenorrhcea was first derived from the study of the clinical data and later strengthened by the blood-iiressure experiments supplemented by tlie notes of the ]ier,sons studied.
The conclusions of this paper would have been impossil)le had my clinical data consisted merely of isolated statements ba.sed on the general impressions, as to their own conditions, of individual women filling out a single menstrual record, and without a personal acquaintance with, and an intimate knowledge of, the haliits of life and conditions of work of the women studied.
Although S]iace forbids detailed acknowledgements at this time, I wish to state my obligations for many favors received at Stanford University in the earlier work; to Dr. Howell and his associates, Dr. Dawson and Dr. Krlanger of the Pliysiological Department of the Johns IIoi)kins ITniversity; to Dr. Kelly's lilierality and generous encouragement which have made possible all of the later work. The intelligent cooperation of my former students and many friends and of the nu'U and wcunen who have recently given and are giving so much of their valuable time, has made this work possible.
RETROJECTION OF IIILK INTO TIIK I'AXCKEAS, A CAUSE OF ACUTE IIEM01II!11A(IIC
FANCREATITIS.
I;v W. S. II.\L8TED, M. D.
Mr. T., aged 18, a cor|julenl and robust looking man, Jiad been subject to attacks of " indigestion," attended with pain in tlie epigastrium and a feeling of distention, for several years. These attacks would .sometimes incajiacitate him for business, lie had a severe attack of this kind la-st Christmastide. He described also attacks of "vertigo," which had laid him U]) for S or 10 days every spring, with perha]is one exception, for the past ten years. At the end of April, 1901, be arrived in Baltimore after a hard railr(ia<l trip of about S days. On the way, suffering with indigestion, he bought a two-ounce package of bicarbonate of soda, half of wbieb lie consumeil. After Inneheon on the dav of liis arrival he
was seize<l (piite suddc^nly with a severe pain in the abdomen; he was nauseated and expressed his desire to be relieved of the "gas in the stomach." His physician administered calomel, and later nux vomica and carminatives. For 2-1: liours he was relieved; then, -after eating buckwheat cakes, the pain returned. Occasionally driiddng large quantities ■^of water, he forced himself with difficulty to vomit. He suffered almost constantly more or less pain for a week, Init took his meals regularly and slept about as well as usual. About noon on the Htb of May, the pain became very severe; morphia administered hypodermically three times during the afternoon. J grain in all, did not give much relief.
180
JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
[Nos. 121-122-1S3.
Inhalations of chloroform had to be given. At 9 j). ni. I was asked to sec him by his attending i)li3'sicians. As I entered liis bedroom, lie was walking al)out in his pajamas, excited and iiervous, and his teeth chattei'ing; he seemed to be in great pain. His pulse was full and regular, 92 tlie first count and 87 the second. When I attempted to examine him he made an effort to keep quiet but in a moment had to spring up again. He was sensitive to pressure over the epigastrium, but not exquisitely, the point of greatest tenderness being a little above and, I thought, to the right of the umbilicus. He was "somewhat cyanosed. My attention was called to the cyanosis by the print of my fingers on his abdominal wall. His condition was so good tliat I tliought, with his physicians, he was jirobably suffering from gall stones. He refused to go to tlie hospital. Hot baths during the night relieved him, I am told, for the time, but he had to be chloroformed frequently. In the morning he was anxious to go to the hospital and was operated upon immediately after his arrival, about 11 a. m.
Operation. — The cyanosis of the patient was much more striking as he was laid on the ojierating table, and lie vomited as he was being antesthetized. The abdomen was not distended, but the panniculus was very deep. On opening the belly through the middle line blood-stained fluid escaped and at once it was noticed that the omentum showed abundant fat necroses; these necroses were to be seen in the subperitoneal fat, in the mesentery, along the lesser and greater curvatures of tlie stomach, etc. In order to explore more fully the pancreas and to make sure that a certain hemorrhage in the wall of the stomach, near the pyloric end, had not produced any serious lesion, the omental bursa was rapidly opened. Nothing that could be designated as a tumor mass was made out; the entire region of the pancreas could be palpated. The tissues over the pancreas were slightly infiltrated with blood-stained scrum. The common bile duct, however, was distended to the size, perhaps, of an index finger. The presence of a stone in the diverticulum was of course suspected, and a careful though luirried search made, but none could bo felt; the fluid in the abdominal cavity was rapidly sponged out and a gauze pack placed over th(' head of the pancreas. The abdomen was then closed. The patient died within 23 hours.
Pain, vomiting, distention of the abdoiiien, sometimes an clastic swelling in the region of the pancreas, fluid in the peritoneal cavity, pulse 140 to IGO or higher, cyanosis, collapse -tliese arc the symptoms which the surgeon calls to mind when he pictures to himself a case of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, and hence it is that this disease has so many times been considered acute intestinal obstruction. My patient was strong, restless and walking about the room, not collapsed; his pulse was 92 the first count, 87 the second; the abdomen was not only not distended but. according to the patient, had greatly diminished in size during the few weeks preceding this illness; the reduction in the size of his waist, as evidenced by the considerable space between the band of his trowsers pnd his abdominal wall, was a matter
which ajiparcntly gave him some concern, for he referred to it more than once. Vumiting, it' present, was so inconspicuous a .symptom that it had not been noticed; the ]jatieiit had perluqis 3 or -1 times tickled his pharynx because he tluiught it relieved him to gag and bring up a little mucus from his stomach. When I saw him about 13 hours before the o])eration and again an hour before it, pain in the epigastrium and slight cyanosis were his only symptoms. But the pain must have been intense and seemed greater than I had ever seen it in cases of gall stone. I had the misgiving that I was in the presence of an unfamiliar affection and was prepared for a surprise when I opened the abdomen; and yet acute pancreatitis did not occur to me, my conception of the clinical picture was so different. But I shall not soon forget this case; the excruciating pain in the epigastrium and the cyanosis; altogether, a clinical picture difEerent from anything that I could recall. To save my colleagues and students the humiliation of making the same mistake, I have thought that it might be well to represent graphically the only sign which this obseurc case ])resented, the white print of fingertips in a slightly cyanosed field just over the site of greatest pain. Attacks of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, mild and severe, are probably much more common than is generally supposed, and I am sure that the clinical picture is sufficiently definite to be easily recognized by the general practitioner.
The autopsy was most carefully made by Dr. Opie, whose description of it will follow. The .stone, which I could not find in my hurried search at the operation, was almost too minute to have been detected under the circumstances, and even at the autojisy it was only after prolonged handling and probing of the papilla itself outside of the body that the presence of a stone was determined. Opie has found that gall stones have been present in the majority of the more recently reported cases of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. In some instances they were, imdoubtedly, not carefully searched for, in a few they may have been overlooked and in others they may have passed the papilla, having been arrested in the diverticulum long enough to produce the lesion in the pancreas. If it is true, as this case and Opie's experiments recorded below prove almost beyond question, that acute hemorrhngic j^ancrcatitis may be caused by liile retrojected into the pancreatic duct, the inference that milder lesions and subacute and chronic changes may be produced in the pancreas by the mere presence of bile in its ducts is natural. The fact that the entire pancreas is not always or even usually involved, normal areas being found here and there among the hemorrhagic ones, makes it seem not unlikely that quite small patches may at times be afEected and that the symptoms after very limited involvement might be overlooked or misinterpreted. Epigastric pain, rapid pulse, nausea, vomiting and possibly hematemesis coming on either soon or long after operations upon the common duct might in some instances be attributable to lesions in the pancreas.
