Neural Crest Development: Difference between revisions
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Historically identified as "neural crest" by Arthur Marshall in 1879.<ref name=Marshall1879> | Historically identified as "neural crest" by Arthur Marshall in 1879.<ref name=Marshall1879>{{Ref-Marshall1879}}</ref> (see [[#Historic|history below]] and [[Paper - 1879 The Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ|original article]]). | ||
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== Some Recent Findings == | == Some Recent Findings == | ||
[[File:Zebrafish_neural_crest_model.jpg|thumb|alt=Zebrafish neura crest model|Zebrafish neura crest model | [[File:Zebrafish_neural_crest_model.jpg|thumb|alt=Zebrafish neura crest model|Zebrafish neura crest model{{#pmid:23028350|PMID23028350}} | ||
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* '''Bone morphogenetic protein 4 promotes craniofacial neural crest induction from human pluripotent stem cells''' | * '''Bone morphogenetic protein 4 promotes craniofacial neural crest induction from human pluripotent stem cells'''{{#pmid:26934293|PMID26934293}} "Neural crest (NC) cells are a group of cells located in the neural folds at the boundary between the neural and epidermal ectoderm. Cranial NC cells migrate to the branchial arches and give rise to the majority of the craniofacial region, whereas trunk and tail NC cells contribute to the heart, enteric ganglia of the gut, melanocytes, sympathetic ganglia, and adrenal chromaffin cells. ...These BMP4-treated NC cells were capable of differentiation into osteocytes and chondrocytes. The results of the present study indicate that BMP4 regulates cranial positioning during NC development." [[Developmental Signals - Bone Morphogenetic Protein|Bone Morphogenetic Protein]] | ||
* '''An essential role of variant histone h3.3 for ectomesenchyme potential of the cranial neural crest''' | |||
* '''Dbx1-expressing cells are necessary for the survival of the mammalian anterior neural and craniofacial structures''' | * '''An essential role of variant histone h3.3 for ectomesenchyme potential of the cranial neural crest'''{{#pmid:23028350|PMID23028350}} "The neural crest (NC) is a vertebrate-specific cell population that exhibits remarkable multipotency. Although derived from the neural plate border (NPB) ectoderm, cranial NC (CNC) cells contribute not only to the peripheral nervous system but also to the ectomesenchymal precursors of the head skeleton. ...Surprisingly, embryo-wide expression of dominant mutant H3.3 had little effect on embryonic development outside CNC, indicating an unexpectedly specific sensitivity of CNC to defects in H3.3 incorporation. Whereas previous studies had implicated H3.3 in large-scale histone replacement events that generate totipotency during germ line development, our work has revealed an additional role of H3.3 in the broad potential of the ectoderm-derived CNC, including the ability to make the mesoderm-like ectomesenchymal precursors of the head skeleton." | ||
* '''Analysis of early human neural crest development''' | |||
* '''Cranial neural crest migration: new rules for an old road.''' | * '''Dbx1-expressing cells are necessary for the survival of the mammalian anterior neural and craniofacial structures'''{{#pmid:21552538|PMID21552538}} "Development of the vertebrate forebrain and craniofacial structures are intimately linked processes, the coordinated growth of these tissues being required to ensure normal head formation. In this study, we identify five small subsets of progenitors expressing the transcription factor dbx1 in the cephalic region of developing mouse embryos at E8.5. ... Our results demonstrate that dbx1-expressing cells have a unique function during head development, notably by controlling cell survival in a non cell-autonomous manner." | ||
* '''Derivation of neural crest cells from human pluripotent stem cells.''' | |||
* '''Analysis of early human neural crest development'''{{#pmid:20478300|PMID20478300}} "The outstanding migration and differentiation capacities of neural crest cells (NCCs) have fascinated scientists since Wilhelm His described this cell population in 1868. Today, after intense research using vertebrate model organisms, we have gained considerable knowledge regarding the origin, migration and differentiation of NCCs. However, our understanding of NCC development in human embryos remains largely uncharacterized, despite the role the neural crest plays in several human pathologies. Here, we report for the first time the expression of a battery of molecular markers before, during, or following NCC migration in human embryos from Carnegie Stages (CS) 12 to 18. Our work demonstrates the expression of Sox9, Sox10 and Pax3 transcription factors in premigratory NCCs, while actively migrating NCCs display the additional transcription factors Pax7 and AP-2alpha. Importantly, while HNK-1 labels few migrating NCCs, p75(NTR) labels a large proportion of this population. However, the broad expression of p75(NTR) - and other markers - beyond the neural crest stresses the need for the identification of additional markers to improve our capacity to investigate human NCC development, and to enable the generation of better diagnostic and therapeutic tools." | |||
