Organoids

Embryology - 19 Apr 2024        Expand to Translate
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Introduction

Renal glomerulus orgaonids

Organoids stem cell derived self-organized three-dimensional in vitro tissue cultures. These cultures have been be manipulated to replicate some of the complexity of an in vivo organ, or to produce only certain types of organ related cells.

Some Recent Findings

Review - Organoids-on-a-chip "Recent studies have demonstrated an array of stem cell-derived, self-organizing miniature organs, termed organoids, that replicate the key structural and functional characteristics of their in vivo counterparts. As organoid technology opens up new frontiers of research in biomedicine, there is an emerging need for innovative engineering approaches for the production, control, and analysis of organoids and their microenvironment. In this Review, we explore organ-on-a-chip technology as a platform to fulfill this need and examine how this technology may be leveraged to address major technical challenges in organoid research. We also discuss emerging opportunities and future obstacles for the development and application of organoid-on-a-chip technology." Review - Organoids by design "Organoids are multicellular structures that can be derived from adult organs or pluripotent stem cells. Early versions of organoids range from simple epithelial structures to complex, disorganized tissues with large cellular diversity. The current challenge is to engineer cellular complexity into organoids in a controlled manner that results in organized assembly and acquisition of tissue function. These efforts have relied on studies of organ assembly during embryonic development and have resulted in the development of organoids with multilayer tissue complexity and higher-order functions. We discuss how the next generation of organoids can be designed by means of an engineering-based narrative design to control patterning, assembly, morphogenesis, growth, and function."

More recent papers

This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link. This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled. The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance. References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing. References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability. More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Organoids | Culture Organoid Culture Search: PLOS

Older papers

The use of brain organoids to investigate neural development and disease "Understanding the development and dysfunction of the human brain is a major goal of neurobiology. Much of our current understanding of human brain development has been derived from the examination of post-mortem and pathological specimens, bolstered by observations of developing non-human primates and experimental studies focused largely on mouse models. However, these tissue specimens and model systems cannot fully capture the unique and dynamic features of human brain development. Recent advances in stem cell technologies that enable the generation of human brain organoids from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) promise to profoundly change our understanding of the development of the human brain and enable a detailed study of the pathogenesis of inherited and acquired brain diseases." Kidney Organoids: A Translational Journey "Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are attractive sources for regenerative medicine and disease modeling in vitro. Directed hPSC differentiation approaches have derived from knowledge of cell development in vivo rather than from stochastic cell differentiation. Moreover, there has been great success in the generation of 3D organ-buds termed 'organoids' from hPSCs; these consist of a variety of cell types in vitro that mimic organs in vivo. The organoid bears great potential in the study of human diseases in vitro, especially when combined with CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing. We summarize the current literature describing organoid studies with a special focus on kidney organoids, and discuss goals and future opportunities for organoid-based studies." Modeling Development and Disease with Organoids "Recent advances in 3D culture technology allow embryonic and adult mammalian stem cells to exhibit their remarkable self-organizing properties, and the resulting organoids reflect key structural and functional properties of organs such as kidney, lung, gut, brain and retina. Organoid technology can therefore be used to model human organ development and various human pathologies 'in a dish." Additionally, patient-derived organoids hold promise to predict drug response in a personalized fashion. Organoids open up new avenues for regenerative medicine and, in combination with editing technology, for gene therapy. The many potential applications of this technology are only beginning to be explored."

Kidney Organoids

• Kidney Organoids: A Translational Journey "Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are attractive sources for regenerative medicine and disease modeling in vitro. Directed hPSC differentiation approaches have derived from knowledge of cell development in vivo rather than from stochastic cell differentiation. Moreover, there has been great success in the generation of 3D organ-buds termed 'organoids' from hPSCs; these consist of a variety of cell types in vitro that mimic organs in vivo. The organoid bears great potential in the study of human diseases in vitro, especially when combined with CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing. We summarize the current literature describing organoid studies with a special focus on kidney organoids, and discuss goals and future opportunities for organoid-based studies."

renal

Liver Organoids

Prior N, Inacio P & Huch M. (2019). Liver organoids: from basic research to therapeutic applications. Gut , , . PMID: 31300517 DOI.

Günther C, Brevini T, Sampaziotis F & Neurath MF. (2019). What gastroenterologists and hepatologists should know about organoids in 2019. Dig Liver Dis , 51, 753-760. PMID: 30948332 DOI.

liver

Neural Organoids

• The use of brain organoids to investigate neural development and disease "Understanding the development and dysfunction of the human brain is a major goal of neurobiology. Much of our current understanding of human brain development has been derived from the examination of post-mortem and pathological specimens, bolstered by observations of developing non-human primates and experimental studies focused largely on mouse models. However, these tissue specimens and model systems cannot fully capture the unique and dynamic features of human brain development. Recent advances in stem cell technologies that enable the generation of human brain organoids from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) promise to profoundly change our understanding of the development of the human brain and enable a detailed study of the pathogenesis of inherited and acquired brain diseases."

neural

Testicular Organoids

Sakib S, Goldsmith T, Voigt A & Dobrinski I. (2019). Testicular organoids to study cell-cell interactions in the mammalian testis. Andrology , , . PMID: 31328437 DOI.

testis

References

Reviews

Gopalakrishnan J. (2019). The Emergence of Stem Cell-Based Brain Organoids: Trends and Challenges. Bioessays , 41, e1900011. PMID: 31274205 DOI.

Sakib S, Goldsmith T, Voigt A & Dobrinski I. (2019). Testicular organoids to study cell-cell interactions in the mammalian testis. Andrology , , . PMID: 31328437 DOI.

van den Hurk M & Bardy C. (2019). Single-cell multimodal transcriptomics to study neuronal diversity in human stem cell-derived brain tissue and organoid models. J. Neurosci. Methods , 325, 108350. PMID: 31310823 DOI.

Prior N, Inacio P & Huch M. (2019). Liver organoids: from basic research to therapeutic applications. Gut , , . PMID: 31300517 DOI.

Articles

Pekkanen-Mattila M, Pelto-Huikko M, Kujala V, Suuronen R, Skottman H, Aalto-Setälä K & Kerkelä E. (2010). Spatial and temporal expression pattern of germ layer markers during human embryonic stem cell differentiation in embryoid bodies. Histochem. Cell Biol. , 133, 595-606. PMID: 20369364 DOI.

Search PubMed

May 2006 "stem cell" 154,176 reference articles of which 16,449 were reviews.

Search PubMed Now: stem cell | embryonic stem cell | adult stem cell |

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

• NIH (USA) Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry | [feed://hescregapp.od.nih.gov/hesc.xml RSS]
• StemBook - Table of Contents
• International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) is an independent, nonprofit organization formed in 2002 to foster the exchange of information on stem cell research.
• University of Michigan Stem Cells Explained
• Transcript of discussion on ABC Radio (Dr. J Kahn , Dr. JWagner) on Genetic Technology And Ethics
• A brief article on Cord Blood stem cells and their therapeutic potential from the BBC.
• Monash University (Australia) Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories (MISCL)
• Europe - ESTOOLS DATA@HAND "resource contains human gene expression array data from 97 GEO and ArrayExpress sample sets, which involve altogether 1674 Affymetrix, Illumina and Agilent arrays. The source of the biological samples is mainly pluripotent stem cells, their differentiated progeny, and their parent cells. All data has been preprocessed so as to enable computational analysis with analysis workflows and tools provided."

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 19) Embryology Organoids. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Organoids

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G