The Mechanism, — The arrangement of the parts concerned
Apeil-Mat-June, 1901.]
JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
181
in the production of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis reminds me of the liydraulic ram in its primitive form. The ductus clioledochus is the feed pipe, tlie pancreatic duct tlie delivery pipe and the calculus the ball valve or stop cock. Although I know of no experiment to determine the force with which bile may be ejected from the gall bladder, it is conceivable that the sudden and complete interruption of the flow of bile during digestion by a calculus might give rise to a retrojection spurt of considerable volume and velocity. But whether this force is considerable or not, since the pancreatic juice and the bile are secreted at almost the same, quite low (3j^ini. of water) pressure, it would probably be suflicieiit, as Dr. Opie will show, to drive the bile into the pancreatic duct under the proper conditions.
Why is pancreatitis hemorrhagica acuta such a rare disease?
1. That bile may be retrojeeted into the pancreatic duct, the stone must be (a) too small to occlude the pancreatic duct or interfei'e with the force of the jet aud at the same time (6) too large to pass the papilla.
2. A narrow papillary orifice, such as we found in my case (a rare condition), would predispose to this affection, because many stones small enough to fulfill (a) the first condition are too small to fulfill (b) the second.
3. One calculus would be more likely to cause the pancreatitis than several, for other stones in this duct, unless very small, would weaken the force of the bile-spurt which drives the ball valve against the papillary orifice. I have elsewhere called attention to this fact.'
4. The gall bladder must perhaps be normal or nearly so; not thickened, shrunken or weakened by inflammation. Accordingly, one must have a calculus or calculi which have produced insignificant changes, if any, in the walls of the bladder.
5. The anomalies which Dr. Opie will consider protect a certain proportion of cases.
6. A predisposition may be necessary, as is given by adiposis and excessive use of alcohol.
Apropos of what I have said as to the possibility of mild attacks of hemorrhagic pancreatitis after gall stone operations. Dr. Finney has just told me the story of a most interesting and perhaps not wholly unique case. Four months ago he did a choledochotomy for 2 large soft stones in the common duct. The duct was enormously dilated, the gall bladder atrophied. The stones were almost as mushy as damp salt, and crumbled to pieces in the duct. The detritus was removed with extreme care and the duct afterwards repeatedly flushed with the physiological solution; notwithstanding this it seemed to Dr. Finney that some grains still remained in the duct. The incision into the common duct was sutured and the convalescence was entirely uneventful except for a trivial leakage of bile beginning about the 7th day p. o. A few days ago, when in robust health, the patient was seized with excruciating pains in the
' Halsted. Contributions to tlie Surgery of tl\e Bile Passages. Tlie Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, .January, 1900.
epigastrium, unlike any that he had ever experienced. Dr. Fiuney was telegraphed for promptly and reaching the patient in a few hours found him vomiting, collapsed, cyanosed and suffering pain so severe that morphia in large doses did not control it; tb.e pulse was aliout 160, pressure over the pancreas was unendurable, the abdomen was distended. Acute pancreatitis was suspected, and operation, considering the collapsed condition of the jiatient, deemed inadvisable. The following day the patient was brought to the Johns Hopkins Hospital, his condition was greatly improved and 48 lioui's later he seemed perfectly well.
Is it not probable that in this case one of the fragments increased in size may have been responsible for the attack? Was the fragment passed? What were the lesions in this attack ? Acute pancreatitis just beginning to be understood will probably soon become a household word.
Trealmeni. — We must learn to make the diagnosis pronijith-, and to distinguish gall stone attacks per se from those attended with pancreatic complications.
To search for and remove the stone in the diverticulum as soon as possible after the appearance of the first symptoms would be the correct procedure in some cases if the true nature of the attack could be recognized early enough. If this patient of mine had been operated upon and the stone removed at some time prior to the onset of his severe symptoms, perhaps at any time within the first seven or eight days of his illness, it seems probable that his life could have been saved. Without operation there was little if any hope for him, for the conditions responsible for the lesions would have persisted. It was evident at the operation that the common duct was obstructed but the patient's condition absolutely eontraindicated prolonged search for the cause, which probably could only have been determined by opening the common duct or the duodenum, so minute was the calculus. Operation should not be undertaken upon cases in collapse, but the bloody fluid, probably highly toxic,' may he hastily evacuated by laparotomy (local anaesthesia) in cases too ill for radical operation.
Of 25 cases of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis operated upon only two have recovered,' a case operated upon by me eleven years ago" and Hahn's case recently reported.*
In his recent article Prof. Hahn expresses a desire to learn if the operation performed by me in the case which recovered was prolonged by the usual search for some cause of intestinal obstruction, and the hope that, in future, inoculations of culture media will be made from the blood-stained abdominal fluid. It gives me pleasure to be able to reply and to state that fat necrosis was at once observed, the diagnosis promptly made and the operation, therefore, probably a short one: drainage was not employed. This patient is alive and apparently well. In the second case, inocula
sHahn. Deutsche Zeitsehr. f. Chir. Brt. 8.5. Heft 1. 3 Kortc. Die Chirurgisehen Krankheiten unci die Verletzungen des Pankreas.
Hahn, 1. c.
182
.JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL BULLETIN.
[Nos. 121-122-123.
tious from the bloody abdomimil Ihiid wore made, aud witli negative results.
It seems not improbable that, as Hahii states, the rapid evacuation ol' the bloody tluid in the abdominal cavity may in some cases be benelicial. llahu believes that this fluid is highly toxic and perhaps inlectious, and emphasizes the fact, e.\emplified by one of the cases which he reports, that large retroperitoneal extravasations of blood cause incomparably less disturliaiice than we see in these cases ol' hemorrhagic pancreatitis in which the loss of blood is insigiiilicant. I had read llalurs article only a few days prior to the o])eration upon tliis case and was acting u[ion his suggestion, but coming so quickly upon the dilated common duct 1 lelt myself compelled to make a hurried scari'h for the cause of the obstruction. I have little doul)t that my operation hasteiu'd the death of the [latient.
If a stone in Venter's diverticulum was the cause of the pancreatitis in my first case, the one that recovered after oj)eiatiiin, we must conclude that it passed the |ia)iillii, prolialily dnring the attack, for it had [u-oduced no symptoms fronr the time of the operation, May. 1890, until June, 189."), when he was examined in the hospital by Dr. F)loodgood. I fiml that I misinformed Dr. Korte' when I wrote hiui that my recovered case had had a subsequent attack. The attack referred to oecu"]i'e(l in aiiotlier case, one of suppui-ative pancreatitis, operated upon and cuied by my associate. Dr. I""inney.