* '''Cranial neural crest migration: new rules for an old road.'''{{#pmid:20399765|PMID20399765}} "In this review, we discuss recent cellular and molecular discoveries of the CNCC migratory pattern. We focus on events from the time when CNCCs encounter the tissue adjacent to the neural tube and their travel through different microenvironments and into the branchial arches. We describe the patterning of discrete cell migratory streams that emerge from the hindbrain, rhombomere (r) segments r1-r7, and the signals that coordinate directed migration." | |||
* '''Derivation of neural crest cells from human pluripotent stem cells.'''{{#pmid:20360764|PMID20360764}} "Here we provide protocols for the step-wise differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into neuroectodermal and NC cells using either the MS5 coculture system or a novel defined culture method based on pharmacological inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein and transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathways." (More? [[Stem Cells]]) | |||
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[[File:Neural crest formation stages 01.jpg|800px]] | [[File:Neural crest formation stages 01.jpg|800px]] | ||
Neural crest formation stages and gene regulatory networks | Neural crest formation stages and gene regulatory networks.{{#pmid:25903629|PMID25903629}} | ||
{{Neural Crest table}} | {{Neural Crest table}} | ||
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| width=505px|[[File:Human neural crest cell migration-in vitro.jpg|500px|alt=Human neural crest cell migration-in vitro]] | | width=505px|[[File:Human neural crest cell migration-in vitro.jpg|500px|alt=Human neural crest cell migration-in vitro]] | ||
| valign=top|Human neural crest cell migration (in vitro) | | valign=top|Human neural crest cell migration (in vitro){{#pmid:18689800|PMID18689800}} | ||
* '''A''' Human neural tube (NT) from an embryo at [[Carnegie stage 13]]. | * '''A''' Human neural tube (NT) from an embryo at [[Carnegie stage 13]]. | ||
* '''B''' After 16 h, most hNCC have migrated away from the dorsal NT. | * '''B''' After 16 h, most hNCC have migrated away from the dorsal NT. | ||
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Carotid body are chemoreceptors in the wall of the common carotid (3rd pharyngeal arch) | Carotid body are chemoreceptors in the wall of the common carotid (3rd pharyngeal arch) {{#pmid:8400021|PMID8400021}}{{#pmid:22902512|PMID22902512}} | ||
===Cardiac neural crest=== | ===Cardiac neural crest=== | ||
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====para-aortic body==== | ====para-aortic body==== | ||
(organ of Zuckerkandl, OZ) A neural crest derived chromaffin body, anatomically located at the bifurcation of the aorta or at the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery. Thought to act as a fetal regulator of blood pressure, secreting catecholamines into the fetal circulation. | (organ of Zuckerkandl, OZ) A neural crest derived chromaffin body, anatomically located at the bifurcation of the aorta or at the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery. Thought to act as a fetal regulator of blood pressure, secreting catecholamines into the fetal circulation.{{#pmid:13107111|PMID13107111}} In human, reaches its maximal size at 3 years of age and then regresses either by death, dispersion or differentiation.<ref name="PMID23078542"><pubmed>23078542</pubmed></ref> | ||
Named in 1901 by Emil Zuckerkandl (1849-1910) a Hungarian-Austrian anatomist at the University of Vienna. | Named in 1901 by Emil Zuckerkandl (1849-1910) a Hungarian-Austrian anatomist at the University of Vienna. | ||
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== Development Overview == | == Development Overview == | ||
The following cranial and trunk data is based upon 185 serially sectioned staged (Carnegie) human embryos. | The following cranial and trunk data is based upon 185 serially sectioned staged (Carnegie) human embryos.{{#pmid:17848161|PMID17848161}} | ||