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Mall FP. On the development of the human diaphragm. (1901) Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin 12: 158-171.

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On the Development of the Human Diaphragm

Franklin Mall (1911)
Franklin Mall

By Franklin P. Mall.

Professiir of Anatomy. Johns Hopkins University.

In a paper on the development of the human coelom, published several years ago, I was not able to give a detailed description of the separation of the body cavities from one another, because the specimens at my disposal did not include all the necessary stages. For that study I used 19 human embryos between 2 and 2-1 mm. long, in which various stages of the development cf the body-cavities were shown, but a number of the important stages were missing.


  • Mall, Jour, of Morph., vol. la, 1897


During the past three years the collection of human euihryos in the anatomical laboratory has grown very rapidly anil all the missing stages for the study of the formation of the body-cavities have been supplied. The following table gives a list of these embryos. It will be seen from it that the series from 2 mm. upward is very complrir with the exception of stages between 11 and 14 mm. long. Fortunately, the missing stages are not important. All the embryos given in this table are practically perfect, the imperfect ones liaving been excluded. The present study is based u|hiii !•") embryos, only 3 of which are included in the 19 specimens considered all the earlier communication.


Time

tJrL'atost


between tln' be^innill;:' or tbe la.-^t period and


Direction

Ni).


lenji:th in mm.


of the seetion.


Fi


iin whom obtained.


the abortion.

XII


2.1


41 days


Transverse


Dr


Ellis, Elkton, Md.


CLXIV ...


3 . .5



"


Dr


MaoCalhmi,

Baltimore.


CXLVIII


4.."


3S days


"


Dr


Hoen, Baltimore.


I.XXVI. ..


4.. 5



"


Dr


.Vliteliell, Cliieago.


LXXX ...


.5



(1


Dr


Brauham,

Baltimore.


CXXXVI .


5


.56 days


Sagittal


Dr


Campbell,

Halifax, N. S.


CXVI


6.5


5.5 days


"


Dr


Ryan,

SpringHeld, 111.


II


7


53 days


Transverse


Dr


C. O. Miller,

Baltimore.


CXIII


S



Sagittal


Dr


Gray, Washington.


CLXIII ..


9


5 weeks


Transverse


Dr


Lamb, Washington.


CXIV ....


10



Sagittal


Dr


Gray, Washington.


CIX


11



Transverse


Dr


Cusliing,

Baltimore.


CXLIV ...


14



Sagittal


Dr


Watson,

Baltimore.


XLiir ....


10



"


Dr


liookei',

Baltimore.


LXXIV...


li>



Transverse


Dr


Irving Miller,

Baltimore.



Il has often been stated that the development of the diaphragm, i'S]i('cial]y in the human embryo, is one ol' III!' iiiiisl (liHiciill |ii'ol)lenis of embryology, fiarty because (if the dilliciilty ill obtaining the iiecessaiy s|ii'ciiiii'ns ami partly heeaiisi' there are no fixed points rioni whiih In enleulate. Ill its (h'\i'loi)ment the wliole ilia|ilii'aeiii wiuiilers rrom the head (o the abdomen, passing Ijy as well as iiinilil'vino the structures and organs along the way. Sn. while vmi Baer recognized that the diapjliragm wandered in its development, picking up its nerve in so doing, a fairly clear pic tiiiv of the whole process was not given until Ilis studied eaicfiilhthe develo|iiiieiit of the iieelc, heart, lungs and intestine. In his studies His recognized the Aiihiijc of the diaiihiagin in a mass of tissue located with thi' liearl ainniiesl struct iiics lieloneing to the head and eonlaining within it the \'eiiis to the heart as well as the An/age of the liver, 'i'his mass of tissue ITis termed tbe septum transversuni. Ilis's studies were made ui)on the human embryo, mainly by the method of reconstruction, and .shortly after they were published Uskow made a very careful study of the further growth of the septum transversuni. Uskow recognized the great importance of two additional structures in the formation of the pericardium and adult dia])hragm from the septum transversum; these he termed the iileuro- pericardial memhranc, containing the phrenic nerve, and the pillars which form the dorsal ends of the diaphragm. The pillars of Uskow have been termed the plcuro-periioncal memhranes by Brachet, and as the lattiT lei'in is more appropriate than the former I shall employ it in the present paper.

j\ly own studies show that the pleuro-pericardial and pleuroperitoueal membranes arise from a common structure, which extends from the lobe of the liver along the dorsal wall of the ductus Cuvieri to the dorsal attachment of the mesocardium. Ijater this structure grows towards the head to complete the jileuro-pericardial memlirane and then towards the tail to complete the pleuro-peritoneal mendirane. This stiiietnre, which I shall term the pulmonary ridge, is located in the sagittal plane of the body-cavity with cephalic and eandal horns on its dorsal side. The ductus Cuvieri lies between these horns (Fig. 29).


The purpose of this paper is to follow carefnlly the fate of the septum transversum and the origin and fate of the liulmonary ridge in the human embryo. In so doing il is of course necessary to consider the division of the body-cavity into the pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavities. According to liis, the body-cavity in early embryos is divided into the Parietallwhle and Bumpflwhlen. The communicati-ou between these spaces he has also termed the recessus parietalis. The parietal cavity from its earliest appearance contains the heart and is destined to form the pericardial cavity. T shall term it the pericardial coelom. A portion of the recessus ]iarietalis forms the pleural cavity; it surnninds the lung bnd throughiuit its development and I shall term it the pleural eoeloin. The revnainder of the recessus |iai-ielalis to the origin of the liver has developed in it the liver and stomach; this is added to the general peritoneal cavity and I sliall term it the periloneal cculom. In the early embryos the whole eieloni lies far out of place; in F.mbryo XII nearly Ihe entire cadoin lies in the region of the head and iieek ami in the further develn|inieut of these parts the cadom with Ihe surrounding organs wanders away from the head to its |iermanent location. .\s long as the serous cavities arising from the codom are in tlu' process of wandering and are mil fnlly separated from one another I shall term them ]ileuial, pericardial and peritoneal coelom: when they are fnlly established I shall call tlieiii cavities.

In Embryo .\li, Fig. 1, the coelom of the embryo forms a free space eueiicling the heart and extending on either side of the body over the om|ihalo-mesenterie veins to the root of till' nmhilieal vesicle. This canal of commuuieation has ile\ elo|ieil wil hill il t he lung, stomaeh and li\'er, nml I hroiighoni its eai'lier ile\elo|iiiienl it measures in length ahoiit one-fourth of thai of Ihe hoilv (iMiibrvos XII, (IXLVIII, LXXVI, LXXX,, II and C'J.Xlll). The appearam-i' of the lun,;;- and liver marks the sul)divit;ion of the (•(I'loni iiiio the jileural and jjeritoiieal cadojii. W'ilh tlie dexeldpnient of tlie liver, limy and stomacli tlie e(eliini einilainiiiL;- them gradually dili:te>' until the emhryo is ahout !• nun. long, when the canal evaginate.s, so to speak, and Inrns the liver and stcnnaeh ont into the general pei'iloiienl cavity. The Wolllian liody, which (iniqiiod the dorsal A\all of this canal, gradnally degenerates and the Inng takes its place. From these statements it is readily inferred that the canal extending from the pericardial cceloni, Ilis's recessns parietalis. gives rise to the ]ilenral codoni on its dorsal side and to the peritoneal cielom on its ventral side. The line of division is formed hy the plenro-jieritoneal memlirane extending from tlic ductus ( 'uvieri to the adrenal.


Fig. 1. — Pniiilc recmistnictiou of tliu eiiibryo 2.1 mm. loug. No. XII X liT times; m/i, amnion; iii\ optic vesicle; nc, auditory; vesicle hc, umbilical vesicle; h, lieart ; I'om, omi>lialo-meseuteric vein; mr, septum trausversum ; Oj, tUird occipital myotome; t'j, eiglitli cervical myotome.

The earliest emhryo in my collection in which the sejitum transversnm is well formed is No. XII, 2.1 mm. long, and about two weeks old." The specimen is very valuable for the .study of the beginning of so many structures that it also Ijecomes a good starting [loinl fur I lie study of the dcNclnpment of the diaphragm.

Figs. 1 and 2 give the external fcuin and oulline id' the neural tube and alimentary canal drawn from a reconstruction. It is seen that the c(el(nH sends two canals into the head on either side of the neck which comniuiiicate with each dlhei- ill tile immediate neighliorhood of Ihi' nKUith. This U-slia|ied canal is sepaialed fidiii the exocielom on its ventral side by a Ijridge of inesodermal tissue connecting the umbilical vesicle with tlij embryo at the juncture of the head with the aiimion. It follows that this liridge of mesodernial tissue, the sepliim transversuni, is also U-shajied, as is shown in l-'igs. 1 an<l 2, iST and ilA//. ll forms a jiortion of the ventral wall of the pericardial cadom and sn]iports the omphalomesenteric and nmliilical veins. Sections of it are shown in Figs. 3, 4 and 5, which are from three sections through the head end of this embryo in the neighborhood of the first cervical myotome. The Aiilage of the liver is shown in Fig. t. which is located in this stage in a region belonging to the head.


Ditferent pictures of this emliryo will be found in the; Journal of Morpli., vol. 13; Ilis's Arcliiv, IS'.lT; .lolins Iloplviiis Hospital Hnllctin, IS'.IS; and the Welch Festschrift, .lohus llopkius Hospital Heports, vol. '.I.




Fig. 2. — Parlial dissection of the reconstruetiou of the embryo 2.1 mm. long. No. XII x 37 times; dm, amnion; m, mouth; Hi', Br", lirst and second braneliial pockets; /, thyroid; p, pericardial coelom ; . septum transversuni ; I, liver; kc, nQibilical vesicle; /«•, neurenteric canal.

Figs. G to 9 are from an emhryo (CLXIV) slightly more advanced in development than No. XII. The embryo is from an ovum measuring 1 T x 17x111 mm., found in the uterus at an autop.sy. W'lii'ii the uterus was cut o])en the knife entered the ovum and |Hissil)ly distorted tlie emliryo, for when it came into my hands it was foimd that the emliryo was lloating in the cavity nf Ihe ovum Imt il was still adherent to its walls. This mechanical injury iindoiilitedly caused the body nf the embryo to straighten and at the attachment of the iiiiibilical vesicle the body <if the embryo is bent towards the \entral side, as is the case in a number of the His embryos (for instance, I'>H). The ventral wall over the heart, was also slightly torn. The entire uterus and ovum had been liTcservod on ice fni' 2[ linurs, mid wlicn it was jiiven io iiie Iiy l»r. ^lacCalhiiii tiic i.'iitiic s|MMiiiic'i\ was iila<Til in sti-on>^ formalin. The si't-tioiis dl' tlic ciiilirvo sliiiw thai the tissuesi ore slightly iiiaceiTited Imt in i^cncral they arc well ]ire?orv<'(l. The spinal ecinl is (l(ise<l ihnui.uhont its extent Iml thi' iiourcniore is still open. The thyi'oiil iiland. ii]i(ic and otic vesicles, heart and veins, are but slightly more developed than ill N^o. XII. If this enihryo were curled up as No. XII it would measure froni 2.5 to 3 mm., whih' if the two had lunn hardened in the same way (Xo. \ll was hardciicil in ahohdl) they would ])rolialily measure alike.


Fig. 3. — Section tlirougU the lirad of the embryo '2.1 mm. loiii;-. No. XII X 50 times; rue, coelom ; /</i, pluiryiix ; /, liver; xl, seiitum transversura ; irr, umliilic.il vesicle.



Fig. 4, — Section tlnnnu'li tlie tliird occipital myotome of the cmhryo 2.1 mm. Ions. -"I mm. nearer llic lail tlian Fii;. 11 x .">(! times; (l.j, tliirel occipital myotome ; c«c, coelom ; /, vein ; ./, septinn transvcrsnm ; !, liver; pli, pharynx; "c, umbilical vesicle.


The figures given sliow the general relation as sei'ii in I'lmliryo .Xll with e;u-h id' the st laict ui'cs hut slightly iuhaiii-ed. The septum transversum is much the same as it is in .Xll, while the pericardial co'lom is puslied more to the ventral side of it and (he diverticidinii to tnini the liver is more marked. The iindiilical vein has extended somewhat (Fig. 9) and the jugular vein has made its appearance (Fig. T).


The tissue of the septum transversum in the two embryos is formed of irregular round cells, between which there are numerous vessels, of irregular diameter, which commnnicate freely with the veins to the heart.

The next stage of the develupment of the septum transversum is found iu an embryo 4.3 mm. long (CXLVII), obtained from llr. Iloen.' The specimen is perfect and normal, as it was obtained through uiechanic;il means. The entire ovum was hardened in S(i |ier cent alcohol shortly after it was expelled from the uieiais. This of course fi.xed the embryo in its natural shape, as was the case with No. XII. Both embryos are curved, but in the emliryo 4.3 mm. long the lii-aiiehial region occupies relatively more space than it does in the embryo 2.1 mm. long. In proportion to the length of the embryo.? this distance h;is inerensed 3 times, Tlie pericardial cfrlom has receded i'roni the head in |)r()]iortion to the inerenso of the growth of the branchial arches. In the emliryo 2.1 mm. long i\\v kead end of the |ici-ieardiai coelom is oiiimsHe (he otic vesicle, while in the embryo 1.3 mm. it is opposite the first occipital myotome. The point of communication between the peritoneal coelom (encircling the liver) with the exococlom has also receded. In the embryo 2.1 mm. lung it is opposite the second cervical myotome; in embryo 4.3 mm. long opposite the second tlioraeie myotome


Fig. 5.— Section throusli the first cervical myotome of the embryo i.l mm. lonic, .'IS mm. nearer the tail than Fiir. 4 x .iO times ; first cervical myotome; toe coelom ; ;, umbilical vein; ;"'/», omplialo-mesenterie vein; iiiiib, umbilical vesicle.



Fig. 6. —Section throun-h the head of the embryo 3. .5 mm. long. No. CLXIV X .'iO times; y</(, pharynx ; i«, bullius aortae ; cc/j/, ventricle.




'A photograph of this embryo is given in the Welch Festschrift.




Fig. 7. — Section tlirdiiuli tlu' embryo o..5mm. loiiir. .14 mm. nciirur the tail tb.au Fis;. x ."'O t mcs ; p/i, jiljai-ynx; lui, auricle; rent, venfiicle; it, septum tr.ansversum ; <;/, jugular vein ; /'», umbilical veiu.



Fig. 8.— Section tlirougb the embryo S.6 mm. long, .'2 mm. nearer the tail than Fig. 7 x .50 times ; I, liver; wiit, ventricle ;., siuus renuieus; coc, coelom.