===Cranial Neural Crest=== | ===Cranial Neural Crest=== | ||
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===Neck and Shoulder=== | ===Neck and Shoulder=== | ||
A mouse study using individually labelled cells of postotic neural crest followed the development of the shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapula) that connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton. | A mouse study using individually labelled cells of postotic neural crest followed the development of the shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapula) that connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton.{{#pmid:16034409|PMID16034409}} | ||
* Clavicle is a neural crest-mesodermal structure, posterior dermal clavicle mesoderm. | * Clavicle is a neural crest-mesodermal structure, posterior dermal clavicle mesoderm. | ||
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| [[File:Mouse-melanoblast migration icon.jpg|200px|link=Quicktime Movie_-_Mouse_Melanoblast_Migration]] | | [[File:Mouse-melanoblast migration icon.jpg|200px|link=Quicktime Movie_-_Mouse_Melanoblast_Migration]] | ||
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| Mouse melanocyte migration | | Mouse melanocyte migration{{#pmid:16034409|PMID16277556}} | ||
| Movie Mouse Skin - Melanoblast Migration E14.5 | | Movie Mouse Skin - Melanoblast Migration E14.5{{#pmid:20067551|PMID20067551}} | ||
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===Inhibitors=== | ===Inhibitors=== | ||
* '''versican''' - (VCAN, Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 2; Cspg2) an extracellular matrix proteoglycan that acts as both an inhibitor of NCC migration and as a guiding cue by forming exclusionary boundaries. | * '''versican''' - (VCAN, Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 2; Cspg2) an extracellular matrix proteoglycan that acts as both an inhibitor of NCC migration and as a guiding cue by forming exclusionary boundaries.{{#pmid:27241911|PMID27241911}} | ||
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==Historic== | ==Historic== | ||
The paper by Marshall, Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ (1879)<ref name=Marshall1879 | The paper by Marshall, Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ (1879)<ref name=Marshall1879 />, was historically the first time the term "''neural crest''" was used. In his own earlier papers he had referred to this as a "neural ridge" in describing development of the chicken embryo neural tube. | ||
See [[Paper - 1879 The Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ#NeuralCrest|paper text]] and his referenced comment: | See [[Paper - 1879 The Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ#NeuralCrest|paper text]] and his referenced comment: |
Revision as of 10:40, 15 February 2018
Embryology - 24 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
The neural crest are bilaterally paired strips of cells arising in the ectoderm at the margins of the neural tube. These cells migrate to many different locations and differentiate into many cell types within the embryo. This means that many different systems (neural, skin, teeth, head, face, heart, adrenal glands, gastrointestinal tract) will also have a contribution fron the neural crest cells. An in vitro study[1] has shown neural crest cell migration occurs at different rates along the embryo axis between Carnegie stage 11 to 13 in week 4.
In the body region, neural crest cells also contribute the peripheral nervous system (both neurons and glia) consisting of sensory ganglia (dorsal root ganglia), sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and neural plexuses within specific tissues/organs.
In the head region, neural crest cells migrate into the pharyngeal arches (as shown in movie below) forming ectomesenchyme contributing tissues which in the body region are typically derived from mesoderm (cartilage, bone, and connective tissue). General neural development is also covered in Neural Notes.
Historically identified as "neural crest" by Arthur Marshall in 1879.[2] (see history below and original article).
Neural Crest Links: neural crest | Lecture - Early Neural | Lecture - Neural Crest Development | Lecture Movie | Schwann cell | adrenal | melanocyte | peripheral nervous system | enteric nervous system | cornea | cranial nerve neural crest | head | skull | cardiac neural crest | Nicole Le Douarin | Neural Crest Movies | neural crest abnormalities | Category:Neural Crest | |||
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