(compare Figs. 1 and lU). Ilis's embryo Lr (4.2 mm. Imig) is intermediate between the t\V(i embryos just compaicil. In Lr (see liis's Atlas, Pis. IX and XI | llie ]ierieardial. |ileural and peritoneal creloni encircling tlie liver extends from tlie first occipital myotome to the sixth cervical, and the omphalomesenteric veins jirotrnde into these canals of the co'lmn. The liver has extended into the septum transversnm but does not yet encircle the omphalo-mesenteric veins as it does in my embryo 4.3 mm. long. This detailed descri])tion is given to show the fate of the ccelom ' of the hea<l and neck. It gives rise to the pericardial and ]iit'ural cavities, and tliat portion of the ]U'ritoneal cavity encircling tlie liver of (he adult. Sections of the embryo 4.3 mm. lung ( Xo. C.XIjVIII. Figs. 11 and 12) show the livei' sprouts growiiio' in all dii'cctious tlinuigli the septum transversum. encircling and ramifying through the omphalo-mesenteric veins, making a condition slightly in advance of that in Ilis's embryo Lr. The sections of this embryo show clearly that the heart, lungs, liver and li'Wer peritoneal cavity arise in tissues surrounded by that portion of the cadom extending into the head in Embrvo XII,



FiG. 9. — Section through the embryo 3..'> mm. long, .is mm. nearer the tail than Fig. S x .50 times; rvw, coelom; ii:l, intestine; rum, (^mphaln-mcsenteric vein ;, umlulical vein.



Fig. 10. — Outline of the embryo 4.:! mm. long. No. CXI.VIII x 1.5 times. ,, first cervical myotome; r',, ei!?t cervical myotome, 'llie line imlieates tlie dii'ection of the sections.

Fig. 1. Fig. 11 is taken from a section through a plane cutting the root of tlie arm and the otic vesicle, and can readily lie placed in the outline, I'ig. 1(1. It is seen that the lung.-arise wlicre the pericardial ecelom goes over into the pleural, /. ('. high up in tlie region of the head. Immediately on the dorsal side of them is the beginning of the lesser peritoneal cavity, and the intestinal tnbe struck in this section is the stoniacli. All these stnietnrcs lie on the cephalic side of the first cervical myotome. Projecting into the peritoneal ccelom, encircling and penetrating the omphalo-mesenteric veins are the projections of the liver. Figs. 11 and 13, L. The two lohes rrai-h I'rom the tip of the Inngs ami the foramen of Winslow to the point wliere the entodermal cells of the liver arise from



Via. 11. — Section tlirougb the embryo 4.3 mm. Innsr x 2.5 times; T,, lirst tlioracic myotome; C, C,, and (\, cervical myotomes; .s', stomacli ; fti, brdnchus; /i, heart; (, thyroid; , pericardial cavity; I, liver; />, foramen of Winslow.

llic aliinentaiy canal, or in this ease the iluodcimm. The lobes of the liver lie entirely within the canals of the coelom on either side of the head. The caudal ends of these coelom canals have migrated from opposite the second cervical myotome ill Emliryo XII, Fig. 1, to opposite the second thoracic myotome in Embryo CXLVIII, Fig. 10. It has moved towards the tail eight segments, while the cephalic end of ilie canal, the ]iericardial ccelom, has been kinked over to correspond with the bending of the head, has dilated to correspond with the growth of the heart, and has receded from the otic vesicle to (lie extent of the gi'owlb of I he linincliial arches. We have in this embryo the necessary stage to Imnte tlie organs which arise in the neighborhood of tin; septum tiaiW'



Fig. 12.. — Section throush the embryo 4.:i mm. loun, .4 mm. deeper than Fis;. 11 x 2.") times; /, thoracic myotomes; ;, intestine; /, liver; /', ventricle; bii, bulb of the aorta; nm, amnion; iii\ umbilical vein.


versnni, as well as to give the fate of the ccelom in their immediate neighborhood.

A stage somewhat in advance of CXLVIII is ]A.\^M. The embryo is slightly larger, measuring 4.5 mm. in greatest length. It was obtained from the uterus 7 hours after death. The entire ovum was placed immediately in aljsolute alcohol.




Fig. 13. — Section through the embryo i.n mm. long. No. LXXVI x 2.5 times; /'c, cardinal vein; l/jc, lesser peritoneal cavity; <lc, ductus Cuvicri; xc, sinus vcnosus.

It was impossible to obtain a picture of the embryo before it was cut. but the specimen proved to be an excellent one. The direction of the sections is more nearly transverse than in CXLVIII. In CXLVIII the neuropore is closed with a thickening of the e|iidermis just over the point of closni'e; the umbilical vein entei's the liver and its direct connection with the ductus ('ii\ieri through the body wall is cut oil'. In LXXVI the neiiid|ioic is completely closed and the eiiilii'yo is somewhat lai'ger than hefore (compare Figs. i:i and I I with II and 12); the umliilical vein, however, coiiiniiinieates with I ill- (liictus Cuvieri tiirough the body-wall on the left side. This Ls an instaiifc nf rctardcil (li'vclii|inii'nt of a part, as tlie left iimliilical vein t^liniild lia\r \alli^lud liy this time. Fig. 13 gives a seel ion lliniiigli llie tdi-anien nf Winslow imniediately on tlie caudal side (if the lung liuds. as shown in a lateral view of the nuidel of the embryo. Fig. 1-"). The



Fig. 14 Section llirougli the embryo 4.5 mm. long, .il nnn. deeper than Fig. IS x 25 times; we, cardinal vein; u, aorta; nnii. omphalomesenteric vein; fii, umbilical vein; /i, heart.



Fig. 15.


se]ituni transversuui and liver have increased in fpiantily. as a e(nn|iarison of tlie dilVerent tigui'es will show. In tliis



Fig. 16.

Figs. 15 .iiul Ifi. — Riirlit aud left views o( ,t roconst ruction of the embryo 4.. T mm. long x 2n times; n, aort.i ; ph, pli;ir\ii\ ; Im, hulbus aort;e ; me, coelom ; /), purieardiiil coeloin ; /, lung'; li, liver; Wb, Wolffian body ; , stomach ; ./>, foramen of Winslow ; ., sinus veuosus ; "I, septum transversum.

stage we have the extreme bending of the head, which throws 'the heart to its most ventral ])oint with the septum transversum aliout parallel witli long axis of the embryo. The position of the heart, lungs, liver and their relation to the cadom is much the same as in the younger embryo with the exception of the lesser ]ieritoiieal cavity, which is now more to the i-audid side i.if the limits.



Fig. it. — Lateral view of the reconstruction of an ciuliryo .5 mm. long. No. LXXX x 17 times; I, hinir; li, liver; s, stomach: dc, ductns Cnvieri ; pr, pericardial coelom which communicates fully with pi euro- peritonea I coelom.



While in the embryo 4..'! uini. long llie niyoiomes were well formed and hollow, in the iMuliryo 4..") they are solid and contain embrvonic muscle ii'nes. The dorsal ganglia are also more developed. In the I'lubiyos ."i mm. long (LXXX and ('.XXXVI) the myotomes are still further difTerentiated with nerve tiimks. composed of lioth dorsal and ventral roots, which are growing into the body-walls of the embryo. Figs. IT-.'O give the general form of this embryo, in reconstruction as well as in section. The se]itum transversum is not as perpendicular as in either younger or older stages (LXXVI and II), but in general this embryo is intermediate between them. A separation between the jiericardial and ]ileural ca^lom now Viegins to make its appearance by means of a constriction in its walls, the ductus Cuvieri encircling the cwlom at this point. The hing buds hang free into the pleural ccelom,



Fin. Its. — Section through the nceU and heart of embryo LXXX x 2.T times; ,, fourth cervical nerve: iv, cardinal vein; </(-, ductus Cuvieri; Of, oesoi>liagus ; //-, ti'achea : .sr, sinus renniens.



Fig. 111. (Section through embryo LXXX .:.'•_' mm. deeper than Fig. IS X ;i.") times; C, fifth cervical nerve ; fv, cardinal vein ; .i, subclavian vein; ih; ductus Cuvieri ; I, lung; pli, phrenic nerve.



iiiul the liver and stomacli into the peritoneal eo'lmii. Tli.^ dnctus t'livieri lieb in a riilue of tissue eneirclini;- tiie lanal di coniniunieatitin lictween the pericardial and pleiiial iddniii. In this eniliryo the ridge has no mesentery, as descrilied by His {V\g. 18), hut in sagittal sections of the same stage (CXXXVI) tlie mesentery is yiresent. As yet there is no




Fig. 20, — Section tlirousili embryo LXXX, .2(i mm. deeper tli;iii Fiij. li) X 2.5 times; <',.,. si.xlli cervieiil myotome; <i, aorta; iv, eardiual vein; .«, stomach; ", iiinljilical vciii ; //«•, lower peritoneal cavity.

indication of a line of se|iai'ation between the plciiial and peritoneal cceloni in LXXX. Imt in ('XXX\'l ihei-e is an elevation on the d(ii>;d wall (d' llie |il('iiial cii'lniii, lig. 21, wliieh encircles the long ami joins the dnrsal end of the s('|itnni li'ansversniii, 'i'his is one of the ]iillars of Uskow



FiG. :ll. — Sa'jiltal section tliroii2;li an embryo, ."> mm. lonii;. No. CXXXVI X 2'} times; /i, lieart; i-i\ cardinal vein; xl, septum transversuni ; ', hoii;-; .s, stomacli; k, arm; jir, pulmonary rid:;'e.

(ir the beginning <>( a ridge which I shall term the juiliiioiiiiri/ ridi/e.

Fig. 20, coni]iared with Kig. 1o. shows that tlu> foramen ol" Winslow has moved more lapidlv Inwards liie tail than the Iieart. A section through it strikes the heart sqnarely in one case, while in the nther it does not tmieh the heart hwi strikes the li\cr mily. This is in [lai't i\\tt' ti> the direction of the sectiiiii in thi' Iwd specimens, and in |iiii'l to the shifting of till.' fdrameii uf Winslow with (lie recession of the


stomach. The cervical nerves are sefiarated in No. LXXX with the exception of an anastomosis lielween the fourth and the liltli. j-riim this piiint the pliri-nic nerve arises. Fig. 19, and passes to the lateral side of the parietal ccelom and lung. In a later stage it reaches the se])tum transversum through the plenro-]iericardial menilirane of I'skow.

I have now followed the transformation of the relatively sim]ile C(el(iiii of the head and neck from the time it is well I'diiiied ill an embryo of the end id' the second week to the end of the tiiird week. During this time tiie pericardial cadom has moved away from the head and the pericardial cavity is well lUitlined. but the membranes which divide the ccelom intii pcriearilial. pleiiial and jieritnncal spaces have not yet



FiQ. 'J2. — Rccoustnictiou of embryo No. II x 30 times; 7>, bronclins; X, liver; P/i, plirenic; 1, ,?, ,?, 4 branchial pouches.

appeared. During the foui'th week both of these membranes a]ipcar, but llicy are not well delined iiiilil the fifth week.

Fig. 22 is from a profile rcconslniclinn of I'hnbryo 1 1, showing the relation of the organs to tme another. A cast of the colon of this embryo is given in Fig. 23. The extreme ventral kinking of the heart is shown in this stage and from now on it begins to sink more and more into the body as the liver recedes, 'i'lie cinnmunieation lictwecii I lie pericardial cielniti and the |ilciiral eoelom is reduced to a narrow slit lietween the Cephalic end of tlie lung bud and I lie iliictus Cuvieri. It a)i]iears as if a simple adhesion of the walls of the slit would. com|ilctr the closure of the pericardial space. Fig. 24 is a .section Ihroiigh this space, striking the seventh cervical myotome and the tip of the phrenic nerve. It shows that the nttachnient of the ductus Cnvieri is no longer hroad, as in rnibrvd IjXXX, Ijiit is narrow, formino- a mesentery as de


fiG. 23. — Cast of coelom of embryo II x 20 times; /', perieiirclhil coelom ; L, coelom encircling to liver.

scribed by His. On the dorsal side of the ductus there is a ridge wliicli liegins as tlie ductus projects into the coelora and gradually I'luis over into tlie lobe of the liver. Tliis ridge is very pi-ononiiced and is also well shown in llu> sections of


Fig. 24. — Section tlirousb the seventh cervical segment of the embryo 7 ram. long. No. II x 2.5 times; ('., seventh cervical myotome; rv, cardinal vein ; ili; ductusCiivieri ; ?<)•, brachial iilexus; /(/•, pnlmi>?i;ny ridge; ///(, jihrenic nerve; h, bronchus; h, heart; hn, bulbns aorta'.

His's emljryos. A and 1>, as given in his Alhix. The relation of this ridge to tlie phrenic nerve as well as its form in older endiryos makes of it the Anlfuje of both the pleuro-])ericardial and pleuro-pcritoneal membranes. It lies in the sagittal plane


of the coelom and as it passes the region of the fourth and fifth cervical noi-ves receives into its substance the phrenic nerve which ]iasses on tlie caudal side of the ductus Oiivieri. Soon the lung bud grows against this ridge, causes it to bulge. and with the rotation of the liver towards the head the ridge



Fig. 35. — Section through the embryo 7 ram. long, .6 ram. deeper than Fig. 24 X 2.5 tiraes ; T,, first thoracic myotome ; ci\ cardinal vein: Tl'fi, Wolffian body; .<:, stomach; Ipc, lesser peritoneal cavity; ?, liver; //, heart; kI, septum transversum.

is divided into two parts; (1) the cephalic end which retains the phrenic nerve and ductus Cnvieri and forms the pleuropericardial membrane, and (2) the caudal end which remains attached to the tip of the dorsal end of the septum trans


Fig. 26. — Sagittal section through the embryo (>..5 mm. long. No. CXVI X 25 limes; /jA, ]>haryn\; /j/-', first branchial arch; 6'(, bulbns aorta'; (f, auricle; /'. ventricle; ^ Inng ; //, liver; />i\ pulmonary ridge.

\ersum and the liver mi the one hand, tlie body-wall on the other, til f<iriii the ]ilcui(i-|ieritoneal membrane.

Figs. 26-28 show tliis ridge in sagittal sections in Embryo rXVI. a specimen not (piite as large as No. II, but somewhat more advanced in developnu'iit. In P^ig. 26 its cephalic end a])])ears as a broad menibiaiie which in a section nearer the middle line extends to the liver on the ventral side and it begins to widen at its dorsal end hand in hand with tlu rotation of the liver. Fp to this time the se]itnm transversnm is pai-allel witli the vertebral eohimn. with the heart


Fig. 27.— Section tliiougli tlic embivo 6..5 mm. louir, .1 mm. deeper than Fig. 26 x 2.5 times, /i/i, pbarvux ; <(, arm; pi; ijulmonary ridge ; I, luug.



Fig. 28. — Section tlirough tlae embryo 6..5 mm. long, .13 mm. deeper tliau Fig. 27 x 2.5 times; <«■, oesophagus; n, aorta; I, lung; li, liver; 11'/), Wnltliuu body ; jir, pulmonary ridge.



Fig. 29. —Lateral view of the iniliiionary membrane and surrounding parts of the embryo 7 nun. long. No. II x 30 times; «, auricle; , ventricle; /, lung; /(, liver; II A, Wolllian body; ///•, pulmonary ridge; ., eighth cervical myotome.


aecoiMpaiiics the ductus Cnvieri to the body-wall mi tlic dorsal side, I""ig. 21, pr. Stil more towards the midlino the ridge ends as a decided elevation iiuiiicdiately to the eainhd side of the ti]) of the lung.

After the lailnionary ridge is well formed (as in I'hnbryo IT)


on its venti-al siiU' ami tlie liver on its dorsal side projecting into the ]ici-itoiieal eodom, as shown in No. H. This eondition was hruught about at the time of the bending of tln' head when the viscera were forced towards the tail and into this position. The cejihalie end of the pericardial coelom is tluis Lent over the septum transversum but the nuiin part of the head (•<vloiii remained parallel with the si)iiial eoliiiiin on either .side ol' llie liody. This process may he termed tlu: rolling over of the heart.

In the next stage the heart rolls in a dorsal diret-lioii and the liver in a ventral direi-lion. 'i'his process has already hegnii in endiiyo CLXIII and C^XllI. In so doing the lung buds become Ijuried deeper in the body of the embryo and the liver gradually changes its |iosilion from the dorsal side



Fig. 30. —Lateral view of the pulinoniiry membraue and siinomuliii!;parts of tlie embryo '.I mm. lont;; No. CL.XIII x 13i.< times, (\, eiiihtli cei-vical myotome; //.liver; I, liiuir; stomach; 1I'6, Wolfliaii botly ; y>/(, plirenic nerve; y«', pleuro-perieardial membrane ; ^/yj. pleuro-peritonuMl mcnihraue.

of the septum transversum to its ventral side. The septum transversum undergoes almost a half-revolution. The cudom containing the liver lobe evaginate.s and becomes incorporated with the general ahdiuniual ca\ity.



I'"iii. 31. — Section through the filth cervical myotome of the embryo '.I mm. Icing, No. CLXIII x l-}^ times; (',,, llfth myotome; (•, cardinal vein; tir, ductus cuvieri ; br, brachial ple.xus; jih, phrenic nerve; /ir, cephalic end of the pulmonary ridge forming the beginning of the pleuro-pericardial membrane.

\\'itli (lie rolling of the heart the cielom connecting the pericardial with the pleural space is kinked at the points of juncture between these cavities. At this point the duct of ( 'uvier enters the heart. Soon fi-om its dorsal boi'iler the ]nihnonary ridge arises which is semicircular in form and reaches from the liver to the dorsal walls of the credom as ilescribed under I'hid.iyo II. It is shown in section in Fig. 'H, and in a lateral reconstruction in Fig. 20. The pulmon


ary ridge is really an extension of the septum transversum from the lobes of the liver to the tij) of the AVolffian body. ,Vs the heai-t nio\'es in the dorsal direction and the liver in the ventral dii'ection it is the dorsal end of the septum trans



Fig. 33. — Section through the embryo '.I nun. louir, -Wi mm. deeper than Fig. 31 x 12,'.; times; ('„, si.xth cervical myotome; , cardinal vein; p/i, phrenic nerve; jjc, pleuro-pericardial membrane; ////, plcuroperitoneal membrane; pl-cve, pleural coeloni ; /j-mc, peritoneal coelom.

versum which moves most ra])idly in the cbrection of the tail. In so doing the pulmonary ridge grows rapidly and divides at its dorsal end into two memtiranes, one containing the



Fig. 33 Section through the embryo '.I mm. long, .10 mm. deeper

than Fig. 33 x 13)^ times; C^, eighth cervical nerve; pp, pleuro-peritoueal mcmbi-anc.



Fig. 34.— Section through the embryo !) mm. long, .84 mm, deeper than Fig. 33 x 13).^ times; y,,, third thoracic myotome; //«■, lower peritoneal cavity ; 117), Wolfliau body.

duct of Chivier ;ind phrenic nerve, and the other still encircling the lung bud. In this division we have the beginnings of the jdeuro-pericardial memhrane of ITskow, and tlie pleuroperitoneal mendjrane of Brachet.



'Pill' iiiiliiiiiiiary ridpo is well formed in Embryo II. It appears as a ridge of tissue passing towards the head from the lobe of the liver on tlie dorsal side of the ductus Cnvieri and then aloui;- th.e dorsal walls ol' the rcrhim to the meso



Fig. 3.5. — Sagittal section tlirnuijli the unibrvo s nini. loiii:. No. C'XIII x 10 times; J, lower jaw ; .s-^z-uc, siuus lu-aecervicalis ; ;, fouitli cervical nerve, /)/(, phrenic nerve; st, septum transversuin; ih\ iluctus Cuvieri ; /)<•, pleuro-pericarilial membrane; pp, pleuro-peritoiieal membrane; /, lunif; ,v, stomach; 'yjr, lower peritoneal cavity ; T'/i, Wolffian body.

(■ai-(liuiii. \\liere it ends in the pillars of Uskow. As the einhryi) gidws larger tlie ductus t'uvieri separates more and mnic friiiu the latei'al liody-^all. and in a incasurt' sliifts intn the [lulmonary ridge, whieh at its nidst emne.x point grows in the form of a ridge towards the heart. This secondary ridge, which is present in C'LXIII. linally se|)arates the ]ilenral from the pericardial cavities and comiiletes the jilcnro-pericardial membrane.



Ki<i. :i(I. — Section through the embryo S mm. lony nearer the mitldlc line tliau Fiif. 3.5 x 10 times; ;/'■, ductus Cuvieri; I, lung; .«, stomach; Pli, pleuro-peritoncal membrane.

Tile piilniiiuary ridges from thcii' beginning to tlieir separation into the pleuro-pericardial and pK'urn-pri'itcnu'al niemliranes a]ii)ear as two ears to the se[)tum transversiun, c-\tending along the ducts of Cuvier in tlie sagittal plane id' the body and at right angles to the phiiie of tlie septum trnnsversnm. Judging by tlie relatimi n\ the phrenic iier\c to the ])ulmonary i-idge tlie poi'tion (d' it I'n tlie dorsal siih' (if the ductus Cu\ieri Clint, Lining the phrenic nerve, the pnrtimi containing the ductus Cuvieri. and the sccimdaiy ridge of the ventral side of tlie ductus Cuvieri, form the pleuro-pericardial membrane, 'i'he portion of the pulmonary ridge on the caiuhil side nf tlie ]ihrenic nerve gives rise to the pleiirnperitiiiie;d mend ii a lie. In so doing it gradually shifts over


Fig. S7.— Sagittal section through the embryo 10 mm. long. No. CXIV X 10 times; /(/j, pleuro-peritoneal membrane.

the lung hulls and iinally t'omplctely separates the jileuial rriiui the peritoneal cavities.

The growth of the plenro-pericai'ilial meiiihr;ine towards



Fig. 3S. -Lateral view of the embryo 11 mm. long, showing the pleuro-pericardial and pleuro-peritoneal membranes. No. CIX x S.'.j times; /-, lirst rib; /, lung; 11, liver; p/i, phrenic nerve in the pleuropericardial memljrane; .s, stomach; ir6, Wollliau body; (ip. pleuro-peritoncal membrane which is not quite completed.

the head ami the ]ilenro-peritoneal towards the tail widens the dorsal projection of the septum transversuin and iiiin this wide hasi' the lung Ijurrows throwing the jileuro-ii.'ricard-ial membrane with the phrenic nerve to its medial side. The fate of the pulmonary ridge is shown in Fig. 3(1. which is from lOmbryo CL.XIII. Sections of this embryo are shown in l-'igs. 31 to 31. They show again that the pulmonary ridge reaches rroiii the diietus Cuvieri to the ti|i of the lung, and the phieiiie nerve. It is readily seen from Figs. 30 and

o2 liow the ])lirenic nerve is pushed to its permanent position liy the further rotation and recession of tlie septum (ransversum and livei'. ajid the lateral growth of the lungs to encircle the heart.



Fig. 30. — Section through the body of the embryo 11 mm. long. No. CIX X 10 times; /i/i, plirenic nerve; yjc, pleuro-pericardial membrane; .s7, septum transversum ; //. humerus; .;, tirst rib; .', second rib; /, third rib.

Figs. ;J.j and 3lj are from sagittal sections of iMnlu-yo (.'XIII, which is of the same stage as CLXIII. The iihrenic nerve is shown throughout its whole course from the fifth cervical nerve to the pleuro-])ericardial memhrane. The nerve receives a second hi'anch a few sections deeper frmn the sixth cervical which unites with the main trunk hefore it enters


Fio, 40. — Section through the embryo 11 mm. Ion;;; .IS mm. deeper than Fig. .39 x 10 times; /;/<, phrenic nerve; st, septum transversum; P'-, pleuro-pericardial membrane; pjj, pleuro-periloneal membrane; J, ,.-', ,)', 4, ribs.

the pleuro-pericardial nienil)rane. Hanging from the pleuropericardial memhrane is a section of the pleuro-|ieritoneal, which in Fig. 36 unites with the dorsal wall of the cndom at the head end of the Wolffian body.

About this time the portion of the ])ulinonary ridge des


tined to heconii' the plcuro-]ieiicardial membrane unites with the root of the lung hud and com]iletely closes the pericardial cavity, Fig. 37. By this union the course of the duel us Cnvieri is from the body-wall to the heart throtigh the pleuropericardial mendirane, and the plane of the pleuro-pericardial



Fig. 41 Section through the embryo 11 mm. long, .46 mm. deeper

than Fig. 40 x 10 times. The pleuro-peritoueal membrane is incomplete on one side, .;, j, .7, i:, ribs.

membrane is jiractically that of the septum transversum, the two together being transverse to the body of the embryo. The phrenic nerve at this time is in the plane of the septum transversum and reaches its dorsal tip through its projection, the pleuro-pericardial membrane.

Immediately aftei the completion of the pleuro-pericardial



Fig. 42. — Sagittal section through the embryo 14 mm. long. No. CXI.IV X 10 times, ///>, phrenic nerve; /'/, tenth rib; .s, stomach ; /,-, kidney; 11', Wolllian body.

membrane the rotiition id' the liver and septum transversum is accelerated, and by the time the embryo has grown to be 11 mm. long (CI.X). tlie liver is practically in its adult position. The rapiil rotation of the liver, especially at its dorsal end, has elumged the relation of the planes between the pleuro-pericardial membrane to tlie septum transversiim from parallel to right angles. Now the septum transversum is in ^ the plane of the plenro-peritoneal membrane (Fig. 38). With' the recession of the septnm transversum, especially at its


Fio. 43. — Section tlirough tbe opening between tlie pleur-il and peritoneal cavities in the embryo 14 mm. long x .'50 times; .s, stomach; I, hing; /<p, pleuroperitoneal membrane; nr?, adrenal.

dorsal end, the evagination of the co?lom containing the liver and stomach is complete, throwing them into the general peritoneal cavity.

Figs. 39, 40 and 41 are sections through the plenro-peri


Fio. 44 Sagittal section through the body of the embryo 10 mm.

long. No. XLIII X 10 times; .9, ninth rib.

cardial and plenro-peritoneal membranes of Embryo CIX, Fig. 38. They give the relation of the pleuro-pericardial and plenro-peritoneal membranes to the surrounding structures. The heart is now in its permanent location in the thorax and


the liver is in the abdominal cavity. The septum transversum with its extension, the pleuro-peritoneal membrane, stretches across the body from the tips of the embryonic ribs. But in the thorax lie the lungs, and their further growth into the lateral walls of the embryo and septum transversum will make them encircle the heari:, thereby enlarging the pleuropericardial membranes and changing j)osition of the phrenic nerves.

After the heart, lungs, liver and stomach are located in their permanent positions the plenro-peritoneal membrane grows rapidly and soon closes the opening between the pleural and peritoneal cavities. Fig. 42 is from a section lateral to the opening showing the phrenic nerve throughout its greatest extent. In this specimen the marked growth is in the pleural cavity. Fig. 43 is from a section through the opening on a larger scale, including also the adrenal. A stage slightly more advanced is shown in Fig. 44. In this specimen, as in the one above, both pleural cavities communicate with the peritoneal. In Embryo LXXIV, Fig. 4."i, the iileum


FiG. 4.5. — Transverse section through the embryo 14 mm. long. No. LXXIV X 10 times; 7, seventh rib. The plenro-peritoneal membrane ; pp, is incomplete on one side.

peritoneal nienibrane is complete on the right side and incomplete on the left side. The reconstruction of this embryo shows that the opening is very large and extends from the seventh rib towards the tail. It may be an instance of retarded development, because in embryos 19 mm. long the membranes are as a rule complete on both sides of the body. To what extent the permanent diaphragm is formed from the pleuro-peritoneal membrane it is difficult to determine. Undoubtedly the portion of the diaphragm on the caudal and dorsal sides of the pleuro-pericardial membrane is formed from the pleuro-peritoneal membrane. That portion of (lie diaphragm on the cephalic side is formed from the septum transversum. Itut the diaphragm is greatly extended on the lateral sides of the heart after the embr}'o is 20 mm. long by the extension of the pleural cavities around it. It appears from the models that this portion of the diaphragm is also formed directly from the periphery of the septum transversum.




Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 29) Embryology Paper - On the development of the human diaphragm (1901). Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Paper_-_On_the_development_of_the_human_diaphragm_(1901)

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